A method and system for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of ultrasonic, in particular to a kind of mixed liquid's ultrasonic sound energy parameter confirmation method and system, including obtaining the rheological hysteresis of the mixed liquid to be handled with temperature change, density, constant-pressure heat capacity, sound speed and interfacial tension parameter, medium parameter dataset is established;Configuration probe formula ultrasonic reaction unit's immersion position, liquid level position and vibration intensity;Under the action of ultrasonic, gather thermal response, cavitation tracer and flow field tracer information, obtain effective energy index, cavitation activation area and acoustic flow intensity distribution;Establish the sound field calculation model corrected by viscous heat loss and cavitation bubble attenuation, and introduce end face vibration and immersion side wall radial vibration;Cavitation starting threshold is determined based on bubble radial motion, the sound pressure distribution is calculated and the calculation cavitation region is determined;The calculation cavitation region is compared with cavitation activation area, effective energy index and acoustic flow intensity distribution are confirmed ultrasonic sound energy parameter in combination.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of ultrasonic technology, and in particular to a method and system for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid. Background Technology

[0002] Ultrasonic reaction units are commonly used to disperse, emulsify, enhance mass transfer, or promote reactions in liquid mixtures. Their effectiveness is closely related to the distribution of acoustic energy after it enters the liquid. For complex liquid mixtures or those with high viscous resistance, density, isobaric heat capacity, sound velocity, interfacial tension, and rheological hindrance change with processing temperature. Acoustic energy propagation in the liquid is also affected by liquid dissipation and bubble activity, resulting in significant differences in the effective area, energy conversion rate, and circulation state within the liquid. Existing parameter setting methods often rely heavily on equipment input power, processing time, or empirical amplitude, making it difficult to accurately reflect the effective effect of acoustic energy after it enters the liquid mixture, and also difficult to determine whether cavitation covers the target area or whether sufficient circulation has formed within the liquid. When the viscous resistance of the liquid mixture increases, the problems of concentrated local temperature rise, weakened cavitation, and insufficient global circulation become more pronounced, easily leading to unstable processing results, difficulties in parameter migration between different batches, and insufficient reliability for amplified applications. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a method that can confirm ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters for specific liquid mixtures. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of the above technical problems, the present invention provides a method and system for confirming the ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid, aiming to solve the problem that when the mixed liquid to be processed is processed in an ultrasonic reaction unit, the acoustic energy input parameters are difficult to confirm accurately due to the changes in medium parameters with temperature, the loss of acoustic energy propagation, and the uneven distribution of cavitation and flow effects.

[0004] Other features and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, or may be learned in part from practice of this disclosure.

[0005] According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid is provided, the method comprising: Obtain the medium characterization information of the mixed liquid to be treated, including rheological hindrance parameters, density parameters, isobaric heat capacity parameters, sound velocity parameters, and interfacial tension parameters that vary with the treatment temperature, and establish a medium parameter dataset based on the medium characterization information; The acoustic energy input parameters of the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit are configured according to the mixed liquid to be treated. The probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit includes a reaction container that contains the mixed liquid to be treated and a rod-shaped acoustic energy input end that extends into the mixed liquid to be treated. The acoustic energy input parameters include the immersion position of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, the liquid surface position, and the vibration intensity. Based on the aforementioned acoustic energy input parameters, the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit is driven to perform ultrasonic action on the liquid mixture to be treated, and thermal response information, cavitation tracer information, and flow field tracer information of the liquid mixture to be treated are collected. The effective energy index of acoustic energy entering the liquid mixture to be treated is obtained based on the thermal response information, the spatial distribution of the cavitation activation region is obtained based on the cavitation tracer information, and the acoustic flow intensity distribution is obtained based on the flow field tracer information. A sound field calculation model is established based on the relative positions of the reaction vessel, the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, and the liquid mixture to be treated. The viscous heat loss of the sound wave in the liquid mixture to be treated is corrected according to the medium parameter dataset. The sound field calculation model is also corrected according to the attenuation effect of cavitation bubbles on the propagation of the sound wave. At the same time, the end face vibration of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the radial vibration of the submerged sidewall are used as acoustic energy input conditions, so that the sound field calculation model can characterize the acoustic energy distribution below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and around the submerged sidewall. The cavitation initiation threshold of the liquid mixture to be treated is determined based on the medium parameter dataset and the radial motion process of the bubbles. The sound pressure distribution inside the liquid mixture to be treated is calculated in the modified sound field calculation model, and the region where the sound pressure reaches the cavitation initiation threshold is determined as the cavitation calculation region. The calculated cavitation region is compared with the cavitation activation region, and the acoustic energy input parameters are confirmed by combining the effective energy index and the acoustic flow intensity distribution to obtain ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters suitable for the mixed liquid to be treated. The ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters include at least the immersion position and vibration intensity of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end.

[0006] Furthermore, the acquisition of the medium characterization information includes: Density, viscous resistance, isobaric heat capacity, sound velocity, and interfacial tension were measured for candidate liquid mixtures of multiple viscosity grades. The compositional relationship between the base liquid phase and the thickening component was kept traceable in each candidate liquid mixture. The medium parameters obtained with temperature change were fitted into a continuous parameter relationship so that the sound field calculation model could call the corresponding parameters when the temperature of the liquid mixture to be treated was caused by ultrasonic action.

[0007] Furthermore, the determination of the effective energy index includes: Multiple temperature acquisition points are set inside the reaction vessel, and these multiple temperature acquisition points avoid the expected strong cavitation region near the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end. During the ultrasonic treatment of the liquid mixture to be treated, the temperature change information of the liquid mixture over time is collected, and the temperature change information over time is used as the thermal response information. Based on the temperature change over time, the mass of the mixed liquid to be processed, and the isobaric heat capacity parameter, the calorific power of the sound energy converted into the thermal effect is determined. The calorimetric power is correlated with the actual input power of the ultrasonic generator to obtain the effective energy index used to characterize the extent to which acoustic energy enters the mixed liquid to be treated.

[0008] Furthermore, the cavitation tracer information includes luminescent tracer images and metal film damage images. The luminescent tracer images are obtained by adding a luminescent tracer that can respond to ultrasound-induced free radicals to the liquid mixture to be treated and acquiring images under a light-shielded environment. The metal film damage images are obtained by arranging a metal film that can be eroded by cavitation impact around the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and inside the liquid mixture to be treated. Based on the luminescence intensity distribution in the luminescent tracer images and the damage locations in the metal film damage images, the main cavitation region located below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the additional cavitation region located around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end are identified.

[0009] Furthermore, the acquisition of the flow field tracing information includes: Light scattering tracer particles capable of moving with the liquid are added to the liquid mixture to be treated. The observation plane within the liquid mixture is illuminated by sheet-like illumination light. Imaging frames of the light scattering tracer particles are continuously acquired. The particle displacement, velocity amplitude, axial normalized velocity, and velocity vector direction are obtained by cross-correlation calculation between adjacent imaging frames. This determines the axial jet intensity below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the swirling flow intensity around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end.

[0010] Furthermore, the sound field calculation model is a frequency domain pressure acoustic finite element model. The frequency domain pressure acoustic finite element model establishes an axisymmetric calculation domain based on the geometric relationship between the reaction vessel and the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, and forms a mesh that meets the sound wave propagation accuracy requirements within the axisymmetric calculation domain. The viscous heat dissipation effect is generated based on the rheological hindrance parameter, the density parameter, and the sound velocity parameter. The bubble swarm dissipation effect is generated based on the equilibrium scale, bubble content, resonance state, and damping state of the cavitation bubbles. The viscous heat dissipation effect and the bubble swarm dissipation effect are jointly incorporated into the wave propagation parameters of the sound field calculation model.

[0011] Furthermore, the boundary condition settings for the sound field calculation model include: The end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end is set as the axial displacement input boundary, and the side wall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end immersed in the mixed liquid to be treated is set as the radial displacement input boundary. The displacement amplitude of the radial displacement input boundary is related to the displacement amplitude of the axial displacement input boundary and is smaller than the displacement amplitude of the axial displacement input boundary. Based on the acoustic impedance difference between the liquid free interface of the mixed liquid to be processed and the wall of the reaction vessel, the acoustic boundary conditions of the liquid free surface and the wall of the reaction vessel are determined respectively, so that the sound field calculation model can simultaneously characterize the end face acoustic energy output of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the immersion side wall acoustic energy output.

