Methods, architectures, apparatuses, and systems for uplink transmit power control and beam determination for sensing

Abstract

A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) can receive configuration information indicating a set of reference signals. The WTRU can measure, for a plurality of paths, a plurality of reference signal received path power (RSRPP) values and / or a plurality of angles of arrival (AoA) corresponding to the received RSs. The WTRU can determine, for the plurality of paths, delay time information corresponding to the received RSs relative to a reference time. The WTRU can (i) determine a path loss (PL) path from the paths based on a comparison of the RSRPP values and a threshold value, and (ii) determine a PL RS from the received RSs. The WTRU can determine a transmit (Tx) power based on the RSRPP value associated with the PL path and a Tx beam based on the AoA associated with the PL path. The WTRU can report information indicating any of the determined parameters. The WTRU can transmit an uplink RS using the determined Tx power and Tx beam.

Description

Cross-reference to related applications

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 620,205, filed January 12, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0002] This application relates to the fields of communications, software, and coding, including methods, architectures, apparatus, and systems related to multipath sensing. More specifically, this disclosure relates to processes for path index determination, processes for transmit power control, and processes for transmit beam determination.

[0003] In 5G New Radio (NR), there are currently no specific functions or support dedicated to sensing. However, 3GPPRel. 16 has defined various characteristics for NR positioning, including the definitions and architectures of DL and UL reference signals, as well as protocols including power control protocols and transmit beaming protocols. It is expected that sensing characteristics will be considered in light of NR positioning characteristics. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In summary, in one embodiment, the Wireless Transmit / Receive Unit (WTRU) can receive configuration information associated with a set of downlink (DL) reference signals (RS). The WTRU can measure multiple reference signal received path power (RSRPP) and / or multiple angles of arrival (AoA) corresponding to the DL RS set for multiple paths. The WTRU can determine multiple delay time amounts relative to a common reference time for the multiple paths and the DL RS set. The WTRU can determine path indices corresponding to two or more paths among the multiple paths based on the measured RSRPP, measured AoA, and / or delay time amounts that satisfy threshold information. The WTRU can send a report including information indicating the determined path indices, identifiers of the reference DL RSs associated with the common reference time, and / or measurement information associated with each of the two or more paths.

[0005] In one embodiment, the WTRU can receive configuration information associated with a set of DL RSs. The WTRU can measure multiple RSRPPs and / or multiple AoAs corresponding to the set of DL RSs for multiple paths. The WTRU can receive information indicating the path loss (PL) path index associated with a path among the multiple paths. The WTRU can determine the PL DLRS from the set of DL RSs. Based on the RSRPPs and power control configuration information of the PL DL RSs, the WTRU can determine the transmit (Tx) power for the uplink (UL) RS, and / or determine the beam direction for the UL RS based on the AoA of the PL DL RSs. The WTRU can use the determined transmit power and / or the determined beam direction to transmit the UL RS.

[0006] In one embodiment, the WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a DL RS set and (ii) a UL RS set. The WTRU may measure multiple RSRPP values ​​and / or multiple AoA corresponding to the DL RS set for multiple paths. The WTRU may determine multiple delay time amounts corresponding to the DL RS set relative to a common reference time for multiple paths. The WTRU may (i) determine a PL path from multiple paths based on comparisons of multiple RSRPP values ​​with thresholds, and (ii) determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path from the DL RS set. The WTRU may determine the Tx power based on (e.g., at least) one of the RSRPP values ​​associated with the PL path, and determine the Tx beam based on (e.g., at least) one of the AoA associated with the PL path. The WTRU may report information indicating any of the following: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. WTRU can use the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam to transmit UL RS in the UL RS set.

[0007] In one embodiment, the WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS and (ii) a set of UL RSs. The WTRU may receive a request to report the spatial relationship between the first DL RS and the set of UL RSs. The WTRU may use the first DL RS to measure multiple AoA corresponding to multiple paths. The WTRU may send measurement information associated with the multiple AoA. For example, the measurement information may associate a corresponding AoA with a corresponding path. The WTRU may receive information indicating UL RSs in the set of UL RSs and / or paths in the multiple paths. The WTRU may transmit the indicated UL RSs via the indicated paths.

