Battery output power management method and system for portable terminal and portable terminal

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of battery management, in particular to a battery output power management method and system applied to a portable terminal and the portable terminal. The method monitors parameters such as battery voltage, current, state of charge, state of health and environmental temperature in real time, and dynamically estimates the current internal resistance of the battery according to the parameters. Based on the internal resistance and a preset battery state-power window mapping relationship, the current maximum allowable output power window is determined. A DC / DC converter is connected between the battery and the load, and a perturbation and observation method is adopted to adjust the PWM duty cycle to change the equivalent load impedance, and the voltage and current are sampled to calculate the instantaneous power. The duty cycle is adjusted iteratively, so that the load impedance dynamically matches the battery internal resistance, thereby realizing the maximization of the output power. In the whole process, real-time safety constraints are carried out according to the monitoring parameters and the power window, and when any safety threshold is exceeded, the power output is immediately suspended or limited. The method realizes dynamic efficiency optimization under safety guarantee.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of battery management technology, specifically to a battery output power management method, system, and portable terminal for use in portable terminals. Background Technology

[0002] As portable devices (such as smartphones, tablets, and handheld testing devices) become increasingly powerful, their power consumption has also increased significantly, placing higher demands on battery discharge efficiency, battery life, and safety. Currently, these devices commonly use lithium batteries for power. However, the output power efficiency of lithium batteries is significantly affected by their internal DC resistance (DCR). This resistance is not a fixed value but changes dynamically with factors such as battery state of charge (SOC), ambient temperature, and state of aging (SOH). Under high-current operating conditions, increased internal resistance leads to a sharp drop in terminal voltage, resulting not only in energy loss and reduced effective discharge capacity but also in generating significant Joule heat, accelerating battery aging, and even posing a risk of thermal runaway.

[0003] In existing technologies, power management for portable terminal batteries primarily focuses on static voltage and current protection and simple capacity calculations, lacking proactive responses to dynamic changes in internal resistance. A common approach is to set a fixed maximum output current or power limit based on the battery's SOC and temperature using a lookup table. However, this type of approach is an open-loop power limiting strategy, aiming to ensure safety but not actively optimizing discharge efficiency, thus failing to keep the battery operating near its theoretical maximum power point. Another approach focuses on high-precision estimation of the battery's available power, but its core lies in estimation rather than control, neglecting how to adjust the load in real-time via power electronic converters to maximize power.

[0004] Therefore, current portable terminal battery management generally suffers from the problem of balancing efficiency and safety. There is an urgent need for an intelligent management method that can dynamically sense battery status, adjust output in real time, and automatically pursue the maximum power point within the safety boundary in order to achieve the optimal balance between safety, lifespan, and efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the aforementioned problems, this invention provides a battery output power management method, system, and portable terminal applicable to portable terminals.

[0006] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a battery output power management method for portable terminals, comprising the following steps: S1. Monitor the status parameters of the battery pack in real time, including at least battery voltage, current, state of charge, state of health and ambient temperature; S2. Based on the state parameters, dynamically estimate the current internal resistance of the battery pack; S3. Based on the current internal resistance and the preset battery state-maximum power output window mapping relationship, determine the current maximum allowable output power window of the battery pack; S4. Connect the battery pack to the load via a DC / DC converter; use the perturbation observation method to adjust the PWM duty cycle of the DC / DC converter to change the equivalent load impedance, and sample the battery output voltage and current in real time to calculate the instantaneous output power; S5. Based on the changing trend of the instantaneous output power, iteratively adjust the PWM duty cycle to dynamically match the equivalent load impedance with the current internal resistance, thereby maximizing the output power of the battery pack; S6. During the execution of S4 and S5, real-time constraints and protection are performed based on the monitoring results of S1 and the power window determined by S3; when any parameter of battery voltage, current, temperature or ambient temperature exceeds the safety threshold, the power output of the DC / DC converter is suspended or limited.

[0007] By monitoring the status in all dimensions, estimating the dynamic internal resistance and matching the impedance, the battery output power is maximized in real time. At the same time, by combining multiple safety constraints, the battery pack is effectively protected and its lifespan is avoided while improving the battery utilization efficiency and discharge efficiency, making it suitable for the actual application scenarios of portable terminals.

[0008] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, in S2, the dynamic estimation of the current internal resistance of the battery pack is specifically as follows: Query the pre-stored three-dimensional relationship mapping table of ambient temperature, battery SOC, and battery internal resistance; Based on the real-time monitored ambient temperature and battery state of charge, the corresponding temperature range and SOC range are located in the mapping table; The current internal resistance value is calculated using a bilinear interpolation algorithm based on the internal resistance values ​​at the four corner points of the interval.

[0009] The mapping table, built upon extensive experimental calibration data, accurately reflects the complex nonlinear relationship between battery internal resistance and temperature and SOC. The bilinear interpolation algorithm is computationally efficient and fast, enabling high-precision real-time estimation of internal resistance even with the limited computing power of the BMS. It avoids complex and drift-prone online parameter identification models, relies on stable pre-stored data, exhibits strong anti-interference capabilities, and demonstrates high system robustness, making it particularly suitable for deployment in portable terminals with high reliability requirements.

[0010] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, in S3, the preset battery state-maximum power output window mapping relationship is pre-stored in the non-volatile memory of the battery management system, which is a lookup table indexed by battery temperature and battery state of charge; the maximum allowable output power value corresponding to the battery state of charge being in a set range and the battery temperature being within the preset optimal operating temperature range is defined in the lookup table as the upper limit of the safe and efficient operating window for maximum power point tracking control.

[0011] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, the maximum allowable output power value in the lookup table is experimental calibration data generated through the following steps: S31. Under different ambient temperatures and different SOCs, pulse discharge tests were conducted on the battery samples to obtain their corresponding peak output power capability data. S32. Based on the battery-based electrochemical safety model and lifetime decay model, determine the safety power boundary and lifetime power boundary at each state point; S33. For each state point, take the minimum value among the peak output power capability, safe power boundary, and lifetime power boundary as the maximum allowable output power value for that point in the lookup table.

