Sliding sleeve, operating unit and method for manufacturing an operating unit

Abstract

The present invention relates to a sliding sleeve comprising: two substantially cylindrical sleeve portions, each sleeve portion having a first axial end, a second axial end, and an outwardly pointing receiving region between the first axial end and the second axial end, wherein the second axial end or the first axial end and the second axial end have an outer diameter larger than the receiving region, wherein an axial extension of the receiving region is limited on at least one side by at least the second axial end, wherein a connecting device is formed at the first axial end to make the two sleeve portions coaxial with each other and rotatably fixed; an operating unit including a control adapter; a sliding sleeve, particularly a sliding sleeve according to the present invention; a reset device; and a housing. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing the operating unit.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a sliding sleeve comprising two substantially cylindrical sleeve portions, an operating unit comprising a control adapter, a sliding sleeve (particularly the sliding sleeve according to the invention), a reset device and a housing, and a method for manufacturing the operating unit. Background Technology

[0002] Today, electronic systems are used to control machines such as agricultural vehicles (especially excavators). To facilitate feedback to the user in such systems where there is virtually no perceptible mechanical resistance (from which user feedback typically originates), specialized components are required. These components generate artificial mechanical resistance that the machine user can perceive. Particularly in agricultural vehicles, these feedback forces need to be stronger than the vibrations and bumps prevalent in the typical operating environment of these vehicles in order to be perceived by the user.

[0003] Control levers are widely used in agricultural vehicles. They are typically controlled by an operating unit. Factors such as the shape of the operating unit generate reaction forces, thus providing feedback to the user in the electric steering system.

[0004] US 4624152 A1 discloses a plurality of rotating housings of a sliding sleeve, the rotating housings being substantially cylindrical, each having a first axial end, a second axial end, and an outwardly pointing receiving area between the two ends. Furthermore, a gap housing is provided between the two housings. Additionally, an actuation device for actuating a clutch in a motor vehicle is disclosed, wherein the actuation device includes a drive mechanism having: a control adapter in contact with a stationary pivot on a structural side; a sliding sleeve; a spring; and a structure in which a controller, the sliding sleeve, and a reset device are at least partially housed. A handle spring serves as a spring that supports one handle to the structure and the other handle to a control lever.

[0005] US 3891182 A1 discloses a slide valve including a housing and a slidable valve member guided in a channel and having a portion extending from the housing and hinged to a rod, the rod being pivotally connected to an arm. Furthermore, the slide valve includes a bolt disposed at a distance from the portion of the slidable valve member; and a spring. The slide valve also includes a first plate and a second plate, each plate including a first axial end, a second axial end, and an outwardly pointing receiving area between the two ends, wherein the diameter of the second axial end is larger than the diameter of the receiving area. The spring is longitudinally positioned around the bolt and the receiving area of ​​the plate.

[0006] Known operating units integrally formed in the operating lever are large components including a preloaded spring, and are therefore difficult to form integrally. Furthermore, due to the relative movement of the components adapted to the lever and the static components and / or the spring, the internal friction of the operating unit can increase significantly during use. Summary of the Invention

[0007] Therefore, the problem to be solved by the present invention is to reduce the internal mechanical friction of the operating unit during use, and to provide an operating unit that is easy to manufacture, independent and inexpensive.

[0008] This objective is achieved by a sliding sleeve comprising two substantially cylindrical sleeve portions, each having a first axial end, a second axial end, and an outwardly pointing receiving area between the first and second axial ends, wherein the second axial end or the first and second axial ends have an outer diameter larger than the receiving area, wherein the axial extension of the receiving area is limited on at least one side by at least the second axial end, and wherein a connecting device is formed at the first axial end to coaxially connect the two sleeve portions and rotatably fix the two sleeve portions relative to each other.

[0009] The advantage of the two sleeve portions according to the invention is the lower variety and complexity of components, and therefore lower manufacturing costs. The first axial end is preferably partially circumferential. The first axial end of each sleeve portion preferably has two elongated protrusions positioned radially opposite each other. A rod opening is provided at the first axial end and a portion of the receiving area. The second axial end has a substantially hollow cylindrical shape. Preferably, the two sleeve portions have equal or at least equal first axial ends and equal total longitudinal lengths. For the purposes of this invention, in the case of a connection between the two sleeve portions, the term "connection" should be understood as meaning that they are attached to each other by a connecting device formed at the first axial end. Advantageously, the connecting device is formed at the first axial end to coaxially attach the two sleeve portions and to fix the two sleeve portions to each other in rotation.

