Methods, systems and media for monitoring and regulating fuel cells for combined heat and power

Abstract

This invention provides a method, system, and medium for monitoring and regulating fuel cells in combined heat and power (CHP) systems, relating to the field of fuel cell CHP control technology. The method includes: acquiring lattice strain signals caused by hydrogen molecule adsorption / desorption; inferring the instantaneous reaction kinetics of the current hydrogen storage material based on the lattice strain change rate; dynamically adjusting the heat load distribution ratio to generate a dynamic adjustment strategy; monitoring the hydrogen pressure and temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet in real time as feedback quantities, inputting them to the control unit; correcting power distribution deviations in the dynamic adjustment strategy; and forming a closed-loop coordinated regulation. This solves the technical problem of existing fuel cell CHP systems being prone to local thermal runaway of the hydrogen storage bed or interruption of hydrogen supply from the stack due to the inability to perceive the instantaneous reaction kinetics within the solid hydrogen storage material in real time. By proactively and collaboratively scheduling the stack power and combustion heating load, the method improves the real-time performance, accuracy, and operational stability of regulation decisions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of fuel cell cogeneration control technology, specifically to fuel cell monitoring and regulation methods, systems, and media for cogeneration. Background Technology

[0002] In existing fuel cell combined heat and power systems, solid hydrogen storage beds are typically equipped only with temperature and pressure sensors to monitor the macroscopic thermodynamic parameters of the storage tank. The control strategy generally adopts a passive response adjustment mode: when the load demand of the fuel cell stack changes, by monitoring a posteriori signals such as a decrease in the outlet pressure of the hydrogen storage bed or a decrease in the anode inlet pressure of the stack, the stack output power is adjusted in reverse or the heating device is activated to heat the hydrogen storage bed and release hydrogen as compensation.

[0003] However, temperature and pressure are indirect indicators of macroscopic changes in the hydrogen storage material. There is an inherent hysteresis of several to tens of seconds between the start of hydrogen release and contraction of the crystal lattice and the detection of pressure drop by the pressure sensor. During this period, if the load suddenly increases, the anode side of the fuel cell stack is prone to instantaneous gas shortage, leading to a sharp drop in membrane electrode voltage or even reverse polarity damage. Furthermore, hydrogen release from the hydrogen storage bed is a strongly endothermic reaction, and uneven local hydrogen release rates can cause significant temperature gradients within the bed. Pressure sensors cannot reflect these spatial distribution differences. When a certain area becomes locally overcooled due to excessive hydrogen release, it may continue to be loaded because the overall pressure is still acceptable, leading to stagnation of hydrogen release in that area or even local thermal stress cracking. Moreover, when the load suddenly drops, the hydrogen released from the hydrogen storage bed cannot be consumed by the fuel cell stack in time. To maintain the bed pressure within limits, direct venting is usually used, which not only wastes hydrogen but also poses a safety risk of a sudden increase in the pressure of the hydrogen storage bed if the venting is not smooth.

[0004] In summary, existing fuel cell combined heat and power systems cannot detect the instantaneous reaction kinetics inside solid hydrogen storage materials in real time, resulting in delayed response and uncontrolled thermal management when facing load fluctuations. This can easily lead to local thermal runaway of the hydrogen storage bed or interruption of hydrogen supply to the fuel cell stack. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this application is to provide a method, system, and medium for monitoring and regulating fuel cells for combined heat and power (CHP) systems. This is to address the technical problem that existing CHP systems for fuel cells cannot detect the instantaneous reaction kinetics inside solid hydrogen storage materials in real time, resulting in delayed response and uncontrolled thermal management when facing load fluctuations, which can easily lead to local thermal runaway of the hydrogen storage bed or interruption of hydrogen supply to the fuel cell stack.

[0006] In view of the above problems, this application provides a method, system and medium for monitoring and regulating fuel cells for combined heat and power.

[0007] The first aspect of this application provides a method for monitoring and regulating fuel cells for combined heat and power (CHP). This method includes: embedding a strain sensing unit inside or on the surface of a solid hydrogen storage bed to continuously collect lattice strain signals caused by hydrogen molecule adsorption / desorption; performing time-series differentiation processing on the lattice strain signals to obtain the lattice strain change rate, and inferring the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material based on the lattice strain change rate; dynamically adjusting the output power of the fuel cell stack and the heat load distribution ratio of the hydrogen combustion heating unit according to the instantaneous reaction kinetic state to generate a dynamic adjustment strategy; and monitoring the hydrogen pressure and temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet in real time as feedback quantities, inputting them to the control unit to correct the power distribution deviation in the dynamic adjustment strategy, thus forming a closed-loop coordinated control.

[0008] Optionally, a sliding time window is used to smooth and filter the continuously acquired lattice strain signal to remove noise interference caused by environmental vibration; point-by-point differentiation is performed on the filtered lattice strain signal to obtain a lattice strain change rate sequence characterizing the deformation rate of the material; trend analysis is performed on the lattice strain change rate sequence to identify whether the lattice strain signal is in an upward, downward, or stable phase; wherein, the positive or negative sign of the lattice strain change rate is used to indicate whether the hydrogen storage material is currently in a hydrogen release or hydrogen absorption process.

[0009] Optionally, a three-dimensional spatial coordinate system is established, with the lattice strain change rate as the vertical axis, the internal temperature of the hydrogen storage bed as the horizontal axis, and the internal pressure of the hydrogen storage bed as the vertical axis. Multiple kinetic zones are divided within the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system, each zone corresponding to a specific instantaneous reaction kinetic state. Temperature and pressure data from multiple points within the hydrogen storage bed are collected in real time, and combined with the current lattice strain change rate, the position of the current state point in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system is determined. Based on the kinetic zone in which the position falls, the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material is determined. The instantaneous reaction kinetic state includes a highly active hydrogen release state, a highly active hydrogen absorption state, or a dynamic equilibrium state. Simultaneously, the Euclidean distance between the current state point and the center point of the zone is calculated, and the Euclidean distance is used as a confidence index for the instantaneous reaction kinetic state.

[0010] Optionally, the solid hydrogen storage bed is divided into N equally spaced monitoring units along the axial direction, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3. Temperature data, pressure data, and the local lattice strain change rate corresponding to each monitoring unit are read. The temperature data of each monitoring unit is mapped to the horizontal axis of a three-dimensional spatial coordinate system, the pressure data to the vertical axis, and the local lattice strain change rate to the vertical axis. Based on the mapped values ​​on the three coordinate axes, the current state point coordinates of each monitoring unit in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system are synthesized. The weighted average of the current state point coordinates of all monitoring units is then calculated to obtain the position of the current state point representing the overall operating condition of the hydrogen storage bed in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system.

[0011] Optionally, the evolution trend of the instantaneous reaction kinetics state within a preset time period is predicted to obtain a forward-looking control window. Within the forward-looking control window, if it is predicted that the instantaneous reaction kinetics state will cause the hydrogen supply rate to be lower than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, then it is determined that insufficient hydrogen supply will occur, triggering an output power reduction command. In the output power reduction command, the reduction magnitude has a non-linear exponential relationship with the predicted hydrogen supply rate gap. If it is predicted that the instantaneous reaction kinetics state will cause the hydrogen supply rate to be higher than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, then it is determined that excessive hydrogen supply will occur, triggering a heat load increase command for the hydrogen combustion heating unit. The increase rate of the heat load increase command is limited by the maximum allowable temperature rise rate of the hydrogen storage bed. The time span of the forward-looking control window is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio of the lattice strain signal.