[0012] By transforming the constraints of electrochemical safety models and lifetime decay models into specific, queryable power values ​​and pre-stored in a lookup table, safety and lifetime management shifts from qualitative principles to quantitative execution, resulting in more scientific and precise management strategies. By taking the minimum of peak capability, safety boundary, and lifetime boundary as the final output limit, this method proactively restricts the operating point to an absolutely safe region at the decision-making stage, outperforming traditional fault-triggered protection mechanisms.

[0013] By constraining high power output through a lifespan degradation model, the capacity degradation rate of the battery under harsh operating conditions is effectively slowed down, the overall lifespan of the battery pack is extended, and the long-term operating costs for users are reduced.

[0014] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, the method further includes: S7. During battery use, continuously monitor the actual voltage response and temperature rise rate of the battery when it operates within the maximum allowable output power window; S8. If the actual voltage response or temperature rise rate continues to deviate from the preset expected range, the maximum allowable output power value of the corresponding state point in the lookup table is adaptively adjusted downward.

[0015] By continuously monitoring the battery's operating status and adaptively adjusting the power window, the power output strategy can adapt to the dynamic changes of battery aging and performance degradation, ensuring safe and efficient power supply throughout the battery's entire life cycle.

[0016] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, in S4, real-time sampling is specifically implemented in the following way: The battery voltage signal is isolated by a linear optocoupler isolation amplifier and then sampled by a high-precision analog-to-digital converter; The battery current is converted into a voltage signal by a precision sampling resistor connected in series in the battery circuit. After being amplified by an operational amplifier, it is sampled by an analog-to-digital converter.

[0017] Voltage and current signals are acquired by means of isolated sampling and amplified sampling, which improves the accuracy and stability of the sampling data, provides accurate basic data for instantaneous power calculation and power regulation, and avoids the impact of sampling errors on power matching effect.

[0018] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, in S5, the perturbation observation method specifically includes: S51. Obtain the battery output voltage at the current operating point A. and current The instantaneous output power was calculated. ; S52. Apply a first directional perturbation of a preset step size to the duty cycle of the PWM signal; S53. At the stable operating point B after the disturbance, obtain the battery output voltage. and current The instantaneous output power was calculated. ; S54, Comparison and : like > If the first direction is determined to be the correct direction toward the maximum power point, the next perturbation will be performed along the first direction. like < If the first direction is determined to be an incorrect direction that is far away from the maximum power point, the next perturbation will be carried out in the opposite direction to the first direction. like and If the absolute value of the difference is less than or equal to a preset small threshold, it is determined that the current operating point is at or close to the maximum power point, and the current PWM duty cycle is kept unchanged.

[0019] S55. Repeat S52 to S54 until the absolute value of the output power change caused by two adjacent disturbances is less than a preset steady-state accuracy threshold. At this time, it is determined that the output power of the battery pack has stabilized near the maximum power point and the current PWM duty cycle is maintained.

[0020] By employing a standardized perturbation-observation method, precise and iterative matching of the equivalent load impedance and battery internal resistance is achieved, enabling rapid locking and stabilization near the maximum power point, thus improving the accuracy and steady-state performance of power tracking.

[0021] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, in S6, when the battery temperature exceeds the optimal operating range, pausing or limiting the power output specifically includes: If the battery temperature is lower than the first low temperature threshold, the liquid cooling system coupled to the battery pack is controlled to preheat until the battery temperature reaches the optimal operating temperature range, and then the power point tracking control of S4 and S5 is restored. If the battery temperature is higher than the first high temperature threshold, the liquid cooling system is controlled to increase the heat dissipation power and actively reduce the maximum allowable output current of the DC / DC converter until the battery temperature drops back to the optimal operating temperature range.

[0022] Differentiated temperature control and power regulation strategies are adopted to address abnormal battery temperatures, ensuring that the battery is always maintained within the optimal operating temperature range. This effectively reduces the impact of temperature on the battery's internal resistance, guarantees the battery's high-power output capability, and avoids safety risks such as thermal runaway and lithium plating.

[0023] Secondly, the present invention also provides a battery output power management system for portable terminals, comprising: The status monitoring module is used to monitor the status parameters of the battery pack in real time. The status parameters include at least battery voltage, battery current, battery state of charge, battery health status, and ambient temperature. An internal resistance estimation module is used to dynamically estimate the current internal resistance of the battery pack based on the state parameters. The power window decision module is used to determine the current maximum allowable output power window of the battery pack based on the current internal resistance and the preset battery state-maximum power output window mapping relationship. A power control module, connected between the battery pack and the load, includes a DC / DC converter. The power control module is used to: adjust the PWM duty cycle of the DC / DC converter to change the equivalent load impedance using a perturbation-observation method; sample the battery output voltage and current in real time to calculate the instantaneous output power; and iteratively adjust the PWM duty cycle according to the changing trend of the instantaneous output power, so that the equivalent load impedance dynamically matches the current internal resistance, thereby maximizing the output power of the battery pack. The safety protection module is used to perform real-time constraints and protection based on the monitoring results of the status monitoring module and the power window determined by the power window decision module during the operation of the power control module; when any parameter of battery voltage, battery current, battery temperature or ambient temperature exceeds its corresponding safety threshold, the power output through the DC / DC converter is suspended or limited.

[0024] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, the internal resistance estimation module is specifically used for: Query the pre-stored three-dimensional relationship mapping table of ambient temperature, battery state of charge, and battery internal resistance; Based on the real-time monitored ambient temperature and battery state of charge, locate the corresponding temperature range and state of charge range in the mapping table; The current internal resistance value is calculated using a bilinear interpolation algorithm based on the internal resistance values ​​at the four corner points of the located interval.

[0025] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, the power window decision module pre-stores the battery state-maximum power output window mapping relationship, which is a lookup table stored in non-volatile memory indexed by battery temperature and battery state of charge; the maximum allowable output power value corresponding to the battery state of charge in the lookup table when the battery temperature is within a set range and the battery temperature is within a preset optimal operating temperature range is defined as the upper limit of the safe and efficient operating window for maximum power point tracking control.