[0008] In one embodiment, the WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a DL RS set and (ii) a UL RS set. The WTRU may measure multiple RSRPP values ​​and / or multiple AoA values ​​corresponding to the DL RS sets for multiple paths. WTRU 102 may determine multiple delay time amounts corresponding to the DL RS sets relative to a common reference time for multiple paths. The WTRU may (i) determine a PL path and one or more interfering paths from the multiple paths, and (ii) determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path from the DLRS set. The WTRU may determine the Tx power based on one or more of the RSRPP values ​​associated with one or more interfering paths, and determine the Tx beam based on one of the AoA values ​​associated with the PL path. The WTRU may report information indicating any of the following: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. WTRU can use the determined Tx power and / or the determined Tx beam to transmit UL RS in the UL RS set.

[0009] In one embodiment, the WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a DL RS set and (ii) a UL RS set. The WTRU may measure the DL RS set for multiple paths. The WTRU may determine delay time information associated with the reception of the DL RS set for multiple paths. The WTRU may (i) determine a PL path from the multiple paths based on the measurement information associated with the DL RS set, and (ii) determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path from the DL RS set. The WTRU may determine the Tx power and / or Tx beam based on the measurement information associated with the PL path. The WTRU may report information indicating any of the following: (i) the determined Tx power, and / or (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. The WTRU may use the determined Tx power and / or the determined Tx beam to transmit the UL RS in the UL RS set.

[0010] In one embodiment, the WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS and (ii) a set of UL RSs. The WTRU may receive a request to report multipath information associated with the first DL RS. The WTRU may use the first DL RS to measure multiple AoA (Aspect-of-Path) connections. The WTRU may send measurement information indicating multiple AoA connections associated with multiple paths. The WTRU may receive information indicating UL RSs in the UL RS set. The WTRU may transmit the indicated UL RS via one of the multiple paths associated with the indicated UL RS.

[0011] In one embodiment, the WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS and (ii) a set of UL RSs. The WTRU may receive a request to report multipath information associated with the first DL RS. The WTRU may use the first DL RS to measure multiple AoA (Aspect-of-Path) connections. The WTRU may send measurement information indicating multiple AoA connections associated with multiple paths. The WTRU may receive information indicating paths among the multiple paths. The WTRU may transmit UL RSs associated with the indicated path from the set of UL RSs via the indicated path.

[0012] In one embodiment, the WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a DL RS set and (ii) a UL RS set. The WTRU may measure the DL RS set. The WTRU may determine delay time information associated with the reception of the DL RS set. The WTRU may (i) determine a path loss (PL) path and one or more interfering paths from multiple paths based on the measurement information and delay time information, and (ii) determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path from the DL RS set. The WTRU may determine the Tx power and Tx beam based on the measurement information associated with the one or more interfering paths. The WTRU may report information indicating any of the following: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. The WTRU may use the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam to transmit the UL RS in the UL RS set.

[0013] In one embodiment, the WTRU can receive requests to report multipath information. The WTRU can measure multiple times of arrival (Time of Arrival) and AoA (Aspect of Path) via reception of one or more DL RSs. The WTRU can transmit measurement information associated with the measured one or more DL RSs and multiple paths. The WTRU can receive information indicating paths among the multiple paths. The WTRU can transmit UL RS based on the association with the indicated path.

[0014] In one embodiment, the WTRU can measure a set of DL RSs. The WTRU can determine delay time information associated with the measured set of DL RSs. The WTRU can (i) determine a PL path and / or one or more interfering paths from multiple paths based on the measured set of DL RSs and the delay time information, and (ii) determine the PL DLRS associated with the PL path from the set of DL RSs. The WTRU can determine the Tx power based on the measured set of DL RSs associated with the PL path and / or one or more interfering paths. The WTRU can transmit UL RS via the PL path using the determined Tx power. Attached Figure Description