[0012] Optionally, the additional waste heat generated by increasing the heat load of the hydrogen combustion heating unit is calculated; the additional waste heat is used as negative feedback input to the thermal management model of the solid-state hydrogen storage bed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the additional waste heat on the lattice strain change rate; when the inhibitory effect is insufficient to offset the trend of hydrogen oversupply, the auxiliary heat dissipation device is activated to actively cool the hydrogen storage bed until the lattice strain change rate falls back to a safe range; during the active cooling process, the temperature data of the hydrogen storage bed is monitored in real time to ensure that the temperature rise rate does not exceed the maximum allowable temperature rise rate.

[0013] Optionally, a target setpoint and an allowable deviation band for hydrogen pressure are set; the deviation between the real-time hydrogen pressure monitoring value and the target setpoint is calculated; if the deviation is positive and exceeds the allowable deviation band, a load reduction command is sent to the fuel cell stack, the dynamic adjustment strategy is corrected according to the load reduction command, and the corrected output power is recorded as the first corrected output power, wherein the load reduction magnitude in the load reduction command is proportional to the magnitude of the deviation; if the deviation is negative and exceeds the allowable deviation band, a load increase command is sent to the fuel cell stack, the dynamic adjustment strategy is corrected according to the load increase command, and the corrected output power is recorded as the second corrected output power, wherein the load increase magnitude in the load increase command is proportional to the magnitude of the deviation; wherein the first corrected output power and the second corrected output power are fed back to the control unit as new target output power to update the power reference value in the next round of dynamic adjustment strategy.

[0014] Optionally, while sending the load increase command, the hydrogen temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet is simultaneously monitored and input to the control unit as a feedback quantity; if the hydrogen temperature rise rate exceeds the preset safe temperature rise rate, the execution of the load increase command is suspended, and the cooling water pump is started to increase the coolant flow rate until the hydrogen temperature returns to the safe range before the execution of the load increase command is resumed, and the resumed load increase command needs to be re-incorporated into the dynamic adjustment strategy for verification.

[0015] A second aspect of this application provides a fuel cell monitoring and regulation system for combined heat and power (CHP) systems. This system includes: a signal acquisition module for embedding strain sensing units inside or on the surface of a solid hydrogen storage bed to continuously acquire lattice strain signals caused by hydrogen molecule adsorption / desorption; a signal processing module for performing time-series differential processing on the lattice strain signals to obtain the lattice strain change rate, and for inferring the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material based on the lattice strain change rate; a strategy generation module for dynamically adjusting the output power of the fuel cell stack and the heat load distribution ratio of the hydrogen combustion heating unit according to the instantaneous reaction kinetic state, generating a dynamic adjustment strategy; and a collaborative control module for real-time monitoring of the hydrogen pressure and temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet as feedback quantities, inputting them to the control unit to correct power distribution deviations in the dynamic adjustment strategy, forming a closed-loop collaborative control.

[0016] A third aspect of this application provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that, when executed, implements the steps of the above-described fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power.

[0017] One or more technical solutions provided in this application have at least the following technical effects or advantages: By embedding strain sensing units inside or on the surface of a solid hydrogen storage bed, lattice strain signals caused by hydrogen molecule adsorption / desorption are continuously collected. The lattice strain signals are then subjected to time-series differentiation to obtain the lattice strain change rate, and this rate is used to infer the instantaneous reaction kinetics of the hydrogen storage material. Based on this instantaneous reaction kinetics, the output power of the fuel cell stack and the heat load distribution ratio of the hydrogen combustion heating unit are dynamically adjusted to generate a dynamic adjustment strategy. The hydrogen pressure and temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet are monitored in real time as feedback, input to the control unit, and the power distribution deviation in the dynamic adjustment strategy is corrected, forming a closed-loop coordinated control. This achieves the technical effect of improving the real-time performance, accuracy, and operational stability of control decisions by mapping the lattice strain signal of the solid hydrogen storage material to the instantaneous reaction kinetics in three-dimensional space in real time, using this as the main control variable to proactively coordinate the scheduling of stack power and combustion heating load.

[0018] The above description is merely an overview of the technical solution of this application. To better understand the technical means of this application and to facilitate its implementation according to the description, and to make the above and other objects, features, and advantages of this application more apparent, specific embodiments of this application are described below. It should be understood that the content described in this section is not intended to identify key or important features of the embodiments of this application, nor is it intended to limit the scope of this application. Other features of this application will become readily apparent through the following description. Attached Figure Description

[0019] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are merely exemplary. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the provided drawings without creative effort.

[0020] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power provided in this application.

[0021] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the process for determining the instantaneous reaction kinetic state in the fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power provided in this application.

[0022] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the fuel cell monitoring and regulation system for combined heat and power provided in this application.

[0023] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached diagram: Signal acquisition module 11, signal processing module 12, strategy generation module 13, and coordinated control module 14. Detailed Implementation

[0024] This application provides a method, system, and medium for monitoring and regulating fuel cells in combined heat and power (CHP) systems. It addresses the technical problem of existing CHP systems failing to detect the instantaneous reaction kinetics within solid hydrogen storage materials in real time. This results in lag response and thermal management malfunctions when facing load fluctuations, easily leading to localized thermal runaway in the hydrogen storage bed or interruption of hydrogen supply from the fuel cell stack. The method achieves the technical effect of improving the real-time performance, accuracy, and operational stability of regulation decisions by mapping the lattice strain signal of the solid hydrogen storage material to the instantaneous reaction kinetics in three-dimensional space in real time. This allows for the proactive and coordinated scheduling of fuel cell stack power and combustion heating load as the primary control variable.

[0025] The technical solutions of the present invention will now be clearly and completely described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of them. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments described herein. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. It should also be noted that, for ease of description, only the parts related to the present invention are shown in the accompanying drawings, not all of them.

[0026] Example 1, as Figure 1 As shown, this application provides a fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power (CHP) systems, which includes: Strain sensing units are embedded inside or on the surface of a solid hydrogen storage bed to continuously collect lattice strain signals caused by hydrogen molecule adsorption / desorption.

[0027] Specifically, solid-state hydrogen storage beds are core energy storage carriers used in combined heat and power systems to store hydrogen and achieve controllable hydrogen supply through reversible adsorption and desorption of hydrogen molecules. The mainstream approach uses metal hydride hydrogen storage materials, which feature high hydrogen storage density and strong safety. An axially layered layout is adopted, with strain sensing units embedded at equal intervals along the internal pore structure or outer surface of the solid-state hydrogen storage bed. Fiber Bragg gratings are preferred as the strain sensing units. Wavelength signals are continuously acquired using the fiber Bragg gratings of the strain sensing units. A high-precision demodulator detects the offset Δλ of the center wavelength relative to the initial center wavelength in the unstrained state. Combined with the effective elastic-optical coefficient Pe, the lattice strain signal caused by hydrogen molecule adsorption / desorption is calculated using the ratio Δλ / Pe. Here, lattice strain refers to the physical strain caused by the microscopic expansion and contraction of the crystal lattice of the solid-state hydrogen storage material due to the insertion and detachment of hydrogen molecules from the lattice gaps. The effective elastic-optical coefficient is a calibration coefficient, approximately 0.22 for quartz optical fiber.

[0028] By continuously collecting lattice strain signals of hydrogen absorption and desorption at the microscopic level of hydrogen storage materials, direct and real-time sensing of the dynamic state of hydrogen storage reaction is achieved, thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of fuel cell monitoring and regulation.

[0029] The lattice strain signal is subjected to time series differentiation processing to obtain the lattice strain change rate, and the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material is inferred based on the lattice strain change rate.