[0026] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, the maximum allowable output power value in the lookup table is experimental calibration data. Peak output power capability data is obtained by pulse discharge testing of battery samples under different ambient temperatures and different states of charge. Based on the electrochemical safety model and lifetime decay model of the battery, the safe power boundary and lifetime power boundary at each state point are determined. For each state point, the minimum value among the peak output power capability, safe power boundary and lifetime power boundary is taken as the maximum allowable output power value at that point.

[0027] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, the system also includes: An adaptive update module is used to continuously monitor the actual voltage response and temperature rise rate of the battery when it is operating within the maximum allowable output power window during battery use; if the actual voltage response or temperature rise rate continues to deviate from the preset expected range, the maximum allowable output power value of the corresponding state point in the lookup table is adaptively adjusted downward.

[0028] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, the power control module includes a sampling circuit, the sampling circuit comprising: Linear optocoupler isolation amplifier and high-precision analog-to-digital converter are used for isolation and sampling of battery voltage signals; A precision sampling resistor, operational amplifier, and analog-to-digital converter connected in series in the battery circuit are used to convert the battery current into a voltage signal and amplify and sample it.

[0029] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, the power control module is specifically used to execute the following disturbance-observation method control process: S51. Obtain the battery output voltage at the current operating point A. and current The instantaneous output power was calculated. ; S52. Apply a first directional perturbation of a preset step size to the duty cycle of the PWM signal; S53. At the stable operating point B after the disturbance, obtain the battery output voltage. and current The instantaneous output power was calculated. ; S54, Comparison and : like > If the first direction is determined to be the correct direction toward the maximum power point, the next perturbation will be performed along the first direction. like < If the first direction is determined to be an incorrect direction that is far away from the maximum power point, the next perturbation will be carried out in the opposite direction to the first direction. like and If the absolute value of the difference is less than or equal to a preset small threshold, it is determined that the current operating point is at or close to the maximum power point, and the current PWM duty cycle is kept unchanged.

[0030] Repeat the above perturbation, sampling, comparison and judgment steps until the absolute value of the output power change caused by two adjacent perturbations is less than a preset steady-state accuracy threshold. At this time, it is determined that the output power of the battery pack has stabilized near the maximum power point and the current PWM duty cycle is maintained.

[0031] As a further limitation of the technical solution of the present invention, the security protection module is also used for: When the battery temperature is below the first low temperature threshold, the liquid cooling system coupled to the battery pack is controlled to preheat until the battery temperature reaches the optimal operating temperature range, and then the power control module is triggered to resume operation. When the battery temperature exceeds the first high temperature threshold, the liquid cooling system is controlled to increase its heat dissipation power and actively reduce the maximum allowable output current limit of the DC / DC converter until the battery temperature drops back to the optimal operating temperature range.

[0032] Thirdly, the present invention also provides a portable terminal, including a battery pack, a battery management system, a DC / DC converter connected between the battery pack and the terminal load, and a functional module corresponding to the battery output power management method described in the first aspect; the functional module is integrated in the battery management system and / or the main control unit of the portable terminal.

[0033] As can be seen from the above technical solutions, this application has the following advantages: by deeply integrating the dynamic estimation of battery internal resistance, the decision-making of the safe power window, and the closed-loop impedance matching control based on the perturbation and observation method, a complete adaptive power optimization system is constructed. Specifically, by adjusting the DC / DC converter in real time, the load impedance is dynamically matched to the changing battery internal resistance, which can continuously maintain the battery operating point at or near the theoretical maximum power point, thereby outputting more effective energy under the same charge, directly improving the battery life and usage efficiency of portable terminals.

[0034] By employing a dual constraint of preset power windows and safety thresholds, the system proactively avoids risks such as overvoltage, overcurrent, and overtemperature while pursuing high efficiency, fundamentally ensuring the safety of battery pack operation and extending battery life. It fully considers key state parameters such as temperature, SOC, and SOH, enabling the power management strategy to adapt to different ambient temperatures, charge states, and battery aging levels, ensuring stable, reliable, and efficient operation under various complex conditions. Attached Figure Description

[0035] To more clearly illustrate the technical solution of this application, the accompanying drawings used in the description will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0036] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the method provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0037] Figure 2 This is a block diagram of the battery pack power output management method.

[0038] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the steps for adjusting the maximum power output of the battery pack.

[0039] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the battery pack inside the battery module.

[0040] Figure 5 A block diagram of a system provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0041] To make the purpose, features, and advantages of this application more apparent and understandable, specific embodiments and accompanying drawings will be used to clearly and completely describe the technical solution protected by this application. Obviously, the embodiments described below are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0042] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used in this application have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. The terminology used in this application and in the specification of this invention is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.

[0043] To simplify the relationship between the battery pack's internal impedance, external load, and maximum output power, assume the battery output voltage U and battery internal resistance R... in Assuming the external load impedance is constant, and R is given, then the battery output power P is: P=I 2 R, where, I=U / (R+R in Therefore, P = (U / (R)) in +R)) 2 ×R Differentiating with respect to R, we get: dP / dR=U 2 ×((R in -R) / (R in +R) 3 ) When dP / dR=0, we get R. in =R; That is, when the battery's internal resistance equals the external load impedance, its discharge efficiency is at its maximum and its output power is at its maximum. However, since a battery is a non-linear power source, its internal resistance changes with charge capacity, battery aging, environmental factors, etc. Therefore, a DC / DC conversion circuit is needed to adjust the impedance of the external load in real time to achieve matching between the external load impedance and the power source's internal impedance, so as to achieve the goal of real-time maximum power output.

[0044] To achieve impedance matching between the external load and the battery's internal impedance, and thus maximize real-time power output, this design employs the following... Figure 2The diagram shows a block diagram of the battery pack power output management method. The power output management method includes: battery pack, sampling resistor, power sampling circuit, main control unit, DC / DC converter, PWM drive circuit, environmental sampling circuit, and external load. The battery pack is composed of multiple battery packs connected in series and parallel. Each battery pack contains... Figure 4 The module shown consists of multiple individual batteries connected in series and parallel, an NTC temperature sensor, a thermal failure detection device, a liquid cooling heat dissipation component, and fire extinguishing pads.

