A dynamic series-parallel control system and method for a vehicle-mounted photovoltaic module

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of vehicle solar application, in particular to a kind of vehicle-mounted photovoltaic module dynamic series-parallel control system and method, system includes at least two photovoltaic subarray, switching matrix formed by multiple relays, multidimensional perception unit, intelligent decision unit and safety execution unit.Switching matrix can selectively switch photovoltaic subarray to series, parallel or independent working state.Multidimensional perception unit collects electrical parameters, environmental parameters and vehicle state parameters.Intelligent decision unit outputs switching instruction based on fuzzy logic algorithm after comprehensive evaluation, and uses hysteresis comparison algorithm to prevent frequent switching.Safety execution unit includes timing control, inrush current suppression and fault isolation function.The system also includes an adaptive learning module, records the optimal mode under different working conditions and establishes an optimization strategy library.The present application improves energy collection efficiency by dynamically reconstructing photovoltaic module connection topology and intelligently adjusting working mode, with multiple safety protection.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of vehicle solar energy application technology, and in particular to a dynamic series-parallel control system and method for vehicle-mounted photovoltaic modules. Background Technology

[0002] With increasing environmental awareness and technological advancements, more and more vehicles are being equipped with solar photovoltaic modules to supplement power supply, thereby reducing fuel consumption or extending the driving range of electric vehicles. Onboard photovoltaic systems typically consist of multiple photovoltaic modules that supply power to the vehicle's battery or loads through specific connection methods.

[0003] However, due to the constantly changing lighting conditions during vehicle operation, a fixed connection method for photovoltaic modules cannot guarantee optimal energy conversion efficiency. Therefore, how to automatically adjust the connection mode (series or parallel) of photovoltaic modules according to different light intensities, shading conditions, and vehicle operating conditions has become a pressing technical problem to be solved in this field.

[0004] According to research, existing vehicle-mounted photovoltaic systems mainly suffer from the following technical bottlenecks: First, there are limitations due to fixed configurations. Traditional vehicle-mounted photovoltaic systems typically use fixed series or parallel connections. While series connection can increase the output voltage, it is susceptible to the "bottleneck effect," where the output power of the entire array drops sharply when a single component is shaded. Parallel connection, on the other hand, offers stronger resistance to shading, but its lower output voltage makes it difficult to meet the demands of high-voltage charging.

[0005] Second, there is a lack of energy efficiency optimization. The existing system cannot dynamically match the voltage / current demand according to different vehicle operating conditions (such as charging while driving, power supply while parked, power supply for air conditioning, etc.), resulting in low energy conversion efficiency and failing to fully realize the power generation potential of photovoltaic modules.

[0006] Third, there is insufficient safety protection. When photovoltaic modules fail (such as short circuits or open circuits), the existing system lacks effective electrical isolation and topology reconfiguration capabilities, posing a safety hazard.

[0007] Existing solutions are mostly manual switching or switching based on simple voltage comparison, lacking comprehensive judgment and intelligent optimization capabilities, making it difficult to adapt to complex and ever-changing vehicle operating environments. Summary of the Invention

[0008] In view of this, the purpose of this invention is to propose a dynamic series-parallel control system and method for vehicle-mounted photovoltaic modules to solve the above-mentioned problems in the prior art.

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a dynamic series-parallel control system for vehicle-mounted photovoltaic modules, comprising: At least two photovoltaic sub-arrays; The switching matrix includes multiple relays connected to the photovoltaic subarrays and configured to selectively switch at least two photovoltaic subarrays to a series connection state, a parallel connection state, or an independent operating state in which only some of the photovoltaic subarrays are operating. The sensing unit is used to collect multi-dimensional data, including illumination parameters, vehicle status parameters, and electrical parameters. The decision-making unit outputs a switching command based on the multi-dimensional data collected by the sensing unit. The execution unit controls the on / off state of the relay in response to the switching command.

[0010] Preferably, the switching matrix includes a hardware interlock circuit, which uses the auxiliary contacts of a relay to physically prevent the simultaneous occurrence of a series connection state and a parallel connection state.

[0011] Preferably, the decision unit includes a mode selection algorithm based on hysteresis comparison to prevent frequent changes in the switching command under critical conditions.