[0030] Furthermore, the lattice strain signal is subjected to time-series differentiation processing to obtain the lattice strain change rate, including: smoothing and filtering the continuously acquired lattice strain signal using a sliding time window to filter out noise interference caused by environmental vibration; performing point-by-point differentiation on the filtered lattice strain signal to obtain a lattice strain change rate sequence characterizing the material deformation rate; and performing trend analysis on the lattice strain change rate sequence to identify whether the lattice strain signal is in an upward, downward, or stable phase; wherein, the positive or negative sign of the lattice strain change rate is used to indicate whether the hydrogen storage material is currently in a hydrogen release or absorption process.

[0031] Specifically, a fixed-length sliding time window is set. The window width W is determined by the sampling frequency fs and the desired filtering cutoff frequency, calculated as W = fs × Tw, where Tw is the window duration (preferably 200 ms), and fs is the sampling rate of the signal acquired by the strain sensing unit (e.g., 100 Hz). Therefore, W = 100 × 0.2 = 20 sampling points. The average value of multiple lattice strain signals within each sliding time window is calculated as the filtered lattice strain signal for the current moment, filtering out noise interference caused by environmental vibrations. The sliding time window has a step size of one sampling point; that is, the sliding time window advances once for each new data point acquired, ensuring that the output filtered sequence remains synchronized with the original sequence on the time axis.

[0032] The filtered lattice strain signal undergoes time-series differentiation processing, specifically point-by-point first-order differential differentiation. Using the sampling time interval as the denominator and the strain difference between adjacent sampling points as the numerator, the real-time strain rate is calculated point-by-point, generating a continuous sequence of lattice strain change rates. The lattice strain change rate represents the change in micro-strain of the hydrogen storage material's lattice per unit time, characterizing the deformation rate of the hydrogen storage material. Furthermore, the sign of the lattice strain change rate indicates whether the hydrogen storage material is currently in a hydrogen release or absorption process. A positive lattice strain change rate indicates lattice expansion, meaning hydrogen atoms are continuously entering interstitial sites, corresponding to the hydrogen absorption process. A negative lattice strain change rate indicates lattice contraction, meaning hydrogen atoms are being released from interstitial sites, corresponding to the hydrogen release process. The absolute value of the lattice strain change rate characterizes the reaction rate; a larger absolute value indicates a greater amount of hydrogen atom migration per unit time, and a more vigorous reaction.

[0033] By comparing the magnitudes of the lattice strain rate changes over multiple consecutive frames, a trend analysis is performed on the lattice strain rate change sequence. When the lattice strain rate change value continuously increases, it is considered an upward phase; when the lattice strain rate change value continuously decreases, it is considered a downward phase; and when the lattice strain rate change value fluctuates around 0, it is considered a stable phase.

[0034] For example, based on the parameter configuration of a 100Hz sampling frequency and a window duration of Tw=200ms, substituting into the formula W=fs×Tw, a sliding window width of 20 sampling points is calculated, with a sliding step size of 1 sampling point. The original noisy lattice strain signal acquired by the magnesium-based hydrogen storage bed has a continuous sampling point range of 142με, 158με, 136με, 161με, 145με… After 20-point mean smoothing filtering, a synchronous time-series pure strain sequence of 146με, 149με, 152με, 155με, 159με… is obtained, with a sampling interval of 10ms. Point-by-point first-order differential: (149-146)με / 0.01s=3με / ms, (152-149)με / 0.01s=3με / ms, (155-152)με / 0.01s=3με / ms, (159-155)με / 0.01s=4με / ms, generating a lattice strain rate sequence of 3με / ms, 3με / ms, 3με / ms, 4με / ms. The values ​​continuously increase and are all positive, indicating the hydrogen absorption condition in the rising stage, representing the continuous embedding of hydrogen atoms into the lattice and the gradual intensification of the hydrogen absorption reaction.

[0035] By converting static lattice deformation data into dynamic reaction rate data, it is possible to accurately distinguish the three basic operating conditions and reaction trends of hydrogen storage, hydrogen absorption, hydrogen release, and equilibrium. This provides accurate and standardized input for subsequent dynamic allocation of thermal and electrical loads, thereby improving the targeting and accuracy of intelligent regulation of fuel cells.

[0036] Furthermore, such as Figure 2As shown, the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material is inferred based on the lattice strain change rate, including: establishing a three-dimensional spatial coordinate system, with the lattice strain change rate as the vertical axis, the internal temperature of the hydrogen storage bed as the horizontal axis, and the internal pressure of the hydrogen storage bed as the vertical axis; dividing the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system into multiple kinetic partitions, each partition corresponding to a specific instantaneous reaction kinetic state; real-time acquisition of temperature and pressure data at multiple points inside the hydrogen storage bed, combined with the current lattice strain change rate, to determine the position of the current state point in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system; determining the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material based on the kinetic partition in which the position falls, wherein the instantaneous reaction kinetic state includes a highly active hydrogen release state, a highly active hydrogen absorption state, or a dynamic equilibrium state; simultaneously, calculating the Euclidean distance between the current state point and the center point of the partition, and using the Euclidean distance as a confidence index of the instantaneous reaction kinetic state.

[0037] Furthermore, real-time temperature and pressure data from multiple points within the hydrogen storage bed are collected. Combined with the current lattice strain change rate, the position of the current state point in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system is determined. This includes: dividing the solid hydrogen storage bed into N equally spaced monitoring units along the axial direction, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3; reading the temperature data, pressure data, and local lattice strain change rate corresponding to each monitoring unit; mapping the temperature data of each monitoring unit to the horizontal axis of the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system, the pressure data to the vertical axis, and the local lattice strain change rate to the vertical axis; synthesizing the coordinates of the current state point of each monitoring unit in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system based on the mapped values ​​on the three axes; and performing a weighted average calculation on the coordinates of the current state points of all monitoring units to obtain the position of the current state point representing the overall operating condition of the hydrogen storage bed in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system.

[0038] Specifically, a three-dimensional spatial coordinate system is established. The horizontal axis (X-axis) represents the internal temperature of the hydrogen storage bed, characterizing the thermal driving conditions for the hydrogen absorption and desorption reactions. The vertical axis (Y-axis) represents the lattice strain rate of change, characterizing the speed and direction of microscopic hydrogen atom migration. The vertical axis (Z-axis) represents the internal pressure of the hydrogen storage bed, characterizing the pressure boundary conditions for the hydrogen storage reaction. Based on a large amount of experimental calibration data, the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system is divided into multiple kinetic partitions, each corresponding to a specific instantaneous reaction kinetic state. The partition boundaries are predetermined using the following method: Under laboratory conditions, standard hydrogen absorption / desorption cycle tests are conducted on the same batch of hydrogen storage materials, and the lattice strain rate of change, temperature, and pressure are recorded simultaneously. The measured hydrogen absorption rate (in g / min) and hydrogen desorption rate are used as state labels, and the convex hull boundaries of each state region are delineated in space using an empirical threshold method. For example, the highly active dehydrogenation state is defined as a lattice strain change rate less than -200 με / s, a temperature greater than or equal to 40℃, and a pressure less than or equal to 0.8 MPa. Here, a lattice strain change rate less than -200 με / s is a significantly negative value, indicating rapid lattice contraction; a temperature greater than or equal to 40℃ provides sufficient activation energy; and a pressure less than or equal to 0.8 MPa is relatively low, which is conducive to the forward dehydrogenation reaction. The highly active hydrogen absorption state is defined as a lattice strain change rate greater than +200 με / s, a temperature less than or equal to 80℃ to avoid high temperatures inhibiting the hydrogen absorption reaction, and a pressure greater than or equal to 1.5 MPa, which is conducive to the dissociation and adsorption of hydrogen molecules. The dynamic equilibrium state is defined as a lattice strain change rate of less than or equal to 150 με / s, indicating that the hydrogen absorption and desorption rates are basically equal and the ratio of temperature to pressure is within a specific range, such as 310~350 K / MPa. At this time, the two effects of increasing temperature to promote hydrogen desorption and increasing pressure to promote hydrogen absorption cancel each other out. Combined with a low lattice strain change rate, the rates of hydrogen molecule insertion and extraction from the lattice are basically equal, forming a stable dynamic equilibrium.