[0045] A battery's internal resistance is a function of temperature, SOC (state of charge), and rate. At room temperature, the internal resistance is lowest within the optimal SOC range, resulting in the strongest high-power output capability. At low temperatures, under overload / over-discharge conditions, and at high rates, the internal resistance increases dramatically, not only reducing output power but also leading to safety risks such as overheating and lithium plating. Battery SOC regulation and thermal management, ensuring the battery always operates within a low internal resistance range, are crucial for achieving maximum power output. The maximum power output window for lithium batteries is concentrated between 20% and 80% SOC. The Battery Management System (BMS) collects real-time data on battery voltage and current, calculates the battery SOC, and evaluates the State of Harmonic Discharge (SOH), locking in the SOC window for high-power output. At low temperatures, the electrolyte viscosity increases, causing a sharp drop in the lithium battery's migration rate, resulting in internal resistance that is 3-5 times higher than at room temperature. At high temperatures, the Joule heat of the battery increases dramatically; as temperature rises, the internal resistance initially decreases before throttling. To prevent thermal failure and power degradation, the BMS monitors the battery temperature in real time using temperature sensors. At low temperatures, it controls the liquid cooling system to preheat the battery to its optimal operating temperature before releasing power. At high temperatures, it increases the flow rate of the liquid cooling system, allowing the heat dissipation pipes to remove more heat, ensuring the battery temperature remains stable within the optimal operating range and preventing thermal runaway and power degradation. The BMS dynamically adjusts the output current based on the battery's real-time status (temperature, SOC, internal resistance, cycle count). When the battery is in good condition, it releases full current to achieve maximum power output; when the battery is in poor condition (over-discharge, aging, etc.), it actively limits the output current to prevent overcurrent damage. In practical applications, load impedance changes dynamically (e.g., motor impedance decreases during acceleration in new energy vehicles, and stall impedance occurs during startup), and the battery's internal resistance also changes dynamically with operating conditions. Therefore, external circuitry is needed to achieve dynamic impedance matching and eliminate power losses in the circuit, allowing the battery's actual output power to be as close as possible to its theoretical maximum value. Specific external circuit control is as follows... Figure 2 As shown, it consists of a DC / DC converter, a sampling resistor, a power sampling circuit, a main control unit, a PWM drive circuit, and a load.

[0046] Power sampling circuit: The battery voltage is first isolated and sampled by the linear optocoupler isolation amplifier HCPL-7840, and then the battery voltage U is obtained by the high-precision AD chip ADS1115; a precision manganese copper resistor is connected in series at the negative terminal of the battery, and the battery current is converted into voltage after passing through the resistor, and then linearly amplified by the operational amplifier, and the battery terminal current I is obtained in real time through the AD chip. DC / DC converter: The DC-DC converter is the physical carrier for achieving impedance matching. It is a Buck-Boost converter (different topologies need to be selected according to different power and voltage scenarios in actual applications). Its core function is to change the output voltage / current by adjusting the duty cycle, thereby changing the equivalent impedance of the load side relative to the battery.

[0047] PWM drive unit: This drive unit is used to generate PWM signals to drive the power transistors in the DC / DC converter, so that the load and battery impedance are matched in real time. After each PWM adjustment, U and I are resampled to verify whether the power has increased, forming a closed-loop control. At the same time, when the battery voltage is less than the lower limit, the current is greater than the upper limit, or the temperature is greater than the threshold, the PWM adjustment is paused and the DC-DC output is limited first to protect the battery.

[0048] like Figure 1 As shown, this embodiment of the invention provides a battery output power management method for portable terminals. Specifically, it changes the duty cycle of a DC / DC converter (adjusting the equivalent load impedance) through a small perturbation, detects changes in the battery's output power, determines whether the perturbation direction is the direction of the maximum power point, and if the power increases, continues to perturb in that direction; if the power decreases, it perturbs in the opposite direction, eventually stabilizing near the maximum power. The method includes the following steps: S1. Monitor the status parameters of the battery pack in real time, including at least battery voltage, current, state of charge, state of health and ambient temperature; S2. Based on the state parameters, dynamically estimate the current internal resistance of the battery pack; in this step, dynamically estimating the current internal resistance of the battery pack specifically involves: Query the pre-stored three-dimensional relationship mapping table of ambient temperature, battery SOC, and battery internal resistance; Based on the real-time monitored ambient temperature and battery state of charge, the corresponding temperature range and SOC range are located in the mapping table; The current internal resistance value is calculated using a bilinear interpolation algorithm based on the internal resistance values ​​at the four corner points of the interval.

[0049] (a) The process of generating the three-dimensional mapping table of ambient temperature, battery SOC, and battery internal resistance is as follows: Step M1: Preparation of Experimental Samples and Conditions Select representative battery samples: Select several samples from the same batch of cells with consistent performance. Place the battery samples in a high-precision constant temperature and humidity chamber, connect them to a high-precision charge-discharge testing device, and connect them to a data acquisition system.

[0050] Step M2: Design a multidimensional experimental matrix It covers the entire operating temperature range of the battery.

[0051] For example: [-20°C, -10°C, 0°C, 10°C, 25°C, 40°C, 50°C]. 25°C is usually used as a reference point.

[0052] Covering the entire range from fully charged to depleted, with encrypted sampling in the set key intervals. For example: [100%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 0%].

[0053] Step M3: Perform pulse testing and data acquisition In each (temperature) ,initial Under these conditions, execute standardized testing procedures: Battery at temperature Allow the battery to stand for a sufficient period of time to ensure uniform temperature inside and outside the battery.

[0054] Charge or discharge the battery at a set rate to precisely achieve its State of Charge (SOC). Then let it stand for a period of time to allow the voltage to stabilize, and obtain the open circuit voltage OCV.

[0055] a. Apply a short (usually 10 seconds) discharge pulse, i.e., a constant current. .

[0056] b. Record the terminal voltage just before the high-speed acquisition pulse begins. Voltage during the pulse and current .