[0012] Preferably, the system further includes an adaptive learning module, which is used to record the optimal working mode under different working conditions and establish a strategy library for the decision-making unit to call.

[0013] Preferably, the switching matrix contains four relays and has the following connection relationship: The positive terminal of the first photovoltaic subarray is connected to the first relay, and the negative terminal is connected to the third relay; The positive terminal of the second photovoltaic subarray is connected to the second relay, and the negative terminal is connected to the fourth relay; The output terminals of the first and second relays are both connected to the positive output terminal. The output terminals of the third and fourth relays are both connected to the negative output terminal. The third relay is connected in series with the first relay and the second relay.

[0014] Preferably, the switching matrix has the following operating modes: Parallel mode: Relays 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all closed; Series mode: Relays 1 and 4 are closed, while relays 2 and 3 are open; First independent mode: Relays 1 and 3 are closed, and relays 2 and 4 are open; Second independent mode: The second and fourth relays are closed, and the first and third relays are open; Full disconnect mode: All relays are disconnected.

[0015] Preferably, the number of photovoltaic sub-arrays is n, where n≥2, and the switching matrix contains 2n relays configured to connect or disconnect any one or more photovoltaic sub-arrays to the output bus.

[0016] This invention also provides a method for dynamic series-parallel control of vehicle-mounted photovoltaic modules, comprising the following steps: Collect multidimensional data, including the output power parameters of each photovoltaic subarray, vehicle status parameters, and electrical parameters; Based on the multidimensional data, determine whether a fault exists; if a fault exists, control all relays to disconnect. If there is no fault, the output power difference between each photovoltaic sub-array is calculated. If the output power difference is greater than a preset threshold, the photovoltaic sub-array is controlled to enter parallel operation or independent operation. If the difference in output power is not greater than a preset threshold, then the series working state, parallel working state or independent working state can be selected according to one or more of the following: battery voltage requirement, system temperature, vehicle driving status and battery state of charge. Perform a relay switching operation.

[0017] Preferably, selecting a series operating state, a parallel operating state, or an independent operating state further includes: When the battery demand voltage is greater than the first preset threshold and the output power difference is not greater than the preset threshold, the series working state or the series working state combined with temperature control is selected according to the system temperature. When the battery voltage demand is not greater than the first preset threshold, the following is selected based on the vehicle status: if the vehicle is in motion, the parallel operation mode is selected; if the vehicle is parked, the parallel operation mode is selected based on the battery state of charge and maximum power point tracking is performed, or trickle charging mode is selected.

[0018] Preferably, the method further includes waiting for a predetermined time period after performing the relay switching operation and verifying its success, and then returning to the data acquisition step for repeated execution. The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: It offers high flexibility, supporting five operating states: parallel, series, two independent operating modes, and fully disconnected, adapting to complex and changing vehicle operating conditions and lighting conditions. It boasts strong intelligent decision-making capabilities, integrating multi-dimensional information such as electrical parameters, environmental parameters, and vehicle status parameters, and employing multi-level decision logic to achieve multi-objective optimization such as fault priority handling, adaptive shading switching, voltage demand matching, and temperature protection. It offers high safety and reliability, physically preventing simultaneous connection in series and parallel modes through hardware interlocking circuits, combined with timing control, inrush current suppression, and fault isolation functions to ensure safe system operation under various conditions. It exhibits strong scalability, employing a modular design that supports the expansion of any number of photovoltaic sub-arrays, offering good versatility. It also boasts high energy utilization efficiency, reducing DC-DC conversion losses by dynamically matching the photovoltaic module connection method with vehicle load requirements, and avoiding power drops caused by the "bottleneck effect" under shading conditions through parallel or independent modes. Furthermore, the decision unit uses a hysteresis comparison algorithm, effectively avoiding frequent system switching under critical conditions by setting switching threshold ranges, thus improving system stability and relay lifespan. Attached Figure Description