[0039] Based on the axial layered layout, the solid hydrogen storage bed is divided into N equally spaced monitoring units along the axial direction, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3. Each monitoring unit is equipped with an independent temperature sensor and a pressure sensor. The temperature sensor is a T-type thermocouple or a Pt100 platinum resistance thermometer, and the pressure sensor is a diffused silicon piezoresistive pressure transmitter. Temperature data, pressure data, and the local lattice strain change rate corresponding to each monitoring unit are read and mapped to a three-dimensional spatial coordinate system. Specifically, the temperature data is mapped to the horizontal axis of the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system, the pressure data to the vertical axis, and the local lattice strain change rate to the vertical axis. Based on the mapped values ​​on the three coordinate axes, an independent three-dimensional spatial current state coordinate point Pi=(Xi,Yi,Zi) is generated for each monitoring unit.

[0040] A weighted average method is used to calculate the current state coordinates of all N monitoring units. The hydrogen storage bed is axially divided equally, and the monitoring area of ​​each unit has the same volume and weight (1 / N). If there are non-uniform hydrogen storage beds with strong end heat transfer and violent reactions, non-uniform weights matching the hydrogen storage capacity of the unit can be selected. The three axes are independently weighted and summed to obtain the position of the current state point in the three-dimensional coordinate system, representing the overall operating condition of the hydrogen storage bed. By fusing all axial measurement data through independent weighted averaging of the three axes, the local bias caused by uneven distribution of temperature, pressure, and microstrain along the axial direction of the hydrogen storage bed is eliminated. A unique three-dimensional coordinate system is output that can characterize the average reaction condition of the entire bed, ensuring that subsequent calculations are based on the equivalent real operating condition of the entire bed and avoiding misjudgments of the state due to relying on a single point.

[0041] Based on the kinetic partition where the final position falls, the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material is determined. At the same time, the Euclidean distance between the current position state point and the center points of multiple kinetic partitions is calculated. The minimum Euclidean distance is used as the confidence index of the corresponding instantaneous reaction kinetic state. The smaller the Euclidean distance, the closer the current state point is to the center of the partition, that is, the more typical the state characteristics are, and the more reliable the determination is.

[0042] By constructing a three-dimensional space of temperature, pressure, and strain rate of change and performing multi-point weighted fusion to determine the operating condition point, and combining it with zonal matching to determine the kinetic state, the comprehensiveness and accuracy of hydrogen storage reaction identification are improved, single-point monitoring deviations are eliminated, and reliable operating condition basis is provided for thermoelectric load regulation.

[0043] Based on the instantaneous reaction kinetics, the output power of the fuel cell stack and the heat load distribution ratio of the hydrogen combustion heating unit are dynamically adjusted to generate a dynamic adjustment strategy.

[0044] Furthermore, based on the instantaneous reaction kinetics, the output power of the fuel cell stack and the heat load distribution ratio of the hydrogen combustion heating unit are dynamically adjusted, including: predicting the evolution trend of the instantaneous reaction kinetics within a preset time period to obtain a forward-looking control window; within the forward-looking control window, if it is predicted that the instantaneous reaction kinetics will cause the hydrogen supply rate to be lower than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, then it is determined that insufficient hydrogen supply will occur, triggering an output power reduction command, wherein the reduction magnitude of the output power reduction command has a non-linear exponential relationship with the predicted hydrogen supply rate gap; if it is predicted that the instantaneous reaction kinetics will cause the hydrogen supply rate to be higher than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, then it is determined that excessive hydrogen supply will occur, triggering a heat load increase command for the hydrogen combustion heating unit, wherein the increase rate of the heat load increase command is limited by the maximum allowable temperature rise rate of the hydrogen storage bed; wherein the time span of the forward-looking control window is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio of the lattice strain signal.

[0045] Specifically, based on the time-series data of continuous multi-period three-dimensional spatial integrated state points, the evolution trend of the instantaneous reaction dynamic state within a preset time period is predicted, and a forward-looking control window is generated. This forward-looking control window is a predicted time interval for early intervention and control, and its time span is dynamically determined by the signal-to-noise ratio of the filtered lattice strain signal. The signal-to-noise ratio is calculated as follows: ,in, This represents the average absolute value of the lattice strain change rate within the current sliding time window. This represents the standard deviation of the rate of change within the same window. For example, if... , ,but Based on the signal-to-noise ratio, determine the forward-looking control window. ,in The baseline window duration is set to 5 seconds, with a preferred value of 5 seconds, meaning that the system defaults to predicting the state evolution within the next 5 seconds. For reference signal-to-noise ratio, a value of 15dB is preferred, corresponding to the minimum acceptable standard for signal quality. As a forward-looking regulatory window, for The final forward-looking control window is rounded to the nearest integer and is limited to a range of 1 to 15 seconds. The lower limit ensures sufficient time to execute the control action, while the upper limit avoids excessively far-fetched predictions that could severely degrade accuracy. The core logic of this dynamic adjustment mechanism is that the higher the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the higher the proportion of effective signal information and the lower the noise interference, resulting in a larger window duration. Conversely, a lower SNR shortens the window to avoid misjudgments.

[0046] Within a forward-looking control window, the evolution trend of the instantaneous reaction kinetics is predicted over that time span. A first-order linear regression is performed on the lattice strain change rate sequence within the most recent window duration to obtain the trend slope of the change rate. Assuming this slope remains constant within future forward-looking control windows (i.e., short-term linear extrapolation), the predicted lattice strain change rate at time τ is calculated as: current lattice strain change rate + trend slope × τ. Based on the mapping relationship between the lattice strain change rate corresponding to the instantaneous reaction kinetics and the hydrogen supply rate, the predicted hydrogen supply rate at time τ is determined. This mapping relationship is obtained through pre-calibration. The calibration method involves conducting steady-state hydrogen release experiments on the same batch of hydrogen storage materials under laboratory conditions. Simultaneously, the hydrogen release rate is measured using a mass flow meter, and the synchronous lattice strain change rate is recorded using a strain sensing unit. A linear relationship is obtained through least-squares fitting: hydrogen release rate = slope coefficient × absolute value of lattice strain change rate + intercept term. The intercept term reflects the intrinsic leakage or residual hydrogen release of the material at zero strain change rate. Meanwhile, the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack is obtained from the current output power based on the stack efficiency. The real-time hydrogen consumption rate of the stack = current output power of the stack ÷ (stack power generation efficiency × lower heating value of hydrogen), where the lower heating value of hydrogen is taken as 33.3 kWh / kg. The stack power generation efficiency is calibrated by the manufacturer's polarization curve, representing the proportion of hydrogen chemical energy converted into electrical energy.

[0047] A dynamic adjustment strategy is generated based on the hydrogen supply rate and the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack. Specifically, within a forward-looking control window, it is predicted that at a certain moment, the hydrogen supply rate will be less than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack. This indicates that the instantaneous reaction kinetics state is predicted to cause the hydrogen supply rate to be lower than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, and a hydrogen shortage is determined. At this time, an output power reduction command is triggered. In the output power reduction command, the reduction magnitude has a non-linear exponential relationship with the predicted hydrogen supply rate gap. For example, when a hydrogen shortage condition is predicted, an output power reduction command is issued. The power reduction magnitude is equal to the current output power of the fuel cell stack multiplied by 1 minus the exponential part. The ratio of the negative exponential part of the hydrogen supply rate gap to the fuel cell stack hydrogen consumption rate is then multiplied by a dimensionless non-linear adjustment factor. The hydrogen supply rate gap is the fuel cell stack hydrogen consumption rate minus the forward-looking predicted hydrogen supply rate of the hydrogen storage bed at the critical moment. The non-linear adjustment factor is calibrated according to the system response characteristics, and the preferred value range is 2.5 to 3.5, thereby achieving a smooth and linear increase in the reduction magnitude of a small hydrogen supply gap and avoiding frequent power oscillations.