[0012] Furthermore, the determination of the cavitation initiation threshold includes, Perform radial vibration calculations on candidate initial bubble sizes and candidate sound pressure intensities to obtain the contraction velocity of the bubble wall during the compression phase and the state variable of the contraction velocity relative to the sound velocity in the mixture to be treated. When the state variable represents the bubble wall collapse reaching the transient cavitation condition, record the corresponding candidate sound pressure intensities, and use the minimum candidate sound pressure intensity that satisfies the transient cavitation condition as the cavitation initiation threshold.

[0013] Furthermore, when confirming the ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters, if both the cavitation activation region and the calculated cavitation region indicate that an additional cavitation region is formed around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, then the immersion position is used as an effective adjustment parameter for expanding the acoustic energy action area; if the acoustic flow intensity distribution indicates that the global circulation of the liquid mixture to be treated is insufficient, then increasing the number of acoustic energy input ends, adjusting the arrangement of acoustic energy input ends, and configuring mechanical stirring components are included in the confirmation results of the ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters.

[0014] According to another aspect of the present invention, an ultrasonic acoustic energy parameter verification system for a mixed liquid is provided, comprising: The medium characterization module is used to acquire medium characterization information of the mixed liquid to be treated. The medium characterization information includes rheological hindrance parameters, density parameters, isobaric heat capacity parameters, sound velocity parameters, and interfacial tension parameters that change with the treatment temperature, and to establish a medium parameter dataset based on the medium characterization information. The input parameter setting module is used to configure the acoustic energy input parameters of the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit according to the mixed liquid to be treated. The probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit includes a reaction container that contains the mixed liquid to be treated and a rod-shaped acoustic energy input end that extends into the mixed liquid to be treated. The acoustic energy input parameters include the immersion position of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, the liquid surface position, and the vibration intensity. The response information acquisition module is used to drive the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit to perform ultrasonic action on the liquid mixture to be treated based on the acoustic energy input parameters, and to collect the thermal response information, cavitation tracer information and flow field tracer information of the liquid mixture to be treated. Based on the thermal response information, it obtains the effective energy index of acoustic energy entering the liquid mixture to be treated. Based on the cavitation tracer information, it obtains the spatial distribution of the cavitation activation region. Based on the flow field tracer information, it obtains the acoustic flow intensity distribution. The sound field model construction module is used to establish a sound field calculation model based on the relative positions of the reaction vessel, the rod-shaped sound energy input end, and the liquid mixture to be treated. It corrects the viscous heat loss of the sound wave in the liquid mixture to be treated according to the medium parameter dataset, and corrects the sound field calculation model according to the attenuation effect of cavitation bubbles on sound wave propagation. At the same time, it uses the end face vibration of the rod-shaped sound energy input end and the radial vibration of the submerged sidewall as sound energy input conditions, so that the sound field calculation model can characterize the sound energy distribution below the end face of the rod-shaped sound energy input end and around the submerged sidewall. The cavitation region calculation module is used to determine the cavitation initiation threshold of the liquid mixture to be treated based on the medium parameter dataset and the radial motion process of the bubbles, calculate the sound pressure distribution inside the liquid mixture to be treated in the modified sound field calculation model, and determine the region where the sound pressure reaches the cavitation initiation threshold as the cavitation region to be calculated. The parameter matching and confirmation module is used to compare the calculated cavitation region with the cavitation activation region, and confirm the acoustic energy input parameters in conjunction with the effective energy index and the acoustic flow intensity distribution to obtain ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters suitable for the mixed liquid to be treated. The ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters include at least the immersion position and vibration intensity of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end.

[0015] The technical solution of the present invention has the following beneficial effects: This invention acquires medium characterization information of the liquid mixture to be treated and combines it with thermal response information, cavitation tracer information, and flow field tracer information to confirm the acoustic energy input state. This allows the determination of ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters to no longer rely solely on the rated power of the equipment or empirical settings, but rather to reflect the actual effect of acoustic energy after it enters the liquid mixture. This invention uses a medium parameter dataset to correct the viscous heat loss in the acoustic field calculation model and further corrects the model based on the attenuation effect of cavitation bubbles on sound wave propagation. Simultaneously, it uses the end-face vibration of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the radial vibration of the submerged sidewall as acoustic energy input conditions, enabling the calculation results to characterize the acoustic energy distribution below the end-face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and around the submerged sidewall. By comparing the calculated cavitation region with the cavitation activation region and combining effective energy indicators and acoustic flow intensity distribution to confirm acoustic energy input parameters such as immersion position and vibration intensity, the invention improves the parameter adaptability and repeatability for different liquid mixtures, reduces the number of blind experiments, and lowers the risk of uneven treatment caused by excessive local effects or insufficient global circulation, thereby improving the stability and controllability of the ultrasonic treatment process for liquid mixtures. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating a method for confirming the ultrasonic energy parameters of a mixed liquid in an embodiment of this specification. Figure 2 This is a structural block diagram of an ultrasonic acoustic energy parameter verification system for a mixed liquid, as described in an embodiment of this specification. Detailed Implementation

[0017] Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, example embodiments can be implemented in many forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided to make this disclosure more comprehensive and complete, and to fully convey the concept of the example embodiments to those skilled in the art. The described features, structures, or characteristics can be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided to give a full understanding of embodiments of this disclosure. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the technical solutions of this disclosure can be practiced with one or more of the specific details omitted, or other methods, components, systems, steps, etc., can be employed. In other instances, well-known technical solutions are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring various aspects of this disclosure.

[0018] Furthermore, the accompanying drawings are merely illustrative of this disclosure. The same reference numerals in the drawings denote the same or similar parts, and therefore repeated descriptions of them will be omitted. Some block diagrams shown in the drawings are functional entities and do not necessarily correspond to physically or logically independent entities. These functional entities may be implemented in software, in one or more hardware modules or integrated circuits, or in different network and / or processor systems and / or microcontroller systems.

[0019] This invention provides a method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of mixed liquids. (Refer to...) Figure 1 The diagram shown is a flowchart illustrating a method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, the method may include the following steps S101-S106: In step S101, the medium characterization information of the mixed liquid to be processed is obtained. The medium characterization information includes rheological hindrance parameters, density parameters, isobaric heat capacity parameters, sound velocity parameters, and interfacial tension parameters that change with processing temperature. A medium parameter dataset is then established based on the medium characterization information.

[0020] The acquisition of the medium characterization information includes: performing density measurement, viscous resistance measurement, isobaric heat capacity measurement, sound velocity measurement, and interfacial tension measurement on candidate mixed liquids of multiple viscosity grades, maintaining the traceability of the compositional relationship between the base liquid phase and the thickening component in each candidate mixed liquid, and fitting the medium parameters obtained with temperature change into a continuous parameter relationship, so that the sound field calculation model can call the corresponding parameters when the mixed liquid to be treated is heated by ultrasonic action.

[0021] Specifically, a dataset of medium parameters was established for the liquid mixture to be treated. When subjected to ultrasound, the liquid mixture heats up, altering its viscous resistance, density, isobaric heat capacity, sound velocity, and interfacial tension, thereby affecting acoustic energy attenuation, cavitation initiation, and flow transport. Therefore, the medium characterization information should not rely solely on single-point parameters at room temperature, but rather on obtaining continuous parameter relationships that change with the treatment temperature. This allows the subsequent acoustic field calculation model to call upon the corresponding parameters according to the actual temperature conditions.

[0022] Medium characterization information can be obtained from candidate liquid mixtures of multiple viscosity grades. Each candidate liquid mixture consists of a base liquid phase and a thickening component, and the types of the base liquid phase, the types of the thickening component, and their compositional relationship are recorded, ensuring a traceable compositional origin across different viscosity grades. Through this setup, the medium parameter dataset can not only reflect the physical properties of a single liquid mixture but also the impact of changes in viscous resistance on acoustic propagation and cavitation behavior, providing a readily available data foundation for subsequent determination of ultrasonic acoustic parameters.

