Water outlet device and water outlet method

Abstract

This application relates to a water dispensing device and a water dispensing method. The water dispensing device includes: a transmitter body, the transmitter body including: a water inlet, a gas inlet, and at least one flow emitter; the flow emitter defines a transmitter axis and includes: a gas outlet in fluid communication with the gas inlet, an annular water outlet surrounding the gas outlet, and an annular water flow passage in fluid communication with the water inlet and terminating at the water outlet, the annular water flow passage being defined between a radially inner wall and a radially outer wall coaxial with the transmitter axis.

Description

[0001] Case Analysis This application is a divisional application of Chinese patent application No. 202180033664.6, entitled "Water Discharge Device and Water Discharge Method", which entered the Chinese national phase of PCT international patent application PCT / GB2021 / 051113 filed on May 7, 2021. Technical Field

[0002] This invention relates to water outlet fittings such as shower heads or faucets, which combine water flow with pressurized air flow or other gas flow to produce a large flow, thereby reducing water consumption. Background Technology

[0003] In a method exemplified by the applicant’s WO2012 / 110790 A1, the water flow splits into multiple droplets suspended in a moving airflow.

[0004] Another method involves mixing air and water to create an aerated water flow, commonly known as a foam or bubble shower, as taught in JP2002119435A. This type of shower is arranged to deliver a flow of pure water (i.e., water without surfactants or other additives) that exits the shower head as a continuous liquid phase in which air is distributed as small bubbles. Air can be delivered to the shower head via a hose from an air pump or blower, or from an air pump integrated into the shower head, as taught in CN203972169U.

[0005] The aerated water flow from a foam or bubble shower typically does not provide a more effective cleansing of the user's body; instead, it distributes the available water over a larger surface area. It is known that much smaller bubbles (so-called "microbubbles" or "nanobubbles") are generated through ultrasonic cavitation; however, this is generally used for cleaning objects rather than bathing the body.

[0006] For example, as known from CN107374430A, JP2004321405A, and JP2004089465A, a stream of bubbles is generated by adding a surfactant to water and blowing an airflow through the solution. The bubbles form using very little water and can continuously form floating objects filling a bathtub or shower, making bath time more enjoyable and aiding in body cleansing.

[0007] The present invention recognizes that water streams without added surfactants can be split into multiple independent, relatively large, aerated bubbles, which is an interesting new way to distribute water as a larger stream on the target surface, thereby enhancing the morphology.

[0008] The enhanced form of pure water bubbles can be particularly advantageous in applications involving bathing the entire or part of the body, providing both a visual and tactile experience.

[0009] Therefore, the present invention provides: in a first aspect, an apparatus and method for operating within a defined parameter space to seal gas in a series of bubbles; in a second aspect, an apparatus including a transmitter body; and in a third aspect, a shower head including a power connector for supplying electrical energy from an external conductor to the shower head. Summary of the Invention

[0010] According to a first aspect of the invention, the apparatus includes a gas supply device, a water supply device, and an emitter body including at least one stream emitter. The stream emitter includes a gas outlet and a water outlet and defines an emitter axis extending through the gas outlet from the center of the gas outlet.

[0011] The water outlet is annular and surrounds the gas outlet, and has an outer diameter d. w and radial width h. The gas supply device is arranged to supply gas with density ρ. g and from the gas outlet at a velocity u g Flowing gas.

[0012] The water supply devices are arranged to supply water with surface tension σ w The water connection is used to supply water from the outlet at a speed of u. w The outflowing water, which serves as an annular water sheet surrounding the gas flowing out from the gas outlet.

[0013] The aerodynamic Weber number (i.e., the gaseous Weber number) is defined as: We g = (ρ g ·(u g - u w ) 2 ·h) / σ w The device is arranged in a configuration consisting of h / d w and We g Operations within a defined parameter space, where, (h / d) w ≤0.31 and (2.5·10) -3 ) <We g ≤We g（max） Among them, We g（max） Limited by the following functions: (h / d) w = 0.04·We g 0.5 ).

[0014] The device is arranged and operated such that gas flowing from the gas outlet is trapped within a series of bubbles formed by water flowing from the water outlet.

[0015] According to a second aspect of the invention, the device includes a transmitter body comprising a water inlet, a gas inlet, and at least one flow emitter. The flow emitter defines a transmitter axis and includes: a gas outlet in fluid communication with the gas inlet; an annular water outlet surrounding the gas outlet; and an annular water flow passage in fluid communication with the water inlet and terminating at the water outlet, the annular water flow passage being defined between a radially inner wall and a radially outer wall coaxial with the transmitter axis. The transmitter axis extends through the gas outlet at its center. The gas inlet is arranged to receive supplied gas, which flows out of the gas outlet during use. The water inlet is arranged to receive supplied water, which flows out of the water outlet during use, and serves as an annular water sheet surrounding the gas flowing out of the gas outlet to enclose the gas flowing out of the gas outlet within a series of bubbles formed by the water flowing out of the water outlet.

[0016] In a third aspect, the invention provides a shower head including a power connector for supplying electrical energy from an external conductor to the shower head. The power connector includes: a first connector body and a second connector body having cooperating contacts for transmitting electrical energy; at least one magnet for releasably holding the first connector body and the second connector body together; and at least one seal configured to block water from entering the contacts when the first connector body and the second connector body are held together by the at least one magnet. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Further features and advantages will become apparent from the illustrative embodiments of the invention, which will now be described by way of example only and without limiting the scope of the application, and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 An apparatus including a transmitter body is shown according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0018] Figure 2 A stream emitter of the transmitter body is shown in a longitudinal section along the transmitter axis.

[0019] Figure 3 yes Figure 2 End view of the stream emitter.

[0020] Figure 4 and Figure 5 This is an end view of a stream emitter with different dimensions.

[0021] Figure 6This is based on Zhao et al. (as cited above), and is derived from h / d w and We g A diagram showing the fracture state of a target within a defined parameter space.

[0022] Figure 7 a, Figure 7 b and Figure 7 c shows the bubble flow generated from a flow emitter operating in the type I, type II, and type III rupture states, respectively.

[0023] Figures 8a to 8d This shows the results from the type II-A sub-states ( Figure 8a and Figure 8b ), Type II-B substate ( Figure 8c ) and type II-C substate ( Figure 8d The bubble stream generated by the stream emitter operating under the condition of )

[0024] Figure 9A A bubble flow is shown from a flow emitter with an inclined emitter axis operating in the Type II state.

[0025] Figure 9B The diagram shows a stream of bubbles projected along an upward trajectory from a stream emitter operating in type II mode.

[0026] Figure 10a and Figure 10b These are, respectively, the outer side view and the front (outlet) side view of the emitter body of the shower head, which is constructed to be mounted with the emitter axis at an angle.

[0027] Figure 10c yes Figure 10b The cross section at Xc-Xc.

[0028] Figure 11 A test shower head including multiple flow emitters operating at two different air flow rates is shown.

[0029] Figure 12 Four flow resistance sections with different patterned channels are shown.

[0030] Figure 13 Another flow resistance section with a corrugated channel is shown.

[0031] Figure 14 A plate including an array of flow resistance sections is shown.

[0032] Figure 14A Another plate is shown, which includes an array of flow resistance sections and a shield to deflect higher-velocity flow.

[0033] Figure 15 and Figure 16Another flow resistance section is shown, comprising an annular valve element in both the closed and open positions.

[0034] Figure 17 and Figure 18 Another flow resistance section is shown, comprising an annular valve element in the open and partially closed positions, respectively.

[0035] Figure 19 The longitudinal section passing through a flow emitter shows another flow resistance section.

[0036] Figure 20 A stream emitter operating in an alternative Christmas tree state according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.

[0037] Figure 21 Another flow emitter is shown in various views including the section at AA in the same figure. This other flow emitter has a tubular insert that separates the gas flow path and the water flow path and is threaded into the flow resistance section.

[0038] Figure 22 It shows Figure 21 A further view of the stream emitter, which is assembled onto a partition plate on the emitter body.

[0039] Figures 23 to 25 Using the front view ( Figure 23 ), rear view ( Figure 24 ) and exploded diagram ( Figure 25 (This shows another transmitter body.)

[0040] Figure 26 and Figure 27 It shows Figures 23 to 25 The transmitter body has two alternative front plates, each of which includes an array of flow resistance sections.

[0041] Figure 28 It shows Figures 23 to 25 The back panel of the transmitter body.

[0042] Figure 29 Is Figure 24 The section cut through the transmitter body at point AA.

[0043] Figure 30 yes Figure 29 An enlarged view of a portion of the cross-section.

[0044] Figure 31 Is with Figure 30 The same, developing view.

[0045] Figure 32 It is formed Figures 23 to 25An exploded view of the first (partial) component and the second component of a stream transmitter body.

[0046] Figure 33 It shows the relationship with Figure 32 The two parts are identical and can be seen from behind the partition.

[0047] Figure 34 The same figure shows the relationship between the side view and the section taken at AA. Figure 32 Same parts.

[0048] Figure 35 It shows the relationship with Figure 32 Identical, assembled parts.

[0049] Figure 36 The same figure shows the relationship between the side view and the section taken at AA. Figure 35 Same assembly parts.

[0050] Figure 37 A magnetic power connector with a seal is shown.

[0051] Figure 38 A magnetic power connector is shown arranged to conduct power to a transmitter body configured as a shower head and mounted on a support arm via a releasable ball joint.

[0052] Figure 39 A flow emitter is schematically shown, having a filling mode controller and a drying controller and configured to discharge water into a sink or basin.

[0053] Figures 40 to 43 The transmitter body of a handheld device configured with an integrated air pump is shown, wherein: Figure 40 The handheld device and flexible water supply hose are shown; Figure 41 It is a longitudinal section passing through the handheld device; Figure 42 An air pump cylinder is shown; and Figure 43 The battery pack attached to the handheld device is shown.

[0054] Figures 44 to 46 Using the front view ( Figure 44 ), rear view ( Figure 45 ) and longitudinal section ( Figure 46 The image shows the transmitter body configured as a handheld device with an integrated air pump.

[0055] Figures 47 to 49 Using the front view ( Figure 47 ), End view ( Figure 48 ) and longitudinal section ( Figure 49 The image shows another transmitter body constructed as a handheld device and supplied with air and water via concentric flexible hoses.

[0056] Figures 50 to 53 Using the front view ( Figure 50 ), partial end view ( Figure 52 ) and longitudinal section ( Figure 53 The image shows another transmitter body constructed as a handheld device and supplying air and water via flexible hoses arranged in a parallel (side-by-side) relationship.

[0057] Reference numbers and characters appearing in multiple figures indicate the same or corresponding elements in each of these figures. Detailed Implementation

[0058] refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2 The device 1 includes a gas supply device 2, a water supply device 3, and a transmitter body 10 including at least one stream emitter 11.

[0059] The emitter body 10 has a gas inlet 30 and a water inlet 20. Each flow emitter includes: a corresponding gas outlet 12 in fluid communication with the gas inlet 30; an annular water outlet 13 surrounding the gas outlet 12; and an annular water flow passage 16 in fluid communication with the water inlet 20 and terminating at the water outlet 13. The annular water flow passage 16 is defined between a radially inner wall 71 and a radially outer wall 81 (i.e., wall surfaces) coaxial with the emitter axis X, which extends through the gas outlet at its center.

[0060] The device may further include a controller 6, which controls the operation of the device in response to input from a user controller 7. The controller 6 may include a processor configured to execute instructions stored in a non-transitory memory, such as regulating one or both of the water flow and gas flow in response to user input and / or changes in water flow or pressure.

[0061] Gas supply device 2 is arranged to supply gas with density ρ g And from the gas outlet or each gas outlet 12 at a speed u g Flowing gas 50.

[0062] Gas 50 may be air, and gas supply device 2 may include an air pump, such as a fan or blower 5. In this specification, the terms "fan," "blower," and "air pump" are synonyms. Air pump 5 may draw in ambient air and supply it at a small positive pressure to the gas outlet of each emitter 11, or to the main gas inlet 30 of the emitter body 10 (in... Figure 10c(Optimally viewed from the center) Ambient air is supplied, and the main gas inlet 30 can supply gas 50 to the gas collection chamber 31. The gas is distributed from the gas collection chamber 31 to the respective gas outlets 13 at a constant pressure and flow rate. Alternatively, an air pump can be configured as a fan 32, which is integrated into the transmitter body to draw in ambient air from the gas inlet 30 of the transmitter body and supply ambient air to the gas collection chamber.

[0063] In this specification, the gas is typically assumed to be air, and the gas density ρ is assumed to be... g Take the density of air. Gas density ρ g A fixed value is taken at a selected temperature and pressure, which can be determined by the pressure / flow rate curve of air pump 5. As an approximation, when the gas is air, the gas density ρ g The nominal value at 1 atmosphere and 20°C can be taken as 1.225 kgm. -3 .

[0064] However, alternatively, since the gas is enclosed within each bubble, gas 50 may include or consist of gases other than air, and the novel device can be used to deliver the gas to a target surface, such as a user's body surface during showering or handwashing. The proposed calculations may be modified as necessary to accommodate the use of gases other than ambient air.

[0065] For example, gas 50 can be air enhanced using one or more additives (such as air fresheners, ionized air, oxygen, ozone, carbon dioxide, or any desired gas or vaporized compound), which can be introduced and mixed into the ambient air upstream or downstream of air pump 5. Oxygen or other gases, such as those mentioned above, can be used instead of air.

[0066] Alternatively or additionally, water 40 may be enhanced similarly using one or more additives (e.g., fragrance, or any other desired substance that can be dissolved or dispersed in water). Such additives may include surfactants.

[0067] For this purpose, the device may include at least one additive dispenser 8, arranged to dispense at least one additive into at least one of water and gas. As shown, one or more additive dispensers 8 may be arranged to dispense additives into water and gas. When the additive dispenser is arranged to dispense additives into gas, the additive is encapsulated within each bubble and thus released upon contact with the user's body; this effectively concentrates air fresheners or other additives in a localized area, thereby enhancing their effect even with small amounts of fragrance or other additives. The dispenser or each dispenser 8 may be arranged in the shower head or other emitter body, or upstream of the emitter body, and may be located upstream or downstream of some or all of the other components of the device (as shown). The dispenser 8 may include a container for containing the additive, or may be configured to generate the additive by, for example, ionization. The dispenser may be controlled by the user (optionally via controller 6) to selectively dispense additives or multiple additives.