[0048] Within the forward-looking control window, if it is predicted that at a certain moment the hydrogen supply rate is greater than or equal to the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, it indicates that the instantaneous reaction kinetics state will lead to the hydrogen supply rate being higher than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, and it is determined that hydrogen oversupply will occur, triggering a heat load increase command for the hydrogen combustion heating unit. The increase rate of the heat load increase command is limited by the maximum allowable temperature rise rate of the hydrogen storage bed.

[0049] By predicting the dynamic state trend, an adaptive look-ahead control window for signal-to-noise ratio is constructed to predict the difference between hydrogen supply and demand in advance and to adjust the power generation and heating load in a differentiated manner, thereby improving the matching degree of hydrogen supply or use, avoiding the risks of hydrogen shortage in the fuel cell stack and overheating of the hydrogen storage bed, and thus improving the stability and overall energy efficiency of combined heat and power operation.

[0050] Furthermore, if it is predicted that the instantaneous reaction kinetics will cause the hydrogen supply rate to exceed the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, then it is determined that hydrogen oversupply will occur, triggering a command to increase the heat load of the hydrogen combustion heating unit. This includes: calculating the additional waste heat generated by increasing the heat load of the hydrogen combustion heating unit; using the additional waste heat as negative feedback input to the thermal management model of the solid-state hydrogen storage bed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the additional waste heat on the lattice strain change rate; when the inhibitory effect is insufficient to offset the hydrogen oversupply trend, activating the auxiliary heat dissipation device to actively cool the hydrogen storage bed until the lattice strain change rate falls back to a safe range; during the active cooling process, the temperature data of the hydrogen storage bed is monitored in real time to ensure that the temperature rise rate does not exceed the maximum allowable temperature rise rate.

[0051] Specifically, when it is determined that hydrogen oversupply will occur and a heat load increase command for the hydrogen combustion heating unit is triggered, the additional waste heat generated by increasing the heat load of the hydrogen combustion heating unit is first calculated. This additional waste heat comes from the heat that is not effectively utilized for heating during hydrogen combustion and is conducted back to the bed via the burner wall, flue gas, and hydrogen storage bed shell. The calculation formula is: Additional waste heat = Heat load increase × (1 - Effective heat transfer efficiency from combustion flame to hydrogen storage bed), where the heat load increase is the excess hydrogen chemical thermal power absorbed through combustion, and the effective heat transfer efficiency from combustion flame to hydrogen storage bed is preferably 0.30~0.45.

[0052] The additional waste heat is used as negative feedback input into the thermal management model of the solid-state hydrogen storage bed. This model, based on the energy conservation equation, describes the dynamic relationship between the rate of change of the hydrogen storage bed temperature over time and various heat flows. Specifically, it is expressed as: Total heat capacity of the hydrogen storage bed × Rate of change of the hydrogen storage bed temperature over time = Additional waste heat - Heat of hydrogen absorption / desorption - Heat lost through natural heat dissipation - Cooling heat removed by auxiliary cooling devices. The total heat capacity of the hydrogen storage bed is obtained by multiplying the specific heat capacity of the hydrogen storage alloy by the total mass of the alloy packing. The specific heat capacity of the alloy was calibrated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), with a standard value of 0.42 kJ / (kg·℃). The total mass of the alloy was directly determined based on the actual filling amount of the hydrogen storage bed. The heat of hydrogen absorption / desorption was calculated; a positive value during hydrogen desorption indicates that the reaction requires heat absorption. The value is proportional to the hydrogen supply rate. The calculation method is to multiply the predicted hydrogen supply rate by the enthalpy change of the dehydrogenation reaction, and then divide by 3600 to complete the unit conversion. The dehydrogenation enthalpy change of the alloy is fixed at 15.4 kJ / g hydrogen. The heat loss due to natural heat dissipation is calculated using Newton's law of cooling and is equal to the product of the natural convection heat transfer coefficient, the outer surface area of ​​the hydrogen storage bed, and the temperature difference between the hydrogen storage bed and the environment. The heat transfer coefficient ranges from 5 to 15 W / (m²). 2 The ambient temperature (℃) is collected in real time by an indoor temperature sensor. The initial value of the cooling heat removed by the auxiliary heat dissipation device is zero. A positive value is generated only after the active cooling is turned on. The value is calculated by multiplying the cooling medium flow rate, the specific heat capacity of the medium, and the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the cooling medium.

[0053] After substituting the additional waste heat into the thermal management model, a fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical algorithm with a step size of 0.1 seconds is used to solve the equations, estimating the entire process of hydrogen storage bed temperature change within the look-ahead control window. Simultaneously, the decrease in the rate of change of lattice strain caused by the temperature rise is calculated to determine whether the waste heat generated by the heating supply can offset the trend of excessive hydrogen supply. When the absolute value of the predicted rate of change of lattice strain obtained from the thermal management model is still higher than the threshold of the high-activity hydrogen release state and the predicted hydrogen supply rate continues to be greater than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell, it is determined that the suppression effect is insufficient to offset the trend of excessive hydrogen supply. The auxiliary cooling device is then activated to actively cool the hydrogen storage bed. The active cooling follows the principle of slow start and fast adjustment: the cooling water pump or fan starts at 30% of its initial speed, and then the output of the PID controller is adjusted every 0.5 seconds according to the real-time temperature deviation to gradually approach the target cooling power, avoiding a sudden drop in the temperature of the hydrogen storage bed caused by a sudden increase in cooling load, which could lead to thermal stress cracks. During active cooling, the absolute value of the lattice strain rate of change is ensured to gradually decrease and eventually fall back to a preset safe range. The safe range is defined as the absolute value of the lattice strain rate of change being less than or equal to a safe threshold. The safe threshold is determined as follows: under laboratory conditions, the hydrogen supply rate corresponding to the lowest stable operating power of the fuel cell stack, typically 20% of the rated power, is measured to obtain the safe rate of change. When the absolute value of the lattice strain rate of change corresponding to the hydrogen release rate drops below this threshold, it indicates that the hydrogen supply rate has fallen back to a range that the fuel cell stack can safely absorb.

[0054] During the active cooling process, the temperature data of the hydrogen storage bed is monitored in real time by temperature sensors, and the temperature rise rate is calculated to ensure that the temperature rise rate does not exceed the maximum allowable temperature rise rate. The maximum allowable temperature rise rate is obtained based on the factory calibration of the hydrogen storage material, such as 0.5℃ / s, in order to avoid safety issues such as hydrogen storage material pulverization, performance degradation, and uncontrolled hydrogen release caused by overheating. Ultimately, the coordinated control of thermoelectric load and thermal safety closed-loop constraint are achieved under the condition of hydrogen oversupply.

[0055] Hydrogen energy utilization is achieved by using excess hydrogen for heating and absorption. At the same time, waste heat negative feedback verification and active heat dissipation constraints are introduced to ensure dynamic matching of heat and power loads, while ensuring the thermal safety boundary of the hydrogen storage bed and improving the stability and safety of the combined heat and power fuel cell operation.

[0056] The hydrogen pressure and temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet are monitored in real time and used as feedback parameters. These parameters are then input to the control unit to correct the power distribution deviation in the dynamic adjustment strategy, thus forming a closed-loop coordinated control.