[0057] c. After the pulse ends, let it stand for a period of time to allow the voltage to recover.

[0058] Calculate the DC internal resistance at this point. .

[0059] The average voltage value is usually taken as the voltage value in the last second before the pulse ends.

[0060] Step M4: Data Preparation and Table Creation Traverse all ( , By combining these data points, a series of discrete data points can be obtained. , , These data points are organized into a three-dimensional matrix or database, namely a three-dimensional mapping table of ambient temperature, battery SOC, and battery internal resistance.

[0061] (ii) The steps to obtain the current internal resistance value using the interpolation algorithm are as follows: This process runs in real time within the portable terminal's BMS, executing multiple times per second. Its goal is to quickly and accurately calculate the current battery internal resistance from a pre-stored discrete mapping table based on real-time monitored temperature and SOC. The specific steps are as follows: Step Q1: Real-time parameter acquisition The BMS obtains the current battery ambient temperature through a temperature sensor. The current state of charge of the battery is estimated using the ampere-hour integration method. .

[0062] Step Q2: Locate the lookup range in the mapping table. Find the interval in the pre-stored temperature array T. , making .

[0063] like Equal to a certain temperature array T Then use the temperature index directly. .

[0064] like Outside the table range (e.g., below) or higher If the boundary condition is 5, then it is considered a boundary case, and the closest boundary value is used directly. or This triggers a boundary warning.

[0065] Similarly, find the interval in the SOC array S. , making .

[0066] Step Q3: Perform two-dimensional interpolation calculation Assuming the temperature is and Between, SOC and Between. The internal resistance values ​​at the four corner points of the mapping table are: (correspond , ) (correspond , ) (correspond , ) (correspond , ) A commonly used and computationally efficient method is bilinear interpolation, the steps of which are as follows: Calculate the temperature weighting factor: t is between 0 and 1.

[0067] Calculate the SOC weighting factor: s is between 0 and 1.

[0068] Perform two linear interpolations along the temperature direction: At low temperature Online, based on SOC interpolation: ; High temperature Online, based on SOC interpolation: ; Perform final interpolation along the SOC direction:

[0069] It is obtained through an interpolation algorithm, corresponding to the current ( , The current internal resistance value is estimated for the state.

[0070] Step Q4: Output and Update The calculated The output is used by S3 to determine the power window and by S5 for dynamic impedance matching. This value can also be used to assist in judging or recording the battery's health status.

[0071] S3. Based on the current internal resistance and the preset battery state-maximum power output window mapping relationship, determine the current maximum allowable output power window of the battery pack. In this step, the preset battery state-maximum power output window mapping relationship is pre-stored in the non-volatile memory of the battery management system, which is a lookup table indexed by battery temperature and battery state of charge. The maximum allowable output power value corresponding to the battery state of charge being within a set range and the battery temperature being within the preset optimal operating temperature range is defined in the lookup table as the upper limit of the safe and efficient operating window for maximum power point tracking control.

[0072] S4. Connect the battery pack to the load via a DC / DC converter; using the perturbation-observation method, adjust the PWM duty cycle of the DC / DC converter to change the equivalent load impedance, and sample the battery output voltage and current in real time to calculate the instantaneous output power; here, real-time sampling is specifically implemented in the following way: The battery voltage signal is isolated by a linear optocoupler isolation amplifier and then sampled by a high-precision analog-to-digital converter; The battery current is converted into a voltage signal by a precision sampling resistor connected in series in the battery circuit. After being amplified by an operational amplifier, it is sampled by an analog-to-digital converter.

[0073] S5. Based on the changing trend of the instantaneous output power, iteratively adjust the PWM duty cycle to dynamically match the equivalent load impedance with the current internal resistance, thereby maximizing the output power of the battery pack; S6. During the execution of S4 and S5, real-time constraints and protection are performed based on the monitoring results of S1 and the power window determined by S3; when any parameter of battery voltage, current, temperature, or ambient temperature exceeds a safety threshold, the power output of the DC / DC converter is suspended or limited. Specifically, suspending or limiting the power output when the battery temperature exceeds the optimal operating range includes: If the battery temperature is lower than the first low temperature threshold, the liquid cooling system coupled to the battery pack is controlled to preheat until the battery temperature reaches the optimal operating temperature range, and then the power point tracking control of S4 and S5 is restored; the liquid cooling system integrates the preheating function.

[0074] If the battery temperature is higher than the first high temperature threshold, the liquid cooling system is controlled to increase the heat dissipation power and actively reduce the maximum allowable output current of the DC / DC converter until the battery temperature drops back to the optimal operating temperature range.

[0075] In some embodiments, the maximum allowable output power value in the lookup table is experimental calibration data generated through the following steps: S31. Under different ambient temperatures and different SOCs, pulse discharge tests were conducted on the battery samples to obtain their corresponding peak output power capability data. S32. Based on the battery-based electrochemical safety model and lifetime decay model, determine the safety power boundary and lifetime power boundary at each state point; S33. For each state point, take the minimum value among the peak output power capability, safe power boundary, and lifetime power boundary as the maximum allowable output power value for that point in the lookup table.

[0076] The essence of this mapping relationship is a multidimensional lookup table or a function model, whose input is the battery state and whose output is a safe and efficient power output boundary. Its generation process includes the following steps: 1. Basic characteristic experiments and data acquisition: The battery samples were placed in a high and low temperature test chamber and subjected to complete charge and discharge cycles at different constant temperatures.

[0077] At each temperature point, starting from a different SOC value, a series of short-duration (e.g., 10-second) pulsed discharge / charge currents are applied.

[0078] Based on the changes in voltage and current before and after the pulse, the dynamic internal resistance (DCR) is calculated for each combination of (temperature, SOC, current multiplier). After simplification, an internal resistance reference matrix indexed by temperature and SOC can be generated.

[0079] Under each (temperature, SOC) condition, find the voltage drop to the minimum permissible voltage. The maximum current that the battery can continuously output. .

[0080] According to the formula The peak power matrix was calculated. .