[0068] The gas velocity u can be controlled, for example, by the controller 6, by controlling the power supply to the air pump 5. g The desired value is achieved. Fan curves or other operating parameters can be stored in the memory of controller 6, which controls air pump 5, thus affecting gas velocity u. g Exercise control. Control can be open-loop, such as by adjusting power according to a stored fan curve, or control can be closed-loop, such as by adjusting power in response to input from a sensor (not shown) sensing gas pressure or flow rate. The target value of the gas velocity can be determined by the controller based on stored (e.g., mapped) water and gas velocity parameter values ​​and / or sensor inputs and / or user control inputs via user controller 7.

[0069] The fan or blower 5 can be an inexpensive model that operates at relatively low pressure. The gas supply device 2 may further include heaters for heating air or other gases, filters, UV sterilizers, and / or any other devices known in the art for controlling gas flow parameters.

[0070] The water supply device 3 may include a means for receiving water 40 from a water source and directing the water to the outlet 13 of each flow emitter 11 or the main inlet 20 of the emitter body 10 (in Figure 10cIn any device (best viewed from the center), water 40 is distributed from the emitter body to the outlet 13 of each flow emitter 11. In a very simple form, the water supply device 3 may consist only of a connector for connecting the flow path of the emitter body 10 to a water source at a suitable pressure. The water supply device 3 may further include one or more control or sensing elements 4, such as a water supply control valve, such as an electromagnetically driven valve or an electric valve, a mixing valve, a heater and / or a thermostatic valve or other water temperature control arrangement, a water pump, and / or a flow rate or pressure sensor, and / or any other device for generating, regulating or monitoring water flow.

[0071] water velocity u w The volumetric flow rate depends on the water's velocity, which in turn depends on the supply pressure. To obtain a known water velocity, the water supply device 3 may include a pressure or flow rate regulator 4, which is arranged to provide a fixed volumetric flow rate over a large range of variations in the upstream supply pressure. The flow rate regulator may be adjustable or interchangeable to limit the maximum water consumption of the device.

[0072] The flow rate regulator 4 can be a simple passive device known in the art. Alternatively or additionally, the water supply device 3 may include an active water flow rate regulator 4 known in the art to maintain a constant volumetric flow rate of water reaching the flow emitters or all flow emitters in the emitter body, for example, based on feedback from a flow rate sensor. Such an active flow rate regulator can be regulated by the controller 6.

[0073] refer to Figure 2 and Figure 3 Each stream emitter 11 defines an emitter axis X and includes a gas outlet 12 and an annular water outlet 13 surrounding the gas outlet 12. The emitter axis X extends centrally through the gas outlet 12. The water outlet 13 and the gas outlet 12 may be located in a common outlet plane P.

[0074] As shown in the figure, the outlet 13 can be circular and have a radial outer diameter d. w and inner diameter d o Conveniently, the gas outlet 12 can also be a diameter of d. i The circular shape allows the water outlet 13 to be separated from the gas outlet 12 by a cylindrical wall 14 of thickness t, where t = (d o -d i ) / 2. Therefore, the water outlet and the gas outlet are coaxial with the emitter axis X as the axis.

[0075] In an alternative embodiment, the outlet 13 may be non-circular, in which case its outer diameter d wDefined as the diameter of a circle having an equal cross-sectional area (i.e., when considered in the outlet plane P perpendicular to the transmitter axis X, it is equal in area to the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet).

[0076] Non-circular outlets may have straight sides defined by polygons (e.g., regular polygons), preferably connected by curved sections to ensure the bubble walls remain intact. The polygons may be tessellating polygons, such as squares, hexagons, or equilateral triangles, or may be, for example, octagons, allowing multiple flow emitters to be tessellated in a regular pattern on the outlet side of the emitter body. The gas outlet may have a shape corresponding to the outlet.

[0077] The radial width h of the outlet is defined as the radial distance between its inner and outer walls, therefore h = (d w -d o ) / 2.

[0078] If the radial width dimension h (thickness of the annular water sheet) varies significantly around the emitter axis X, the bubbles will burst; therefore, for reliable performance, it is desirable that the radial outer wall and radial inner wall of the annular outlet 13 be as close to concentric as possible within manufacturing tolerances. Preferably, the variation of the radial dimension h around the emitter axis X of the annular outlet 13 should not exceed about 10% (+ / - 5%).

[0079] For ease of explanation, Figure 2 and Figure 3 The relatively large h value is shown. The radial width h of the outlet 13 (and similarly the radial width h of the annular water flow passage 16) is comparable to the diameter of the gas outlet 12. Figure 2 and Figure 3 The values ​​shown are much smaller, and can be as small as, for example, 1.0 mm or even 0.5 mm, as shown below. Figure 4 and Figure 5 Further examples are shown. To avoid the adverse effects of scale and provide greater tolerance, it is preferable to select an h value of at least 0.5 mm. In cases where manufacturing tolerances are smaller, the h value can be less than 0.5 mm, for example as small as 0.4 mm or 0.3 mm or even smaller.

[0080] The water supply devices are arranged to supply water with surface tension σ w Water 40 is supplied from the outlet or each outlet 13 at a speed of u. w Flowing water 40, which serves as an annular water sheet surrounding the gas 50 flowing out from the gas outlet 12.

[0081] The rotational speed of the fan or blower 5 can be controlled by the controller 6 in response to changes in the water flow rate, maintaining a predetermined ratio of gas pressure or volumetric flow rate to water pressure or volumetric flow rate at a selected point in the parameter space. This predetermined ratio can be adjusted by the user or the controller in response to user control input, for example, to select the desired frequency f for bubble generation. This compensates for fluctuations in water supply pressure caused by varying demands at different outlets in a typical water supply system.

[0082] Users can control one, two, or more parameters through the user controller 7, while the remaining parameters are automatically controlled based on the user-selected parameter values. For example, if the user can adjust the water flow rate, the gas flow rate or power supply of the fan or blower 5 will be automatically or simultaneously adjusted by the controller 6 to correspond to the selected water volume flow rate.

[0083] For example, in one control arrangement, air pump 5 can be turned on in response to the detection of water flow at water flow rate sensor 4', wherein the valve can be operated by a user (manually or electrically) to start and stop the water flow. The power supplied to air pump 5 can be regulated by a control, which can be manually adjusted by the user to a selected value, or adjusted to a selected value by controller 6. The selected value can be mapped to the selected or detected water flow rate to define the ratio of water flow to air flow, thereby determining the bubble frequency f, as discussed further below. The selected value can remain unchanged after the device stops operating, such that the air pump operates with the same settings regarding the water flow rate when the device is started again. This can be achieved by making the controller a mechanically and manually adjustable element (e.g., a potentiometer) that holds the selected position, or by storing the selected value in the memory of controller 6 or user controller 7.

[0084] In this or other ways, the user can, for example, control the gas-to-water ratio within a predetermined range by selecting the desired operating state via the user controller 7, to adjust the frequency of bubble generation to suit individual user preferences. When multiple flow emitters are provided, they can be grouped into different groups, and a more refined controller allows the user to select different combinations of flow rate parameters for different groups. The user controller can also allow the user to adjust flow parameters to alternatively operate in states other than bubble mode, such as in the "Christmas tree" or honeycomb rupture mode parameter space B. Figure 6 Operations within ) . For example, Figure 20 A single stream emitter operating in Christmas tree mode is shown according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0085] The user controller allows the user to adjust the gas or water temperature, or, for example, select air without water (which may be used with an increased flow rate) for drying after showering. For this purpose, an airflow diversion valve may be provided to direct the airflow to a separate outlet, or airflow may be provided through outlet 12.

[0086] For ease of reference, the key dimensions and fluid parameters, including nominal values ​​that can be used for calculation purposes, are described in Table 1 below.

[0087] Table 1

[0088] Aerodynamic or gaseous Weber number We g Based on the relative velocities between the gas and water flows, this represents the ratio between the inertial or momentum forces of the gas and the surface tension of the water at the water / gas interface. At higher aerodynamic Weber numbers, inertial forces dominate, and the system becomes more unstable.

[0089] Liquid Reynolds number Re w It represents the ratio between viscous fluid forces and inertial or momentum forces within an annular water sheet, and is a measure of turbulence.

[0090] Surface tension of water σ w and dynamic viscosity μ w Defined at a standard temperature of 37°C, although the water temperature can of course change, for example, in response to a user-operated mixing valve or other temperature controller.

[0091] Length of Circular Flow Path For reliable operation, the water should exhibit a smooth laminar flow at the outlet. This can be achieved by providing an open annular flow path at the outlet. Therefore, in such an arrangement, the flow emitter or each flow emitter 11 includes a corresponding annular water flow path 16 to deliver the water flow to the corresponding outlet 13.

[0092] The annular flow passage 16 may be coaxial with the transmitter axis X, and the cross-section of the annular flow passage 16 may define the cross-section of the outlet 13 in the outlet plane P perpendicular to the transmitter axis X. Therefore, when the outlet 13 is circular, the annular flow passage 16 is preferably cylindrical, with the radial inner wall and radial outer wall defined as surfaces of rotation about the transmitter axis X.

[0093] The annular flow path defines a region of length L. Figure 2 This region has a constant cross-section along the flow direction (preferably, the direction of the emitter axis X toward the outlet).

[0094] The minimum length L of the annular flow path required to achieve fully developed laminar flow can be determined using conventional formulas known in the art: L = 0.05·Re w ·h Among them, Re wIt is the liquid Reynolds number, defined as: Re w =(ρ w ·u w ·h) / μ w water velocity u w The minimum value u w（min） It can be calculated as:

[0095] For a stream emitter with dimensions di=4.0mm, do=6.0mm, and dw=7.5mm, these values ​​are given: u w（min） = 0.44ms -1 For u w =u w（min） During operation, the expected minimum length L for the annular flow path was calculated to be L=14mm.

[0096] Surprisingly, however, it has been found that for these dimensional values ​​provided by way of example, bubbles can be reliably generated at a value of L = 7.5 mm, which is much smaller than the expected length. This allows the emitter body (regardless of its dimensional value) to be packaged with a relatively slim shape factor suitable for use as a shower head with a common, ordinary appearance.

[0097] Therefore, when configured as a shower head, each outlet can supply water through a corresponding annular flow path having a length L and a constant cross-section along its length L, wherein the length L can be less than 0.75 times the expected minimum length L calculated as defined above, or even less than 0.6 times the expected minimum length L, or even less than 0.5 times the expected minimum length L.

[0098] Parameter space According to the present invention, the aerodynamic Weber number is defined as: We g = (ρ g ·(u g - u w ) 2 ·h) / σ w The novel device of this application is arranged in a configuration consisting of h / d w and We g Operations within a defined parameter space, where, (h / d) w ≤0.31 and (2.5·10) -3 ) <We g≤We g（max） Among them, We g（max） Limited by the following functions: (h / d) w = 0.04·We g 0.5 ) Now for reference Figure 6 The defined parameter space includes region A and region A(T-II). When the device is configured and operated within this parameter space, the gas flowing out from the gas outlet is trapped in a series of bubbles formed by water 40 flowing out from the water outlet.

[0099] Figure 6 Drawing by We g and h / d w A graph representing the parameter space, which is divided into three fracture states, as determined by Zhao et al. (referred to as Zhao in this paper): H. Zhao, JL Xu, JH Wu, WF Li and HF Lui, “Breakup morphology of annular liquid sheet with an inner round air stream”, Chemical Engineering Science 137, pp. 412-422, 2015.

[0100] Region A and Region A(T-II) form a bounded We g（max） The larger parameter space to the left of the curve. This larger parameter space is defined in Zhao as the "shell" or "bubble" rupture state, within which the coaxial nozzle is expected to produce liquid rupture in the form of a bubble or liquid shell, thereby sealing off the gas flowing from the center of the nozzle.

[0101] When in We g（max） When operating on the right side of the curve, the liquid can be expected to break in a characteristic "honeycomb" or "Christmas tree" pattern (region B), such as... Figure 20 As shown, or at higher h / d w At this value, the liquid can be expected to break in a "fiber" pattern (region C), as described by Zhao.

[0102] When operating within the defined parameter space of regions A and A(T-II), the water supplied to the flow emitter is split into individual, large aerated bubbles. Compared to bubbles obtained by splitting water into droplets, these large aerated bubbles significantly increase their total outer surface area, allowing for more efficient distribution of a limited volume of water over a larger area of ​​the user's body. Figure 11As shown and further discussed below, large bubbles of pure water are generated, which then travel through the ambient air in parallel streams (where divergence of the streams is negligible), resulting in a larger shape and improved feel compared to conventional droplet showers or existing "foam" showers that generate an aerated continuous liquid phase.

[0103] Large bubbles generated by embodiments of the novel device of this application can be identified by their relatively large size, which may be, for example, a diameter greater than 5 mm, or a diameter greater than 10 mm, or a diameter greater than 15 mm, a diameter as high as 50 mm, or even 100 mm or larger.

[0104] For example, in the tests shown in Table 2, a water flow rate of 0.39 l / m (liters per minute) and a frequency of 52 bps produced bubbles with a diameter of 20 mm, equivalent to 0.000125 l per bubble. Therefore, 1 L (1 liter) of water would produce 8000 bubbles, with a total cross-sectional area of ​​2.48 m². 2 However, if the same volume of water is split into regular droplets with a diameter of 1.5 mm, the total cross-sectional area produced is 1 m. 2 The shape of the bubble shell is enhanced by the refraction of light, and can be further enhanced by lighting integrated into the shower unit.

[0105] As the large, independent bubble travels towards the point of impact with the user's body surface, it suspends in free (ambient) air and appears enormous as light refracts through its transparent shell, such as... Figure 11 As shown, parallel streams of separated bubbles flow out from multiple stream emitters.

[0106] Novel showerheads can be constructed with relatively few large outlets to produce bubbles of very large diameter (e.g., up to approximately 100 mm or more). These very large bubbles are visually appealing. However, it has been found that emitting a greater number of smaller bubbles from a larger number of outlets produces an equally satisfyingly large shape and improved feel.

[0107] Emitting a greater number of smaller bubbles from a larger number of outlets allows for a more even distribution of water across the body surface. Furthermore, it has been found that a noticeable sensation is produced when the bubbles burst on the user's skin, which can be optimized by producing relatively smaller bubbles (e.g., in the range of bubble diameters from approximately 5 mm to approximately 50 mm, or in the range of bubble diameters from approximately 10 mm to approximately 40 mm, or in the range of bubble diameters from approximately 15 mm to approximately 30 mm) from a relatively larger number of outlets.

[0108] The tests revealed that this sensation varies with frequency, as discussed further below.