[0010] In embodiments of the invention, the connecting device comprises at least a pin and at least a receiving seat. The connecting device is positioned such that at each first axial end, they can be mounted to each other positively and / or non-positively mounted in a form-fit and / or force-fit manner. Thus, each pin is positioned opposite a corresponding receiving seat to insert the pin into the receiving seat while connecting these sleeve portions, thereby forming the sliding sleeve. Preferably, the outer diameter of the pin is equal to or greater than the inner diameter of the receiving seat to produce a transition fit or interference fit. No additional components are required to manufacture the sliding sleeve, which reduces the cost of components, manufacturing, and assembly.

[0011] According to an embodiment of the invention, the outer diameter of the receiving region is axially constant. By maintaining this axial constantness, the shape including the outer diameter of the receiving region ensures that the deviation from this constant is within the range of values ​​that may occur during the manufacturing process. Furthermore, the outer diameter of the receiving region is specifically formed to be uniform.

[0012] A further development of the invention provides that each of the two sleeve portions has a positioning device for positioning the sliding sleeve on the operating unit, particularly on the housing of the operating unit, wherein the positioning device is formed at the first axial end and / or at the second axial end and / or specifically formed as part of a dovetail joint. Positioning the positioning device at the second axial end of the sliding sleeve is preferred due to the fact that the receiving area is not interrupted. Furthermore, any external forces are uniformly absorbed by the sliding sleeve and can be uniformly transmitted to the housing. The positioning device is preferably uniformly positioned at the second axial end of the sliding sleeve, wherein the sliding sleeve can be simultaneously guided and fixed by the positioning device. Therefore, the guiding direction of each positioning device is preferably equal to the direction in which the sliding sleeve is easily inserted into the housing during use.

[0013] In embodiments of the invention, the reset device, particularly at least one torsion spring, abuts against the receiving area during use, wherein a second axial end, or the first and second axial ends, forms an axial stop for the reset device during use. In the case of different reset devices, the second axial end is modified such that the length of the receiving area along the longitudinal axis of the sliding sleeve is adapted to the corresponding reset device, which adapts to the receiving area during use. The second axial end becomes larger along its longitudinal length, and the receiving area becomes smaller along its longitudinal length. The total length of the sliding sleeve itself remains equal, wherein the total length of each sleeve portion also remains equal. The second axial end of each of the two sleeve portions may have different lengths, and thus different reset devices may abut against the receiving area of ​​each of the two sleeve portions. Advantageously, different torsion springs may abut against the receiving area of ​​each sleeve portion to provide different reset forces according to the movement of the control adapter during use.

[0014] In embodiments of the invention, the sliding sleeve is formed of plastic, specifically unreinforced plastic. The function of sliding is to generate less friction during the control of the adapter's movement in use. Therefore, the outer surface of the sliding sleeve is preferably flat. Reinforced plastics particularly include glass fibers, which alter the macrostructure of the plastic and create a rough surface. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the receiving area is reprocessed to produce better sliding properties. This reprocessing can preferably be done by grinding or coating. Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the sleeve portion and the sliding sleeve are manufactured by injection molding or any printing process. Generally, these sleeve portions and the sliding sleeve can be formed from any material that can be used in injection molding or printing processes.

[0015] The problem to be solved is further achieved by an operating unit comprising: a control adapter including a rod adapter and a substantially cylindrical bearing housing; a sliding sleeve, particularly according to the invention, wherein the sliding sleeve at least partially radially covers the lateral surface of the bearing housing and is arranged at a distance from the bearing housing; a reset device abutting against a receiving area of ​​the sliding sleeve; and a housing wherein the control adapter, the sliding sleeve, and the reset device are at least partially housed within the housing, wherein the control adapter is pivotally mounted relative to the housing, wherein the sliding sleeve is fixedly mounted within the housing, and wherein the reset devices abut against the control adapter and the housing respectively, such that the reset devices generate a reset force when the control adapter is pivoted relative to the housing.