[0081] 2. Definition of safety and lifespan boundaries: Based on experimental or literature data, we determined the critical charging current or voltage that may trigger lithium metal deposition at the negative electrode under different temperatures and SOC, which in turn can lead to short circuits and thermal runaway.

[0082] Thermal runaway trigger condition: Determines the risk of accelerated internal chain reactions once the battery body temperature exceeds a certain threshold. This defines an absolute temperature upper limit.

[0083] Other safety limitations include maximum individual cell voltage difference and maximum temperature rise rate.

[0084] Accelerated aging experiments were conducted to quantify the rate of battery capacity decay (SOH decrease) under different operating temperature ranges, SOC ranges, and output power rates.

[0085] Define acceptable lifespan degradation standards. For example, set a target: ensure battery SOH > 80% during the warranty period. Work backwards to derive what percentage of peak power the battery's long-term average operating power should be limited to to meet this lifespan target.

[0086] 3. Window-based comprehensive calculation and modeling: The defined safety and lifetime boundaries are translated into corresponding constrained power values. For example, to prevent lithium plating, at low temperature and low SOC, even if the physical output is 100A, the safety boundary may be limited to 50A, corresponding to a safe power. For example, to meet lifetime targets, at high temperature and high SOC, the recommended long-lifetime power may be 70% of the peak power.

[0087] For each (temperature, SOC) state point, take the minimum of the following three values: Physical peak power ; Instantaneous safe power ; Long-term lifespan power ; This minimum value is the upper limit of the maximum allowable output power window in this state. The lower limit of the window is usually 0 or a minimum standby power.

[0088] The calculated three-dimensional data (temperature, SOC, maximum allowable power) is used to create a three-dimensional lookup table, i.e., a calibration mapping table, which is stored in the BMS's non-volatile memory. During runtime, the table is looked up using temperature and SOC, and the accurate values ​​are obtained using interpolation.

[0089] The generated calibration mapping table is used as the initial version and written to the portable terminal BMS. During actual use of the device, the BMS continuously records the actual voltage drop rate and temperature rise rate of the battery at specific (temperature, SOC) conditions, when outputting power according to the current mapping table.

[0090] In some embodiments, the method further includes: S7. During battery use, continuously monitor the actual voltage response and temperature rise rate of the battery when it operates within the maximum allowable output power window; S8. If the actual voltage response or temperature rise rate continues to deviate from the preset expected range, the maximum allowable output power value of the corresponding state point in the lookup table is adaptively adjusted downward.

[0091] In some embodiments, in S5, the perturbation observation method specifically includes: S51: Obtain the battery output voltage at the current operating point A. and current The instantaneous output power was calculated. ; S52: Apply a first directional perturbation of a preset step size to the duty cycle of the PWM signal; S53: Obtain the battery output voltage at the stable operating point B after the disturbance. and current The instantaneous output power was calculated. ; S54: Comparison and : like > If the first direction is determined to be the correct direction toward the maximum power point, the next perturbation will be performed along the first direction. like < If the first direction is determined to be an incorrect direction that is far away from the maximum power point, the next perturbation will be carried out in the opposite direction to the first direction. like and If the absolute value of the difference is less than or equal to a preset small threshold, it is determined that the current operating point is at or close to the maximum power point, and the current PWM duty cycle is kept unchanged.

[0092] S55: Repeat S52 to S54 until the absolute value of the output power change caused by two adjacent disturbances is less than a preset steady-state accuracy threshold. At this time, it is determined that the output power of the battery pack has stabilized near the maximum power point and the current PWM duty cycle is maintained.

[0093] Through the aforementioned closed-loop control, the system will eventually operate near the maximum power point (MPP). The preset minute threshold and steady-state accuracy threshold determine how close the system's steady-state operating point is to the theoretical MPP. These thresholds can be set according to the efficiency and stability requirements of the actual application; for example, they can be set to 1% of the currently calculated maximum output power value. When the power change is less than this threshold, the system is considered to have stabilized near the maximum power point.

[0094] It should be noted that the battery pack is initially set to open-circuit voltage. After the DC / DC converter is turned on, the battery supplies power to the external load. The output voltage and current at this operating point are detected, and the output power at this time is calculated to be Pa. The PWM controller is adjusted to reduce the PWM duty cycle. The impedance of the external load is controlled in real time through the DC / DC conversion circuit to reduce the battery output voltage. The battery current after the change is detected, and the power at the changed operating point Pa+1 is calculated. If the power Pa+1 at this time is greater than the power Pa at the previous moment, it indicates that the maximum power point is being approached (see figure). Figure 3 The voltage gradually decreases (indicated by an arc), and then the PWM controller is continuously adjusted to decrease the PWM duty cycle until the measured power is less than the power before the adjustment. This power point is the maximum power point (see figure). Figure 3 (As shown in Pm). When the battery pack is continuously supplying power, if the calculated power is less than the maximum power point, the PWM controller is adjusted to increase the PWM duty cycle, increase the output voltage and output current, so that it always moves in the direction of increasing output power and always works near the maximum power point, thereby improving battery efficiency.

[0095] In battery-powered output, the ambient temperature and humidity are sampled in real time by an environmental sampling circuit. Based on the sampled temperature and humidity, an interpolation algorithm is used to quickly obtain the internal resistance value under the current temperature and humidity. If the internal resistance value changes significantly, the power output management algorithm is recalculated to ensure that the battery is always supplied near the maximum power point, maintaining the battery's maximum discharge efficiency. In addition, when the environmental sampling circuit detects changes in ambient temperature and humidity that exceed the battery's allowable operating environment, the DC / DC converter is shut down to stop battery power supply, ensuring the safety of the battery pack.