[0109] Type II fracture state While water and air are commonly used in experimental work characterizing the burst state obtained from coaxial nozzles, in practical applications requiring water bubbles, the bubbles are typically generated by surfactants. In practical applications, coaxial nozzles are used in conjunction with other fluids to enclose one fluid within another; however, coaxial nozzles carrying both water and air are generally used to generate droplets, not bubbles.

[0110] One particular difficulty in generating bubbles from pure water (i.e., water without surfactants) used for bathing or washing the body is that pure water bubbles tend to be unstable and therefore burst at a relatively short distance from the nozzle. This bursting produces a fine mist of water droplets that doesn't deliver a satisfying sensation upon impact with the user's skin, and if only a small amount of water is used, it won't produce the desired large, impactful bubbles.

[0111] exist Figure 6 Chinese g（max） The “shell” or “bubble” type rupture state obtained in the parameter space to the left of the curve was further characterized by Vu et al. (hereinafter referred to as Vu in this paper): TV Vu, H. Takamura, JC Wells and T. Minemoto, “Breakup modes of alaminar hollow water jet”, J Vis, Vol. 14, pp. 307-309, 2011.

[0112] Vu identifies three rupture states within a broader "shell" or "foam" type rupture context, designated as Type I, Type II, and Type III. Testing revealed that embodiments of the novel device of this application can generate bubbles in any of the Type I, Type II, and Type III flow states, as shown below. Figure 7 Photo a (showing operation in Type I or Type TI state), Figure 7 Photo of b (Type II or T-II) and Figure 7 The photo (Type III or T-III) is shown in Figure c. The dimensions of the stream emitter and the stream parameters used in the test are shown in the figure.

[0113] Type I is characterized by relatively small bubbles connected together by relatively large continuous ligatures; while in Type III, water is almost entirely formed into bubbles, but the bubbles are produced in successive groups.

[0114] Type II is characterized by independent bubbles separating in space; that is, independent bubbles are generated and travel in a discontinuous series in the ambient air.

[0115] To avoid operating under the less desirable Type I (T-1) fracture condition, u is preferred. g ≥u w .

[0116] However, it is preferable to configure and operate the device in Type II (T-II) state to ensure that all or substantially all available water is converted into bubbles.

[0117] This can be achieved by further limiting the parameter space, making u g >u w and (We g（min） ≤We g ), Among them, We g（min） Limited by the following functions: (h / d) w ) = (0.02·(35·We) g ) 0.5 +0.11).

[0118] The parameter space of the preferred type II (T-II) splitting state is defined in Figure 6 Let A(T-II) be the region, and let it be bounded by the functions We. g（min） and We g（max） Between the two curves.

[0119] Type II-B substate Now, for reference Figures 8a to 8d Further testing was conducted on an experimental stream emitter operating under a preferred type II rupture state according to an embodiment of the present invention, and the results are shown in the figure.

[0120] Tests show that the type II fracture state can be divided into three distinct sub-states, referred to in this paper as the II-A (T-II-A) type sub-state. Figure 8a and Figure 8b ), II-B (T-II-B) type substate (such as Figure 8c (as shown) and type II-C substates (such as) Figure 8d (As shown).

[0121] It is known that under specific flow conditions, a series of bubble streams generated from a coaxial nozzle can be connected together by a liquid filament, as shown in Zhao. When the liquid filament breaks, it can form small droplets located between the separated bubbles in the bubble stream.

[0122] Type II-A substate ( Figure 8a , Figure 8b) represents the transition between type I bubble state and type II bubble state, and is manifested by the presence of these small intermediate droplets.

[0123] In type II-B sub-state ( Figure 8c In this process, these intermediate droplets are essentially nonexistent, and almost all the water is generated as streams of multiple independent and separate bubbles.

[0124] Type II-C substate ( Figure 8d This represents the transition between the Type II and Type III states, and is characterized by the generation of bubbles in pairs or in short groups, with independent bubbles and intermediate droplets in between.

[0125] In both the Type II-A and Type II-C substates, the intermediate droplets represent only a small portion of water, and in the Type II-A substate, the intermediate droplets are almost invisible in the bubble flow, making the flow appearance essentially the same.

[0126] However, tests using high-speed photography show that these small intermediate droplets tend to move at higher speeds than adjacent bubbles, likely due to their relatively higher density. This can be observed by comparing the position of the intermediate droplets with that of the preceding bubbles along the length of the bubble flow, such as... Figure 8a and Figure 8b As shown.

[0127] It was observed that when bubbles need to travel a considerable distance to reach a target surface, such as when the emitter body is configured as a shower head to shower a user's entire body, these intermediate droplets can immediately catch up with and collide with a bubble in the moving stream that is ahead of them, causing the preceding bubble to disintegrate. This phenomenon can be observed in... Figure 8b At the bottom, Figure 8b Capture the moment when the last bubble bursts upon contact with the following droplet.

[0128] In contrast, pure water bubbles generated in the type II-B substate can remain intact over distances exceeding 0.5m or even 1m, such as... Figure 8c As shown.

[0129] To extend the distance a complete bubble can travel before colliding with the user's body, the device is preferably configured and operated to generate bubbles in a type II-B burst state, thereby avoiding the formation of filaments that form intermediate droplets. That is, the device is preferably operated such that substantially all water is generated as a stream of multiple separate bubbles, without intermediate droplets. Occasional intermediate droplets are acceptable as long as the majority of bubbles are not accompanied by the formation of intermediate droplets.

[0130] When the emitter body is configured as a shower head including multiple of the aforementioned stream emitters, operation in the II-B type state is particularly preferred. The multiple stream emitters are arranged in a spaced array on the outlet side of the emitter body to generate a stream of bubbles, in which the user can shower their entire body. Therefore, it is necessary for the bubbles to remain intact over an extended travel distance.

[0131] It was discovered that the operation of the device can be adjusted between Type II-A, Type II-B, and Type II-C sub-states simply by making minor adjustments to the relative velocities of the water and air. This can be achieved, for example, by adjusting the velocity of the air or water without changing any other parameters. Therefore, for example, when the device is configured to operate in the preferred Type II state, the more preferred Type II-B state can be obtained simply by adjusting the power of the air pump without adjusting the water flow rate, or by adjusting the water flow rate without adjusting the air pump.

[0132] To obtain type II-B operation, if the device is found to be operating in type II-A state, the Weber number is increased, and if the device is operating in type II-C state, the Weber number is decreased, until type II-B operation is observed.

[0133] Once the desired flow state is obtained for the prototype device, the parameter settings can be saved as permanent parameter values, for example, as software settings for the controller that determine u. g and u w The relative value.

[0134] Angled transmitter Figure 9A A test was shown on a single stream emitter operating in a Type II rupture state according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown, the emitter body is configured to be mounted in the operating position, where the emitter axis X is tilted at an angle of at least 20° from the vertical direction. In the example shown, the emitter axis X is nearly horizontal.

[0135] Surprisingly, a bubble flow was found to be reliably generated at this angle, and the generated bubbles remained intact over long distances of up to 0.5m, or even 1m or longer, as shown in the figure. In the photograph, the bubbles can be seen remaining intact in the continuous flow, which is trapped in the funnel (lower left corner of the photograph), where the bubbles burst and form a stream of water flowing out from the bottom of the funnel.

[0136] It was observed that bubbles generated along the inclined trajectory could remain intact over the extended distance, as shown in the figure, even when the device was operating in the Type II state (but outside the preferred Type II-B sub-state). This indicates that on a trajectory inclined at an angle of 20° or greater from the vertical, the density difference between the intermediate droplet and the bubble can cause the intermediate droplet and the bubble to follow slightly different trajectories, thus preventing the droplet from colliding with and bursting the preceding bubble (e.g., ...). Figure 8b (As shown in the longitudinal axis configuration).

[0137] Therefore, when the device is operating in the Type II state, a flow emitter tilt angle of 20° or greater can represent an alternative to adjusting the device to the preferred Type II-B sub-state as a way to obtain an extended travel distance for the complete bubble.

[0138] In a method using an inclined transmitter axis, the device can be adjusted to operate at a point located within the sub-state parameter space of type II-A and type II-B.

[0139] The angled emitter axis is particularly convenient when you want to position the emitter body for use in other conventional shower enclosures (which require the air bubbles to travel a longer distance to reach the user's target body surface).

[0140] Therefore, in such an axially inclined configuration, the emitter body can be constructed, for example, as a shower head comprising multiple stream emitters arranged in a spaced-apart array on the outlet side of the emitter body to generate a stream of bubbles, in which the user can shower (i.e., bathe) their entire body. In such an arrangement, the emitter body is preferably constructed such that all emitter axes X are inclined at an angle α of 20° or greater relative to the vertical direction, such as... Figure 10a and Figure 10b As shown in the example. This can be achieved by making all transmitter axes X parallel to each other.

[0141] Stream emitter spacing To distribute water more evenly across the wet body surface and to optimize the sensory experience of bursting bubbles, the shower head may include multiple stream emitters arranged in a spaced-apart array on the outlet side of the shower head. The stream emitters may be equidistant along their axis X.

[0142] For example, the emitter body of a shower head configured for showering the entire body may include six or more stream emitters, up to twelve or more stream emitters, or even eighteen or more stream emitters. The emitter body configured as a faucet may include only one stream emitter, or include a small number of stream emitters, such as up to three stream emitters, or up to five stream emitters, but more stream emitters may be provided if needed.

[0143] With any given water outer diameter d w The diameter of the bubbles produced by the flow emitter will be proportional to the frequency at which the bubbles are produced by the flow emitter, which increases with the velocity u of the gas flow. g Change, as Kendall discusses: JM Kendall, “Experiments on annular liquid jet stability and on the formation of liquid shells”, Fluid Physics, Vol. 29, No. 2086, 1986.

[0144] Therefore, for any given outlet diameter d w Adjustable gas velocity u g To obtain the desired frequency and bubble diameter.

[0145] The maximum bubble diameter is at the minimum gas velocity u g The lower end of the Weber number range is generated, i.e., generated at the lower end of the Weber number range, such as... Figure 6 The parameter space diagram is shown below.

[0146] The maximum achievable bubble diameter is determined by the outlet diameter d. w Gas velocity u g and water velocity u w Confirmed. During testing, the maximum bubble diameter was found to be approximately 2.8 d under the preferred II-B operating condition. w .

[0147] During testing, it was observed that when the emitter body comprises a spaced array of stream emitters, consecutive bubbles in a series of bubbles generated by each stream emitter tend to move or oscillate around the emitter axis, such that the center point of each bubble can be radially offset from the emitter axis by a radial distance r. o Although the direction of this radial offset varies depending on the type of bubble, tests revealed that the maximum radial offset r is found to be the largest when operating under the preferred II-B type operating condition. o（max） It tends to not exceed half the maximum bubble diameter, i.e., r o（max） ≤1.4·d w .

[0148] Therefore, the transmitter axes X of the plurality of transmitters 11 of the transmitter body 10 can be spaced apart by at least a minimum spacing distance S. min This is to ensure that, in the worst-case scenario, bubbles launched from adjacent emitters do not collide and burst. S min >5.6·dw .

[0149] Although bubbles tend to follow a constant trajectory, this minimum spacing S min It also applies to any relative off-axis movement that may occur between multiple rows of bubbles as they travel from the transmitter body to the user's body surface, thus ensuring that the bubbles remain separated until the point of impact.

[0150] For a tighter spacing (which maintains the separation of bubbles based on the worst-case position on one bubble and the natural on-axis position of adjacent bubbles (which prevents most potential collision events)), the value S min Can be reduced to S min >4.2·d w .

[0151] Flow resistance section The transmitter body 10 may include more than one set of stream emitters 11, wherein the emitters in one set may have different sizes and be supplied with air and water at relatively different speeds compared to the emitters in another set. Alternatively, all stream emitters 11 of the transmitter body 10 may be identical.

[0152] For reliable operation, it is further preferred that the air velocity and water velocity be as close as possible to equal between different emitters 11 or between different emitters in a group of identical emitters 11.

[0153] The novel device of this application can be configured to generate bubbles of pure water (i.e., water without surfactants). This is reflected in the list of operating parameters, particularly in the fact that the surface tension of pure water is much greater than that of the surfactant solution. For this reason, the novel device of this application operates in a parameter space defined, in particular, by a relatively small Weber number and therefore a relatively small velocity difference between the gas and water flows, and for reliable operation, it is preferable that the gas and water flow smoothly and continuously under relatively low pressure and minimal turbulence.

[0154] The gas supply device may include an air pump 5 that supplies air at a small positive pressure; then, the air velocity can be transmitted through the gas collection chamber 31 ( Figure 10c Equalization is achieved by distributing air from the gas collection chamber 31 to each gas outlet 12 at equal speeds and flow rates, controlled by a small pressure drop from the gas collection chamber 31 to each gas outlet 12.

[0155] Low-pressure water supply minimizes turbulence to ensure a smooth, continuous, and laminar flow of water to each outlet (laminar flow).

[0156] With multiple stream emitters 11 spaced apart on the outlet side 15 of the emitter body 10, the outlet side 15 can be generally flat to produce a wide stream in which the user can bathe a large portion of their body. The outlet side 15 can then be arranged in a horizontal plane such that the axis X of each emitter extends vertically downwards, causing the bubbles to be emitted in a vertical stream, as... Figure 11 As shown.

[0157] However, if the transmitter body 10 with this structure is tilted ( Figure 10a The tilting of the emitter axis X from the vertical direction causes a difference in the vertical height of the different emitters 11 from the main inlet 20 of the emitter body to the emitter 11, through which water 40 is distributed from the emitter body to each stream emitter 11. When the device operates under low water pressure, this height difference can lead to a significant difference in water pressure between the different stream emitters 11, which in turn causes the different emitters 11 to deviate from their target operating parameter range.

[0158] To overcome this problem, when multiple flow emitters 11 are provided, the device may include multiple flow resistance sections 60. The water supply device is then arranged to distribute water 40 between the flow resistance sections 60. Each flow resistance section 60 is arranged to supply water flow to the outlet 13 of a corresponding one of the different flow emitters 11. Each flow resistance section 60 is arranged to create a pressure drop in the water flow 40 along the flow resistance section 60.

[0159] The flow resistance can be selected to ensure that the additional effect of the axis tilt on water pressure and flow rate is relatively small, thereby ensuring that each outlet 13 receives water at substantially the same pressure.

[0160] As explained above, this can be particularly helpful in providing reliable operation when the transmitter body is configured to be installed in the use position (where each transmitter axis X is tilted at an angle of 20° or greater from the vertical direction, for example, as a shower head).