[0023] Density parameters characterize the mass distribution per unit volume of a liquid mixture. They can be obtained using an oscillating tube method, where the density value is determined based on the oscillation response of the measurement channel after the candidate liquid mixture has filled the channel. During measurement, air bubble entrainment should be minimized to avoid altering the equivalent mass and oscillation response within the measurement channel, which could affect the accuracy of the density parameter. After obtaining density values ​​at different treatment temperatures, the density parameter can be fitted as a continuous parameter relationship with temperature.

[0024] Rheological hindrance parameters are used to characterize the degree to which the liquid mixture being treated impedes flow and local deformation, and can be expressed using viscous resistance measurements. Viscosity resistance is measured by determining the time it takes for a standard moving body to move within a measurement channel filled with the candidate liquid mixture, and then converting this time into the corresponding rheological hindrance parameters based on the channel size, the state of the moving body, and temperature conditions. Since the viscous resistance of the liquid mixture is typically sensitive to temperature, measurements should be taken at multiple treatment temperatures and fitted into a continuous parameter relationship to correct for acoustic energy loss when the liquid heats up due to ultrasonic treatment.

[0025] The isobaric heat capacity parameter characterizes the ability of a liquid mixture to absorb heat and produce a temperature change under approximately constant pressure. This parameter can be obtained through thermal analysis, generating thermal response curves of the candidate liquid mixture during controlled heating and cooling processes. The isobaric heat capacity parameter at the corresponding treatment temperature is then determined from these curves. This parameter can subsequently be used to calculate the degree of acoustic energy conversion into thermal effects based on temperature changes over time; therefore, it should be stored in relation to the composition of the candidate liquid mixture and the treatment temperature.

[0026] The sound velocity parameter is used to characterize the propagation speed of sound waves in the mixed liquid to be treated. The sound velocity parameter can be obtained through acoustic interferometry, by introducing the candidate mixed liquid into the acoustic measurement chamber and determining the sound velocity based on the difference in acoustic response relative to the reference liquid. Since the sound velocity parameter affects the sound wave propagation wavelength, sound pressure distribution, and propagation parameters in the sound field calculation model, it should be measured at multiple processing temperatures, and a continuous correlation between the sound velocity parameter and temperature should be established.

[0027] Interfacial tension parameters characterize the ability of a liquid mixture to resist interfacial expansion at the liquid interface. Interfacial tension affects bubble formation, bubble radius variation, and cavitation initiation; therefore, it is included as part of the medium characterization information in the medium parameter dataset. Interfacial tension parameters can be obtained by measuring the plate-liquid interface, i.e., determining the interfacial tension based on the force state during the interaction between the plate and the liquid interface, and storing the corresponding relationships between interfacial tension parameters at different treatment temperatures and the composition of the candidate liquid mixture.

[0028] After completing the above measurements, the rheological retardation parameters, density parameters, isobaric heat capacity parameters, sound velocity parameters, and interfacial tension parameters of each candidate liquid mixture obtained at different treatment temperatures were compiled to form a media parameter dataset. The media parameter dataset may include candidate liquid mixture identifiers, basic liquid phase information, thickening component information, compositional relationships, treatment temperatures, and various media parameters corresponding to those temperatures. For media parameters that vary with temperature, a continuous fitting relationship can be used to express them, allowing the media parameter dataset to call upon the corresponding parameters based on the current temperature during subsequent calculations, rather than relying solely on discrete measurement points.

[0029] This step allows for a quantitative characterization of the physical properties of the liquid mixture to be treated before the acoustic field calculation model is established. The medium parameter dataset serves both to characterize the acoustic energy propagation basis of the liquid mixture as temperature changes and to subsequent corrections for viscosity and heat loss, determination of cavitation initiation threshold, and calculation of effective energy indices, thereby reducing deviations caused by setting acoustic energy input parameters solely based on experience.

[0030] In step S102, the acoustic energy input parameters of the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit are configured according to the mixed liquid to be treated. The probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit includes a reaction container that contains the mixed liquid to be treated and a rod-shaped acoustic energy input end that extends into the mixed liquid to be treated. The acoustic energy input parameters include the immersion position of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, the liquid surface position, and the vibration intensity.

[0031] In fact, the acoustic energy input parameters of the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit are configured according to the medium state of the liquid mixture to be treated and the treatment target. The probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit includes a reaction container and a rod-shaped acoustic energy input end. The reaction container is used to define the containment space of the liquid mixture to be treated. The rod-shaped acoustic energy input end extends into the liquid mixture from the liquid surface side and transmits acoustic energy to the liquid through its end face and submerged sidewall. The acoustic energy input parameters include at least the immersion position of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, the liquid surface position, and the vibration intensity. The immersion position is used to determine the relative distance between the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the bottom of the reaction container and the liquid free interface, and also to determine the contact length between the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the liquid mixture to be treated. The liquid surface position is used to determine the liquid volume and the free interface boundary. The vibration intensity is used to determine the strength of the acoustic energy input from the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end to the liquid.

[0032] The immersion position should be configured so that the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic input end is inside the liquid mixture to be treated, while maintaining a gap from the bottom of the reaction vessel, thus creating a liquid region below the end face that can be used for acoustic energy action. Changing the immersion position alters the length of the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic input end, thereby affecting the relative distribution of the acoustic energy output region below the end face and around the submerged sidewall. For liquid mixtures with high viscous resistance, the immersion position should not be understood solely as the end face depth parameter, but also as an adjustment parameter to change the effective area of ​​the submerged sidewall and expand the range of acoustic energy action.

[0033] The liquid level position defines the filling height of the mixed liquid to be treated in the reaction vessel, and together with the immersion position of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, determines the spatial relationship between the reaction vessel, the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, and the mixed liquid to be treated. If the liquid level position is too low, the area of ​​the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end submerged in the sidewall participating in acoustic energy input is small, limiting the circulation space that can be formed inside the liquid. If the liquid level position is too high, the liquid volume increases, and the acoustic energy effect obtained per unit volume may decrease. Therefore, when configuring the acoustic energy input parameters, the liquid level position and the immersion position should be matched to ensure that subsequent thermal response information, cavitation tracer information, and flow field tracer information can reflect a stable treatment state.

[0034] Vibration intensity is used to characterize the mechanical vibration amplitude state of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end during operation. When the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit is working, the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end can output the main acoustic energy to the liquid below the end face, and the submerged sidewall can also output acoustic energy to the surrounding liquid due to radial vibration. When the vibration intensity increases, the acoustic energy effect entering the mixed liquid to be treated is enhanced, and the cavitation initiation possibility and acoustic flow driving capability are correspondingly improved, but it may also lead to localized concentrated temperature rise or excessively strong localized cavitation. When the vibration intensity is too low, the sound pressure distribution may not meet the cavitation initiation requirements, and the internal circulation flow of the liquid may also be insufficient. Therefore, vibration intensity is set as a basic input parameter to be confirmed in this step, and will be further confirmed in subsequent steps in conjunction with effective energy indicators, cavitation activation regions, and acoustic flow intensity distribution.

[0035] When configuring the acoustic energy input parameters, the initial parameter combination can be selected based on the medium parameter dataset of the liquid mixture to be treated. For liquid mixtures with high rheological resistance parameters, the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end can be made to have a larger effective immersion length to increase the acoustic energy range around the immersion sidewalls and provide a spatial basis for the formation of swirling flow inside the liquid. For liquid mixtures with high interfacial tension or significant changes in sound velocity parameters, the initial setting of vibration intensity can be appropriately increased so that the subsequent sound field calculation model can obtain a sound pressure distribution sufficient for cavitation initiation judgment. The above configuration is only used to form the initial working conditions for subsequent ultrasonic action, response acquisition, and model calculation, and is not directly used as the final ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters.

[0036] In step S102, a clear relative positional relationship is established between the reaction vessel, the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, and the mixed liquid to be treated. The acoustic energy input parameters form initial input conditions that can be evaluated jointly by the measured response and the acoustic field calculation. This step enables the subsequently acquired thermal response information, cavitation tracer information, and flow field tracer information to correspond to the specific immersion position, liquid surface position, and vibration intensity. It also enables the subsequent acoustic field calculation model to establish a computational domain and set acoustic energy input conditions according to the same spatial relationship.