[0016] By "substantially cylindrical," the invention understands that the outer portion of the bearing housing has a cylindrical surface interrupted midway along the longitudinal axis of the sliding sleeve by a rod adapter. Furthermore, the internal shape of the bearing housing can provide at least one stop for mounting the bearing. Further, the invention understands the cylindrical shape as "substantially cylindrical," which can have some deviation from the mathematical definition of a cylinder. This deviation occurs particularly during the manufacturing process. The control adapter, particularly the bearing housing, preferably contacts the bearing only directly to generate minimal friction during the movement of the control adapter in use. The sliding sleeve prevents the bearing housing from contacting the reset device during movement and / or possible deformation. In a preferred embodiment, each reset device abuts at least indirectly against the rod adapter and the housing, such that the reset device generates a reset force when the control adapter pivots relative to it. The sliding sleeve specifically comprises two substantially cylindrical sleeve portions arranged to accommodate the reset device thereto. Each sleeve portion includes a receiving area. If the same reset device abuts against the receiving area, the same sleeve portion is used. If different reset devices abut, particularly those with different basic dimensions, different sleeve portions are used, wherein the first axial end of the sleeve portion remains the same in each of these embodiments, and the sleeve portions are connected to each other through this first axial end. The sliding sleeve receives friction through relative movement between the sliding sleeve and the reset device. The reset device particularly has a substantially hollow cylindrical shape, wherein the inner diameter of the reset device is smaller than the outer diameter of the second axial end of the sliding sleeve. The inner diameter of the reset device is larger than the outer diameter of the receiving area of ​​the sliding sleeve, wherein the receiving area is adjacent to the second axial end to form a stop of the reset device along the longitudinal axis of the sliding sleeve through the second axial end. The housing may be closed by a housing cover to define the interior of the housing, wherein at least the sliding sleeve is completely received within the interior of the housing. The housing provides a rod insertion portion, wherein the rod adapter of the control adapter is inserted into the rod insertion portion. The rod insertion portion is particularly formed as an elongated hole, wherein the housing does not interfere with the movement of the control adapter. Preferably, the operating unit can be either a joystick or a part of a joystick. It can be used, for example, in construction or agricultural vehicles.

[0017] According to the invention, the bearing housing is at least partially hollow and cylindrical, and oriented symmetrically to the rod adapter axis. A bearing is mounted to the inner surface of the bearing housing for mounting a control shaft pivotable relative to the control adapter, wherein the control shaft is fixedly mounted within the housing. The control shaft has a screw-like shape and is inserted into the housing through two openings sized such that the control shaft is guided and fixedly positioned within the housing. A shaft head positioned at one end of the control shaft provides a stop on the outer surface of the housing, and a thread positioned at the other end of the control shaft allows engagement with a nut for a fixed bearing of the control shaft. The control shaft further has at least a portion of its circumferential surface for receiving a bearing, particularly a rolling bearing. The bearing-receiving region of the control shaft is positioned along the longitudinal axis of the sliding sleeve at the same location as the region of the bearing housing of the control adapter. The control shaft and the control adapter are indirectly mounted and spaced apart from each other by at least two bearings.

[0018] A further development of the invention provides that the reset device is at least two torsion springs, and / or the reset device is perpendicular to the rod adapter and axially symmetrically oriented. The torsion springs are capable of receiving forces generated during rotational movement. A control adapter is mounted to the operating rod on its rod adapter, wherein the longitudinal axis of the rod adapter is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the sliding sleeve, and wherein the generally cylindrical bearing seat of the control adapter is concentrically positioned with the sliding sleeve. Therefore, the reset device is specifically concentrically oriented with the receiving area of ​​the bearing seat and / or the sliding sleeve. Furthermore, the sliding sleeve provides two receiving areas, wherein at least one reset device is mounted on each receiving area.

[0019] Embodiments of the invention further provide that the reset devices have different reset constants, particularly at least two torsion springs with different spring stiffnesses. Regarding the individual use of the operating unit, the reset constant, and particularly the spring stiffness, is selected to provide sufficient resistance to give the user clear feedback and reliably reset the control adapter towards the starting position. Although different reset devices interact with the control adapter during different movements, the selection of the reset constant can also depend on whether the user needs to push or pull the operating lever and thus push or pull the control adapter. The torsion spring has two ends, one abutting against the control adapter and the other against the housing. The torsion spring absorbs relative movement between the control adapter and the housing.