[0015] The following detailed description will be better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate examples of one or more of the various embodiments of this disclosure. However, it should be understood that the embodiments described herein are not limited to the precise arrangements and tools shown in the drawings. In the drawings: Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 1B This illustrates one or more embodiments of the present disclosure that can be implemented... Figure 1A A system diagram of an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used within a communication system shown; Figure 1C This illustrates one or more embodiments of the present disclosure that can be implemented... Figure 1A System diagram of an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary core network (CN) used within the communication system shown; Figure 1D This illustrates one or more embodiments of the present disclosure that can be implemented... Figure 1A System diagrams of additional exemplary RANs and additional exemplary CNs used within the communication system shown; Figure 2 This is a system diagram illustrating an example of receiving DL RS via different multipath components according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 3 This is a timing diagram illustrating RSRPP measurements of multiple DL RSs with the arrival time (ToA) of a reference DL RS as a common reference time, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 4 This is a timing diagram illustrating RSRPP measurements of multiple DL RSs with the start time of the measurement window as a common reference time, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 5This is a system diagram illustrating exemplary reasons for WTRU to determine a new reference RS according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure; Figure 6 This is a timing diagram illustrating an example of determining normalized excess delay when the common reference time is the first path of the reference DL RS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 7 This is a timing diagram illustrating an example of determining normalized excess delay when the common reference time is the start time of the measurement window, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 8 This is a timing diagram illustrating an example of path allocation based on a reference DL RS according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 9 This is a timing diagram illustrating an example of path allocation based on all DL RSs in the measured DL RSs according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 10 This is a signaling diagram illustrating an exemplary path association process based on a common reference time according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 11 This is a channel profile diagram illustrating an example of path ID allocation for a related multipath group according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 12 This is a signaling diagram illustrating an exemplary path association process based on a reference time for each DL RS measurement according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 13 This is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary spatial relationship determination process according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 14 This is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary per-path spatial relationship determination process using PRS and SRS according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 15 This is a system diagram illustrating an example of using multiple RSs to determine a multipath channel profile according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 16 This is a system diagram illustrating another example of using multiple RSs to determine a multipath channel profile according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 17 This is a system diagram illustrating an example of the angle of arrival (AoA) and transmission direction of an SRS according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 18 This is a system diagram illustrating an example of an AoA according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, wherein the WTRU is configured with a plurality of SRSs; Figure 19This is a signaling diagram illustrating an exemplary process for reporting path association information between a path and an SRS according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure; Figure 20 This is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary relationship between DL RS and UL RS according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 21 This is a path diagram illustrating exemplary interference path determination based on WTRU beamwidth capability according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure; Figure 22 This is a system diagram illustrating examples of path-associated transmit power and beam direction according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 23 This is a system diagram illustrating examples of transmit power and beam direction associated with interference power according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 24 This is a transmission diagram illustrating an example of UL RS space resources according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 25 This is a transmission diagram illustrating an example of beam scanning according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 26 This is a system diagram illustrating an example of path ID allocation for multiple TRP sensing according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 27 This is a system diagram illustrating examples of transmit power and beam determination for multiple TRPs according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure; Figure 28 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary path index determination process according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 29 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary transmit power and / or beam direction determination process according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 30 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary transmit power and transmit beam determination process using a sensing path according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 31 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary spatial relationship reporting process according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 32 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary transmit power and transmit beam determination process using one or more interference paths according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 33 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary transmit power and / or transmit beam determination process according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 34 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary uplink transmission process using multipath information according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 35 This is a flowchart illustrating another exemplary uplink sensing process using multipath information according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 36 This is a flowchart illustrating another exemplary transmit power and / or transmit beam determination process using one or more interference paths according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 37 This is a flowchart illustrating another exemplary uplink sensing process using multipath information according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure; and Figure 38 This is a flowchart illustrating another exemplary transmit power determination process according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0016] In describing the various embodiments of this disclosure, certain terms used herein are for convenience only and should not be construed as limiting such embodiments. Throughout the drawings and this specification, the same reference numerals are used to denote the same elements.

[0017] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, processes, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the following description. Furthermore, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be implemented or combined with the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed, or otherwise expressly, implicitly, and / or inherently provided (collectively, the “Provided”) herein. Although various embodiments in which apparatuses, systems, devices, etc., and / or any elements thereof perform operations, processes, algorithms, functions, etc., and / or any parts thereof are described and / or claimed herein, it should be understood that any embodiment described and / or claimed herein assumes that any apparatus, system, device, etc., and / or any element thereof is configured to perform any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc., and / or any part thereof.

[0018] Exemplary communication system The methods, apparatus, and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. Regarding... Figures 1A to 1DAn overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructures is provided, wherein various elements of a network can utilize, perform, be arranged according to, and / or be adapted to and / or configured for use with the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein.

[0019] Figure 1A This diagram illustrates an example communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, and broadcasting to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-Tail (ZT) Unique Word (UW) Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Extended OFDM (ZT-UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), etc.

[0020] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, radio access networks (RANs) 104 / 113, core networks (CNs) 106 / 115, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include / or be user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or MiFi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain environments), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0021] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b can be any type of device configured to wirelessly connect to at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d, for example, to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, Internet 110, and / or Network 112. As an example, base stations 114a and 114b can be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), Node-B (NB), eNode-B (eNB), home Node-B (HNB), home eNode-B (HeNB), gNode-B (gNB), NR Node-B (NR NB), site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, etc. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0022] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, and may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver per sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may use multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0023] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0024] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in RAN 104 / 113 can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 116. WCDMA can include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA can include High-Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0025] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which can use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-A Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-A Pro Advanced (LTE-A Pro) to establish air interface 116.