[0037] In step S103, the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit is driven to perform ultrasonic action on the liquid mixture to be treated based on the acoustic energy input parameters. The thermal response information, cavitation tracer information and flow field tracer information of the liquid mixture to be treated are collected. The effective energy index of acoustic energy entering the liquid mixture to be treated is obtained based on the thermal response information. The spatial distribution of the cavitation activation region is obtained based on the cavitation tracer information. The acoustic flow intensity distribution is obtained based on the flow field tracer information.

[0038] The determination of the effective energy index includes: setting multiple temperature acquisition points within the reaction vessel, the multiple temperature acquisition points avoiding the expected strong cavitation region near the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end; during the ultrasonic treatment of the liquid mixture to be treated, acquiring information on the temperature change of the liquid mixture over time, and using the information on the temperature change over time as the thermal response information; determining the calorific power of acoustic energy conversion into thermal effect based on the information on the temperature change over time, the mass of the liquid mixture to be treated, and the isobaric heat capacity parameter; and correlating the calorific power with the actual input power of the ultrasonic generator to obtain the effective energy index used to characterize the degree to which acoustic energy enters the liquid mixture to be treated.

[0039] The cavitation tracer information includes luminescent tracer images and metal film damage images. The luminescent tracer images are obtained by adding a luminescent tracer that responds to ultrasound-induced free radicals to the liquid mixture to be treated and acquiring images under a light-shielded environment. The metal film damage images are obtained by arranging a metal film that can be eroded by cavitation impact around the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and inside the liquid mixture to be treated. Based on the luminescence intensity distribution in the luminescent tracer images and the damage locations in the metal film damage images, the main cavitation region located below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the additional cavitation region located around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end are identified.

[0040] The acquisition of the flow field tracer information includes: adding light scattering tracer particles that can move with the liquid to be treated into the mixed liquid; illuminating the observation plane in the mixed liquid with sheet-like illumination light; continuously acquiring imaging frames of the light scattering tracer particles; and using the cross-correlation between adjacent imaging frames to calculate the particle displacement, velocity amplitude, axial normalized velocity, and velocity vector direction, thereby determining the axial jet intensity below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the swirling flow intensity around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end.

[0041] As an explanation, under the configured acoustic energy input parameters, the probe-type ultrasonic response unit is activated, causing the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end to perform ultrasonic action on the liquid mixture to be treated according to the set vibration intensity. During this action, thermal response information, cavitation tracer information, and flow field tracer information are collected simultaneously or in stages. Thermal response information characterizes the degree to which acoustic energy is converted into thermal effects after entering the liquid mixture; cavitation tracer information characterizes the location and range of actual cavitation within the liquid mixture; and flow field tracer information characterizes the intensity distribution of acoustic flow formed by acoustic energy driving liquid movement. These three types of information correspond to the degree of energy entry, the cavitation area, and the liquid circulation state, respectively, providing a measured basis for subsequent correction of the acoustic field calculation model and confirmation of ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters.

[0042] Effective energy indicators can be determined using temperature-time variation information. Multiple temperature acquisition points are set up within the reaction vessel, each avoiding the expected strong cavitation region near the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end to reduce cavitation bubble collapse, localized strong disturbances, and the impact of the temperature acquisition device on sound wave propagation. The temperature acquisition points can be located close to the reaction vessel wall and distributed along the liquid height direction, allowing the acquisition results to reflect the overall temperature rise trend of the mixture under treatment during ultrasonic treatment. During ultrasonic treatment, the temperature changes at each acquisition point are continuously recorded, and the temperature-time variation information is processed to obtain the heating rate used to calculate the calorimetric power.

[0043] Calorimetric power is used to represent the power of sound energy converted into heat after entering the liquid mixture being treated. Its calculation formula is: ; in, Indicates calorific value, Indicates the mass of the mixed liquid to be processed. This represents the isobaric heat capacity parameter of the mixed liquid to be treated at the corresponding treatment temperature. This indicates the heating rate corresponding to the temperature change over time. The isobaric heat capacity parameter is retrieved from the medium parameter dataset to ensure that the calorimetric power matches the temperature state during the ultrasonic process.

[0044] The effective energy index can be obtained by relating the calorimetric power to the actual input power of the ultrasonic generator, and its calculation formula is as follows: ; in, Indicates an effective energy index, This indicates the actual input power of the ultrasonic generator. A higher effective energy index means that, under the current acoustic energy input parameters, a higher proportion of acoustic energy enters the liquid mixture to be treated and manifests as a measurable thermal effect. For liquid mixtures with high viscous resistance, if there is a large temperature difference between different temperature sampling locations, this difference can be used as auxiliary information to judge whether there is local heat accumulation or insufficient global circulation.

[0045] Cavitation tracer information includes luminescent tracer images and metal film damage images. Luminescent tracer images are obtained by adding a luminescent tracer that responds to ultrasound-induced free radicals to the liquid mixture to be treated. The luminescent tracer produces a collectable luminescent response in the region where ultrasound-induced free radicals are present. After acquiring images under a light-shielded environment, the active locations and relative strengths of cavitation can be determined based on the luminescence intensity distribution. Regions with high luminescence intensity can serve as the primary criterion for identifying cavitation activation areas, while regions with decreased or absent luminescence intensity indicate weakened or insufficient cavitation at the corresponding locations.

[0046] Metal film damage images are obtained by arranging a metal film susceptible to cavitation impact erosion around a rod-shaped acoustic input end and inside the liquid mixture to be treated. When cavitation bubbles collapse near the metal film, they impact and erode the film, creating visible damage locations. The relative relationship between the damage locations and the rod-shaped acoustic input end verifies the cavitation activation region identified by the luminescent tracer image. If both the luminescent tracer image and the metal film damage image indicate cavitation below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic input end, this region is identified as the primary cavitation region. If both also indicate cavitation around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic input end, this region is identified as the secondary cavitation region. The primary and secondary cavitation regions together form the spatial distribution of the cavitation activation region.

[0047] Flow field tracing information is obtained through motion images of light-scattering tracer particles. Light-scattering tracer particles capable of moving with the liquid mixture are added to the mixture, causing them to shift with the acoustic flow. A sheet-like illumination beam illuminates the observation plane within the mixture, and image frames of the light-scattering tracer particles are continuously acquired. Through cross-correlation calculations between adjacent image frames, particle displacement, velocity amplitude, axially normalized velocity, and velocity vector direction can be obtained. Particle displacement reflects the motion changes of liquid micro-elements in adjacent time intervals; velocity amplitude reflects the intensity of the acoustic flow; axially normalized velocity characterizes the component of the motion direction relative to the axial direction of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end; and velocity vector direction determines whether the liquid forms a stable jet or swirling flow.

[0048] Based on the flow field tracing information, the axial jet intensity below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the swirling flow intensity around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end can be determined. The axial jet intensity reflects the propulsive ability of the acoustic energy output at the end face on the liquid below the end face, while the swirling flow intensity reflects the driving ability of the acoustic energy output around the submerged sidewall on the liquid circulation. For the mixed liquid to be treated with high viscous resistance, if the velocity amplitude decreases, the axial jet range shrinks, or the swirling flow is discontinuous, it indicates that the global circulation may be insufficient under the current acoustic energy input parameters. Further judgment needs to be made in conjunction with the effective energy index and the cavitation activation region during subsequent parameter confirmation.

[0049] In step S103, under the same acoustic energy input parameter and corresponding processing state, thermal response information, cavitation tracer information, and flow field tracer information are obtained. The thermal response information, after being correlated with calorimetric power and actual input power, forms an effective energy index; the cavitation tracer information forms the spatial distribution of the cavitation activation region; and the flow field tracer information forms the acoustic flow intensity distribution. Therefore, the degree of acoustic energy entry, cavitation spatial distribution, and liquid motion state can be unified into the same parameter confirmation process, avoiding the judgment of ultrasonic treatment effect based solely on equipment input power or a single cavitation phenomenon.