[0020] According to the invention, the sliding sleeve includes positioning devices, wherein the sliding sleeve is connected to the housing via the positioning devices in a form-fit and / or force-fit manner. These positioning devices are preferably part of the sliding sleeve, and in particular, they are configured to connect them to the housing in a form-fit manner without requiring any additional components. More preferably, the positioning devices are positioned at a first axial end and / or a second axial end of the sleeve portion to securely mount the sliding sleeve within the housing without interfering with the use of the receiving area. The positioning devices are particularly formed by a dovetail connection, wherein the housing has a corresponding dovetail connection structure for mounting the sliding sleeve. These positioning devices further enable the sliding sleeve to be guided within the housing and thus coarsely positioned, preferably more easily, by the control shaft. The positioning devices themselves can be configured as a non-positively-fit connection because the positioning devices of the sliding sleeve and / or the housing have excessively large dimensions to produce an interference fit. A clearance fit may also exist between the positioning devices of the sliding sleeve and the housing.

[0021] The problem to be solved is further achieved by a method for manufacturing an operating unit, particularly an operating unit according to the present invention, the method comprising the following steps: - Slide at least one reset device onto the sleeve portion. - Slide the two sleeve parts onto the control adapter, wherein the two sleeve parts slide coaxially toward each other onto the control adapter. - Connect the two sleeve parts to form a sliding sleeve on the control adapter. - Attach at least one reset device to the control adapter. - An assembly consisting of a control adapter, a sliding sleeve, and at least one reset device is inserted into the housing, wherein the sliding sleeve is guided on the housing by a positioning device. - The control shaft is inserted through the control adapter, thus allowing the control adapter to be pivotally mounted relative to the housing. - Make at least one reset device abut against the housing and preload at least one reset device.

[0022] According to the method of the present invention, a very easy method for manufacturing the operating unit is provided. Furthermore, by manufacturing the operating unit according to the present invention, the components of the operating unit are reversibly fixed to each other, and particularly in the event of damage to one or more components of the operating unit, it can be easily disassembled and the damaged component replaced. Moreover, all components except the sliding sleeve can be manufactured as standard components independent of at least one reset device mounted on the sliding sleeve. Furthermore, the first axial end of the sleeve portion is used to connect the sleeve portions to each other, regardless of the characteristics of the second axial end and the receiving area. Therefore, the cost and complexity of the manufacturing process are greatly reduced. Since the sliding sleeve is formed by two sleeve portions sliding onto the control adapter, the sliding sleeve provides protection for the cylindrical bearing seat of the control adapter. Attached Figure Description

[0023] The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to two embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings.

[0024] Figure 1 An exploded view of the sliding sleeve in the first embodiment is shown. Figure 2 An exploded view of the sliding sleeve in the second embodiment is shown. Figure 3 A cross-sectional perspective view of the operating unit in the first embodiment is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0025] Figure 1An exploded view of the sliding sleeve 1 in the first embodiment is shown, wherein the sliding sleeve 1 comprises two identical sleeve portions 2 that are substantially cylindrical. Each sleeve portion 2 has a first axial end 3 and a second axial end 4, wherein a receiving region 5 having a constant outer diameter is accommodated between the first axial end 3 and the second axial end 4. The first axial ends 3 of the two sleeve portions 2 each include two elongated protrusions 21 and are connected to each other by a connecting device 6. One elongated protrusion 21 of each first axial end 3 of each sleeve portion 2 has a pin 7 as a connecting device 6, and the other elongated protrusion 21 of each first axial end of each sleeve portion has a receiving seat 8 as a connecting device 6. The connecting device 6 extends along the longitudinal axis 22 of the sliding sleeve 1. To connect the sleeve portions 2 to each other, the pin 7 is inserted into the receiving seat 8 to provide a positive connection. The first axial end 3 also includes a positioning device 9 on each of the two elongated protrusions 21 and on its outer peripheral surface. The positioning device for each elongated protrusion 21 is a dovetail-jointed groove. The second axial ends 4 each include two dovetail-connected ridges (as positioning devices 9) on their front surfaces. Due to the dovetail connection itself and the position of the positioning devices 9 in the circumferential and front surfaces of the sliding sleeve 1, the sliding sleeve 1 is guided and, in use, can be fixedly positioned in multiple directions other than the guiding direction g within the housing 11 (not shown) of the operating unit 1. The longitudinal axes of all positioning devices 9 are parallel to each other and parallel to the guiding direction g. One surface of the second axial end 3 is perpendicular to the receiving area 5 to form a stop for the reset device 12 (not shown) in use. When the sleeve portion 2 is mounted to form the sliding sleeve 1, the first axial end 3 and the receiving area 5 define two rod openings 23 positioned opposite each other.