[0019] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in this invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only for this invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0020] Figure 1 This invention relates to the system mode states and series-parallel design principles of an embodiment of the invention. Figure 2 This is a schematic flowchart of the dynamic series-parallel control method for vehicle-mounted photovoltaic modules according to an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0021] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0022] It should be noted that, unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in this invention should have the ordinary meaning understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. The terms "first," "second," and similar terms used in this invention do not indicate any order, quantity, or importance, but are merely used to distinguish different components. Terms such as "comprising" or "including" mean that the element or object preceding the word encompasses the elements or objects listed following the word and their equivalents, without excluding other elements or objects. Terms such as "connected" or "linked" are not limited to physical or mechanical connections, but can include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. Terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," and "right" are used only to indicate relative positional relationships; when the absolute position of the described object changes, the relative positional relationship may also change accordingly. Example 1:

[0023] like Figure 1 As shown, this embodiment provides a dynamic series-parallel connection system for vehicle-mounted photovoltaic modules based on four relays.

[0024] The system includes a first photovoltaic subarray Vp1 and a second photovoltaic subarray Vp2. Each photovoltaic subarray can be a single photovoltaic module or a string of modules connected in series or parallel.

[0025] The system also includes a switching matrix containing four relays: first relay K1, second relay K2, third relay K3, and fourth relay K4.

[0026] The controller includes a sensing unit, a decision-making unit, and an execution unit, and outputs control signals to four relays. The output bus includes a positive output terminal OUT+ and a negative output terminal OUT-, used to supply power to the vehicle battery or load.

[0027] The connections between the components are as follows: the positive terminal Vp1+ of the first photovoltaic subarray Vp1 is connected to the input terminal of the first relay K1, and the negative terminal Vp1- is connected to the input terminal of the third relay K3; the positive terminal Vp2+ of the second photovoltaic subarray Vp2 is connected to the input terminal of the second relay K2, and the negative terminal Vp2- is connected to the input terminal of the fourth relay K4; the output terminals of the first relay K1 and the second relay K2 are both connected to the positive output terminal OUT+; the output terminals of the third relay K3 and the fourth relay K4 are both connected to the negative output terminal OUT-; a first series connection line is provided between the input terminal of the third relay K3 and the input terminal of the second relay K2; a second series connection line is provided between the input terminal of the third relay K3 and the input terminal of the first relay K1.

[0028] By controlling the on / off combinations of the four relays, the system can achieve the following five operating modes: Parallel mode, where K1, K2, K3, and K4 are all closed, and the two photovoltaic subarrays output in parallel, with the output currents superimposed; Series mode, where the first and fourth relays are closed, and the second and third relays are open, and the two photovoltaic subarrays output in series, with the output voltages superimposed; First independent mode, where the first and third relays are closed, and the second and fourth relays are open, and only the first photovoltaic subarray Vp1 is connected to the output; Second independent mode, where the second and fourth relays are closed, and the first and third relays are open, and only the second photovoltaic subarray Vp2 is connected to the output; and Fully disconnected mode, where all relays are open, and the system is in a safe isolation state.

[0029] To prevent short-circuit faults caused by simultaneous activation in series and parallel modes, the switching matrix includes a hardware interlock circuit. Specifically, physical interlocking is achieved using the normally closed auxiliary contacts of relays: the normally closed auxiliary contact of the first relay K1 is connected in series in the coil circuit of the second relay K2, and the normally closed auxiliary contact of the fourth relay K4 is connected in series in the coil circuit of the third relay K3. When K1 is energized, its normally closed contact opens, cutting off the coil circuit of K2, preventing K2 from energizing; when K4 is energized, its normally closed contact opens, cutting off the coil circuit of K3, preventing K3 from energizing. This design ensures that series and parallel modes cannot be simultaneously activated at the electrical level.

[0030] To prevent damage to the equipment from the inrush current generated during relay switching, the execution unit includes an inrush current suppression function. Specifically, during series mode switching, a "break-then-make" timing sequence is executed: K2 and K3 are first disconnected, and after waiting 5ms to ensure complete disconnection, K1 and K4 are then closed. During parallel mode switching, if switching from series mode, the same "break-then-make" timing sequence is executed to ensure that no short circuit path occurs at any time.