[0050] In step S104, a sound field calculation model is established based on the relative positions of the reaction vessel, the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, and the mixed liquid to be treated. The viscous heat loss of the sound wave in the mixed liquid to be treated is corrected according to the medium parameter dataset. The sound field calculation model is also corrected according to the attenuation effect of cavitation bubbles on the propagation of the sound wave. At the same time, the end face vibration of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the radial vibration of the submerged sidewall are used as acoustic energy input conditions, so that the sound field calculation model can characterize the acoustic energy distribution below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and around the submerged sidewall.

[0051] The sound field calculation model is a frequency domain pressure acoustic finite element model. The frequency domain pressure acoustic finite element model establishes an axisymmetric calculation domain based on the geometric relationship between the reaction vessel and the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, and forms a mesh that meets the requirements of sound wave propagation accuracy within the axisymmetric calculation domain. The viscous heat dissipation effect is generated based on the rheological hindrance parameter, the density parameter, and the sound velocity parameter. The bubble swarm dissipation effect is generated based on the equilibrium scale, bubble content, resonance state, and damping state of cavitation bubbles. The viscous heat dissipation effect and the bubble swarm dissipation effect are jointly incorporated into the wave propagation parameters of the sound field calculation model.

[0052] The boundary condition settings of the sound field calculation model include: setting the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end as the axial displacement input boundary, setting the side wall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end immersed in the mixed liquid to be treated as the radial displacement input boundary, wherein the displacement amplitude of the radial displacement input boundary is related to and less than the displacement amplitude of the axial displacement input boundary; and determining the acoustic boundary conditions of the free surface of the liquid and the wall of the reaction vessel according to the acoustic impedance difference between the free surface of the mixed liquid to be treated and the wall of the reaction vessel, so that the sound field calculation model can simultaneously characterize the end face acoustic energy output and the immersed side wall acoustic energy output of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end.

[0053] As an explanation, a sound field calculation model is established based on the relative positions of the reaction vessel, the rod-shaped acoustic input end, and the liquid mixture to be treated. This relative position includes the internal shape of the reaction vessel, the position of the liquid free surface, the outer diameter and end face position of the rod-shaped acoustic input end, the length of the submerged sidewall, and the distance between the rod-shaped acoustic input end and the reaction vessel wall. Since probe-type ultrasonic reaction units typically have an approximately axisymmetric acoustic input structure, the sound field calculation model can be established as an axisymmetric computational domain, allowing the computational domain to cover the area below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic input end, the area around the submerged sidewall, the liquid free surface, and the area near the reaction vessel wall.

[0054] The sound field calculation model employs a frequency-domain pressure acoustic finite element model to calculate the sound pressure distribution within the mixed liquid to be treated. Under linear sound wave propagation conditions, the sound pressure distribution can be expressed by the Helmholtz equation: ; in, Indicates total sound pressure level. This represents the modified complex wavenumber. The complex wavenumber is used to incorporate the attenuation effects during sound wave propagation into the sound field calculation model, so that the model can not only characterize the sound pressure propagation in an ideal liquid, but also the sound energy attenuation caused by viscous heat loss and the presence of cavitation bubbles in the mixed liquid to be treated.

[0055] Viscous heat loss is generated based on the rheological resistance parameters, density parameters, and sound velocity parameters in the medium parameter dataset. The greater the viscous resistance of the liquid mixture to be treated, the more significant the energy dissipation during sound wave propagation due to internal friction and heat exchange within the liquid. To incorporate this effect into the sound field calculation model, the sound velocity parameter can be modified to a complex sound velocity, expressed as: ; in, Let represent the complex speed of sound, and c represent the speed of sound parameter. Represents angular frequency. Represents the imaginary unit. Represents the density parameter. This represents the viscous thermal damping parameter. The viscous thermal damping parameter can be expressed as: ; in, Represents the rheological hindrance parameter. This represents the volumetric viscosity parameter. When the volumetric viscosity parameter is difficult to measure directly, an approximation of the same order of magnitude as the rheological retardation parameter can be used to form an executable correction for viscous heat loss in engineering calculations.

[0056] The attenuation effect of cavitation bubbles on sound wave propagation can be incorporated into the sound field calculation model through the dissipation effect of the bubble swarm. The dissipation effect of the bubble swarm is related to the equilibrium scale, bubble content, resonance state, and damping state of the cavitation bubbles. For the case where a single equivalent equilibrium scale is used to describe the bubble swarm, the complex wavenumber can be expressed as: ; in, This indicates the number of air bubbles per unit volume. The equilibrium scale representing cavitation bubbles. Let represent the bubble resonant angular frequency, and b represent the bubble damping factor. The number of bubbles can be related to the bubble volume fraction, as expressed by: ; in, This represents the bubble content. This relationship allows the bubble content to be converted into the number of bubbles in the sound wave propagation parameters, enabling the sound wave attenuation caused by cavitation bubbles to be included in the sound field calculation model.

[0057] The effects of viscous heat loss and bubble swarm dissipation can be combined and incorporated into the wave propagation parameters of the sound field calculation model. After combining the complex sound velocity correction and the bubble swarm dissipation term, the wave propagation parameters can be expressed as: ; in, This represents the complex wavenumber, which simultaneously considers the effects of viscous heat loss and bubble swarm dissipation. Using this complex wavenumber, the acoustic field calculation model can reflect the differences in acoustic energy propagation of the mixed liquid under different viscous resistances, different sound velocities, and different cavitation bubble states.

[0058] A mesh is formed within the axisymmetric computational domain to meet the accuracy requirements for sound wave propagation. The mesh size should match the sound wave wavelength to ensure a sufficient number of mesh cells within each wavelength range, avoiding computational deviations in sound pressure distribution due to an overly coarse mesh. Mesh accuracy can be achieved through: ; A constraint is applied, where k represents the wave number and h represents the average size of the mesh elements. This relationship is used to ensure that the sound wave propagation process has sufficient spatial resolution in finite element calculations.

[0059] Boundary conditions are set to define the acoustic energy input method and the reflection or release state of sound waves at different interfaces. The end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end is set as the axial displacement input boundary to characterize the output of acoustic energy from the end face to the liquid below the end face. The sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end immersed in the mixed liquid to be treated is set as the radial displacement input boundary to characterize the output of acoustic energy from the immersed sidewall to the surrounding liquid. The displacement amplitude of the radial displacement input boundary is related to the displacement amplitude of the axial displacement input boundary and is smaller than the displacement amplitude of the axial displacement input boundary, so that the model can reflect an input state in which the acoustic energy output from the end face is the main component and the acoustic energy output from the immersed sidewall is the secondary component.

[0060] The displacement input boundary can be converted into normal acceleration through vibration amplitude, as expressed by: ; in, Indicates normal acceleration. Indicates the vibration frequency. This represents the displacement amplitude of the corresponding boundary. The end face is converted using axial displacement amplitude, and the submerged sidewall is converted using radial displacement amplitude, so that the sound field calculation model can simultaneously obtain the sound pressure distribution corresponding to the sound energy output of the end face and the sound energy output of the submerged sidewall.

[0061] The acoustic boundary conditions for the liquid free surface and the reaction vessel wall are determined based on the difference in acoustic impedance. The liquid free surface is adjacent to the gas phase, exhibiting a significant difference in acoustic impedance; therefore, it can be set as a pressure release boundary, causing the sound pressure to be released near this interface. The reaction vessel wall, in contact with the mixed liquid to be treated, can be selected as a reflection boundary or an equivalent release boundary based on the wall material and thickness, used to characterize the reflection or release of sound waves at the vessel wall. By setting separate acoustic boundary conditions for the liquid free surface and the reaction vessel wall, we can avoid simply treating all interfaces as having the same reflection condition, thereby improving the consistency between the calculated sound pressure distribution and the actual treatment state.

[0062] Through step S104, the sound field calculation model can calculate not only the sound energy distribution below the end face of the rod-shaped sound energy input end, but also the sound energy distribution around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped sound energy input end. Viscous heat loss correction is used to reflect the influence of the medium properties of the mixed liquid itself on sound wave propagation, and bubble group dissipation correction is used to reflect the attenuation effect of cavitation bubbles on sound energy propagation. End face vibration and radial vibration of the submerged sidewall are used together as sound energy input conditions, enabling subsequent calculations of the cavitation region to be compared with the actual cavitation activation region.