[0096] like Figure 5 As shown, this embodiment of the invention provides a battery output power management system for portable terminals, comprising: The status monitoring module is used to monitor the status parameters of the battery pack in real time. The status parameters include at least battery voltage, battery current, battery state of charge, battery health status, and ambient temperature. An internal resistance estimation module is used to dynamically estimate the current internal resistance of the battery pack based on the state parameters. The power window decision module is used to determine the current maximum allowable output power window of the battery pack based on the current internal resistance and the preset battery state-maximum power output window mapping relationship. A power control module, connected between the battery pack and the load, includes a DC / DC converter. The power control module is used to: adjust the PWM duty cycle of the DC / DC converter to change the equivalent load impedance using a perturbation-observation method; sample the battery output voltage and current in real time to calculate the instantaneous output power; and iteratively adjust the PWM duty cycle according to the changing trend of the instantaneous output power, so that the equivalent load impedance dynamically matches the current internal resistance, thereby maximizing the output power of the battery pack. The safety protection module is used to perform real-time constraints and protection based on the monitoring results of the status monitoring module and the power window determined by the power window decision module during the operation of the power control module; when any parameter of battery voltage, battery current, battery temperature or ambient temperature exceeds its corresponding safety threshold, the power output through the DC / DC converter is suspended or limited.

[0097] In some embodiments, the internal resistance estimation module is specifically used for: Query the pre-stored three-dimensional relationship mapping table of ambient temperature, battery state of charge, and battery internal resistance; Based on the real-time monitored ambient temperature and battery state of charge, locate the corresponding temperature range and state of charge range in the mapping table; The current internal resistance value is calculated using a bilinear interpolation algorithm based on the internal resistance values ​​at the four corner points of the located interval.

[0098] In some embodiments, the power window decision module pre-stores the battery state-maximum power output window mapping relationship, which is a lookup table stored in non-volatile memory indexed by battery temperature and battery state of charge. The maximum allowable output power value corresponding to the battery state of charge being within a set range and the battery temperature being within a preset optimal operating temperature range is defined in the lookup table as the upper limit of the safe and efficient operating window for maximum power point tracking control.

[0099] In some embodiments, the maximum allowable output power value in the lookup table is experimental calibration data. Peak output power capability data is obtained by performing pulse discharge tests on battery samples at different ambient temperatures and different states of charge. Based on the battery's electrochemical safety model and lifetime decay model, the safe power boundary and lifetime power boundary at each state point are determined. For each state point, the minimum value among the peak output power capability, safe power boundary, and lifetime power boundary is taken as the maximum allowable output power value at that point.

[0100] In some embodiments, the system further includes: An adaptive update module is used to continuously monitor the actual voltage response and temperature rise rate of the battery when it is operating within the maximum allowable output power window during battery use; if the actual voltage response or temperature rise rate continues to deviate from the preset expected range, the maximum allowable output power value of the corresponding state point in the lookup table is adaptively adjusted downward.

[0101] In some embodiments, the power control module includes a sampling circuit, the sampling circuit comprising: Linear optocoupler isolation amplifier and high-precision analog-to-digital converter are used for isolation and sampling of battery voltage signals; A precision sampling resistor, operational amplifier, and analog-to-digital converter connected in series in the battery circuit are used to convert the battery current into a voltage signal and amplify and sample it.

[0102] In some embodiments, the power control module is specifically used to execute the following perturbation-observation control process: S51: Obtain the battery output voltage at the current operating point A. and current The instantaneous output power was calculated. ; S52: Apply a first directional perturbation of a preset step size to the duty cycle of the PWM signal; S53: Obtain the battery output voltage at the stable operating point B after the disturbance. and current The instantaneous output power was calculated. ; S54: Comparison and : like > If the first direction is determined to be the correct direction toward the maximum power point, the next perturbation will be performed along the first direction. like < If the first direction is determined to be an incorrect direction that is far away from the maximum power point, the next perturbation will be carried out in the opposite direction to the first direction. like and If the absolute value of the difference is less than or equal to a preset small threshold, it is determined that the current operating point is at or close to the maximum power point, and the current PWM duty cycle is kept unchanged.

[0103] Repeat the above perturbation, sampling, comparison and judgment steps until the absolute value of the output power change caused by two adjacent perturbations is less than a preset steady-state accuracy threshold. At this time, it is determined that the output power of the battery pack has stabilized near the maximum power point and the current PWM duty cycle is maintained.

[0104] In some embodiments, the security protection module is further configured to: When the battery temperature is below the first low temperature threshold, the liquid cooling system coupled to the battery pack is controlled to preheat until the battery temperature reaches the optimal operating temperature range, and then the power control module is triggered to resume operation. When the battery temperature exceeds the first high temperature threshold, the liquid cooling system is controlled to increase its heat dissipation power and actively reduce the maximum allowable output current limit of the DC / DC converter until the battery temperature drops back to the optimal operating temperature range.

[0105] This invention also provides a portable terminal, including a battery pack, a battery management system, a DC / DC converter connected between the battery pack and the terminal load, and a functional module corresponding to the battery output power management method described in the above embodiments; the functional module is integrated in the battery management system and / or the main control unit of the portable terminal.

[0106] Those skilled in the art will clearly understand that the techniques in the embodiments of the present invention can be implemented using software plus necessary general-purpose hardware platforms. Based on this understanding, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, or the parts that contribute to the prior art, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium such as a USB flash drive, mobile hard drive, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disk, or optical disk, or other media capable of storing program code. It includes several instructions to cause a computer terminal (which may be a personal computer, server, or a second terminal, network terminal, etc.) to execute all or part of the steps of the methods described in the various embodiments of the present invention.

[0107] In the embodiments provided by this invention, it should be understood that the disclosed systems, apparatuses, and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the apparatus embodiments described above are merely illustrative; for instance, the division of units is only a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. Furthermore, the coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be through some interfaces; the indirect coupling or communication connection between devices or units may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.

[0108] The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.

[0109] In addition, the functional units in the various embodiments of the present invention can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit.