[0057] Furthermore, the hydrogen pressure and temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet are monitored in real time and used as feedback parameters, which are input to the control unit to correct the power distribution deviation in the dynamic adjustment strategy, forming a closed-loop coordinated control. This includes: setting a target setpoint and allowable deviation band for the hydrogen pressure; calculating the deviation between the real-time hydrogen pressure monitoring value and the target setpoint; if the deviation is positive and exceeds the allowable deviation band, a load reduction command is sent to the fuel cell stack, and the dynamic adjustment strategy is corrected according to the load reduction command, with the corrected output power recorded as the first corrected output power, wherein the load reduction magnitude in the load reduction command is proportional to the magnitude of the deviation; if the deviation is negative and exceeds the allowable deviation band, a load increase command is sent to the fuel cell stack, and the dynamic adjustment strategy is corrected according to the load increase command, with the corrected output power recorded as the second corrected output power, wherein the load increase magnitude in the load increase command is proportional to the magnitude of the deviation; wherein the first corrected output power and the second corrected output power are fed back to the control unit as new target output power to update the power reference value in the next round of dynamic adjustment strategy.

[0058] Specifically, pressure and temperature sensors are installed in parallel on the hydrogen outlet pipeline of the fuel cell stack, both located at the same measurement cross-section. These sensors monitor the hydrogen pressure and temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet in real time. The hydrogen pressure reflects the instantaneous balance between hydrogen supply and consumption within the stack. When the hydrogen supply rate exceeds the stack's hydrogen consumption rate, hydrogen accumulates in the anode cavity, causing the outlet pressure to rise. Conversely, when the hydrogen supply rate is less than the consumption rate, hydrogen is rapidly consumed in the anode cavity, resulting in a decrease in outlet pressure. The hydrogen temperature reflects the thermal state of the fuel cell stack during operation.

[0059] According to the rated operating conditions and operation manual of the fuel cell stack, set the target set value and allowable deviation band for hydrogen pressure. The target set value can be set to 90% to 95% of the anode inlet pressure required to maintain optimal performance under the rated power of the stack. For example, for a fuel cell stack with a rated power of 5kW, the target set value is set to 0.12 to 0.18MPa. The allowable deviation band is the pressure fluctuation threshold range to ensure stable operation of the fuel cell stack, such as ±0.015 to 0.025MPa.

[0060] In each control cycle, such as within 100ms, the current real-time outlet hydrogen pressure monitoring value is read, and the deviation between this real-time hydrogen pressure monitoring value and the target setpoint is calculated. The absolute value of the deviation is compared with the allowable deviation band. If the deviation is positive and exceeds the allowable deviation band, it is determined that there is excess hydrogen in the anode cavity, and a load reduction command is sent to the fuel cell stack. This command instructs the stack to reduce its output power to decrease the hydrogen consumption rate, thus re-matching the supply and consumption. The load reduction magnitude in the load reduction command is proportional to the magnitude of the deviation, specifically: Load Reduction Magnitude = KP × (Deviation Value - Allowable Deviation Band), where KP is the pressure-power proportional gain coefficient, obtained through static characteristic experiments of the fuel cell stack. At various power points during stable stack operation, the steady-state response of the outlet pressure to power step changes is recorded, and the results are fitted to obtain the desired value. ,in, This refers to the hydrogen pressure at the outlet of the fuel cell stack. This refers to the output electrical power of the fuel cell stack. That is, the change in outlet pressure caused by a unit change in power, taken as The safety factor is 0.7~0.9. For example, for a 5kW-class fuel cell stack, KP is approximately 1.5~2.5kW / MPa. The calculated load reduction is superimposed on the power command determined in the forward-looking control strategy to obtain the first corrected output power.

[0061] When the deviation value is negative and exceeds the allowable deviation band, it is determined that there is insufficient hydrogen in the anode cavity. A load increase command is sent to the fuel cell stack, instructing the stack to increase its output power to improve the hydrogen consumption rate and fully utilize the hydrogen supply capacity. Similarly, the load increase magnitude in the load increase command is proportional to the magnitude of the deviation value. Then, the calculated load reduction magnitude is superimposed on the power command determined in the forward-looking control strategy to obtain the second corrected output power. The first and second corrected output powers are then fed back to the control unit as the new target output power to update the power reference value in the next round of dynamic adjustment strategy. The control unit sends the power setpoint to the DC / DC converter of the fuel cell stack via the CAN bus. After receiving the command, the converter completes the real-time adjustment of the fuel cell stack output power, continuously looping the closed-loop iterative process of feedback acquisition, deviation correction, forward prediction of hydrogen supply status, and load strategy execution to achieve closed-loop regulation of output power.

[0062] For example, with a preset hydrogen pressure target setpoint of 0.15 MPa, an allowable deviation range of ±0.02 MPa, a proportional gain coefficient KP of 2 kW / MPa, and a control cycle of 100 ms; the measured outlet hydrogen pressure is 0.175 MPa, the positive deviation is 0.025 MPa exceeding the deviation range, the effective deviation difference is 0.005 MPa, the load reduction is 2 × 0.005 = 0.01 kW, the forward-looking pre-regulation original power is 4.2 kW, and the calculated first corrected output power is 4.19 kW. In another operating condition, the measured hydrogen pressure is 0.122 MPa, the negative deviation is -0.028 MPa exceeding the threshold, the effective deviation absolute value is 0.008 MPa, the load increase is 2 × 0.008 = 0.016 kW, the original reference power of 4.2 kW yields a second corrected output power of 4.216 kW, the control unit sends a power command via the CAN bus, and the corrected power is stored in the controller as the load allocation reference for the next cycle. By linearly correcting the power generation through actual feedback of hydrogen pressure at the fuel cell stack outlet, dynamically compensating for model errors in forward-looking regulation, stabilizing the fuel cell stack inlet pressure conditions, eliminating power deviation caused by hydrogen oversupply or shortage, constructing a complete closed-loop regulation, and improving the accuracy, real-time performance, and operational stability of load allocation and fuel cell operation.

[0063] Furthermore, the method also includes temperature safety constraints: while sending the load increase command, the hydrogen temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet is simultaneously monitored and input to the control unit as a feedback quantity; if the hydrogen temperature rise rate exceeds the preset safe temperature rise rate, the execution of the load increase command is suspended, and the cooling water pump is started to increase the coolant flow rate until the hydrogen temperature returns to the safe range before the execution of the load increase command is resumed, and the resumed load increase command needs to be re-incorporated into the dynamic adjustment strategy for verification.

[0064] Specifically, the closed-loop control process also includes temperature safety constraints to ensure that the fuel cell stack is not damaged due to thermal runaway during the load increase process. Specifically, while sending the load increase command, the hydrogen temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet is simultaneously monitored by a temperature sensor, and this hydrogen temperature is input to the control unit as feedback. A safe temperature rise rate threshold is preset based on the fuel cell manufacturer's fuel cell stack thermal safety manual. The hydrogen temperature rise rate is calculated by the ratio of the change in outlet hydrogen temperature within adjacent control cycles to the control cycle duration, which characterizes the rate of stack temperature rise. When the hydrogen temperature rise rate is greater than or equal to the preset safe temperature rise rate, it indicates that heat accumulation is too rapid and there is a risk of thermal runaway. The load increase command is immediately suspended, and a drive signal is simultaneously output to the cooling water pump to increase the flow rate. The PWM signal is used to increase the drive duty cycle of the cooling water pump, increasing the coolant circulation flow rate to enhance heat dissipation between the stack anode and membrane electrode assembly. The outlet hydrogen temperature is continuously monitored until it falls back to the safe temperature range.