[0063] In step S105, the cavitation initiation threshold of the liquid mixture to be treated is determined based on the medium parameter dataset and the radial movement process of the bubbles. The sound pressure distribution inside the liquid mixture to be treated is calculated in the modified sound field calculation model, and the region where the sound pressure reaches the cavitation initiation threshold is determined as the cavitation calculation region.

[0064] The determination of the cavitation initiation threshold includes performing radial vibration calculations on candidate initial bubble sizes and candidate sound pressure intensities to obtain the contraction velocity of the bubble wall during the compression phase and the state quantity of the contraction velocity relative to the sound velocity in the mixed liquid to be treated. When the state quantity indicates that the bubble wall collapse reaches the transient cavitation condition, the corresponding candidate sound pressure intensities are recorded, and the minimum candidate sound pressure intensity that satisfies the transient cavitation condition is taken as the cavitation initiation threshold.

[0065] The cavitation initiation threshold of the liquid mixture to be treated is determined based on the medium parameter dataset and the radial motion process of the bubbles. The cavitation initiation threshold represents the minimum sound pressure level required to induce a bubble to enter a transient collapse state under the current medium conditions. Since the rheological hindrance parameters, density parameters, sound velocity parameters, and interfacial tension parameters of the liquid mixture to be treated affect the bubble expansion, compression, and collapse processes, the cavitation initiation threshold is not a fixed empirical value, but is solved in conjunction with the medium parameter dataset.

[0066] In solving the radial motion of the bubble, candidate initial bubble size and candidate sound pressure intensity are selected. The candidate initial bubble size is used as the equilibrium size of the bubble before being subjected to strong sound pressure, and the candidate sound pressure intensity is used as the sound pressure input driving the bubble to generate radial vibration. For each set of candidate initial bubble size and candidate sound pressure intensity, the expansion and compression changes of the bubble radius over time are calculated, and the contraction velocity of the bubble wall during the compression phase is obtained. This process can be expressed by the bubble radial dynamics equation as follows: ; in, R represents the density parameter, and R represents the instantaneous radius of the bubble. Indicates the radial velocity of the bubble wall. The value represents the radial acceleration of the bubble wall, and c represents the speed of sound. Indicates the internal pressure of the bubble. This represents the interfacial tension parameter. Represents the rheological hindrance parameter. This represents the candidate sound pressure level. This formula incorporates liquid inertia, sound velocity correction, interfacial tension, viscous drag, and external sound pressure into the radial motion process of the bubble, and is used to determine whether the bubble has the conditions to undergo transient collapse.

[0067] The internal pressure of a bubble can be determined based on the changes in the gas state during the bubble's expansion and compression processes, and the relationship can be expressed as: ; in, This represents the internal pressure of the bubble in its initial state. Indicates the candidate initial bubble size. This represents the gas specific heat relation parameter. This relation is used to update the internal pressure of the bubble as the bubble radius changes, so that the solution process for the radial motion of the bubble can reflect the influence of the compression and expansion of the gas inside the bubble on the collapse behavior.

[0068] After obtaining the contraction velocity during the bubble wall compression phase, the state variable of this contraction velocity relative to the velocity of sound in the mixture to be treated is calculated. This state variable can be expressed as: ; Where M represents the bubble wall contraction state quantity. denoted by , where represents the amplitude of the bubble wall contraction velocity during the compression phase, and 'c' represents the sound velocity parameter in the mixture to be treated. When the state variables indicate that the bubble wall contraction velocity reaches the transient cavitation criterion, it is considered that the candidate initial bubble size and candidate sound pressure intensity can induce the bubble to enter a transient collapse state. The corresponding candidate sound pressure intensities are recorded, and the minimum value satisfying the transient cavitation condition is selected from all candidate sound pressure intensities as the cavitation initiation threshold.

[0069] After determining the cavitation initiation threshold, this threshold is input into the acoustic field calculation model, which has been corrected for viscosity-heat loss and cavitation bubble attenuation. The acoustic pressure distribution at various locations within the liquid mixture to be treated is then calculated within the model. This acoustic pressure distribution represents the acoustic pressure intensity achievable at different spatial locations within the liquid mixture under the current acoustic energy input parameters, medium parameters, and boundary conditions. Spatial locations where the acoustic pressure reaches the cavitation initiation threshold are connected and merged to form the calculated cavitation region. This calculated cavitation region represents the spatial range expected to experience cavitation under the current model conditions.

[0070] Step S105 links the medium parameters of the mixed liquid to be treated, the radial motion process of bubbles, and the sound field calculation results. This allows the calculated cavitation region to be determined not only by the sound pressure level but also by whether the sound pressure distribution reaches the cavitation initiation threshold under the corresponding medium condition. This processing method improves the consistency of cavitation region judgment under different viscous resistance, sound velocity, and interfacial tension conditions, and provides a basis for subsequent comparison between the calculated cavitation region and the cavitation activation region.

[0071] In step S106, the calculated cavitation region is compared with the cavitation activation region, and the acoustic energy input parameters are confirmed by combining the effective energy index and the acoustic flow intensity distribution to obtain ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters suitable for the mixed liquid to be treated. The ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters include at least the immersion position and vibration intensity of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end.

[0072] When confirming the ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters, if both the cavitation activation region and the calculated cavitation region indicate that an additional cavitation region is formed around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, then the immersion position is used as an effective adjustment parameter for expanding the acoustic energy action area; if the acoustic flow intensity distribution indicates that the global circulation of the liquid mixture to be treated is insufficient, then increasing the number of acoustic energy input ends, adjusting the arrangement of acoustic energy input ends, and configuring mechanical stirring components are included in the confirmation results of the ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters.

[0073] In this process, the calculated cavitation region and the cavitation activation region are compared. The calculated cavitation region, derived from the acoustic field calculation model and the cavitation initiation threshold, represents the area within the liquid mixture to be treated that theoretically can undergo cavitation under the current acoustic energy input parameters and medium parameters. The cavitation activation region, derived from luminescent tracer images and metal thin film damage images, represents the area where cavitation has already occurred during actual ultrasonic treatment. The comparison of these two regions includes their location, coverage, intensity distribution, and positional relationship relative to the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end. This helps determine the reliability of the acoustic field calculation model's representation of the actual cavitation state and whether the current acoustic energy input parameters are suitable for the liquid mixture to be treated.

[0074] In the comparison, if the calculated cavitation region is located below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, and the cavitation activation region also shows a significant response below the end face, it indicates that the acoustic energy output from the end face can form the main cavitation region in the liquid mixture to be treated. If the calculated cavitation region extends to the vicinity of the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, and the cavitation activation region also shows a luminescent response or metal film damage around the submerged sidewall, it indicates that the radial vibration of the submerged sidewall has a real contribution to the acoustic energy distribution. In this case, the immersion position is not only used to adjust the relative distance between the end face and the liquid space, but also to adjust the acoustic energy output range around the sidewall by changing the contact length between the submerged sidewall and the liquid mixture to be treated, thus serving as an effective adjustment parameter for expanding the acoustic energy action area.

[0075] When confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters, the effective energy index should also be used to determine the extent to which acoustic energy enters the liquid mixture being treated. If the effective energy index is low, even if the calculated cavitation region and cavitation activation region are located close to each other, it indicates that the proportion of acoustic energy entering the liquid mixture being treated is insufficient at the current vibration intensity or immersion position, which may make it difficult to achieve a stable treatment effect. If the effective energy index is high, but the cavitation activation region is excessively concentrated near the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, it indicates that the acoustic energy may be mainly consumed in a local area, with the risk of excessively strong local effects and insufficient effects in areas far from the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end. By combining the results of comparing the effective energy index with the cavitation region, it is possible to avoid confirming the acoustic energy input parameters solely based on whether cavitation occurs.

[0076] Acoustic flow intensity distribution is used to determine whether a circulating flow sufficient for treatment has been formed within the liquid mixture. If the axial jet intensity can cover the target area below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, and continuous swirling flow exists around the submerged sidewalls, it indicates that the current immersion position and vibration intensity can simultaneously achieve cavitation and liquid circulation. If the acoustic flow intensity distribution shows low velocity amplitude, insufficient axial jet range, dispersed velocity vector direction, or discontinuous swirling flow, it indicates insufficient global circulation of the liquid mixture. For liquid mixtures with high viscous resistance, even if local cavitation has formed, insufficient mixing may occur in areas far from the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end due to acoustic flow attenuation. Therefore, acoustic flow intensity distribution needs to be used as an important basis for confirming ultrasonic acoustic parameters.