[0161] like Figure 10c As shown in the example, each flow emitter 11 may include an annular water flow passage 16 that delivers water flow 40 from a corresponding flow resistance section 60 to a corresponding outlet 13. In such an arrangement, the pressure drop along each flow resistance section 60 can be selected to be greater than the pressure drop in the water flow 40 flowing from the flow resistance section 60 to the corresponding outlet 13 along the corresponding annular water flow passage 16.

[0162] like Figure 10c As further illustrated in the embodiments, the water flow 40 from each flow resistance section 60 to the corresponding annular water flow passage 16 can be axisymmetric. This ensures that the water flows evenly and smoothly to the outlet 13.

[0163] like Figure 10c As shown, each flow resistance section 60 may include a body 61 formed of a porous material, such as a bulk of sintered particles, or a granular or fibrous material. As illustrated, the porous material body may be annular, having cylindrical inner and outer surfaces, and may be arranged around an annular inlet of the annular flow passage 16. Water flows radially inward around the body 61 into the cylindrical outer surface of the body 61, exits the cylindrical outer surface, and enters the inlet of the annular flow passage 16 via the cylindrical inner surface of the body 61.

[0164] In this and other embodiments, the device may be arranged to reduce scale formation to prevent deposits from altering the flow cross-sectional area of ​​the water channels. For example, the device may include magnetic or electromagnetic anti-scaling devices known in the art, which may be selectively energized by the controller 6, or may be arranged for easy disassembly and cleaning. Cleaning tools (not shown) may also be provided, for example, cleaning tools comprising cleaning heads that are simultaneously slidably and rotatably fitted into the air outlet and water outlet of each flow emitter. Alternatively, multiple portions of the flow emitter (e.g., annular walls defining the water outlet and air outlet) may be formed of an elastomeric material that is flexible to remove scale deposits.

[0165] As an alternative to a porous body, each flow-resistance section can be alternatively configured to divide the water flow between multiple channels. The channels can be arranged radially and can branch along the length of the channel, such as... Figure 12 As shown in the example, the channel exhibits a change in flow direction in a two-dimensional plane.

[0166] Figure 13 An alternative arrangement is shown in which a serrated disc is paired with another corresponding disc (not shown) to define a channel that presents a change in flow direction in the axial dimension outside the illustrated plane.

[0167] Figure 14 An internal water flow distribution plate for the transmitter body is shown, the internal water flow distribution plate including... Figure 12 An array of flow resistance sections similar to the flow resistance section.

[0168] Figure 14A Another internal water flow distribution plate is shown, which has an array of flow resistance sections 60 and includes a barrier 65 arranged in the water distribution chamber to deflect the higher-velocity water flow from the inlet 20 in a manner opposite to the water deflection surface 42 (discussed further below) to equalize the water pressure between the flow emitters.

[0169] In the Figures 15 to 19In some alternative arrangements illustrated by examples, each flow-resisting section 60 may define a flow-resisting section flow passage and include a valve element 62, which may be moved by the water flow 40 through the flow-resisting section flow passage to increase or decrease the cross-sectional area of ​​the flow-resisting section flow passage. The valve element may be annular, may be an elastic body, and may define an annular flow-resisting section flow passage with an inlet leading to a downstream annular flow passage 16, which opens at an outlet 13. The elastic valve element may be configured, for example, as a duckbill valve, such as... Figure 15 and Figure 16 As shown in the example, the valve can be arranged to remain closed when there is no water pressure. This can help reduce or prevent water dripping from the transmitter body when the water supply is turned off, for example, after showering.

[0170] The resilient valve element can be positioned upstream of the annular flow path, as shown in the figure, or in an alternative arrangement, the resilient valve element can be positioned at the outlet.

[0171] Figure 15 and Figure 16 An arrangement is shown in which the valve element 62 is an annular elastomeric element and is responsive to upstream pressure applied by the water flow. Figure 15 Move the closing position to Figure 16 The opening position is adjusted to increase the cross-sectional area of ​​the flow passage in the annular flow resistance section.

[0172] Figure 17 and Figure 18 Another arrangement is shown, in which the valve element 62 is an annular O-ring and is responsive to upstream pressure applied by the water flow. Figure 17 Move the opening position to Figure 18 The partial closure position is used to reduce the cross-sectional area of ​​the flow passage in the annular flow resistance section.

[0173] Figures 15 to 18 An example illustrates how water can flow radially inward through the flow resistance section 60 toward the axis of the annular flow passage 16.

[0174] Figure 19Alternatively, water can flow axially through the flow resistance section 60 along the annular flow passage 16, and the flow resistance section 60 can be configured as a conventional flow control insert, such as an O-ring type flow regulator. The insert includes: an annular body 63, hermetically inserted into a recess 64 in fluid communication with the annular flow passage 16; and an O-ring or valve element 62, movably accommodated within the body 63, such that flow is controlled between the valve element 62 and the body 63. Such inserts are well known in the art and are commercially available with different flow rates, thus allowing adjustment of the overall flow rate of the shower head or other emitter body 10 by selecting a suitable insert during assembly. Providing each flow emitter with an independent insert ensures appropriate tolerances between insert assemblies while allowing for looser tolerances on larger emitter body components or parts (e.g., molded parts).

[0175] Figure 19 The example also illustrates the limitation of the outer diameter d of the outlet 13. w The wall can be defined by nozzle 18, which extends a short distance along the emitter axis X from the front surface 17 defining the outlet side 15 of the emitter body 10. This helps the annular water column to detach from the emitter body.

[0176] In some alternative arrangements (not shown), each flow resistance section can be actively controlled, for example by controller 6. Such flow resistance sections may include hydraulically or pneumatically controlled valves, or valves controlled by electromagnetic or piezoelectric actuators, and can be controlled independently or in groups.

[0177] In the case of providing a flow resistance section for each flow emitter, a main upstream pressure or flow rate controller can also be provided as described above to regulate the water flow toward the emitter body.

[0178] Frequency-fracture length The device may include a user-operable frequency controller to adjust the gas velocity u g and water velocity u w At least one of the following can be used to change the frequency at which the stream emitter generates a series of bubbles. Frequency control can be implemented according to controller 6 in response to user control input via user controller 7.

[0179] Figure 11 The experiment is illustrated with a test performed on a shower head comprising an array of 18 stream emitters and operating in a preferred type II-B configuration, according to an embodiment of the invention. Each stream emitter has dimensions of di = 3.5 mm, do = 5.5 mm, and dw = 7.5 mm.

[0180] The shower head has a total diameter of 20 cm, and each stream emitter supplies water to the shower head at a flow rate of 7 l / m or 0.39 l / m. The gas is air; for the test shown in photo "a", the air flow rate is 125 l / m, while for the test shown in photo "b", the air flow rate increases to 155 l / m.

[0181] The above test was repeated using a single air emitter with the same water flow rate and size as the shower head being tested, but at different air flow rates. The frequency and diameter of the bubbles were measured, and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0182] Table 2

[0183] It was found that for a given d w and u w Value, increase u g This will increase the frequency of bubble formation. However, as can be seen from the measurements and photographs, the bubble diameter increases almost or not at all. Therefore, calculations show that the bubble wall thickness increases with u. g It decreases as it increases.

[0184] These results are largely consistent with the bubble frequency / diameter / flow rate relationship predicted in the paper published by Kendall and Seville et al. J. Kendall, “Experiments on annular liquid jet stability and on the formation of liquid shells,” *Fluid Physics*, Vol. 29, No. 7, p. 2086, 1986. Available at 10.1063 / 1.865595. A. SEVILLA, J. GORDILLO, and C. MARTINEZ-BAZAN, “Bubble formation in acoflowing air–water stream,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 530, pp. 181–195, 2005. Available at 10.1017 / s002211200500354x Meanwhile, it was observed that the distance the bubbles traveled before bursting was also reduced. In the test in photo "b", most bubbles burst within a distance of 36 cm, while in the test in photo "a", all or most bubbles remained intact after exceeding that distance.

[0185] It is believed that the reduction in bubble wall thickness is at least partly responsible for the reduced rupture distance observed in the tests, although the exact mechanism is not yet clear.

[0186] Therefore, when operating in the preferred 2B state, especially in applications such as shower heads, in order to extend the distance that a complete bubble can travel, it is preferable to generate bubbles with a relatively small gas flow rate and a relatively low frequency.

[0187] Frequency-tactile sensation Further observation revealed that the frequency of bubble formation and the frequency of bursting of intact bubbles in the same area on the user's body surface affected the tactile perception of the shower experience.

[0188] Table 2 shows the results of the tactile test, in which test users held their hands 5 cm or 40 cm directly below the air and water outlet plane of a single downward-pointing flow emitter, which generated bubbles in the preferred II-B type burst state.

[0189] A distance of 5cm is chosen to represent the typical distance when washing hands under the transmitter body, which is constructed as a faucet, while a distance of 40cm represents the typical distance from the point of contact with the user's body when the transmitter body is constructed as a shower head to shower the whole body.

[0190] Due to the effect of gravity on the downward-moving bubbles, the tactile sensation at a distance of 40cm is stronger than that at a distance of 5cm.

[0191] Adjust the power of the input blower to change the gas velocity u g This generates bubbles at frequencies ranging from 20 bps (bubbles / second) to 100 bps. At a distance of 40 cm and a frequency of 20 bps, the impact of each bubble can be independently distinguished, resulting in a strongly defined pulse at 40 bps. At a distance of 5 cm, a strongly defined pulse is generated at 20 bps. At a distance of 40 cm, increasing the frequency to 60 bps, or at a distance of 5 cm and increasing the frequency to 40 bps, causes the pulse sensation to become a less defined vibration. At higher frequencies, the collision of individual bubbles is experienced as a smooth, continuous flow.

[0192] Based on this test, when the transmitter body is configured as a shower head, to optimize the user's tactile experience, the operable device generates bubbles from each stream emitter at a frequency of f < 80 bps, preferably f < 60 bps, and more preferably f < 40 bps. When configured as a faucet, to optimize the tactile experience, the operable device generates bubbles from each stream emitter at a frequency of f < 60 bps, preferably f < 40 bps. However, since a smooth and continuous flow is more suitable when configured as a faucet, and the tactile experience is more pronounced when configured as a shower head, it is preferable to operate at a relatively low frequency of f < 60 bps, preferably f < 40 bps, when configured as a shower head, and a relatively high frequency of f < 80 bps when configured as a faucet.

[0193] Table 3

[0194] If you do not wish to optimize the haptic experience, you can use a higher frequency.

[0195] Furthermore, the device can be adjusted by the user to operate in a manner other than the preferred type II-B or type II rupture state, or even alternatively, to operate in a honeycomb rupture or Christmas tree state (parameter space B). Figure 6 ).

[0196] During testing, it was found that when the device is configured to optimize rupture under the preferred type II-B rupture condition, it is difficult to adjust the device to produce a honeycomb or Christmas tree-like rupture simply by changing the gas velocity. Therefore, in order to obtain optimal rupture under more than one condition, the device can be configured to adjust the gas velocity and water velocity, for example by adjusting the water supply pressure or flow rate through a regulating valve, while simultaneously adjusting the power of the air pump.

[0197] When configured to achieve optimal performance under the preferred type II-B bursting state, it was found that changing the gas velocity without changing the water velocity was sufficient to adjust the frequency of bubble generation under this state by approximately + / - 10 bps. For further frequency adjustment, both the gas and water velocities can be adjusted.

[0198] When the gas is air, the air speed can be adjusted by regulating the power supply to the air pump. Therefore, if a user wishes to change the frequency of bubble generation to alter the tactile experience, the user controller can be configured to achieve this simply by increasing or decreasing the power of the air pump to increase or decrease its rotational speed.

[0199] When operated in Type II mode, the flow emitter produces pleasant, random sounds reminiscent of flowing water, which further enhances the overall sensory experience, especially when used as a showerhead.

[0200] In use, water at a temperature of not less than 20°C-25°C is preferably supplied to the flow emitter 11. Surprisingly, it was found that bubbles formed and persisted more reliably when the water was at this temperature compared to cold water, although the reason for this is not yet fully understood.

[0201] application In one embodiment, the transmitter body may be configured as a shower head for bathing the entire human body, or as a shower head suitable for bathing specific parts of the human body. In an alternative embodiment, the novel device of this application may be configured for applications other than bathing the body or body parts.

[0202] In one configuration, the emitter body can be held in the hand or mounted on a wall or other surface to generate a stream in which a user can bathe their entire body and optionally wash their hair. Preferably, in this configuration, although the novel emitter body of this application may consist of only one large stream emitter, it may also include multiple stream emitters.

[0203] Even more surprisingly, as Figure 9B The experimental example shown demonstrates that the novel stream emitter can project air bubbles of clean water along an upward trajectory. This allows the emitter body to be arranged, for example, in a bidet or toilet sitz bath, or to create an upward-pointing stream of bubbles for washing the body or face.

[0204] Therefore, in another configuration, the emitter body can be configured to be held in the hand or mounted in a fixed position for washing limited body areas (e.g., hands, feet, or perineal area), for example, the emitter body can be configured as part of a sitz bath or toilet sitz bath. In such a configuration, the emitter body may include multiple stream emitters, or the emitter body may include only one large stream emitter.

[0205] Therefore, the transmitter body may include a plurality of stream emitters 11 arranged in a spaced-apart array on the outlet side 15 of the transmitter body 10. In such an arrangement, the transmitter body may be configured as a shower head so that a user can shower the entire body or body parts; and when configured in this way, the device may be operated to generate a series of bubbles from the stream emitters at a frequency of f < 80 bps, preferably f < 60 bps, more preferably f < 40 bps.

[0206] Multiple transmitter bodies 10 (each transmitter body has one or more stream emitters 11) can be arranged in a spaced array in a shower room to simultaneously shower the body from different directions.

[0207] Alternatively, the transmitter body can be configured to be mounted above a basin or sink for users to wash their hands. When configured in this way, the device can be operated to generate a series of bubbles from the stream emitter at a frequency of f < 80 bps or f < 60 bps.

[0208] The faucet can also be used in the kitchen, for example, to rinse delicate glassware or wash vegetables.

[0209] A faucet can be positioned above a sink with a wastewater connector to provide a flow specifically for handwashing. In such a configuration, the emitter body may consist of only one flow emitter, or a small number of flow emitters, such as 2-5 flow emitters.