[0110] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A battery output power management method for portable terminals, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Monitor the status parameters of the battery pack in real time, including at least battery voltage, current, state of charge, state of health and ambient temperature; S2. Based on the state parameters, dynamically estimate the current internal resistance of the battery pack; S3. Based on the current internal resistance and the preset battery state-maximum power output window mapping relationship, determine the current maximum allowable output power window of the battery pack; S4. Connect the battery pack to the load via a DC / DC converter; use the perturbation observation method to adjust the PWM duty cycle of the DC / DC converter to change the equivalent load impedance, and sample the battery output voltage and current in real time to calculate the instantaneous output power. S5. Based on the changing trend of instantaneous output power, iteratively adjust the PWM duty cycle to dynamically match the current internal resistance of the equivalent load impedance, thereby maximizing the output power of the battery pack. S6. During the execution of S4 and S5, real-time constraints and protection are performed based on the monitoring results of S1 and the power window determined by S3; when any parameter of battery voltage, current, temperature or ambient temperature exceeds the safety threshold, the power output of the DC / DC converter is suspended or limited.

2. The battery output power management method for portable terminals according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S2, the current internal resistance of the battery pack is dynamically estimated as follows: Query the pre-stored three-dimensional relationship mapping table of ambient temperature, battery SOC, and battery internal resistance; Based on the real-time monitored ambient temperature and battery state of charge, multiple reference points adjacent to the current temperature and SOC are determined in the mapping table, thereby locating the corresponding temperature range and SOC range. Using the bilinear interpolation algorithm, the current internal resistance value is calculated based on the internal resistance values ​​at the four corner points of the interval.

3. The battery output power management method for portable terminals according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S3, the preset battery state-maximum power output window mapping relationship is pre-stored in the non-volatile memory of the battery management system, which is a lookup table indexed by battery temperature and battery state of charge. The lookup table defines the maximum allowable output power value corresponding to the battery state of charge being in a preset high-efficiency range and the battery temperature being within a preset optimal operating temperature range as the upper limit of the safe and efficient operating window for maximum power point tracking control.

4. The battery output power management method for portable terminals according to claim 3, characterized in that, The maximum allowable output power value in the lookup table is experimental calibration data generated through the following steps: S31. Under different ambient temperatures and different SOCs, pulse discharge tests were conducted on the battery samples to obtain their corresponding peak output power capability data. S32. Based on the battery-based electrochemical safety model and lifetime decay model, determine the safety power boundary and lifetime power boundary at each state point; S33. For each state point, take the minimum value among the peak output power capability, safe power boundary, and lifetime power boundary as the maximum allowable output power value for that point in the lookup table.

5. The battery output power management method for portable terminals according to claim 4, characterized in that, The method further includes: S7. During battery use, continuously monitor the actual voltage response and temperature rise rate of the battery when it operates within the maximum allowable output power window; S8. If the actual voltage response or temperature rise rate continues to deviate from the preset expected range, the maximum allowable output power value of the corresponding state point in the lookup table will be adaptively adjusted downward.

6. The battery output power management method for portable terminals according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S4, real-time sampling is implemented in the following way: The battery voltage signal is isolated by a linear optocoupler isolation amplifier and then sampled by a high-precision analog-to-digital converter; The battery current is converted into a voltage signal by a precision sampling resistor connected in series in the battery circuit. After being amplified by an operational amplifier, it is sampled by an analog-to-digital converter.

7. The battery output power management method for portable terminals according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S5, the perturbation-observation method specifically includes: S51. Obtain the battery output voltage at the current operating point A. and current The instantaneous output power was calculated. ; S52. Apply a first directional perturbation of a preset step size to the duty cycle of the PWM signal; S53. At the stable operating point B after the disturbance, obtain the battery output voltage. and current The instantaneous output power was calculated. ; S54, Comparison and : like > If the first direction is determined to be the correct direction toward the maximum power point, the next perturbation is performed along the first direction. like < If the first direction is determined to be an incorrect direction that is far away from the maximum power point, the next perturbation will be carried out in the opposite direction to the first direction. like and If the absolute value of the difference is less than or equal to a preset small threshold, it is determined that the current operating point is at or close to the maximum power point, and the current PWM duty cycle is kept unchanged. S55. Repeat S52 to S54 until the absolute value of the output power change caused by two adjacent disturbances is less than a preset steady-state accuracy threshold. At this time, it is determined that the output power of the battery pack has stabilized near the maximum power point and the current PWM duty cycle is maintained.

8. The battery output power management method for portable terminals according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the S6, when the battery temperature exceeds the optimal operating range, pausing or limiting power output specifically includes: If the battery temperature is lower than the first low temperature threshold, the liquid cooling system coupled to the battery pack is controlled to preheat until the battery temperature reaches the optimal operating temperature range, and then the power point tracking control of S4 and S5 is restored. If the battery temperature exceeds the first high temperature threshold, the liquid cooling system will be controlled to increase its heat dissipation power and the maximum allowable output current of the DC / DC converter will be actively reduced until the battery temperature drops back to the optimal operating temperature range.

9. A battery output power management system for portable terminals, characterized in that, include: The status monitoring module is used to monitor the status parameters of the battery pack in real time. The status parameters include at least battery voltage, battery current, battery state of charge, battery health status, and ambient temperature. An internal resistance estimation module is used to dynamically estimate the current internal resistance of the battery pack based on the state parameters. The power window decision module is used to determine the current maximum allowable output power window of the battery pack based on the current internal resistance and the preset battery state-maximum power output window mapping relationship. A power control module, connected between the battery pack and the load, includes a DC / DC converter; The power control module is used to: adjust the PWM duty cycle of the DC / DC converter to change the equivalent load impedance using the perturbation observation method; sample the battery output voltage and current in real time to calculate the instantaneous output power; and iteratively adjust the PWM duty cycle according to the changing trend of the instantaneous output power so that the equivalent load impedance dynamically matches the current internal resistance, thereby maximizing the output power of the battery pack. The safety protection module is used to perform real-time constraints and protection based on the monitoring results of the status monitoring module and the power window determined by the power window decision module during the operation of the power control module. When any parameter of battery voltage, battery current, battery temperature or ambient temperature exceeds its corresponding safety threshold, the power output through the DC / DC converter is suspended or limited.

10. A portable terminal, characterized in that, It includes a battery pack, a battery management system, a DC / DC converter connected between the battery pack and the terminal load, and a functional module corresponding to the battery output power management method as described in any one of claims 1 to 8; the functional module is integrated into the main control unit of the battery management system and / or the portable terminal.

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