[0026] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as NR radio access, which can use New Radio (NR) to establish air interface 116.

[0027] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can, for instance, use a dual connectivity (DC) principle to implement both LTE and NR radio access. Therefore, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0028] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may implement wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Global Microwave Access Interoperability (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA 2000 1X, CDMA 2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSMEDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0029] Figure 1ABase station 114b can be, for example, a wireless router, a home Node-B, a home eNode-B, or an access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business premises, home, vehicle, campus, industrial facility, air corridor (e.g., for drone use), road, etc. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize cellular-based RATs (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA 2000, GSM, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish any of small cells, pico cells, or femtocells. Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b can have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b does not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0030] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data may have varying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, fault tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions (such as user authentication). Although in Figure 1A Although not shown, it should be understood that RAN 104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as or a different RAT than RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which can utilize NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) that uses any of the following radio technologies: GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi.

[0031] CN 106 / 115 can also be used as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 114 or a different RAT.

[0032] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capability (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers to communicate with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which can use cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b, which can use IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0033] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating example WTRU 102. (See diagram below.) Figure 1B As shown, WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138, etc. It is understood that WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0034] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, and transceiver 120 may be coupled to transmitting / receiving element 122. Although Figure 1B While the processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, it should be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 may be integrated together in, for example, an electronic package or a chip.

[0035] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and optical signals. It should be understood that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0036] Although the transmitting / receiving element 122 is in Figure 1B While described as a single element, WTRU 102 may include any number of transmitting / receiving elements 122. For example, WTRU 102 may use MIMO technology. Therefore, in one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include two or more transmitting / receiving elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals via air interface 116.

[0037] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As described above, WTRU 102 can have multimode capability. Therefore, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to enable WTRU 102 to communicate via various RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0038] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 may be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and may receive user input data therefrom. The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keyboard 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Additionally, the processor 118 may access information from any type of suitable memory and store data in said memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a user identification module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from memory that is not physically located on WTRU 102 (e.g., located on a server or home computer (not shown)) and store data in said memory.

[0039] The processor 118 can receive power from the power supply 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 can be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0040] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or alternatively to, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via the air interface 116, and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more neighboring base stations. It should be understood that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method, while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0041] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other components / peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules / units providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, components / peripherals 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (e.g., for photos and / or video), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, Bluetooth® modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, etc. The components / peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; geolocation sensors; altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0042] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio, for which the transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., signals associated with specific subframes for uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference through hardware (e.g., chokes) or through signal processing by a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or processor 118). In one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio, for which the transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., signals associated with specific subframes for uplink (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) are separate.

[0043] Figure 1C This is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 104 may employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 may also communicate with CN 106.

[0044] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c, but it should be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may each include one or more transceivers to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Therefore, for example, eNode-B 160a may use multiple antennas to transmit and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0045] Each of the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in the uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL), etc. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160C can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

[0046] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0047] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can be used as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, etc. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies (such as GSM and / or WCDMA).

[0048] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during handover between eNode-Bs, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102B, and 102c, managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102B, and 102c, etc.

[0049] The SGW 164 can connect to the PGW 166, which can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0050] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a circuit-switched network (e.g., PSTN 108) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c and traditional landline communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) or can communicate with an IP gateway that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 106 can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0051] Although WTRU is Figures 1A to 1D While described as a wireless terminal, it is conceivable that in some representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0052] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0053] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode can have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP can access or interface with a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic entering and / or leaving the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS destined for a STA can be delivered to the STA via the AP. Traffic originating from a STA destined for a destination outside the BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP, for example, where a source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. This peer-to-peer traffic can be sent between the source and destination STAs (e.g., directly between the source and destination STAs) using Direct Link Establishment (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). WLANs using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode cannot have access points (APs), and STAs within the IBSS or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to as the "ad-hoc" communication mode in this document.

[0054] When using 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as the primary channel. The primary channel can be of fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz bandwidth) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, such as in an 802.11 system, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA / CA) with collision avoidance can be implemented. For CSMA / CA, STAs including the AP (e.g., each STA) can listen on the primary channel. If the primary channel is listened to / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, that particular STA can back off. A single STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time within a given BSS.