[0065] Once the rate of temperature rise is confirmed to have fallen back to a safe range, the execution of the load increase command is resumed. However, the incomplete load increase command cannot be directly reused. Instead, the load increase range to be executed is re-incorporated into the dynamic adjustment strategy for verification. During the verification process, the current lattice strain change rate is first read, the current hydrogen supply rate of the hydrogen storage bed is re-estimated, and the actual output power of the current stack is read. The current hydrogen consumption rate is recalculated, and the re-estimated hydrogen supply rate is compared with the hydrogen consumption rate. Based on the difference, the allowable power increment is recalculated. After the verification is passed, the load increase command continues to be executed with the new increment value, forming a temperature safety closed loop of power regulation, temperature monitoring, heat dissipation intervention, and secondary verification.

[0066] By simultaneously adding a hard constraint on temperature rise during the process of increasing the load and power of the fuel cell stack, intervening in the cooling circuit based on real-time hydrogen temperature rise monitoring, and re-verifying the load increase command after recovery, the overheating of the fuel cell stack caused by the load increase is avoided, thus making up for the lack of thermal safety protection in the pressure closed-loop control and further improving the real-time performance, accuracy and operational stability of the control decision.

[0067] Example 2, based on the same inventive concept as the fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power in the foregoing examples, such as... Figure 3 As shown, this application provides a fuel cell monitoring and control system for combined heat and power (CHP), wherein the fuel cell monitoring and control system for CHP includes: The signal acquisition module 11 is used to embed a strain sensing unit inside or on the surface of the solid hydrogen storage bed to continuously acquire lattice strain signals caused by hydrogen molecule adsorption / desorption; the signal processing module 12 is used to perform time-series differential processing on the lattice strain signals to obtain the lattice strain change rate, and to infer the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material based on the lattice strain change rate; the strategy generation module 13 is used to dynamically adjust the output power of the fuel cell stack and the heat load distribution ratio of the hydrogen combustion heating unit according to the instantaneous reaction kinetic state, and generate a dynamic adjustment strategy; the collaborative control module 14 is used to monitor the hydrogen pressure and temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet in real time as feedback quantities, input them to the control unit, correct the power distribution deviation in the dynamic adjustment strategy, and form a closed-loop collaborative control.

[0068] Furthermore, the signal processing module 12 is also used to: perform smoothing filtering on the continuously acquired lattice strain signal using a sliding time window to filter out noise interference caused by environmental vibration; perform point-by-point differentiation on the filtered lattice strain signal to obtain a lattice strain change rate sequence characterizing the deformation rate of the material; perform trend analysis on the lattice strain change rate sequence to identify whether the lattice strain signal is in an upward phase, a downward phase, or a stable phase; wherein, the positive or negative sign of the lattice strain change rate is used to indicate whether the hydrogen storage material is currently in a hydrogen release process or a hydrogen absorption process.

[0069] Furthermore, the signal processing module 12 is also used to: establish a three-dimensional spatial coordinate system, with the lattice strain change rate as the vertical axis, the internal temperature of the hydrogen storage bed as the horizontal axis, and the internal pressure of the hydrogen storage bed as the vertical axis; divide the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system into multiple kinetic partitions, each partition corresponding to a specific instantaneous reaction kinetic state; collect temperature and pressure data at multiple points inside the hydrogen storage bed in real time, and determine the position of the current state point in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system by combining the current lattice strain change rate; determine the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material based on the kinetic partition in which the position falls, wherein the instantaneous reaction kinetic state includes a highly active hydrogen release state, a highly active hydrogen absorption state, or a dynamic equilibrium state; and simultaneously calculate the Euclidean distance between the current state point and the center point of the partition, using the Euclidean distance as a confidence index of the instantaneous reaction kinetic state.

[0070] Furthermore, the signal processing module 12 is also used to: divide the solid hydrogen storage bed into N equally spaced monitoring units along the axial direction, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3; read the temperature data, pressure data, and local lattice strain change rate corresponding to each monitoring unit; map the temperature data of each monitoring unit to the horizontal axis of the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system, map the pressure data to the vertical axis of the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system, and map the local lattice strain change rate to the vertical axis of the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system; synthesize the current state point coordinates of each monitoring unit in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system based on the mapping values ​​on the three coordinate axes; and perform a weighted average calculation on the current state point coordinates of all monitoring units to obtain the position of the current state point representing the overall operating condition of the hydrogen storage bed in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system.

[0071] Furthermore, the strategy generation module 13 is also used to: predict the evolution trend of the instantaneous reaction kinetic state within a preset time period to obtain a forward-looking control window; within the forward-looking control window, if it is predicted that the instantaneous reaction kinetic state will cause the hydrogen supply rate to be lower than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, then it is determined that insufficient hydrogen supply will occur, triggering an output power reduction command, wherein the reduction magnitude of the output power reduction command has a non-linear exponential relationship with the predicted hydrogen supply rate gap; if it is predicted that the instantaneous reaction kinetic state will cause the hydrogen supply rate to be higher than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, then it is determined that excessive hydrogen supply will occur, triggering a heat load increase command for the hydrogen combustion heating unit, wherein the increase rate of the heat load increase command is limited by the maximum allowable temperature rise rate of the hydrogen storage bed; wherein the time span of the forward-looking control window is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio of the lattice strain signal.

[0072] Furthermore, the strategy generation module 13 is also used to: calculate the additional waste heat generated by increasing the heat load of the hydrogen combustion heating unit; input the additional waste heat as negative feedback into the thermal management model of the solid hydrogen storage bed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the additional waste heat on the lattice strain change rate; when the inhibitory effect is insufficient to offset the hydrogen oversupply trend, activate the auxiliary heat dissipation device to actively cool the hydrogen storage bed until the lattice strain change rate falls back to the safe range; during the active cooling process, monitor the temperature data of the hydrogen storage bed in real time to ensure that the temperature rise rate does not exceed the maximum allowable temperature rise rate.

[0073] Furthermore, the coordinated control module 14 is also used to: set a target setpoint and an allowable deviation band for hydrogen pressure; calculate the deviation between the real-time hydrogen pressure monitoring value and the target setpoint; if the deviation is positive and exceeds the allowable deviation band, send a load reduction command to the fuel cell stack, correct the dynamic adjustment strategy according to the load reduction command, and record the corrected output power as the first corrected output power, wherein the load reduction magnitude in the load reduction command is proportional to the magnitude of the deviation; if the deviation is negative and exceeds the allowable deviation band, send a load increase command to the fuel cell stack, correct the dynamic adjustment strategy according to the load increase command, and record the corrected output power as the second corrected output power, wherein the load increase magnitude in the load increase command is proportional to the magnitude of the deviation; wherein the first corrected output power and the second corrected output power are fed back to the control unit as new target output power to update the power reference value in the next round of dynamic adjustment strategy.

[0074] Furthermore, the system is also used to: simultaneously monitor the hydrogen temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet as a feedback input to the control unit while sending the load increase command; if the hydrogen temperature rise rate exceeds the preset safe temperature rise rate, the execution of the load increase command is suspended, and the cooling water pump is started to increase the coolant flow rate until the hydrogen temperature returns to the safe range before the execution of the load increase command is resumed, and the resumed load increase command needs to be re-incorporated into the dynamic adjustment strategy for verification.

[0075] In Example 3, based on the same inventive concept as the fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for cogeneration in the foregoing embodiments, this application also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program, which, when executed, implements the steps of the fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for cogeneration described in any one of the above embodiments.