[0210] In this configuration, the transmitter body can be configured as a nozzle extending from a spout or body similar to a conventional faucet, and the user controller can be mounted on the spout or body. The user controller 7 may include a manual valve to control the water flow, while the gas flow is controlled by the controller 6 in response to sensed water flow. Alternatively, the user controller 7 may include an electrical switch to initiate both the water and gas flows, with the water flow controlled, for example, by a valve (e.g., a solenoid valve) in response to the operation of the switch. In each case, the user controller 7 can be configured as a handwheel or lever on a conventional faucet or a proximity sensor for controlling the water flow from the nozzle.

[0211] In this instruction manual, faucet is a synonym for tap.

[0212] In each configuration (e.g., as a shower head, or as a faucet, or as a bidet or toilet sitz bath), alternatively, a controllable device may be used to generate a waterless airflow to dry the body, hands, etc., after washing them in the airflow, wherein the airflow may be heated. In each configuration (e.g., as a shower head, or as a faucet), a controllable device may be used to operate alternatively in a bubble state or a Christmas tree state, such as... Figure 20 As shown. For example, you can select the Christmas tree mode for rinsing.

[0213] In other arrangements, surfactants may be introduced into the water supply to provide different operating modes or cleaning cycles. A light source may be included in or near the transmitter body. Airflow may be generated by an air pump contained within the transmitter body. Such an air pump may be inductively powered, or alternatively, powered by a battery releasably mounted near the pump (e.g., mounted on or near the transmitter body).

[0214] Device including the main body of the transmitter Turning now to an embodiment of the device according to the second aspect of the invention, the transmitter body 10 may be generally referred to as above. Figures 2 to 6 and Figures 10a to 10cAs described. The transmitter body 10 includes an inlet 20 ( Figure 1 The device comprises a gas inlet 30 and at least one flow emitter 11. The flow emitter 11 defines an emitter axis X and includes: a gas outlet 12 in fluid communication with the gas inlet 30; an annular water outlet 13 surrounding the gas outlet 12; and an annular water flow passage 16 in fluid communication with the water inlet 20 and terminating at the water outlet 13. The annular water flow passage 16 is defined between a radially inner wall 71 and a radially outer wall 81 coaxial with the emitter axis X, which extends through the gas outlet 12 at the center of the gas outlet. The gas inlet 30 is arranged to receive supplied gas 50, which flows out of the gas outlet 12 during use. The water inlet 20 is arranged to receive supplied water 40, which flows out of the water outlet 13 during use and serves as an annular water sheet surrounding the gas flowing out of the gas outlet, thereby encapsulating the gas flowing out of the gas outlet within a series of bubbles formed by the water flowing out of the water outlet.

[0215] The device can be configured to function as a shower head or faucet or for any other application, as previously discussed. According to a first aspect of the invention, the device can be arranged to operate within a target parameter space to generate bubbles of pure water (i.e., clean water). Alternatively, the device can be arranged to generate bubbles in another manner, such as by water mixed with a surfactant, as is known in the art. In this case, the device can be arranged to operate outside the target parameter space, generating less well-formed bubbles, or relying on the much lower surface tension of water (referring to a mixture of water and a surfactant) to generate well-formed bubbles.

[0216] The annular water flow passage 16 can be cylindrical and may have the same radial width h as the outlet 13. In practice, it has been found that a smaller radial width h of the annular outlet 13 (which may be, for example, 0.75 mm or even smaller, as discussed above) makes it difficult to mold the flow emitter 11 as a single piece because the annular water flow passage 16 must be formed from a thin, and therefore fragile, tubular or cylindrical portion of the mold. This problem can be solved by forming the flow emitter, or each flow emitter 11, as an assembly in which the radially inner wall (i.e., wall surface) 71 of the annular water flow passage 16 is defined by a first component 70, and the radially outer wall (i.e., wall surface) 81 of the annular water flow passage 16 is defined by a second component 80, with the first component 70 and the second component 80 assembled together. The components can be molded, such as plastic or rubber molded parts, and / or can be made of metal such as stainless steel. When separate and independent components are provided as inserts, the inserts can be customized to define the desired radial width h of the annular water flow passage 16, thereby adjusting the total water flow rate of the transmitter body during manufacturing. For example, a low-level insert can be used to provide a total water flow rate of approximately 6-8 l / m from the transmitter body, or a high-level insert can be used to provide a total water flow rate of approximately 8-10 l / m from the transmitter body.

[0217] As by Figure 19 The arrangement and further by Figure 21 and Figure 22 As illustrated by the arrangement, the first component 70 can be tubular, such as a cylinder as shown in the figure. The radial outer wall surface of the first component defines the radial inner wall 71 of the annular water flow passage 16, and the radial inner wall surface 72 of the first component defines the gas flow passage 12' leading to the gas outlet 12. Thus, a cylindrical wall 14 is defined that separates the annular water flow passage 16 terminating at the outlet 13 from the gas flow passage 12' terminating at the gas outlet 12.

[0218] exist Figure 19 In the example, the tubular insert defining the first component 70 is sealed in a hole 101 in the partition plate 100 (discussed further below) by a seal 90 and is in fluid communication with the gas collection chamber 31. For example, the seal 90 may be an O-ring as shown and may be arranged radially compressibly between the partition plate 100 and the insert or the first component 70.

[0219] Figure 19 It is also shown how the tubular first component 70 can be supported by a radial washer 82, which extends the radial thickness h of the annular water flow passage 16 between the radial inner wall 71 and the radial outer wall 81 of the annular water flow passage 16. (It should be understood that...) Figure 19The cross-section is a section passing through two radially opposite washers 82. The washers are relatively thin in the circumferential direction, so that water flows continuously between the washers. As shown in the figure, the washers 82 can form part of the second component 80 or part of the first component 70. The washers 82 position the first component 70 coaxial with the outer wall 81, and as shown in the figure, can also extend slightly in the axial direction along the annular water flow passage 16, but terminate upstream of the outlet 13, so that the flat surface of the washers 82 (not visible in the figure) inhibits any swirling flow and guides the water in a smooth, laminar, axial flow to the outlet 13.

[0220] exist Figure 21 and Figure 22 In the example, the second component 80 defines a flow-resisting section 60 with multiple channels through which water 40 flows radially inward and axisily symmetrically from the water distribution chamber 41 (discussed further below) toward the emitter axis X and reaches the annular water flow passage 16. The first component 70 is formed to... Figure 19 A similar tubular insert or cylindrical wall 14 functions, but as shown, the first component 70 is threadedly and sealingly engaged in the second component, the inner end of the first component protruding to sealably engage in a hole 101 in the partition plate and in fluid communication with the gas collection chamber 31. The channel 60' may be defined on one side by the partition plate 100.

[0221] The second component 80 can be assembled to the front panel of the transmitter body, for example, the front panel 120 of the transmitter body 10, as discussed further below. Figures 23 to 31 As shown, a generally flat shower head is formed, for example, with a spaced array of stream emitters. Alternatively, the second component 80 may be molded as an integral part of the front panel 120.

[0222] In a further alternative arrangement (not shown), the first component may be tubular, with its inner wall surrounding a tubular portion of the second component, or surrounding a tubular portion of another assembly component defining a gas flow passage 12', thus forming a radial liner of an annular water flow passage 16.

[0223] In some alternative arrangements, the second component may be formed as a tubular insert 80', which is received in an annular recess 70' defined within the tubular housing 70'' of the first component 70 or within the tubular housing of another assembled component, thereby forming a radial liner of the annular water flow passage 16, such as Figures 23 to 31 The transmitter body of the transmitter is used as an example to illustrate the flow transmitter, in Figures 32 to 36 As best seen in the enlarged view. The insert 80' may have a flange that defines the end of the emitter nozzle after assembly.

[0224] In each case, the first or second component of the tubular insert, configured to form the corresponding inner or outer wall of the annular water flow passage 16, will occupy a portion of the radial width of the recess in another corresponding second or first component, which is assembled into the other corresponding second or first component. Accordingly, the recess can be wider in the radial direction, and thus the portion of the mold forming the recess can be thicker and more robust.

[0225] The emitter body 10 may include a plurality of stream emitters 11 arranged in a spaced-apart array, each stream emitter having a gas outlet and a water outlet penetrating the outlet side of the emitter body, for example, to form a shower head as previously described. In such an arrangement (not shown), each of the first and second components may define an inner or outer wall of the plurality of stream emitters 11, respectively.

[0226] However, when formed as a molded part, the limitations of molding can determine the minimum tolerance of the distance between the corresponding emitter axes X in each relatively large component. This tolerance may be too large to ensure that the inner wall 71 and outer wall 81 of each water flow passage 16 have sufficient concentricity when the first and second components are assembled together.

[0227] To ensure proper concentricity of the inner wall 71 and outer wall 81 of each annular water flow passage 16, the emitter body 10 may include a plurality of separate and independent first components 70 or a plurality of separate and independent second components 80, such that the corresponding radial inner wall 71 or radial outer wall 81 of each annular water flow passage 16 is formed by the corresponding component of those separate and independent components. The emitter body 10 may include monolithic components defining corresponding portions of all flow emitters 11, such as monolithic front plates (e.g., Figure 23 The front panel 120 may define the second component 80 (e.g., Figure 19 As shown and (optionally) as Figure 21 and Figure 22 (as shown) or the first component 70 (as shown) Figures 23 to 36 As shown in the example, in Figures 32 to 36 (See best in the middle). Then, multiple independent components can be independently assembled into single components (e.g., single molded parts) to form finished assembly 10, such that the concentricity of the inner wall 71 and outer wall 81 of each water flow path 16 does not depend on the precise position of the larger component or molded part relative to the emitter axis X defined by each other.

[0228] Assembling the emitter body 10 in this manner also makes it easier to apply sufficient clamping force to seal each separate and independent component (which may be the first component 70 or the second component 80) with one or more larger monolithic components or molded parts (which may be the second component 80, the first component 70, or the partition plate 100, as discussed further below), for example, by radially compressively placing each independent component in one or more seals 90 (e.g., O-rings) arranged between two corresponding components, thereby properly separating the water flow path and the gas flow path. This could be difficult to achieve when the emitter body 10 comprises relatively large components or molded parts, each defining different components of multiple flow emitters 11. However, when the independent inserts are assembled into a larger component or molded part, the larger component will determine the precise position of each smaller insert, allowing the two components to be properly aligned and sealed. Other possible sealing arrangements are press-fit, welding, and gluing.

[0229] like Figure 19 and Figures 23 to 36 For example, the transmitter body 10 may include a monolithic front plate 120, a rear plate 110, and a partition plate 100. The partition plate 100 is hermetically disposed between the front plate 120 and the rear plate 110 to divide the space between the front plate 120 and the rear plate 110, thereby defining a gas collection chamber 31 and a water distribution chamber 41. The front plate 120 may define a front surface 17 at the outlet side 15 of the transmitter body 10. The gas collection chamber 31 is disposed between the rear plate 110 and the partition plate 100 and is configured to deliver gas 50 supplied from the gas inlet 30 to each of a plurality of gas flow paths 12', each gas flow path 12' being arranged to deliver gas 50 to the gas outlet 12 of a corresponding flow emitter in the flow emitter 11. The water distribution chamber 41 is disposed between the front plate 120 and the partition plate 100 and is configured to deliver supplied water 40 to an annular water flow path 16 of each flow emitter 11.

[0230] Alternatively, one or both of the supplied water and the supplied gas can be directed to a separate flow emitter via a separate channel (instead of through a gas collection chamber or a water distribution chamber).

[0231] For example, in the case where the transmitter body is arranged with an array of flow emitters spaced apart in a vertical or inclined plane, an arrangement without a water distribution chamber may be preferred; in such an arrangement, independent water supply channels and / or flow resistance sections (discussed further below) can be configured to control (e.g., equalize) the water supply pressure reaching each flow emitter.

[0232] Therefore, for example, the transmitter body may include a gas collection chamber for distributing air and a separate water distribution channel for distributing water to the flow emitter (or the flow resistance section upstream of the flow emitter). Alternatively, the transmitter body may include a separate gas distribution channel for distributing gas to the flow emitter and a water distribution chamber for distributing water. Alternatively, the transmitter body may include a water distribution channel for distributing water and a gas distribution channel for distributing gas.

[0233] It should be understood that if a flow resistance section is present, it can also be constructed with channels that limit flow resistance. However, these channels should not be confused with the distribution channels just discussed, which can be configured to supply fluid to the flow resistance section. However, the distribution channels can also be constructed to exhibit limited flow resistance, and thus can be used as flow resistance sections as discussed herein.

[0234] As discussed above, in order to achieve the desired concentricity in each flow emitter in a separated array, regardless of whether a gas collection chamber or a water distribution chamber is provided, the radial inner and radial outer walls of the annular water flow path of each flow emitter may be defined by different first and second components assembled together, wherein the emitter body comprises multiple separate and independent first components or multiple separate and independent second components. The radial inner wall of the annular water flow path is defined by the first components, and the radial outer wall of the annular water flow path is defined by the second components.

[0235] In such an arrangement, each of the plurality of separate and independent first or second components may be formed as a corresponding insert, wherein the transmitter body includes a single component defining another corresponding first or second component of all stream transmitters, and each insert is housed in the single component.

[0236] In other words: (a) A single component defines a first component (the radial inner wall of the annular water flow passage) for each flow emitter, and a second component for each flow emitter is formed as a separate and independent insert accommodated within the single component; or (b) The single component defines the second component (radial outer wall of the annular water flow passage) of each flow emitter, and the first component of each flow emitter is formed as a separate and independent insert housed in the single component.

[0237] Such an arrangement is further discussed and illustrated in an example with a gas collection chamber and a water distribution chamber, as will be described now.

[0238] like Figure 14 , Figure 26 and Figure 27 As shown, the front panel may include multiple flow-resisting sections 60, each flow-resisting section defining multiple channels 60' (e.g., as shown in the diagram). Figure 12 , Figure 13 , Figure 21 and Figure 33 (As shown). Each flow resistance section 60 is configured to supply water flow 40 through multiple channels 60' to create a pressure drop in the water flow in the annular water flow passage 16 from the water distribution chamber 41 to the respective flow emitters in the multiple flow emitters 11.

[0239] like Figure 19 , Figure 21 and Figure 22 As illustrated in the example and discussed above, the radial inner wall 71 of the annular water flow passage 16 of each respective flow emitter 11 may be defined by a corresponding first component of a plurality of separate and independent first components 70, while the radial outer wall 81 of the annular water flow passage 16 of all flow emitters 11 is defined by a single second component 80, the second component 80 forming the front plate 120. Figure 23 ( ), in which the first component 70 and the second component 80 are assembled together.