[0055] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20 MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0056] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support channels with widths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-consecutive 80 MHz channels; this can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segmented parser that divides the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed separately using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and time-domain processing. The streams can be mapped onto the two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the operation of the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC) layer, entities, etc.

[0057] Operating modes below 1 GHz are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier in 802.11af and 802.11ah are reduced compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV whitespace (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument-type control / machine-type communication (MTC), such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities including support for certain and / or limited bandwidths (e.g., only support). MTC devices may include batteries with a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0058] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (e.g., 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STA that supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the 802.11ah example, for STAs that support (e.g., only support) the 1MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices), the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Assignment Vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because an STA (which only supports the 1 MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available band can be considered busy even if most of the band remains idle and available.

[0059] In the United States, the available frequency bands for 802.11ah are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[0060] Figure 1D This is a system diagram illustrating RAN 113 and CN 115 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 113 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using NR wireless technology. RAN 113 can also communicate with CN 115.

[0061] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c; however, it should be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c includes one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit and / or receive signals from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. Therefore, gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement Cooperative Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0062] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable set of parameters. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying lengths or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or continuously varying absolute times).

[0063] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without needing to access other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed frequency bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate / connect with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, and also with another RAN (such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate essentially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, as well as one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c can serve as mobility anchors for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, while gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0064] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, network fragmentation support, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0065] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0066] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can act as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMF 183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, and so on. AMF 182a and 182b can use network slicing, for example, to customize CN support for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the type of service being used by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services relying on Ultra Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) access, services relying on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, and services for MTC access. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies (such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro and / or non-3GPP access technologies (such as Wi-Fi)).

[0067] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b, and configure them to route traffic through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0068] UPF 184a and 184b can connect to one or more of gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N3 interface. This provides WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110), for example, to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184 and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

[0069] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) serving as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 115 may provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be connected to DNs 185a and 185b via UPFs 184a and 184b through their N3 interfaces and their N6 interfaces with local data networks (DNs) 185a and 185b.

[0070] Given Figures 1A to 1D and Figures 1A to 1D As described herein, one or more of the functions described with respect to any of the following can be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): WTRU 102a-d, base station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or any other element(s) / devices described herein. An emulation element(s) / device can be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0071] Simulation devices can be designed to perform one or more tests on other devices in laboratory and / or carrier network environments. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more simulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communication to perform tests.

[0072] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more functions (including all functions) without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, simulation devices can be used in test scenarios within a test laboratory and / or an undeployed (e.g., tested) wired and / or wireless communication network to perform testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Simulation devices can transmit and / or receive data using direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas).

[0073] introduce The following acronyms and abbreviations may be used in the full text of this disclosure: ACK confirmation AoA Arrival Angle AoD leaves the corner BCH broadcast channel BLER block error rate BWP bandwidth portion CAP channel access priority CAPC Channel Access Priority Category CCA Idle Channel Assessment CCE control channel element CE control elements CG configuration authorization or cell group CP loop prefix CP-OFDM conventional OFDM (depending on the cyclic prefix) CQI Channel Quality Indicator CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CSI Channel Status Information CW Competition Window CWS Competition Window Size CO channel occupancy DAI Downlink Allocation Index DCI downlink control information DFI downlink feedback information DG Dynamic Licensing DL downlink DM-RS demodulation reference signal DRB Data Radio Bearer eLAA Enhanced Authorization Assisted Access FeLAA Further Enhanced Authorized Assisted Access HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) LAA Authorized Assisted Access LBT listens before speaking LPP LTE positioning protocol LTE Long Term Evolution (e.g., 3GPP LTE Release 8 and above) NACK (Negative Confirmation) MCS modulation and coding scheme MIB Master Information Block MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) NR New Radio NRPPaNR positioning protocol a OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) PHY physical layer PID Process ID PO paging timing PFL Positioning Frequency Layer PL path loss PRACH Physical Random Access Channel PRS positioning reference signal PSS master synchronization signal QoS (Quality of Service) RA random access (or procedure) RACH Random Access Channel RAR Random Access Response RCU Radio Access Network Central Unit RF front end RLF radio link failure RLM radio link monitoring RNTI Radio Network Identifier RORACH timing RRC Radio Resource Control RRM Wireless Resource Management RS reference signal RSRP reference signal received power RSRPP Reference Signal Receive Path Power RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator Rx Receive SDU Service Data Unit SIB System Information Block SRS detection reference signal SRSp is an SRS used for positioning. SS Synchronization Signal SSBSS block SSS auxiliary synchronization signal SWG switching interval (in self-contained subframes) SPS semi-persistent scheduling SUL supplements uplink TB transport block TBS transport block size ToA Arrival Time TRP Transmit / Receive Point TSC Time-Sensitive Communication TSN Time-Sensitive Network Tx launch UL uplink URLLC offers highly reliable, low-latency communication. WBWP Broadband Section WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and related technologies (IEEE 802.xx domain) UL uplink ZCZadoff-Chu.