[0077] When both the cavitation activation region and the calculated cavitation region indicate the formation of an additional cavitation region around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic input end, the immersion position can be identified as a crucial parameter affecting the acoustic energy interaction area. By changing the immersion position of the rod-shaped acoustic input end, the effective interaction length of the submerged sidewall can be altered, expanding the concentrated output of acoustic energy from below the end face to a combined effect below the end face and around the submerged sidewall. This confirmation is applicable to mixed liquids requiring expanded cavitation range and improved localized interaction concentration.

[0078] When the acoustic flow intensity distribution indicates insufficient global circulation of the liquid mixture to be treated, the confirmation results of the ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters can further include increasing the number of acoustic energy input terminals, adjusting the arrangement of acoustic energy input terminals, and configuring mechanical stirring components. Increasing the number of acoustic energy input terminals introduces acoustic energy application points at multiple spatial locations; adjusting the arrangement of acoustic energy input terminals improves acoustic energy coverage and flow connectivity; and configuring mechanical stirring components compensates for the inadequacy of a single rod-shaped acoustic energy input terminal in forming global circulation. The above content belongs to the process configuration judgment in the confirmation results of ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters, and does not mean that it must be adopted in every liquid mixture to be treated, but rather as a direction for subsequent configuration when the acoustic flow intensity distribution cannot meet the requirements for global circulation.

[0079] Step S106 allows the acoustic field calculation results, actual cavitation response, acoustic energy entry degree, and liquid motion state to be used together for acoustic energy input parameter confirmation. After corresponding comparison and comprehensive judgment, ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters suitable for the mixed liquid to be treated are obtained. These ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters include at least the immersion position and vibration intensity of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end. This confirmation method ensures that the immersion position and vibration intensity are no longer solely dependent on empirical settings, but are jointly constrained by the calculated cavitation region, cavitation activation region, effective energy index, and acoustic flow intensity distribution, thereby improving the stability, repeatability, and parameter migration reliability of the ultrasonic treatment process for the mixed liquid to be treated.

[0080] Based on the same line of thought, such as Figure 2 As shown, an ultrasonic energy parameter verification system for a mixed liquid is provided, comprising: The medium characterization module is used to acquire medium characterization information of the mixed liquid to be treated. The medium characterization information includes rheological hindrance parameters, density parameters, isobaric heat capacity parameters, sound velocity parameters, and interfacial tension parameters that change with the treatment temperature, and to establish a medium parameter dataset based on the medium characterization information. The input parameter setting module is used to configure the acoustic energy input parameters of the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit according to the mixed liquid to be treated. The probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit includes a reaction container that contains the mixed liquid to be treated and a rod-shaped acoustic energy input end that extends into the mixed liquid to be treated. The acoustic energy input parameters include the immersion position of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, the liquid surface position, and the vibration intensity. The response information acquisition module is used to drive the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit to perform ultrasonic action on the liquid mixture to be treated based on the acoustic energy input parameters, and to collect the thermal response information, cavitation tracer information and flow field tracer information of the liquid mixture to be treated. Based on the thermal response information, it obtains the effective energy index of acoustic energy entering the liquid mixture to be treated. Based on the cavitation tracer information, it obtains the spatial distribution of the cavitation activation region. Based on the flow field tracer information, it obtains the acoustic flow intensity distribution. The sound field model construction module is used to establish a sound field calculation model based on the relative positions of the reaction vessel, the rod-shaped sound energy input end, and the liquid mixture to be treated. It corrects the viscous heat loss of the sound wave in the liquid mixture to be treated according to the medium parameter dataset, and corrects the sound field calculation model according to the attenuation effect of cavitation bubbles on sound wave propagation. At the same time, it uses the end face vibration of the rod-shaped sound energy input end and the radial vibration of the submerged sidewall as sound energy input conditions, so that the sound field calculation model can characterize the sound energy distribution below the end face of the rod-shaped sound energy input end and around the submerged sidewall. The cavitation region calculation module is used to determine the cavitation initiation threshold of the liquid mixture to be treated based on the medium parameter dataset and the radial motion process of the bubbles, calculate the sound pressure distribution inside the liquid mixture to be treated in the modified sound field calculation model, and determine the region where the sound pressure reaches the cavitation initiation threshold as the cavitation region to be calculated. The parameter matching and confirmation module is used to compare the calculated cavitation region with the cavitation activation region, and confirm the acoustic energy input parameters in conjunction with the effective energy index and the acoustic flow intensity distribution to obtain ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters suitable for the mixed liquid to be treated. The ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters include at least the immersion position and vibration intensity of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end.

[0081] This system acquires medium characterization information of the liquid mixture to be treated and combines it with thermal response, cavitation tracer, and flow field tracer information to confirm the acoustic energy input state. This allows the determination of ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters to no longer rely solely on the rated power of the equipment or empirical settings, but rather to reflect the actual effect of acoustic energy after entering the liquid mixture. The system uses a medium parameter dataset to correct the viscous heat loss in the acoustic field calculation model and further corrects the model based on the attenuation effect of cavitation bubbles on sound wave propagation. Simultaneously, it uses the end-face vibration of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the radial vibration of the submerged sidewall as acoustic energy input conditions, enabling the calculation results to characterize the acoustic energy distribution below the end-face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and around the submerged sidewall. By comparing the calculated cavitation region with the cavitation activation region and combining effective energy indicators and acoustic flow intensity distribution to confirm acoustic energy input parameters such as immersion position and vibration intensity, the system can improve the parameter adaptability and repeatability for different liquid mixtures, reduce the number of blind experiments, and lower the risk of uneven treatment caused by excessive local effects or insufficient global circulation, thereby improving the stability and controllability of the ultrasonic treatment process for liquid mixtures.

[0082] It should be noted that although several modules or units for the device used to perform actions have been mentioned in the detailed description above, this division is not mandatory. In fact, according to exemplary embodiments of this disclosure, the features and functions of two or more modules or units described above can be embodied in one module or unit. Conversely, the features and functions of one module or unit described above can be further divided and embodied by multiple modules or units.

[0083] Other embodiments of this disclosure will readily occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of this disclosure that follow the general principles of this disclosure and include common knowledge or customary techniques in the art not disclosed herein. The specification and embodiments are to be considered exemplary only, and the true scope and spirit of this disclosure are indicated by the claims.

[0084] It should be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the precise structures described above and shown in the accompanying drawings, and various modifications and changes can be made without departing from its scope. The scope of this disclosure is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid, characterized in that, The method includes: Obtain the medium characterization information of the mixed liquid to be treated, including rheological hindrance parameters, density parameters, isobaric heat capacity parameters, sound velocity parameters, and interfacial tension parameters that vary with the treatment temperature, and establish a medium parameter dataset based on the medium characterization information; The acoustic energy input parameters of the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit are configured according to the mixed liquid to be treated. The probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit includes a reaction container that contains the mixed liquid to be treated and a rod-shaped acoustic energy input end that extends into the mixed liquid to be treated. The acoustic energy input parameters include the immersion position of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, the liquid surface position, and the vibration intensity. Based on the aforementioned acoustic energy input parameters, the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit is driven to perform ultrasonic action on the liquid mixture to be treated, and thermal response information, cavitation tracer information, and flow field tracer information of the liquid mixture to be treated are collected. The effective energy index of acoustic energy entering the liquid mixture to be treated is obtained based on the thermal response information, the spatial distribution of the cavitation activation region is obtained based on the cavitation tracer information, and the acoustic flow intensity distribution is obtained based on the flow field tracer information. A sound field calculation model is established based on the relative positions of the reaction vessel, the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, and the liquid mixture to be treated. The viscous heat loss of the sound wave in the liquid mixture to be treated is corrected according to the medium parameter dataset. The sound field calculation model is also corrected according to the attenuation effect of cavitation bubbles on the propagation of the sound wave. At the same time, the end face vibration of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the radial vibration of the submerged sidewall are used as acoustic energy input conditions, so that the sound field calculation model can characterize the acoustic energy distribution below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and around the submerged sidewall. The cavitation initiation threshold of the liquid mixture to be treated is determined based on the medium parameter dataset and the radial motion process of the bubbles. The sound pressure distribution inside the liquid mixture to be treated is calculated in the modified sound field calculation model, and the region where the sound pressure reaches the cavitation initiation threshold is determined as the cavitation calculation region. The calculated cavitation region is compared with the cavitation activation region, and the acoustic energy input parameters are confirmed by combining the effective energy index and the acoustic flow intensity distribution to obtain ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters suitable for the mixed liquid to be treated. The ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters include at least the immersion position and vibration intensity of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end.