[0076] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use this application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this application. Therefore, this application is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

[0077] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make several improvements and modifications to this application without departing from the principles of this application, and these improvements and modifications also fall within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A method for monitoring and regulating fuel cells for combined heat and power (CHP), characterized in that, The method includes: Strain sensing units are embedded inside or on the surface of a solid hydrogen storage bed to continuously collect lattice strain signals caused by hydrogen molecule adsorption / desorption. The lattice strain signal is subjected to time series differentiation processing to obtain the lattice strain change rate, and the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material is inferred based on the lattice strain change rate. Based on the instantaneous reaction kinetics, the output power of the fuel cell stack and the heat load distribution ratio of the hydrogen combustion heating unit are dynamically adjusted to generate a dynamic adjustment strategy. The hydrogen pressure and temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet are monitored in real time and used as feedback parameters. These parameters are then input to the control unit to correct the power distribution deviation in the dynamic adjustment strategy, thus forming a closed-loop coordinated control.

2. The fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The lattice strain signal is subjected to time-series differentiation processing to obtain the lattice strain change rate, including: A sliding time window is used to smooth and filter the continuously acquired lattice strain signal to remove noise interference caused by environmental vibration. By performing point-by-point differentiation on the filtered lattice strain signal, a sequence of lattice strain change rates characterizing the deformation rate of the material is obtained. Trend analysis is performed on the lattice strain rate change sequence to identify whether the lattice strain signal is in an upward, downward, or stable phase. The positive or negative sign of the lattice strain change rate is used to indicate whether the hydrogen storage material is currently in a hydrogen release or hydrogen absorption process.

3. The fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The instantaneous reaction kinetics of the current hydrogen storage material can be inferred from the lattice strain change rate, including: A three-dimensional spatial coordinate system was established, with the lattice strain rate as the vertical axis, the internal temperature of the hydrogen storage bed as the horizontal axis, and the internal pressure of the hydrogen storage bed as the vertical axis. The three-dimensional spatial coordinate system is divided into multiple dynamic partitions, each corresponding to a specific instantaneous reaction dynamic state; Real-time acquisition of temperature and pressure data at multiple points inside the hydrogen storage bed, combined with the current lattice strain change rate, determines the position of the current state point in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system; Based on the kinetic zone in which the location falls, the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material is determined. The instantaneous reaction kinetic state includes a highly active hydrogen release state, a highly active hydrogen absorption state, or a dynamic equilibrium state. Simultaneously, the Euclidean distance between the current state point and the partition center point is calculated, and the Euclidean distance is used as a confidence index of the instantaneous reaction dynamic state.

4. The fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power as described in claim 3, characterized in that, Real-time acquisition of temperature and pressure data at multiple points inside the hydrogen storage bed, combined with the current lattice strain change rate, determines the position of the current state point in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system, including: The solid hydrogen storage bed is divided into N equally spaced monitoring units along the axial direction, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3; Read the temperature data, pressure data, and local lattice strain change rate of each monitoring unit respectively; The temperature data of each monitoring unit is mapped to the horizontal axis of the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system, the pressure data is mapped to the vertical axis of the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system, and the local lattice strain change rate is mapped to the vertical axis of the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system. Based on the mapping values ​​on the three coordinate axes, the current state point coordinates of each monitoring unit in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system are synthesized. The current state point coordinates of all monitoring units are weighted and averaged to obtain the position of the current state point in the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system that represents the overall operating condition of the hydrogen storage bed.

5. The fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the instantaneous reaction kinetics, dynamically adjust the output power of the fuel cell stack and the heat load distribution ratio of the hydrogen combustion heating unit, including: Predict the evolution trend of the instantaneous reaction dynamics state within a preset time period to obtain a forward-looking control window; Within the aforementioned forward-looking control window, if it is predicted that the instantaneous reaction kinetics will cause the hydrogen supply rate to be lower than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, then it is determined that insufficient hydrogen supply will occur, triggering an output power reduction command. In the output power reduction command, the reduction magnitude has a non-linear exponential relationship with the predicted hydrogen supply rate gap. If it is predicted that the instantaneous reaction kinetics will cause the hydrogen supply rate to be higher than the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, then it is determined that hydrogen oversupply will occur, triggering a heat load increase command for the hydrogen combustion heating unit. The increase rate of the heat load increase command is limited by the maximum allowable temperature rise rate of the hydrogen storage bed. The time span of the forward-looking control window is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio of the lattice strain signal.

6. The fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power as described in claim 5, characterized in that, If the instantaneous reaction kinetics predict that the hydrogen supply rate will exceed the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell stack, then a hydrogen oversupply will occur, triggering a heat load increase command for the hydrogen combustion heating unit, including: Calculate the additional waste heat generated due to the increased heat load of the hydrogen combustion heating unit; The additional waste heat was used as negative feedback input into the thermal management model of the solid hydrogen storage bed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the additional waste heat on the lattice strain change rate. When the suppression effect is insufficient to counteract the hydrogen oversupply trend, the auxiliary heat dissipation device is activated to actively cool the hydrogen storage bed until the lattice strain change rate falls back to a safe range. During the active cooling process, the temperature data of the hydrogen storage bed is monitored in real time to ensure that the rate of temperature rise does not exceed the maximum allowable rate of temperature rise.

7. The fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Real-time monitoring of hydrogen pressure and temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet is used as feedback parameters, which are input to the control unit to correct power distribution deviations in the dynamic adjustment strategy, forming a closed-loop coordinated control, including: Set the target setpoint and allowable deviation band for hydrogen pressure; Calculate the deviation between the real-time hydrogen pressure monitoring value and the target set value; If the deviation value is positive and exceeds the allowable deviation band, a load reduction command is sent to the fuel cell stack. The dynamic adjustment strategy is corrected according to the load reduction command, and the corrected output power is recorded as the first corrected output power. The load reduction magnitude in the load reduction command is proportional to the magnitude of the deviation value. If the deviation value is negative and exceeds the allowable deviation band, a load increase command is sent to the fuel cell stack. The dynamic adjustment strategy is corrected according to the load increase command, and the corrected output power is recorded as the second corrected output power. The load increase magnitude in the load increase command is proportional to the magnitude of the deviation value. The first corrected output power and the second corrected output power are fed back to the control unit as new target output power to update the power reference value in the next round of dynamic adjustment strategy.

8. The fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power as described in claim 7, characterized in that, The method also includes temperature safety constraints: While sending the load increase command, the hydrogen temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet is simultaneously monitored and input to the control unit as a feedback quantity. If the rate of increase of hydrogen temperature exceeds the preset safe rate of increase, the execution of the load increase command will be suspended and the cooling water pump will be started to increase the coolant flow rate until the hydrogen temperature returns to the safe range before the execution of the load increase command is resumed. The resumed load increase command needs to be re-incorporated into the dynamic adjustment strategy for verification.

9. A fuel cell monitoring and control system for combined heat and power (CHP) systems, characterized in that: The steps for implementing the fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power as described in any one of claims 1 to 8 include: The signal acquisition module is used to embed strain sensing units inside or on the surface of a solid hydrogen storage bed to continuously acquire lattice strain signals caused by hydrogen molecule adsorption / desorption. The signal processing module is used to perform time-series differential processing on the lattice strain signal to obtain the lattice strain change rate, and to infer the instantaneous reaction kinetic state of the current hydrogen storage material based on the lattice strain change rate. The strategy generation module is used to dynamically adjust the output power of the fuel cell stack and the heat load distribution ratio of the hydrogen combustion heating unit according to the instantaneous reaction kinetic state, and generate a dynamic adjustment strategy. The collaborative control module is used to monitor the hydrogen pressure and temperature at the fuel cell stack outlet in real time as feedback quantities, which are then input to the control unit to correct the power distribution deviation in the dynamic adjustment strategy, thus forming a closed-loop collaborative control.

10. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program that, when executed, implements the steps of the fuel cell monitoring and regulation method for combined heat and power as described in any one of claims 1 to 8.

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