[0074] Sensing NR sensing, as defined in 3GPP SA1, involves using NR RF signals to detect, estimate, and monitor environmental conditions and / or objects in the environment (e.g., shape, size, orientation, speed, position, distance, or relative motion between objects). Technologies envisioned for 5G advanced systems and 6G systems (such as high carrier frequencies, large available bandwidth, massive MIMO, device-to-device communication, network densification, and / or AI / ML) all contribute to high-precision sensing by extracting relevant information at high resolution.

[0075] 3GPP SA1 has been conducting research projects on sensing in the context of Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC), including research use cases, potential enhancements to 5G systems, different sensing modes, and sensing-related KPIs. For example, different sensing modes have been defined and are mainly classified into monocell sensing and bicellial sensing based on the transmitter and receiver locations. Monocell sensing refers to a sensing mode where the transmitter and receiver are co-located. Bicellial sensing refers to a sensing mode where the transmitter and receiver are not co-located.

[0076] Monobase sensing The term "monostatic" and its intended function are borrowed from the radar field, where a transmitter emits a reference pulse that bounces back from a target as a backscattered signal, which is received by a receiver to perform various radar tasks (e.g., target detection, estimation, tracking, and classification). In NR, monostatic sensing utilizes a co-located transmitter and receiver and can be used on either the WTRU 102 side or the gNB side. The advantage of this sensing mode is that only one terminal is required for sensing and the clocks are synchronized. However, the challenge lies in the requirement for full-duplex (FD) capability, as it necessitates the simultaneous transmission and reception of the transmitted signal.

[0077] Bistatic sensing In NR, bistatic sensing refers to a sensing mode in which a transmitter emits a reference signal that bounces (e.g., reflects, refracts, diffracts, etc.) away from any target object and is received by a receiver. Unlike monostatic sensing, in bistatic sensing, the transmitter and receiver are not co-located. This architecture can include any combination of a gNB or WTRU as the transmitter and another gNB or WTRU as the receiver. This setup avoids the full-duplex requirement and self-interference problem of monostatic sensing. However, this sensing mode requires multiple terminals, and in the case of time-based measurements, the terminals must be clock-synchronized.

[0078] NR positioning Since sensing is considered an extension of NR positioning, the positioning reference signals, architecture, signaling framework, methods and protocols defined by 3GPP can be regarded as the baseline for NR sensing.

[0079] Positioning Architecture The 5G positioning architecture includes three main entities: the target WTRU, NG-RAN (e.g., NR gNB or LTE ng-eNBTRP), and the core network 5GC (e.g., AMF and LMF).

[0080] Depending on whether the positioning is based on or assisted by a WTRU, the role of each of these entities may include at least one of the following: requesting or transmitting positioning assistance information, (ii) requesting or transmitting DL-PRS / UL-SRS resources, (iii) measuring and / or transmitting the positioning metrics, and / or (iv) measuring and transmitting the final location estimate.

[0081] Location Protocol 3GPP Rel. 16 also defines various interfaces through which messages are transmitted to different entities. The interfaces relevant to this disclosure are shown below. The NG-C interface is used to connect the NG-RAN and the 5G core network. The NR / LTE Uu interface is used to connect the WTRU 102 and the NG-RAN.

[0082] In addition, different signaling protocols exist for exchanging location information and measurements between entities. NRPPa can be used between NG-RAN nodes and LMFs via the NG-C interface. RRC can be used between gNB / NG-eNB and WTRU 102 via the NR / LTE-Uu interface. LPP can be used between WTRU 102 and LMFs via both the NG-C and NR / LTE-Uu interfaces.

[0083] Uplink power control framework for positioning Power control is a critical issue in NR for both DL and UL transmissions, serving as a means to improve system capacity, coverage, and QoS while limiting interference to neighboring cells. Power control for uplink channel transmissions consists of several parts, including maximum transmit power, gNB target Rx power, path loss compensation factor, MCS factor and RB factor, and closed-loop power control commands indicated by the gNB.