[0026] Figure 2 An exploded view of the sliding sleeve 1 in the second embodiment is shown, wherein the sliding sleeve 1 of the second embodiment differs from that of the first embodiment in that the second axial end 4 and the receiving portion 5, along the length of the longitudinal axis 22 of the sliding sleeve 1, are specifically used to receive a reset device 12 (not shown here), which is larger than the reset device 12 of the first embodiment (see...). Figure 3 All other parts of the sliding sleeve 1 are the same as in the first embodiment and therefore will not be described further.

[0027] Figure 3A cross-sectional perspective view of the operating unit 10 in the first embodiment is shown, wherein a control shaft 19 is inserted through an opening 24 in the interior 26 of the housing 11 of the operating unit 1, and the control shaft 19 is fixedly mounted on the housing 11 by a nut 25. The control shaft 19 has two different diameters in its portion mounted in the interior 26, wherein a bearing 18, formed as a rolling bearing, is mounted on either of the two different diameters. The control shaft 19 is indirectly connected to a control adapter 13 via the two bearings 18. The control adapter 13 includes a rod adapter 14 and a substantially hollow cylindrical bearing housing 15, wherein the two bearings 18 are located on the circumferential inner surface 17 of the bearing housing 15. The control adapter 13 extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 22 of the sliding sleeve 1 and is positioned at the center of the bearing housing 15 along the longitudinal axis 22 of the sliding sleeve 1. The sliding sleeve 1 radially covers the lateral surface 16 of the bearing housing 15. The sliding sleeve 1 and the control adapter 13 are spaced apart from each other. The rod adapter 14 is inserted through the rod opening 23 of the sliding sleeve 1, wherein the rod opening 23 does not restrict the movement of the control adapter 13 during use. A reset device 12 in the form of a torsion spring 20 is attached to each of the two receiving areas 5. A second axial end 4 forms an axial stop for the reset device 12. The sliding sleeve 1 is fully mounted within the housing 11. Each torsion spring 20 has one end resting on the control adapter 13 and another end resting on the housing 11 to transmit relative movement between the control adapter 13 and the housing to at least one torsion spring 20. The rod adapter 14 is further inserted through a rod insertion portion 27 through the housing.

[0028] Reference List

[0029] 1. Sliding sleeve

[0030] 2. Sleeve section

[0031] 3 First Axial End

[0032] 4 Second Axial End

[0033] 5 Receiving Area

[0034] 6. Connecting device

[0035] 7. Sales

[0036] 8 receivers

[0037] 9. Positioning device

[0038] 10 operating units

[0039] 11. Shell

[0040] 12 Reset Device

[0041] 13 Control Adapter

[0042] 14-pole adapter

[0043] 15 Bearing housing

[0044] 16 Lateral surfaces

[0045] 17 Inner Surface

[0046] 18 bearings

[0047] 19 control axes

[0048] 20 Torsion Spring

[0049] 21. Elongated protrusion

[0050] 22 Longitudinal axis

[0051] 23-bar opening

[0052] 24 Opening

[0053] 25 nuts

[0054] 26 Internal

[0055] 27 Rod Insertion Section

[0056] g indicates direction.