[0240] like Figure 19 , Figure 21 and Figure 22 As further illustrated, each first component 70 may define a gas flow passage 12' for a corresponding flow emitter in the flow emitter 11, and each first component 70 is hermetically connected to the partition plate 100 such that the gas flow passage 12' is in fluid communication with the gas collection chamber 31.

[0241] Alternatively, such as Figures 32 to 36 As shown in the example and as discussed above, the radial outer wall 81 of the annular water flow passage 16 of each respective flow emitter 11 may be defined by a corresponding second component among a plurality of separate and independent second components 80', while the radial inner wall 71 of the annular water flow passage 16 of all flow emitters 11 is defined by a single first component or molding 70 forming the front plate 120, wherein the first component 70 and the second component 80' are assembled together.

[0242] like Figures 32 to 36 As further illustrated in the example, the front panel 120 may define a plurality of tubular housings 70'', wherein each of the second components 80' is received in a corresponding tubular housing within the plurality of tubular housings 70''.

[0243] As in Figure 28 and Figure 29 As best viewed, the transmitter body may include an air pump in the form of a fan 32, which is arranged to drive ambient air from a gas inlet 30 to a gas collection chamber 31. As shown, the fan may be substantially (i.e., mostly or entirely) located within the gas collection chamber 31 (that is, within the space defined between the rear panel 110 and the partition plate 100 or within its main plane), conveniently having a gas inlet 30 that opens through the rear panel 100. The fan can operate at low voltage.

[0244] An advantageous arrangement was found where the fan is included in the emitter body, particularly in the air collection chamber, wherein the multiple flow emitters consist of exactly twelve flow emitters 11 (in this case, the front panel 120 can be as follows). Figure 27 (as shown in the diagram) or composed of exactly sixteen stream emitters 11 (in which case, the front panel 120 can be as shown in the diagram). Figure 26 (As shown in the arrangement). This allows the flow emitters to be arranged symmetrically around the centrally located inlet 20.

[0245] As in Figure 28 Ideally, the air guiding surface 33 can be arranged to protrude into the gas collection chamber 31 to redirect or diffuse the airflow caused by the fan, allowing the fan to be arranged relatively close to the emitter without causing gas flow imbalance between different emitters in the emitter. Alternatively or additionally, for the same reason, since each gas flow passage 12' is in fluid communication with the gas collection chamber 31 through a gas flow passage inlet 12'', the gas flow passage inlets 12'' of different emitters in the plurality of flow emitters 11 can have different cross-sectional areas perpendicular to the emitter axis X, said cross-sectional areas being selected to balance the gas pressure between different emitters in the plurality of emitters 11 leading to the gas collection chamber 31 at different locations.

[0246] Alternatively, different flow emitters 11 within the same emitter body 10 may have different flow rates; for example, four large central flow emitters 11 may be arranged to produce larger bubbles compared to eight smaller flow emitters around them.

[0247] Since the emitter body of this novel application can have far fewer stream emitters compared to the number of nozzles in a conventional showerhead, the area of ​​the front surface 17 located between the stream emitters 11 can be used, for example, to provide a backlight or sidelight panel or a mirror for observation or shaving.

[0248] Now for reference Figures 29 to 31 The inlet 20 can be configured to define a central inflow axis Xwi, through which water 40 flows into the water distribution chamber 41 in the inflow direction Dwi. In practice, it has been found that, particularly when the water distribution chamber has a wide and shallow shape factor as shown, a recirculation zone can form in the region directly opposite the axis Xwi, which can lead to pressure drop and / or the generation of undesirable turbulence. To achieve uniform radial water distribution at constant pressure, the water distribution chamber 41 may include a water deflection surface 42, which is a surface of rotation about the central inflow axis Xwi, facing the inflow direction Dwi, and widening radially outward from the central inflow axis Xwi along the inflow direction Dwi, as shown.

[0249] By further widening the water deflection surface 42 radially outward in the direction of water inflow (in region 42') and further radially outward along the direction of inflow (in region 42''), thus defining the raised annulus 43 facing the direction of water inflow Dwi, a particularly uniform flow can be achieved, such as... Figure 31 As shown. It can be... Figure 14A A similar water deflection surface 42 can be seen in the middle.

[0250] Now for reference Figure 1 The apparatus may include a stroboscopic light source 150, which is arranged to illuminate a bubble generated by at least one stream emitter 11 at a light source frequency. The light source frequency is selected based on or can be selected based on the frequency at which the bubble is emitted, so as to selectively illuminate the bubble.

[0251] The light source may include an array of LEDs or other light emitters, which may be integrated into the emitter body (e.g., a shower head) or into a support for the shower head, such as an arm or bracket or other support element extending from a wall or ceiling. Alternatively, the light emitter may be positioned within the shower enclosure, integrated into the surface of the shower enclosure, such as a panel, or integrated into a housing containing the device. The light source (or controller 6 controlling the light source) may be connected to or integrated into a room lighting control circuit, such that the light source and other lighting in the room or shower enclosure containing the shower can be controlled by the same user input or controller 6. For example, in response to turning on the gas and / or water supply to operate the shower, or in response to a single user command, the LED array may be turned on while the room lighting is dimmed.

[0252] Optionally, the frequency of the light source can be selected to make the bubble appear stationary or to make it appear to move upward or downward at a speed less than the actual speed of the bubble.

[0253] Optionally, the flow rate sensor 4' may be arranged to sense the water flow 40 and control the frequency of the light source 150 (e.g., in cooperation with the controller 6 and / or the user controller 7), and optionally also control the speed of an air pump (e.g., a fan or blower) that supplies a gas flow to the gas outlet 12 of each flow emitter 11 in response to changes in the water flow 40 reaching the emitter body 10 (and thus corresponding to the frequency of the emitted bubbles).

[0254] The light source 150 may include one or more LEDs driven by pulse width modulation (PWM), wherein the control frequency also includes a duty cycle (i.e., the proportion of time the light source is lit during each on / off cycle) to selectively illuminate the bubble. The frequency can be selected from approximately 60 Hz or 70 Hz to approximately 200 Hz or 300 Hz, and can be a multiple of the frequency f at which the bubble is emitted, for example up to approximately 4f or 5f. The duty cycle can be relatively low, for example, approximately 10%. The LEDs may be included in the emitter body 10.

[0255] A motion sensor (e.g., a passive infrared sensor) can be provided in the transmitter body to optionally combine with the controller 6 and / or the user controller 7 to control or initiate the operation of the light source or change the operating mode.

[0256] Since the shower experience is both visual and tactile, users want to observe the bubbles. Although the bubbles move too fast for the naked eye to see, they can create a captivating effect. This can be achieved by appropriately selecting the frequency of the light source 150, for example, to produce many different effects, such as bubbles appearing stationary or slowly moving upward or downward, or as a series of overlapping bubbles, thus providing a larger appearance at a much smaller total flow rate than a conventional (spray type) shower.

[0257] The flow rate sensor 4' (or the controller 6 in response to input from the flow rate sensor 4') can be arranged to turn on the air pump 5 or fan 32 in response to sensing the water flow 40 reaching the transmitter body 10, and optionally also turn on the light source 150. Therefore, the device can be controlled simply by opening a tap or valve to supply water to the inlet 20.

[0258] Users can control the light source 150 via a user controller 7, which may include, for example, buttons or a digital mixer, and the digital mixer may be controlled via an application running on a cellular phone. The user controller 7 may incorporate various digital shower systems known in the art, providing user control via wired or wireless connections through any suitable digital protocol. For example, WiFi or Bluetooth control may be provided, allowing for changes to lighting or fan preferences and viewing of usage data. Integration or communication may be provided with a digitally controlled thermostatic mixer for water flow rate control. Water volume, air volume, and LED lights can be modulated simultaneously to create different patterns and effects. The individual stream emitters among the multiple stream emitters 11 may have different, independent lighting states, for example, through different LEDs among the multiple LEDs contained in the front surface 17 of the emitter body 10.

[0259] Now for reference Figure 37The device may include a power connector 160 for supplying electrical energy (preferably at a low voltage) from an external conductor 165 to a transmitter body 10, such as to an air pump 5 or a fan 32 and / or an LED or other light source 150 contained in the transmitter body 10. The electrical energy can provide electrical signals and / or control signals. The power connector includes: a first connector body 161 and a second connector body 162, the first and second connector bodies having cooperating contacts 163 for transmitting electrical energy; at least one magnet (which may be integral with the contacts 163) for releasably holding the first connector body 161 and the second connector body 162 together; and at least one seal 164 configured to block water from entering through the contacts 163 when the first and second connector bodies are held together by the at least one magnet.

[0260] Figure 38 This illustration shows how a power connector 160 can be arranged to transmit power across a ball joint 170 or other conventional connector (i.e., adjacent to the ball joint 170 or other conventional connector) between a transmitter body 10 (e.g., configured as a shower head) and a support bracket or arm 171, eliminating the possibility of damage and providing easy reconnection when the shower head or other transmitter body is disconnected from the water supply. Therefore, an assembly may include a releasable water supply connector 170 (e.g., a releasable ball joint) and a releasable power connector 160, arranged to supply water and power in a parallel flow relationship between the support element 171 and the shower head or other transmitter body 10. In this example, the power connector is shown as having a coaxial contact 163.

[0261] refer to Figure 1 The device may include a turbine 130 driven by a water flow 40 and an air pump 5 driven by the turbine, the air pump 5 being arranged to supply a gas flow 50 to the gas outlet 12 of each flow emitter 11. The turbine and air pump (e.g., fan 32) may be included in the emitter body 10.

[0262] Alternatively or additionally, the device may include a turbine 130 driven by water flow 40 and a generator 140 driven by turbine 130. Similarly, turbine 130 and generator 140 may be included in the transmitter body 10. Generator 140 may power air pump 5 or fan 32 and / or light source 150. Optionally, generator 140 may be arranged to power air pump 5 or fan 32 and provide a separate battery to power light source 150.

[0263] The device can be configured for applications as discussed previously.

[0264] In each embodiment of the emitter body, when the emitter body is configured as a shower head, the emitter body may be mounted on, for example, a wall arm or ceiling arm, wherein the thermostatic mixer is concealed within the wall, or the emitter body may be mounted on a wall arm extending from an exposed or surface-mounted thermostatic mixer.

[0265] Multiple emitter bodies can also be installed in a single shower room or the like to provide the emission of bubbles in different directions, each emitter body having one or more flow emitters 11.

[0266] The device may include an electric heating element for heating water as it flows to or from each of the flow emitters; in such embodiments, the emitter body may be configured as a shower head, such that the device forms an electric shower, or the emitter body may be configured as a faucet, such that the device forms an instant or on-demand water heater.

[0267] For example, the emitter body can be configured as an electrically heated instant hot water aerator faucet, i.e., a faucet with an integrated demand-type electric heater that responds to water flow for washing hands or face over a basin. Compared to the minimum flow rate of approximately 3 l / m for conventional aerator faucets, such a faucet can consume approximately 1 l / m of water. Under otherwise identical conditions, this allows water to be heated more quickly before it reaches the emitter, thus providing a better washing experience compared to conventional so-called "instant" electric faucets that actually heat water slowly.

[0268] refer to Figure 39 The device may include a filling mode controller 180, which is operable to connect the supplied water 40 to the gas outlet 12, such that water 40 is drained from both the water outlet 13 and the gas outlet 12 simultaneously.

[0269] The fill mode controller 180 can also be operated to interrupt the supply of gas 50 to gas outlet 12. The fill mode controller 180 may include a valve operable to connect gas outlet 12 to a selected one of a water source and a gas source, while simultaneously disconnecting gas outlet 12 from the other supply source. For example, Figure 39 One such arrangement is illustrated schematically. The valve can be positioned higher than the flow emitter and configured to prevent water from flowing back into the fan.

[0270] Alternatively or additionally, the filling mode control can also be operated to initiate the supply of water to outlet 13 and gas outlet 12 without initiating the supply of gas to gas outlet 12.

[0271] Therefore, a fill mode controller can be used when the flow emitter is not used to initiate the water flow from the two outlets 12 and 13. Alternatively, the fill mode controller can be used to interrupt the normal function of the flow emitter to fill the container from the flow emitter, and then normal operation can be resumed.

[0272] As shown in the example, the transmitter body 10 can be configured as a faucet that drains into a sink or basin 182, allowing the use of a filling mode controller when water is desired to fill the container. The transmitter body can also be configured for other applications, such as a handheld transmitter on a hose, for washing body parts (e.g., in a bidet or toilet bowl) or for washing items in a sink. In these and other applications, the filling mode controller can be mounted on the transmitter body or separately, for example, mounted on a wall or next to the sink.

[0273] The filling mode controller 180 may include electrical or mechanical user controllers and / or control logic and / or output control signal components, for example, embedded in user controller 7 and / or controller 6, for responding to user input and controlling valves and / or fans and / or valves and / or other system components for regulating water supply. The filling mode controller may be configured to control the fan to prevent fan operation or to interrupt the gas supply by stopping the fan. The filling mode controller 180 may be manually operated or operated by electrical or other control signals 181, and may include one or more valves (e.g., a water supply control valve 4 for starting or controlling water flow, and such as...). Figure 39 The filling mode control valve 180 shown is used to redirect water flow to gas outlet 12, or works in conjunction with one or more of these valves, which may be controlled by a solenoid or other actuator.

[0274] Refer again Figure 39 The device may include a drying outlet 184 and a drying controller 183, the drying controller 183 being operable to connect the supplied gas 50 to the drying outlet 184.

[0275] The dryer controller 183 may include valves and / or electrical control components and / or logic, typically as described above with reference to a fill-mode controller, and may also operate to prevent or interrupt the supply of gas to gas outlet 12, or to prevent operation of the flow emitter when gas is connected to the dryer outlet 184. As shown, this can be achieved by configuring the valves of the dryer controller 183 to connect the gas source to the dryer outlet 184 while disconnecting the gas source from the gas outlet 12.

[0276] The dryer controller 183 may include a manual or electric user controller. The dryer controller may include a valve that can be operated by a control signal 181.

[0277] The dryer controller 183 may be arranged to connect the supplied gas 50 to the dryer outlet 184, and optionally also to disconnect the supplied gas 50 from the gas outlet 12 in response to an increase in the pressure or flow rate of the supplied gas 50. For example, a valve of the dryer controller 183 may operate to divert the flow from the gas outlet 12 to the dryer outlet 184 in response to an increase in the pressure or flow rate of the supplied gas 50 exceeding a threshold, and restore the flow to the gas outlet 12 when the pressure or flow rate falls back below the threshold.