[0084] 3GPP has defined a protocol for uplink power control for SRS resource location. The main difference between uplink power control for SRS resources and SRS resources used for communication is that, due to the defined architecture requiring multiple TRPs for accurate location, transmit power needs to be determined for multiple TRPs. This means the path loss compensation factor depends on the location of the service and adjacent TRPs.

[0085] Uplink transmit beam selection for positioning Besides power control, transmit beam selection is another important aspect for positioning. For the WTRU 102 with beamforming capabilities, optimal beam selection allows the WTRU 102 to direct its power to the gNB. This improves the received SNR of the SRSp resource, thereby improving positioning accuracy and reducing interference to other gNBs and / or WTRUs. 3GPP has defined the process for transmit beam selection for uplink SRSp resources. This process involves the network utilizing higher-layer parameters (e.g., providing an index for the downlink reference RS) to... spatialrelationInfoPos The WTRU 102 is configured using the parameter . Once a reference RS is received, the WTRU 102 determines the transmit beam direction as the receive filter for receiving the RS. If the WTRU 102 is not configured with this parameter, or if the WTRU 102 does not receive the indicated reference RS, the WTRU 102 may determine the transmit direction as a fixed or different spatial domain transmission filter.

[0086] 3GPP has specified uplink SRSp power control for uplink positioning, where the power is a function of the measured path loss between WTRU 102 and TRP. TRP can be associated with the serving cell or neighboring cells. Similarly, for SRSp beam orientation, 3GPP has specified beam orientation, which can be based on the Rx filter used for receiving reference DL RS (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, DL-PRS) or based on a fixed or configured sequence (e.g., beam scanning).

[0087] For multipath measurements, 3GPP has specified RSRPP measurements for DL-PRS and per-path reporting for RSTD / UE Rx-Tx time difference / PRS-RSRPP.

[0088] For bistatic sensing, allocating sufficient transmit power to the SRS transmission is important for accurately detecting and locating nearby obstacles. However, allocating too much power may interfere with or cause interference to other nearby WTRU 102 units due to reflected signals from obstacles. Similarly, selecting a Tx beam direction aligned with the object's orientation may be important for accurate object location. Therefore, determining the correct SRSp resources (e.g., beam) and transmit power is crucial for effective uplink sensing.

[0089] Overview In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may perform a process for determining a path (e.g., a path index).

[0090] For example, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information associated with one or more DL RSs. DL RSs can be associated with RSIDs, Ref. DL RS ID This is associated with one or more thresholds (e.g., from the network). DL RS can be any of, for example, SSB, CSI-RS, and / or DL-PRS (or can be associated with them). For example, WTRU 102 can determine the Rx spatial information for receiving DL RS based on any of SSB, CSI-RS, and / or DL-PRS.

[0091] For example, the configuration for DL ​​RS can include DL RS resources for receiving DL RS.

[0092] For example, refer to DL RS ID It can be one of the configured RS IDs.

[0093] For example, WTRU 102 can receive DL RSs in a configured DL RS resource. For example, WTRU 102 can measure RS-RSRPP and / or AoA for any (e.g., each) DL RS. When multiple paths are detected for a DL RS, WTRU 102 measures RS-RSRPP and / or AoA for any (e.g., each) detected path. WTRU 102 can measure excess delay relative to a common reference time for each detected path on a DL RS. The common reference time can be a reference... DL RS The arrival (e.g., reception) time of the path, such as reference DL RS The arrival time of the first detection path.

[0094] For example, WTRU 102 can be based on reference DL RS The detected path's RSRPP determines a set of one or more path IDs. WTRU 102 can index the path (e.g., Figure 7 Path 1 and Path 2 in the middle are associated with Reference DL RS For each detected path, the measured RSRPP satisfies a condition (e.g., above a threshold). The path index can be associated with the corresponding measured and / or determined values ​​for those paths. Ref. DL RS Measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, excess delay) are associated.

[0095] For example, WTRU 102 can be not Ref. DL RS Measurements of the detected path by DLRS (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, excess delay, etc.) are associated with path indices in the determined set. WTRU 102 may associate measurements of the detected path (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, excess delay) that are not Ref. DLRS measurements with path indices based on any of the following (e.g., combinations): (i) RSRPP is measured above a threshold; (ii) AoA and Ref. DL RS The difference between the AoA associated with the path index is below a threshold; and / or (iii) the difference between the normalized excess delay and the excess delay associated with the path index of Ref. DL RS is below a threshold. For example, the normalized excess delay may take into account the transmission time difference between DLRS and Ref. DL RS.T.