[0031] As one implementation method, the rated parameters for each photovoltaic sub-array are: open-circuit voltage 45V, short-circuit current 10A, maximum power point voltage 36V, maximum power point current 9A, rated power 324W, and total power of the two arrays 648W. The relay selection requirements are: contact capacity not less than 60V / 20A, coil voltage matching the vehicle control system (e.g., 12V or 24V), operating time not greater than 10ms, and mechanical life not less than 100,000 cycles. The rated voltage range of the output bus is 0-400V, rated current 20A, and allowable voltage fluctuation range ±10%. Example 2:

[0032] like Figure 2 As shown, this embodiment provides a dynamic series-parallel control method for vehicle-mounted photovoltaic modules, the specific process of which includes: After system startup, an initialization self-test is performed to complete the initialization and self-test of hardware and parameters. The self-test includes checking whether the relay coils are functioning properly, whether the communication between each sensor is normal, and whether the open-circuit voltage of the photovoltaic array is within the normal range.

[0033] After the self-test is completed, all sensor data are collected, including the output voltage, output current, and output power of the photovoltaic array, the battery required voltage and battery state of charge, the solar irradiance, the temperature of the photovoltaic module, and the vehicle speed and driving status.

[0034] After data acquisition, fault detection is performed. This includes checking for short circuits or open circuits in the photovoltaic sub-array, whether relays are stuck or malfunctioning, whether sensor communication is normal, and whether the system temperature exceeds 85°C. If a fault is found, the system enters a safety mode, disconnecting all relays to ensure safety, recording a fault log, and simultaneously sending an alarm signal to the vehicle's dashboard.

[0035] If no faults are found, shading / unevenness detection is performed. The system calculates the output power difference between the two photovoltaic sub-arrays using the following formula: Power difference = Pmax | Pmax − Pmin | × 100%.

[0036] If the power difference exceeds 20%, it is considered severely uneven, and the system will switch to either parallel or independent mode. Specifically, if the power difference between the two arrays is >20% but both still have high output, the parallel mode is selected; if one array's power is close to zero, for example, if it is completely blocked, the independent mode is selected, outputting only the power of the normal array. If the power difference is ≤20%, it is considered uniform illumination, and a battery voltage demand analysis is performed.

[0037] When performing battery voltage demand analysis, determine if the required battery voltage is greater than 300 volts. If the required battery voltage is greater than 300 volts, it is determined to be a high-voltage demand, and temperature detection is performed. If the required battery voltage is not greater than 300 volts, it is determined to be a medium-to-low-voltage demand, and vehicle status is assessed.

[0038] During temperature detection, the system is checked to see if its operating temperature exceeds 50°C. If the temperature exceeds 50°C, it is considered high temperature and enters series mode. If the temperature is below 50°C, it is considered normal temperature and enters series mode with temperature control. This involves reducing the maximum power point tracking step size and switching frequency while maintaining series operation to prevent component overheating and damage. When the temperature rises further to 65°C, the active cooling fan is activated. When the temperature exceeds 75°C, the system is forced to switch to independent mode, operating with only one array to further reduce heat generation. When the temperature exceeds 85°C, fault protection is triggered, disconnecting all relays.

[0039] When determining the vehicle's status, the system assesses its current operating state. If the vehicle is in motion, it enters parallel mode. While in motion, the system adjusts the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) response speed based on vehicle speed: a slower MPPT step size is used at high speeds to ensure stability; a faster MPPT step size is used at low speeds or during frequent start-stop operations to quickly track the maximum power point. If the vehicle is in a parking charging state, the system determines its state of charge (SOC).

[0040] When determining the State of Charge (SOC), the remaining battery capacity is assessed. If SOC < 70%, the MPPT optimization mode is selected. MPPT optimization mode corresponds to parallel mode and executes the maximum power point tracking algorithm. It adjusts the operating point in real time using either the perturbation observation method or the incremental conductance method, ensuring the photovoltaic sub-array always operates at its maximum power point, thereby maximizing charging power. If SOC > 90%, trickle charging mode is entered. At this point, the system can switch to independent mode, using only one array to reduce charging power and protect the battery. If SOC is between 70% and 90%, the system maintains the current mode.

[0041] After summarizing the judgment results of the above steps, the switching is executed, and the control relay completes the topology switching action according to the preset timing sequence.