[0278] In this way, the user can start the flow from the dryer outlet by increasing the fan power. The electrical control components of the dryer controller 183, for example forming part of the controller 6, can be arranged such that when the supplied gas 50 is connected to the dryer outlet 184, for example by closing the water flow control valve 4 (… Figure 1 ), to interrupt or prevent water from flowing to the flow emitter 11.

[0279] The apparatus may include a fill mode controller and a drying controller, or only one of a fill mode controller and a drying controller. In each case, the stream emitter may be arranged to operate within a defined parameter space, as discussed above.

[0280] The drying outlet can be used, for example, to dry hands or hair, the entire body, or other body parts or items. The drying outlet can be located near the transmitter body 10 or elsewhere, in any desired configuration of the transmitter body, such as a faucet, shower head, bidet, or toilet bowl. For example, if the transmitter body is mounted on a flexible hose, the drying outlet can be located at the end of the hose, near the transmitter body.

[0281] In these and other embodiments, the apparatus may include a flexible water hose for directing supplied water to an inlet in the transmitter body, and optionally a flexible air hose for directing supplied air to an air inlet in the transmitter body, in which case the air hose and water hose may be arranged in parallel (side-by-side) or coaxially rotatably. One or two hoses may be divided into multiple pathways; for example, the air hose may include multiple air channels arranged around the water hose.

[0282] In some other embodiments, the transmitter body 10 may include an air pump for generating the supplied gas, wherein the device further includes a flexible hose for directing the supplied water to an inlet of the transmitter body.

[0283] Alternatively, in such an arrangement, the stream emitter 11 can be configured to operate within a defined parameter space, as discussed above.

[0284] The transmitter body can be formed into a handheld device including a head and a handle.

[0285] The air pump can be driven by a water-driven turbine.

[0286] The turbine may be located within the launcher body, or alternatively, upstream of the launcher body.

[0287] Alternatively, the air pump can be driven by an electric motor.

[0288] The electric motor can be powered by a power source through a conductor that forms part of the flexible hose.

[0289] The electric motor can be driven by a turbine, which is located in the main body of the launcher and driven by water flow.

[0290] Alternatively, the electric motor can be powered by a battery (that is, any device used to store electrical energy).

[0291] The battery is removable for replacement or charging.

[0292] Alternatively or additionally, the battery can be charged by positioning the transmitter body near a charging station (e.g., an inductive charging station), wherein the battery is provided with an inductive charging coil that is inductively coupled to the charging coil of the charging station. The device may include a support for releasably supporting the transmitter body, wherein the support includes the inductive charging station. The support may be, for example, a wall mount or other support, wherein the inductive charging station is connected to a fixed power source.

[0293] As discussed above, the turbine or battery can also power a light source or other components that form part of the transmitter body.

[0294] The transmitter body can be constructed as a shower head or faucet, or as part of a bidet or toilet bidet, or used for other applications such as washing items or watering tender seedlings in a garden.

[0295] The battery and / or air pump and / or turbine may be arranged on the handle or head, that is, the part of the transmitter body having one or more stream emitters.

[0296] The air pump can draw in air through a gas inlet that opens through the head of the transmitter body or through the distal end of the handle away from the head, which helps protect the air pump from water ingress.

[0297] The battery can be installed, for example, on one side of the handle, or concentrically with the handle.

[0298] A quick-release mechanism can be arranged to allow the flexible hose to be removed from the handle, allowing the handheld device to be mounted on an inductive charger or inserted into a charger outside the bathroom, and / or allowing the battery to be removed for charging or replacement.

[0299] Figures 40 to 43An exemplary device is shown, wherein the transmitter body 10 is configured as a handheld device including an air pump 32. The handheld device has a head 10' with an array of flow transmitters 11 and a handle 10'', through which water is supplied from a flexible water hose 190 with a releasable hose connector 191 for connecting the flexible water hose 190 to the inlet 20 of the handle 10''.

[0300] The 10" controller is still available. Figure 40 The view is shown in the middle. Figure 40 The diagram illustrates how the gas inlet 30 can be divided into multiple channels that open at the distal end of the handle to protect the air pump 32 from water ingress. (In this specification, reference numerals 5 and 32 are used interchangeably to indicate the air pump, with reference numeral 32 generally indicating the air pump when included in the transmitter body.) Figure 42 This illustrates how the air pump 32 can be arranged in the form of a cylinder or insert 132, which is assembled to form such a cylinder or insert 132. Figure 41 The handheld device shown is housed in the head housing. As shown, cylinder 132 defines an air collection chamber and a water distribution chamber as previously described. Air pump 32 draws air from gas inlet 30 through air passages in the head housing 10' and handle 10''.

[0301] Figure 43 The diagram illustrates how battery pack 192 can be attached to a handheld device to power air pump 32 via a conductor (not shown). The battery pack may be releasable or rechargeable in place.

[0302] Figures 44 to 46 Another exemplary embodiment is shown, wherein the transmitter body is configured as a handheld device, and an air pump 32 is arranged in the head 10' to draw in air from the air inlet 30 at the rear of the head and supply air to the stream transmitter 11 through the air collection chamber 31. The water inlet 20 can be accessed via a flexible hose 190 (…). Figure 40 Connect to the water source.

[0303] In this arrangement, the air pump 32 is mechanically driven by a turbine 34, which in turn is driven by water flowing from the inlet 20 through the handle 10' into the head 10'', and then the water flows through the channel 35 and the water distribution chamber 41 to the flow emitter 11. For example, Figure 14A As shown, the water distribution chamber can be separated from the gas collection chamber 31 by a plate.

[0304] Figures 47 to 49 The transmitter body 10 is shown to be configured as a handheld device and supplied with air and water via concentric flexible hoses. In the example shown, the water hose 190 is arranged within the air hose 194.

[0305] Figures 50 to 53 The transmitter body 10 is shown to be configured as a handheld device and supplied with air and water via flexible hoses arranged in a side-by-side (parallel) relationship.

[0306] Air hoses and water hoses are not shown, but can be of a conventional design and connected to air inlet 30 and water inlet 20, respectively. In the example shown, water inlet 20 communicates with water distribution chamber 41 in head 10' via water channel 20', which extends concentrically within air channel 30' in handle 10''. As previously described, air channel 30' communicates with air collection chamber 31.

[0307] Further applications of the novel device of this application are conceivable in zero-gravity or low-gravity environments. The generated bubbles are more stable under reduced gravity due to lower acceleration and a more stable wall thickness, thus traveling further before bursting. Furthermore, since bubbles can be generated at a smaller nozzle fluid exit velocity than conventional droplets, they offer better control and less splashing, which can aid in cleaning or sanitation in such environments.

[0308] Shower head with magnetic power connector It should be understood that magnetic power connectors can also be used in conventional shower heads to provide the same advantages, namely, the ability to remove and reconnect the shower head without damaging it.

[0309] Therefore, as referenced above Figure 37 and Figure 38 As illustrated in the example, an embodiment of the invention according to a third aspect provides a shower head 10 including a power connector 160 for supplying electrical energy from an external conductor 165 to the shower head 10. The power connector 160 includes: a first connector body 161 and a second connector body 162, the first and second connector bodies having cooperating contacts 163 for transmitting electrical energy; at least one magnet (which may form part of the contacts 163) for releasably retaining the first and second connector bodies together; and at least one seal 164 configured to block water from entering the contacts when the first and second connector bodies are retained together by the at least one magnet. Such a power connector can be arranged to transmit power in a parallel flow relationship with a releasable water connector (e.g., a conventional releasable ball joint 170). Figure 38 ).

[0310] In summary, the embodiments provide an apparatus that generates pure water bubbles from a flow emitter 11, the flow emitter 11 including an annular water outlet 13 surrounding a gas outlet 12 and operating within a defined parameter space. One or more flow emitters may be integrated into an emitter body 10 configured as a shower head or faucet. Alternatively, the apparatus generates water bubbles from a coaxial gas flow path and an annular water flow path. In another aspect, a magnetic power connector is arranged to supply electrical power to the shower head.

[0311] Within the scope of the claims, many further modifications are possible.

[0312] Example list of this application: Example 1. An apparatus comprising: Gas supply devices, Water supply devices, and A transmitter body, the transmitter body comprising at least one stream transmitter; The stream emitter defines an emitter axis and includes: Gas outlet, and Water outlet; The transmitter axis extends through the gas outlet at the center of the gas outlet; The water outlet is annular and surrounds the gas outlet, and the water outlet has an outer diameter d. w and radial width h; The gas supply device is arranged to supply gas with a density ρ g and from the gas outlet at a velocity u g Flowing gas; The water supply device is arranged to supply water with a surface tension σ. w A water connection is provided to supply water from the outlet at a speed of u. w Flowing water, the water being an annular water sheet surrounding the gas flowing out from the gas outlet; The aerodynamic Weber number is defined as: We g = (ρ g ·(u g - u w ) 2 ·h) / σ w Furthermore, the device is arranged such that h / d w and We g Operations within a defined parameter space, where, (h / d) w ≤0.31 and (2.5·10) -3 ) <Weg ≤We g（max） Among them, We g（max） Limited by the following functions: (h / d) w = 0.04·We g 0.5 ) This encapsulates the gas flowing from the gas outlet within a series of bubbles formed by the water flowing from the water outlet.

[0313] Example 2. The apparatus according to Example 1, wherein u g >u w Furthermore, the parameter space is further composed of (We g (min)≤We g )limited, Among them, We g (min) is limited by the following function: (h / d) w ) = (0.02·(35·We) g ) 0.5 + 0.11).

[0314] Example 3. The apparatus according to Example 2, wherein the apparatus is arranged such that substantially all the water is generated as a stream of multiple separate bubbles, without any intermediate droplets.

[0315] Example 4. The apparatus according to Example 3, wherein the emitter body is configured as a shower head and includes a plurality of the stream emitters arranged in a spaced-apart array on the outlet side of the emitter body.

[0316] Example 5. The apparatus according to Example 2, wherein the transmitter body is configured to be mounted in a use position, wherein the transmitter axis is inclined from the vertical direction at an angle of at least 20°.

[0317] Example 6. The apparatus according to Example 5, wherein the emitter body is configured as a shower head and includes a plurality of the stream emitters arranged in a spaced-apart array on the outlet side of the emitter body, and in the use position, the axis of each emitter is inclined from the vertical direction at an angle of at least 20°.

[0318] Example 7. The apparatus according to Example 2, wherein the transmitter body includes a plurality of said stream emitters, the plurality of said stream emitters being arranged in a spaced-apart array on the outlet side of the transmitter body; and the axes of the plurality of emitters are at least spaced apart by a minimum distance S. （min） Spacing out, among which S（min） >4.2·d w .

[0319] Example 8. The device according to Example 1, wherein the transmitter body is configured as a faucet, the faucet being mounted above a basin or sink for a user to wash their hands.

[0320] Example 9. The apparatus according to Example 8, wherein the apparatus is operable to generate the series of bubbles from the stream emitter at a frequency of less than 80 bubbles per second.

[0321] Example 10. The apparatus according to Example 1, wherein the transmitter body includes a plurality of said stream emitters, the plurality of said stream emitters being arranged in a spaced array on the outlet side of the transmitter body.

[0322] Example 11. The device according to Example 10, wherein the transmitter body is configured as a shower head for a user to shower.

[0323] Example 12. The apparatus according to Example 11, wherein the apparatus is operable to generate the series of bubbles from the stream emitter at a frequency of less than 60 bubbles per second.

[0324] Example 13. The apparatus according to Example 10 further includes a plurality of flow resistance sections, the water supply device being arranged to distribute water between the flow resistance sections; each flow resistance section being arranged to supply water flow to the outlet of a corresponding flow emitter among the plurality of flow emitters; each flow resistance section being arranged to form a pressure drop in the water flow along the flow resistance section.

[0325] Example 14. The apparatus according to Example 13, wherein the transmitter body is configured to be mounted in a use position, wherein each transmitter axis is inclined from the vertical direction at an angle of at least 20°.

[0326] Example 15. The apparatus according to Example 13, wherein each flow resistance portion comprises a body formed of a porous material.

[0327] Example 16. The apparatus according to Example 13, wherein each flow resistance section is configured to distribute water flow among a plurality of channels.

[0328] Example 17. The apparatus according to Example 13, wherein each flow resistance section defines a flow resistance section flow passage and includes a valve element that can be moved by a flow of water through the flow resistance section flow passage to increase or decrease the cross-sectional area of ​​the flow resistance section flow passage.

[0329] Example 18. The apparatus according to Example 13, wherein each flow emitter includes an annular water flow path that delivers water flow from a corresponding flow resistance section among a plurality of said flow resistance sections to a corresponding outlet; wherein, in use, the pressure drop along each flow resistance section is greater than the pressure drop in the water flow flowing from the flow resistance section to the corresponding outlet along the corresponding annular water flow path.

[0330] Example 19. The apparatus according to Example 18, wherein the water flow from each flow resistance section to the corresponding annular water flow path is axisymmetric.

[0331] Example 20. The apparatus according to Example 1 includes a frequency controller, which a user can operate to adjust the gas velocity u. g and water velocity u w At least one of them can be used to change the frequency at which the stream emitter generates the series of bubbles.

[0332] Example 21. The apparatus according to Example 1, wherein the stream emitter is arranged to project bubbles along an upward trajectory.

[0333] Example 22. A method comprising: A device is provided that includes the following components: Gas supply devices, Water supply devices, and A transmitter body, the transmitter body comprising at least one stream transmitter; The stream emitter defines an emitter axis and includes: Gas outlet, and Water outlet; The transmitter axis extends through the center of the gas outlet; The water outlet is annular and surrounds the gas outlet, and the water outlet has an outer diameter d. w and radial width h; Gas is supplied from the gas supply device, the gas having a density ρ g and from the gas outlet at a velocity u g flow; The water supply device is connected to the supply with surface tension σ. w Water, to be supplied from the outlet at a speed of u w Flowing water, the water being an annular water sheet surrounding the gas flowing out from the gas outlet; The aerodynamic Weber number is defined as: We g = (ρ g ·(u g - u w )2 ·h) / σ w Furthermore, it includes: in the case of h / d w and We g The device operates within a defined parameter space, wherein, (h / d) w ≤0.31 and (2.5·10) -3 ) <We g ≤We g（max） Among them, We g（max） Limited by the following functions: (h / d) w = 0.04·We g 0.5 ) This encapsulates the gas flowing from the gas outlet within a series of bubbles formed by the water flowing from the water outlet.