2. The method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid according to claim 1, characterized in that, The acquisition of the medium characterization information includes: Density, viscous resistance, isobaric heat capacity, sound velocity, and interfacial tension were measured for candidate liquid mixtures of multiple viscosity grades. The compositional relationship between the base liquid phase and the thickening component was kept traceable in each candidate liquid mixture. The medium parameters obtained with temperature change were fitted into a continuous parameter relationship so that the sound field calculation model could call the corresponding parameters when the temperature of the liquid mixture to be treated was caused by ultrasonic action.

3. The method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid according to claim 1, characterized in that, The determination of the effective energy index includes: Multiple temperature acquisition points are set inside the reaction vessel, and these multiple temperature acquisition points avoid the expected strong cavitation region near the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end. During the ultrasonic treatment of the liquid mixture to be treated, the temperature change information of the liquid mixture over time is collected, and the temperature change information over time is used as the thermal response information. Based on the temperature change over time, the mass of the mixed liquid to be processed, and the isobaric heat capacity parameter, the calorific power of the sound energy converted into the thermal effect is determined. The calorimetric power is correlated with the actual input power of the ultrasonic generator to obtain the effective energy index used to characterize the extent to which acoustic energy enters the mixed liquid to be treated.

4. The method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cavitation tracer information includes luminescent tracer images and metal film damage images. The luminescent tracer images are obtained by adding a luminescent tracer that responds to ultrasound-induced free radicals to the liquid mixture to be treated and acquiring images under a light-shielded environment. The metal film damage images are obtained by arranging a metal film that can be eroded by cavitation impact around the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and inside the liquid mixture to be treated. Based on the luminescence intensity distribution in the luminescent tracer images and the damage locations in the metal film damage images, the main cavitation region located below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the additional cavitation region located around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end are identified.

5. The method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid according to claim 1, characterized in that, The acquisition of the flow field tracing information includes: Light scattering tracer particles capable of moving with the liquid are added to the liquid mixture to be treated. The observation plane within the liquid mixture is illuminated by sheet-like illumination light. Imaging frames of the light scattering tracer particles are continuously acquired. The particle displacement, velocity amplitude, axial normalized velocity, and velocity vector direction are obtained by cross-correlation calculation between adjacent imaging frames. This determines the axial jet intensity below the end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the swirling flow intensity around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end.

6. The method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sound field calculation model is a frequency domain pressure acoustic finite element model. The frequency domain pressure acoustic finite element model establishes an axisymmetric calculation domain based on the geometric relationship between the reaction vessel and the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, and forms a mesh that meets the requirements of sound wave propagation accuracy within the axisymmetric calculation domain. The viscous heat dissipation effect is generated based on the rheological hindrance parameter, the density parameter, and the sound velocity parameter. The bubble swarm dissipation effect is generated based on the equilibrium scale, bubble content, resonance state, and damping state of cavitation bubbles. The viscous heat dissipation effect and the bubble swarm dissipation effect are jointly incorporated into the wave propagation parameters of the sound field calculation model.

7. The method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid according to claim 1, characterized in that, The boundary conditions for the sound field calculation model include: The end face of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end is set as the axial displacement input boundary, and the side wall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end immersed in the mixed liquid to be treated is set as the radial displacement input boundary. The displacement amplitude of the radial displacement input boundary is related to the displacement amplitude of the axial displacement input boundary and is smaller than the displacement amplitude of the axial displacement input boundary. Based on the acoustic impedance difference between the liquid free interface of the mixed liquid to be processed and the wall of the reaction vessel, the acoustic boundary conditions of the liquid free surface and the wall of the reaction vessel are determined respectively, so that the sound field calculation model can simultaneously characterize the end face acoustic energy output of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end and the immersion side wall acoustic energy output.

8. The method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid according to claim 1, characterized in that, The determination of the cavitation initiation threshold includes, Perform radial vibration calculations on candidate initial bubble sizes and candidate sound pressure intensities to obtain the contraction velocity of the bubble wall during the compression phase and the state variable of the contraction velocity relative to the sound velocity in the mixture to be treated. When the state variable represents the bubble wall collapse reaching the transient cavitation condition, record the corresponding candidate sound pressure intensities, and use the minimum candidate sound pressure intensity that satisfies the transient cavitation condition as the cavitation initiation threshold.

9. The method for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid according to claim 1, characterized in that, When confirming the ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters, if both the cavitation activation region and the calculated cavitation region indicate that an additional cavitation region is formed around the submerged sidewall of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, then the immersion position is used as an effective adjustment parameter for expanding the acoustic energy action area; if the acoustic flow intensity distribution indicates that the global circulation of the liquid mixture to be treated is insufficient, then increasing the number of acoustic energy input ends, adjusting the arrangement of acoustic energy input ends, and configuring mechanical stirring components are included in the confirmation results of the ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters.

10. A system for confirming ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters of a mixed liquid, characterized in that, include: The medium characterization module is used to acquire medium characterization information of the mixed liquid to be treated. The medium characterization information includes rheological hindrance parameters, density parameters, isobaric heat capacity parameters, sound velocity parameters, and interfacial tension parameters that change with the treatment temperature, and to establish a medium parameter dataset based on the medium characterization information. The input parameter setting module is used to configure the acoustic energy input parameters of the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit according to the mixed liquid to be treated. The probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit includes a reaction container that contains the mixed liquid to be treated and a rod-shaped acoustic energy input end that extends into the mixed liquid to be treated. The acoustic energy input parameters include the immersion position of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end, the liquid surface position, and the vibration intensity. The response information acquisition module is used to drive the probe-type ultrasonic reaction unit to perform ultrasonic action on the liquid mixture to be treated based on the acoustic energy input parameters, and to collect the thermal response information, cavitation tracer information and flow field tracer information of the liquid mixture to be treated. Based on the thermal response information, it obtains the effective energy index of acoustic energy entering the liquid mixture to be treated. Based on the cavitation tracer information, it obtains the spatial distribution of the cavitation activation region. Based on the flow field tracer information, it obtains the acoustic flow intensity distribution. The sound field model construction module is used to establish a sound field calculation model based on the relative positions of the reaction vessel, the rod-shaped sound energy input end, and the liquid mixture to be treated. It corrects the viscous heat loss of the sound wave in the liquid mixture to be treated according to the medium parameter dataset, and corrects the sound field calculation model according to the attenuation effect of cavitation bubbles on sound wave propagation. At the same time, it uses the end face vibration of the rod-shaped sound energy input end and the radial vibration of the submerged sidewall as sound energy input conditions, so that the sound field calculation model can characterize the sound energy distribution below the end face of the rod-shaped sound energy input end and around the submerged sidewall. The cavitation region calculation module is used to determine the cavitation initiation threshold of the liquid mixture to be treated based on the medium parameter dataset and the radial motion process of the bubbles, calculate the sound pressure distribution inside the liquid mixture to be treated in the modified sound field calculation model, and determine the region where the sound pressure reaches the cavitation initiation threshold as the cavitation region to be calculated. The parameter matching and confirmation module is used to compare the calculated cavitation region with the cavitation activation region, and confirm the acoustic energy input parameters in conjunction with the effective energy index and the acoustic flow intensity distribution to obtain ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters suitable for the mixed liquid to be treated. The ultrasonic acoustic energy parameters include at least the immersion position and vibration intensity of the rod-shaped acoustic energy input end.

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