Claims

1. A sliding sleeve (1) comprising: Two substantially cylindrical sleeve portions (2), each of the two sleeve portions (2) having a first axial end (3), a second axial end (4), and an outwardly pointing receiving area (5) between the first axial end (3) and the second axial end (4), wherein the second axial end (4) or the first axial end and the second axial end (3, 4) have an outer diameter larger than the receiving area (5), wherein the axial extension of the receiving area (5) is limited on at least one side by at least the second axial end (4), wherein a connecting device (6) is formed at the first axial end (3) to coaxially connect the two sleeve portions (2) and to rotate and fix the two sleeve portions relative to each other.

2. The sliding sleeve (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that The connecting device (6) is formed by at least one pin (7) and at least one receiving seat (8).

3. The sliding sleeve (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The outer diameter of the receiving area (5) is constant along the axial direction.

4. The sliding sleeve (1) according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that, Each of the two sleeve portions (2) has a positioning device (9) for positioning the sliding sleeve (1) on the operating unit (10), particularly on the housing (11) of the operating unit (10), wherein the positioning device (9) is formed at the first axial end (3) and / or the second axial end (4), and / or the positioning device is particularly formed as part of a dovetail joint.

5. The sliding sleeve (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The reset device (12) abuts against the receiving area (5) when in use. The reset device is in particular at least one torsion spring (12), wherein the second axial end (4) or the first axial end and the second axial end (3, 4) form an axial stop for the reset device (12) when in use.

6. The sliding sleeve (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The sliding sleeve (1) is made of plastic, specifically of unreinforced plastic.

7. An operating unit (10), comprising: The control adapter (13) includes a rod adapter (14) and a substantially cylindrical bearing housing (15). A sliding sleeve (1), particularly a sliding sleeve according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sliding sleeve (1) at least partially covers the lateral surface (16) of the bearing housing (15) in the radial direction, and the sliding sleeve (1) is arranged at a distance from the bearing housing (15). Reset device (12), wherein the reset device (12) abuts against the receiving area (5) of the sliding sleeve (1), and The housing (11) contains, at least partially, the control adapter (13), the sliding sleeve (1), and the reset device (12). The control adapter (13) is pivotally mounted relative to the housing (11), the sliding sleeve (1) is fixedly mounted in the housing (11), and the reset device (12) abuts against the control adapter (13) and the housing (11) respectively, such that the reset device (12) generates a reset force when the control adapter (13) pivots relative to the housing (11).

8. The operating unit (10) according to claim 7, characterized in that, The bearing housing (15) is at least partially hollow cylindrical and is oriented perpendicular to the rod adapter (14) and axisymmetrically, wherein the bearing (18) is mounted to the inner surface (17) of the bearing housing (15) for mounting a control shaft (19) that pivots relative to the control adapter (13), wherein the control shaft (19) is fixedly mounted in the housing (11).

9. The operating unit (10) according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that, The reset device (12) is at least two torsion springs (20), and / or the reset device (12) is perpendicular to the rod adapter (14) and axially symmetrically oriented.

10. The operating unit (10) according to claim 7, 8 or 9, characterized in that, The reset device (12) has different reset constants, and in particular, the at least two torsion springs (20) have different spring stiffnesses.

11. The operating unit (10) according to any one of claims 7 to 10, characterized in that, The sliding sleeve (1) includes a positioning device (9), wherein the sliding sleeve (1) is connected to the housing (1) via the positioning device (9) in a form-fitting and / or force-fitting manner.

12. A method for manufacturing an operating unit (10), particularly an operating unit according to any one of claims 7 to 11, the method comprising the steps of: - Slide at least one reset device (12) onto the sleeve portion (2), - Slide the two sleeve portions (2) onto the control adapter (13), wherein the two sleeve portions (2) slide onto the control adapter (13) coaxially toward each other. - Connect the two sleeve portions (2) to form a sliding sleeve (1) on the control adapter (13). - Attach the at least one reset device (12) to the control adapter (13). - The assembly consisting of the control adapter (13), the sliding sleeve (1), and the at least one reset device (12) is inserted into the housing (11), wherein the sliding sleeve (1) is guided on the housing (11) via the positioning device (9). - Insert the control shaft (19) through the control adapter (13), thus enabling the control adapter (13) to be pivotally mounted relative to the housing (11). - The at least one reset device (12) is pressed against the housing (11) and the at least one reset device (12) is preloaded.

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