[0042] After the switch is completed, a switch verification is performed. Success is determined by checking whether the output bus voltage and current meet the expected pattern. If verification fails, a switch retry or fault handling is initiated, with a maximum of three retries, each spaced 100 milliseconds apart. During a retry, the system first performs a full disconnect operation, waits 50 milliseconds, and then re-executes the target mode switch. If all three retries fail, the system is considered to have a serious fault, disconnects all relays, maintains a full disconnect safety mode, and records a fault log. If verification is successful, a 30-second waiting period is initiated. After this period, the system returns to the step of collecting all sensor data and begins the next cycle. The waiting period can be dynamically adjusted according to operating conditions. It can be shortened to 5 seconds during rapid changes in illumination and extended to 60 seconds during stable illumination to reduce relay operation frequency and extend service life.

[0043] The fault log summarizes information from all fault scenarios, including fault detection triggers and switching failures, and is stored in non-volatile memory, accessible via the diagnostic interface. After the fault log is completed, the system enters standby or alarm mode. The processes of driving energy management and the complete disconnection of the safety mode relays also ultimately merge into the fault log recording process.

[0044] The decision-making unit employs a fuzzy logic algorithm to comprehensively evaluate the collected multi-dimensional data to output the optimal switching command. This algorithm comprises three stages: fuzzification, fuzzy inference, and defuzzification. In the fuzzification stage, the system converts the collected precise measurements into membership degrees of fuzzy sets. Input variables include solar irradiance, photovoltaic module temperature, battery voltage requirement, battery state of charge (SOC), and the output power differences of each photovoltaic subarray. Each input variable defines three fuzzy subsets. For example, solar irradiance is divided into low, medium, and high levels, with the corresponding membership function using a triangular distribution: the center value for low is 200 watts per square meter, for medium is 500 watts per square meter, and for high is 800 watts per square meter. Battery SOC is also divided into low, medium, and high levels: low corresponds to less than 30%, medium to 30%-70%, and high to >70%. Power differences are divided into small, medium, and large levels: small corresponds to less than 10%, medium to 10%-30%, and large to >30%. In the fuzzy inference stage, the system performs inference based on a pre-set fuzzy rule base. The rule base contains over twenty fuzzy rules in the form of "if-then," covering various typical operating conditions such as vehicle driving, parking and charging, shadow occlusion, and high-temperature protection. In the defuzzification stage, the system converts the fuzzy output obtained from fuzzy inference into specific switching instructions. Defuzzification employs the centroid method, which calculates the centroid of the fuzzy set output by each rule as the final decision value. This method can smoothly handle the nonlinear relationships between input variables, achieving a stable transition under boundary conditions and avoiding the abrupt changes caused by traditional threshold judgments.

[0045] To avoid frequent switching of operating modes under critical conditions, the decision-making unit introduces a hysteresis comparison mechanism in threshold judgment. Taking battery voltage requirement as an example, when the system switches from parallel mode to series mode, the voltage is required to be higher than the first switching threshold of 320 volts; when switching from series mode to parallel mode, the voltage is required to be lower than the second switching threshold of 280 volts. A hysteresis range of 20 volts is formed between the two thresholds. When the voltage fluctuates between 280 volts and 320 volts, the system maintains the current mode. Similarly, in the shadow detection stage, the power difference threshold for switching to parallel mode is set to 20%, and the power difference threshold for switching back to series mode is set to 15%, forming a hysteresis range of 5%. This hysteresis comparison effectively prevents frequent relay operation caused by small fluctuations in parameters such as illumination and voltage.

[0046] The system also includes an adaptive learning module connected to the decision-making unit. This module has built-in non-volatile memory and can record the optimal operating mode under different operating conditions. When the system detects that the selected mode under a certain operating condition significantly improves the energy conversion efficiency compared to historical records, it stores the mapping relationship between the operating condition and the corresponding mode in the optimization strategy library. The strategy library is stored in key-value pair format, where the key is the operating condition feature vector, including the irradiance range, temperature range, battery required voltage range, state of charge range, shading level, etc., and the value is the corresponding optimal mode. When selecting a mode, the decision-making unit first checks whether there is a historical optimal mode matching the current operating condition in the strategy library. If it exists, the mode is directly adopted; otherwise, a fuzzy logic algorithm is used for real-time calculation. As usage time increases, the strategy library is continuously enriched, and the system's decision-making performance is continuously optimized.

[0047] The following section uses several typical scenarios to illustrate the actual working process of this system.