[0334] Example 23. An apparatus comprising: The transmitter body includes: Inlet, Gas inlet, and At least one stream emitter; The stream emitter defines an emitter axis and includes: A gas outlet in fluid communication with the gas inlet. An annular water outlet surrounding the gas outlet, and An annular water flow passage is in fluid communication with the inlet and terminates at the outlet, the annular water flow passage being defined between a radial inner wall and a radial outer wall coaxial with the axis of the transmitter; The transmitter axis extends through the center of the gas outlet; The gas inlet is arranged to receive the supplied gas, which flows out from the gas outlet when in use; The inlet is arranged to receive supplied water, which flows out of the outlet when in use, and serves as an annular water sheet surrounding the gas flowing out of the gas outlet, so as to seal the gas flowing out of the gas outlet within a series of bubbles formed by the water flowing out of the outlet.

[0335] Example 24. The apparatus according to Example 23, wherein the radial inner wall of the annular water flow passage is defined by a first component, and the radial outer wall of the annular water flow passage is defined by a second component, the first component and the second component being assembled together.

[0336] Example 25. The apparatus according to Example 24, wherein the transmitter body includes a plurality of said stream emitters arranged in a spaced-apart array, each stream emitter having a gas outlet and a water outlet open on the outlet side of the transmitter body; and the transmitter body includes a plurality of separate and independent first components or a plurality of separate and independent second components.

[0337] Example 26. The apparatus according to Example 25, wherein each of a plurality of separate and independent first or second components is formed as a corresponding insert; the transmitter body includes a single component defining another corresponding first or second component of all stream emitters; and each insert is accommodated in said single component such that: (a) The single-unit component defines a first component for each stream emitter, and a second component for each stream emitter is formed as a separate and independent insert accommodated within the single-unit component; or (b) The single component defines a second component for each stream emitter, and the first component for each stream emitter is formed as a separate and independent insert housed in the single component.

[0338] Example 27. The apparatus according to Example 23, wherein, The emitter body includes a plurality of stream emitters arranged in a spaced-apart array, each stream emitter having a gas outlet and a water outlet opening on the outlet side of the emitter body; and The transmitter body includes a front plate, a rear plate, and a partition plate; The partition plate is arranged between the front plate and the rear plate to define the gas collection chamber and the water distribution chamber; The gas collection chamber is arranged between the rear plate and the partition plate and is configured to deliver gas supplied from the gas inlet to each of a plurality of gas flow paths, each gas flow path being arranged to deliver gas to the gas outlet of a corresponding flow emitter among the plurality of flow emitters; The water distribution chamber is arranged between the front plate and the partition plate and is configured as an annular water flow path to deliver the supplied water to each flow emitter.

[0339] Example 28. The apparatus according to Example 27, wherein the front plate includes a plurality of flow-resisting portions; Each flow resistance section defines multiple channels; Each flow resistance section is configured to supply water flow through the plurality of channels to create a pressure drop in the water flow in the annular water flow path from the water distribution chamber to the respective flow emitter in the plurality of flow emitters.

[0340] Example 29. The apparatus according to Example 27 or Example 28, wherein, The radial inner wall of the annular water flow passage of each corresponding flow emitter is defined by a corresponding first component among a plurality of separate and independent first components; and The radial outer wall of the annular water flow passage of all flow emitters is defined by a single second component, which forms the front plate; and The first component and the second component are assembled together.

[0341] Example 30. The apparatus according to Example 29, wherein each first component defines a gas flow path for a corresponding flow emitter among a plurality of the flow emitters; and each first component is hermetically connected to the partition plate such that the gas flow path is in fluid communication with the gas collection chamber.

[0342] Example 31. The apparatus according to Example 27 or Example 28, wherein the radial outer wall of the annular water flow passage of each respective flow emitter is defined by a respective second component of a plurality of separate and independent second components; and The radial inner wall of the annular water flow path of all flow emitters is defined by a single first component, which forms the front plate; and The first component and the second component are assembled together.

[0343] Example 32. The apparatus according to Example 31, wherein the front plate defines a plurality of tubular housings, and each of the second components is received in a corresponding tubular housing among the plurality of tubular housings.

[0344] Example 33. The apparatus according to Example 27, wherein the transmitter body includes a fan arranged to drive ambient air from the gas inlet to the gas collection chamber.

[0345] Example 34. The apparatus according to Example 33, wherein the fan is substantially arranged in the air collection chamber.

[0346] Example 35. The apparatus according to Example 34, wherein the plurality of stream emitters consists of exactly twelve stream emitters or exactly sixteen stream emitters.

[0347] Example 36. The apparatus according to any one of Examples 33 to 35, wherein the air guiding surface is arranged to protrude into the air collection chamber.

[0348] Example 37. The apparatus according to any one of Examples 33 to 36, wherein each gas flow passage is in fluid communication with the gas collection chamber through a gas flow passage inlet; and the gas flow passage inlets of different flow emitters in the flow emitters have different cross-sectional areas.

[0349] Example 38. The apparatus according to Example 27, wherein the inlet is configured to define a central inflow axis, water flows into the water distribution chamber along the central inflow axis in an inflow direction; and the water distribution chamber includes a water deflection surface, the water deflection surface being a rotating surface about the central inflow axis, the water deflection surface facing the inflow direction and widening radially outward from the central inflow axis along the inflow direction.

[0350] Example 39. The apparatus according to Example 38, wherein the water deflecting surface further widens radially outward in the direction of water inflow and further widens radially outward along the direction of inflow to define a raised annulus facing the direction of water inflow.

[0351] Example 40. An apparatus according to Example 23 includes a strobe light source arranged to illuminate a bubble generated by the at least one stream emitter at a light source frequency, the light source frequency being selectable based on or capable of being based on the frequency at which the bubble is emitted, to selectively illuminate the bubble.

[0352] Example 41. The apparatus according to Example 40, wherein the frequency of the light source is selected to give the appearance of the bubble being stationary or to give the appearance of moving upward or downward at a speed less than the actual speed of the bubble's movement.

[0353] Example 42. The apparatus according to Example 40 or 41 further includes a flow rate sensor for sensing water flow, wherein the flow rate sensor is arranged to control the frequency of the light source.

[0354] Example 43. The apparatus according to Example 42 further includes an air pump for supplying a gas flow to the gas outlet, wherein the flow rate sensor is arranged to control the speed of the air pump.

[0355] Example 44. The apparatus according to Example 23 includes a power connector for supplying electrical energy from an external conductor to the transmitter body; the power connector includes: A first connector body and a second connector body, the first connector body and the second connector body having cooperating contacts for transmitting electrical energy. At least one magnet for releasably holding the first connector body and the second connector body together, and At least one seal is configured to block water from entering the contact area when the first connector body and the second connector body are held together by the at least one magnet.

[0356] Example 45. The apparatus according to Example 23, wherein the transmitter body includes an air pump for generating the supplied gas, and the apparatus further includes a flexible hose for directing the supplied water to the inlet.

[0357] Example 46. The apparatus according to Example 23 includes a turbine driven by a water flow and an air pump driven by the turbine, the air pump being arranged to supply a gas flow to the gas outlet.

[0358] Example 47. The apparatus according to Example 23 includes a turbine driven by water flow and a generator driven by the turbine.

[0359] Example 48. The apparatus according to Example 23 includes at least one additive dispenser arranged to dispense at least one additive to at least one of water and gas.

[0360] Example 49. The apparatus according to Example 48, wherein the at least one additive dispenser is arranged to dispense at least one additive into the gas.

[0361] Example 50. The apparatus according to Example 23 includes a filling mode controller operable to connect a supply of water to the gas outlet, such that water is drained simultaneously from both the water outlet and the gas outlet.

[0362] Example 51. An apparatus according to Example 23 or Example 50, comprising a drying outlet and a drying controller, the drying controller being operable to connect a supplied gas to the drying outlet.

[0363] Example 52. A shower head including a power connector for supplying electrical energy from an external conductor to the shower head; the power connector comprising: A first connector body and a second connector body, the first connector body and the second connector body having cooperating contacts for transmitting electrical energy. At least one magnet for releasably holding the first connector body and the second connector body together, and At least one seal is configured to block water from entering the contact area when the first connector body and the second connector body are held together by the at least one magnet.

Claims

1. A water outlet device, comprising: The transmitter body includes: Inlet, Gas inlet, and At least one stream emitter; The stream emitter defines an emitter axis and includes: A gas outlet in fluid communication with the gas inlet. An annular water outlet surrounding the gas outlet, and An annular water flow passage is in fluid communication with the inlet and terminates at the outlet, the annular water flow passage being defined between a radial inner wall and a radial outer wall coaxial with the axis of the transmitter; The transmitter axis extends through the center of the gas outlet; The gas inlet is arranged to receive the supplied gas, which flows out from the gas outlet when in use; The inlet is arranged to receive supplied water, which flows out from the outlet when in use, and serves as an annular water sheet surrounding the gas flowing out from the gas outlet, so as to seal the gas flowing out from the gas outlet within a series of bubbles formed by the water flowing out from the outlet. The annular water flow passage has a radial inner wall defined by a first component and a radial outer wall defined by a second component, and the first and second components are assembled together.

2. The water outlet device according to claim 1, wherein, The transmitter body includes a plurality of the stream emitters arranged in a spaced array, each stream emitter having a gas outlet and a water outlet open on the outlet side of the transmitter body; and the transmitter body includes a plurality of separate and independent first components or a plurality of separate and independent second components.

3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, Each of a plurality of separate and independent first or second components is formed as a corresponding insert; the transmitter body includes a single component defining another corresponding first or second component of all stream emitters; and each insert is accommodated in said single component such that: (a) The single component defines a first component for each stream emitter, and a second component for each stream emitter is formed as a separate and independent insert accommodated in the single component; or (b) The single component defines a second component for each stream emitter, and the first component for each stream emitter is formed as a separate and independent insert housed in the single component.

4. A water outlet device, comprising: The transmitter body includes: Inlet, Gas inlet, and At least one stream emitter; The stream emitter defines an emitter axis and includes: A gas outlet in fluid communication with the gas inlet. An annular water outlet surrounding the gas outlet, and An annular water flow passage is in fluid communication with the inlet and terminates at the outlet, the annular water flow passage being defined between a radial inner wall and a radial outer wall coaxial with the axis of the transmitter; The transmitter axis extends through the center of the gas outlet; The gas inlet is arranged to receive the supplied gas, which flows out from the gas outlet when in use; The inlet is arranged to receive supplied water, which flows out from the outlet when in use, and serves as an annular water sheet surrounding the gas flowing out from the gas outlet, so as to seal the gas flowing out from the gas outlet within a series of bubbles formed by the water flowing out from the outlet. in, The transmitter body includes a plurality of stream emitters arranged in a spaced-apart array, each stream emitter having a gas outlet and a water outlet opening on the outlet side of the transmitter body; and The transmitter body includes a front plate, a rear plate, and a partition plate; The partition plate is arranged between the front plate and the rear plate to define the gas collection chamber and the water distribution chamber; The gas collection chamber is arranged between the rear plate and the partition plate and is configured to deliver gas supplied from the gas inlet to each of a plurality of gas flow paths, each gas flow path being arranged to deliver gas to the gas outlet of a corresponding flow emitter among the plurality of flow emitters; The water distribution chamber is arranged between the front plate and the partition plate and is configured as an annular water flow path to deliver the supplied water to each flow emitter.

5. The water outlet device according to claim 4, wherein, The radial inner wall of the annular water flow passage of each corresponding flow emitter is defined by a corresponding first component of a plurality of separate and independent first components; and The radial outer wall of the annular water flow passage of all flow emitters is defined by a single second component, which forms the front plate; and The first component and the second component are assembled together.

6. The water outlet device according to claim 5, wherein, Each first component defines a gas flow path for a corresponding flow emitter among the plurality of flow emitters; and each first component is hermetically connected to the partition plate such that the gas flow path is in fluid communication with the gas collection chamber.

7. The water outlet device according to claim 4, wherein, The radial outer wall of the annular water flow passage of each corresponding flow emitter is defined by a corresponding second component among a plurality of separate and independent second components; and The radial inner wall of the annular water flow path of all flow emitters is defined by a single first component, which forms the front plate; and The first component and the second component are assembled together.

8. The water outlet device according to claim 4, wherein, The transmitter body includes a fan arranged to drive ambient air from the gas inlet to the gas collection chamber.

9. The water outlet device according to claim 8, wherein, The fan is basically arranged in the air collection chamber.

10. The water outlet device according to claim 8, wherein, The air guiding surface is arranged to protrude into the air collection chamber.

11. The water outlet device according to claim 8, wherein, Each gas flow path is in fluid communication with the gas collection chamber through a gas flow path inlet; and the gas flow path inlets of different flow emitters in the flow emitters have different cross-sectional areas.

12. The water outlet device according to claim 4, wherein, The inlet is configured to define a central inflow axis, through which water flows into the water distribution chamber in the inflow direction; and the water distribution chamber includes a water deflection surface, which is a rotating surface about the central inflow axis, facing the inflow direction and widening radially outward from the central inflow axis along the inflow direction.

13. The water outlet device according to claim 12, wherein, The water deflection surface widens radially outward in the direction of water inflow and further widens radially outward along the direction of water inflow to define an elevated ring facing the direction of water inflow.

14. The water outlet device according to claim 1 or 4, comprising a strobe light source arranged to illuminate bubbles generated by the at least one stream emitter at a light source frequency, the light source frequency being selectable based on or capable of being based on the frequency at which the bubbles are emitted, to selectively illuminate the bubbles.

15. The water outlet device according to claim 14, wherein, The frequency of the light source is selected to make the bubble appear stationary or to appear to be moving upward or downward at a speed less than the actual speed of the bubble.

16. The water outlet device according to claim 14, further comprising a flow rate sensor for sensing water flow, wherein, The flow rate sensor is arranged to control the frequency of the light source, and the water outlet device further includes an air pump for supplying a gas flow to the gas outlet, wherein the flow rate sensor is arranged to control the speed of the air pump.

17. The water outlet device according to claim 1 or 4, wherein, The transmitter body includes an air pump for generating the supplied gas, and the device further includes a flexible hose for directing the supplied water to the inlet.

18. The water outlet device according to claim 1 or 4, comprising a turbine driven by water flow and an air pump driven by said turbine, said air pump being arranged to supply a gas flow to said gas outlet.

19. The water outlet device according to claim 1 or 4, comprising a turbine driven by water flow and a generator driven by said turbine.

20. The water outlet device according to claim 1 or 4, further comprising a flow rate sensor for sensing water flow and an air pump for supplying gas flow to the gas outlet, wherein, The flow rate sensor is arranged to control the speed of the air pump.

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