[0048] Highway driving scenario: Irradiance 800 watts per square meter, vehicle speed 100 km / h, battery demand 400 volts, no shading. The system performs fault detection, no faults found; shading / unevenness detection shows a 20% power difference, indicating uniform illumination; battery voltage demand analysis shows a demand of 400 volts, greater than 300 volts, indicating high voltage; temperature monitoring shows component temperature 45℃ to 50℃, normal temperature; enters series mode. The two arrays are connected in series, outputting approximately 72 volts, which is boosted to 400 volts by a DC-DC converter to charge the high-voltage battery. Due to the higher series output voltage, the DC-DC converter's boost ratio is reduced, improving conversion efficiency by approximately 5%.

[0049] Urban tree-lined road scenario: Irradiance fluctuates drastically, ranging from 200 to 800 watts per square meter. Vehicle speed is 40 km / h, battery state of charge is 80%, and intermittent tree shading occurs. Fault detection is performed, but no faults are found. Shading / unevenness detection is then performed: the first array is shaded, outputting 50 watts, while the second array outputs 280 watts, a power difference of 82% (greater than 20%), indicating severe unevenness. The system is then switched between parallel and independent modes. Since there are still healthy arrays in both arrays, parallel mode is selected. In the fixed series mode, the shaded array limits the current in the entire circuit, resulting in a total output of only about 100 watts. In parallel mode, the unshaded array can output 280 watts normally, with a total output power of approximately 330 watts, an increase of about 230%.

[0050] High-temperature operating scenario: Irradiance 900 watts per square meter, vehicle speed 60 km / h, battery requirement 400 volts, module temperature 55℃. The system performs fault detection, finding no faults; performs shading / unevenness detection, power difference less than 20%, indicating uniform illumination; performs battery voltage requirement analysis, battery voltage requirement 400 volts greater than 300 volts, indicating high voltage requirement; performs temperature detection, module temperature 55℃ greater than 50℃, indicating high temperature; enters series mode with temperature control. While ensuring high voltage output, measures such as reducing the maximum power point tracking step size are used to control the module temperature within a safe range, avoiding power degradation and shortened lifespan caused by high temperatures.

[0051] For applications requiring more photovoltaic subarrays, this system supports modular expansion. When there are n photovoltaic subarrays, the switching matrix is ​​configured with 2n relays. The positive and negative terminals of each array are connected to the output bus via a relay, and adjacent arrays are connected in series. By controlling the on / off state of each relay, any number of arrays can be connected in series, parallel, or independently. For example, four arrays can be configured in various modes, such as all connected in series to obtain four times the voltage, two in parallel and two in series to obtain twice the voltage and twice the current, and all in parallel to obtain four times the current, to adapt to different voltage and current requirements.

[0052] In the embodiments provided in this application, it should be understood that the disclosed devices / terminal equipment and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the device / terminal equipment embodiments described above are merely illustrative. For instance, the division of modules or units is only a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. Furthermore, the displayed or discussed mutual coupling or direct coupling or communication connection may be through some interfaces; the indirect coupling or communication connection between devices or units may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.

[0053] Furthermore, the functional units in the various embodiments of this application can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit. The integrated unit can be implemented in hardware or as a software functional unit.

[0054] If the integrated module / unit is implemented as a software functional unit and sold or used as an independent product, it can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, all or part of the processes in the methods of the above embodiments can also be implemented by a computer program instructing related hardware. The computer program can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, and when executed by a processor, it can implement the steps of the various method embodiments described above. The computer program includes computer program code, which can be in the form of source code, object code, executable files, or certain intermediate forms. The computer-readable medium can include: any entity or device capable of carrying the computer program code, recording media, USB flash drives, portable hard drives, magnetic disks, optical disks, computer memory, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), electrical carrier signals, telecommunication signals, and software distribution media, etc. It should be noted that the content included in the computer-readable medium can be appropriately added or removed according to the requirements of legislation and patent practice in the jurisdiction. For example, in some jurisdictions, according to legislation and patent practice, computer-readable media do not include electrical carrier signals and telecommunication signals.

[0055] The implementation of all or part of the processes in the methods of the above embodiments can also be accomplished by a computer program product. When the computer program product is run on a terminal device, the terminal device can implement the steps in the various method embodiments described above.

[0056] The embodiments described above are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this application, and are not intended to limit it. Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, and should all be included within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A dynamic series-parallel control system for vehicle-mounted photovoltaic modules, characterized in that, include: At least two photovoltaic sub-arrays; The switching matrix includes multiple relays connected to the photovoltaic subarrays and configured to selectively switch at least two photovoltaic subarrays to a series connection state, a parallel connection state, or an independent operating state in which only some of the photovoltaic subarrays are operating. The sensing unit is used to collect multi-dimensional data, including illumination parameters, vehicle status parameters, and electrical parameters. The decision-making unit outputs a switching command based on the multi-dimensional data collected by the sensing unit. The execution unit controls the on / off state of the relay in response to the switching command.

2. The vehicle-mounted photovoltaic module dynamic series-parallel control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The switching matrix includes a hardware interlock circuit, which uses the auxiliary contacts of a relay to physically prevent the simultaneous existence of a series connection state and a parallel connection state.

3. The vehicle-mounted photovoltaic module dynamic series-parallel control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The decision unit includes a mode selection algorithm based on hysteresis comparison, used to prevent frequent changes in the switching command under critical conditions.

4. The vehicle-mounted photovoltaic module dynamic series-parallel control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes an adaptive learning module, which is used to record the optimal working mode under different working conditions and establish a strategy library for the decision-making unit to call.

5. The vehicle-mounted photovoltaic module dynamic series-parallel control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The switching matrix contains four relays and has the following connection relationship: The positive terminal of the first photovoltaic subarray is connected to the first relay, and the negative terminal is connected to the third relay; The positive terminal of the second photovoltaic subarray is connected to the second relay, and the negative terminal is connected to the fourth relay; The output terminals of the first and second relays are both connected to the positive output terminal. The output terminals of the third and fourth relays are both connected to the negative output terminal. The third relay is connected in series with the first relay and the second relay.

6. The vehicle-mounted photovoltaic module dynamic series-parallel control system according to claim 5, characterized in that, The switching matrix has the following operating modes: Parallel mode: Relays 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all closed; Series mode: Relays 1 and 4 are closed, while relays 2 and 3 are open; First independent mode: Relays 1 and 3 are closed, and relays 2 and 4 are open; Second independent mode: The second and fourth relays are closed, and the first and third relays are open; Full disconnect mode: All relays are disconnected.

7. The vehicle-mounted photovoltaic module dynamic series-parallel control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The number of photovoltaic sub-arrays is n, where n≥2, and the switching matrix contains 2n relays, configured to connect or disconnect any one or more photovoltaic sub-arrays to the output bus.

8. A dynamic series-parallel control method for vehicle-mounted photovoltaic modules, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Collect multidimensional data, including the output power parameters of each photovoltaic subarray, vehicle status parameters, and electrical parameters; Based on the multidimensional data, determine whether a fault exists; if a fault exists, control all relays to disconnect. If there is no fault, the output power difference between each photovoltaic sub-array is calculated. If the output power difference is greater than a preset threshold, the photovoltaic sub-array is controlled to enter parallel operation or independent operation. If the difference in output power is not greater than a preset threshold, then the series working state, parallel working state or independent working state can be selected according to one or more of the following: battery voltage requirement, system temperature, vehicle driving status and battery state of charge. Perform a relay switching operation.

9. The dynamic series-parallel control method for vehicle-mounted photovoltaic modules according to claim 8, characterized in that, The selection of series operating mode, parallel operating mode, or independent operating mode further includes: When the battery demand voltage is greater than the first preset threshold and the output power difference is not greater than the preset threshold, the series working state or the series working state combined with temperature control is selected according to the system temperature. When the battery voltage demand is not greater than the first preset threshold, the following is selected based on the vehicle status: if the vehicle is in motion, the parallel operation mode is selected; if the vehicle is parked, the parallel operation mode is selected based on the battery state of charge and maximum power point tracking is performed, or trickle charging mode is selected.

10. The dynamic series-parallel control method for vehicle-mounted photovoltaic modules according to claim 8, characterized in that: It also includes waiting for a predetermined time period after performing the relay switching operation and verifying its success, and then returning to the data acquisition step to execute it in a loop.

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