[0096] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can subtract the measured excess delay associated with the DL RS from the excess delay of the DL RS path. Ref. DL RSThe difference in Tx time between them determines the normalized excess delay. (For example, excess delay aligned to RS#N = RS#N excess delay - (T_N – T_ref), where T_N and T_ref are the excess delays of RS#N and T_ref, respectively.) Ref. DL RS (Tx time).

[0097] For example, WTRU 102 may report (e.g., send a report) that includes instructions (e.g., a combination of) the following (e.g., to the network): (i) path indices (e.g., path indices of path 1 and path 2); (ii) Ref. DL RS ; and / or (iii) for each path index and for each DL RS (e.g., including Ref. DL RS WTRU 102 associates the (e.g., any) measurement of the DL RS with the path index, the DL RS ID (e.g., CRI, SSBRI, etc.), and the corresponding measurement (e.g., AoA and / or RSRPP and excess delay) associated with the path index by WTRU 102.

[0098] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can perform processes for transmit power control and beam determination.

[0099] For example, WTRU 102 may receive power control configuration information, DL RS Tx power, PL path index (e.g., one of the path indices reported by WTRU 102) and / or one or more UL RS (e.g., SRSp) configurations (e.g., from the network).

[0100] For example, WTRU 102 can identify the PL DL RS as the first DLRS associated with the indicated PL path index. If more than one DL RS is associated with the indicated path index, the first DL RS can be selected as the DL RS with the highest or best RSRPP. WTRU 102 can determine the Tx power for the UL RS based on path loss, for example, based on (e.g., previously measured and reported to the gNB) PL DL RS RSRP and PL DL RS Tx power. WTRU 102 can determine the Tx beam spatial orientation of the UL RS based on the measured AoA of the PL DL RS (e.g., previously measured and reported to the gNB).

[0101] For example, WTRU 102 may report (e.g., send a report to the network) information indicating any (e.g., a combination of) the following: (i) the determined Tx power for the UL RS; (ii) the determined Tx spatial beam direction for the UL RS; (iii) the PL DL RS ID; and / or (iv) the associated PL path index.

[0102] For example, WTRU 102 can use the determined UL transmit power and / or the determined Tx spatial beam direction to transmit UL RS for sensing in (e.g., using) UL RS resources.

[0103] General terms As used in this article, the phrase “TRP” can be used interchangeably with “gNB” or “PRU”.

[0104] As used in this article, the phrase “network” can refer to AMF, LMF, or gNB.

[0105] As used in this article, the phrase “location” can be used interchangeably with “positioning”.

[0106] As used in this article, the phrase “measurement timing” can be defined as or refers to instances where the WTRU 102 measures different positioning metrics (e.g., RSRP, ToF, etc.).

[0107] As used herein, the phrase “RS” can specify any of the bit signal and / or reference signal (e.g., PRS, SRSp, CSI-RS, DM-RS, and SSB).

[0108] As used herein, the phrase “DL RS” may refer to any of the downlink positioning signals and / or reference signals that can be received by WTRU 102, such as DL PRS, SSB and / or CSI-RS.

[0109] As used herein, the phrase “UL RS” may refer to any uplink positioning and / or reference signals, such as SRSp, SRS, and / or SL-PRS, that will be transmitted by WTRU 102.

[0110] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may transmit and / or receive configuration (e.g., RS configuration) from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) via downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, etc.) and / or via low- or high-level signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, or LPP messages).

[0111] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may transmit and / or receive (pre)configured thresholds from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) via downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, etc.) and / or via low- or high-level signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, or LPP messages).

[0112] As used in this article, the phrase “reference DL RS” can be used interchangeably as… Ref. DL RS and / or the index associated with the reference DLRS (which are interchangeably referred to as...) Ref. DL RS ID ).

[0113] In some representative embodiments, the LMF is a non-limiting example of a node or entity (e.g., a network node or entity) that can be used to locate or support location. Any other node or entity (e.g., server WTRU 102) may replace the LMF and remain consistent with this disclosure.

[0114] In some representative embodiments, normalizing measurements associated with different received RS resources can refer to WTRU 102 realigning the measurements to make them comparable. This can include WTRU 102 eliminating additional biases and / or excesses in the measurements that might lead to specific conditions associated with particular conditions (e.g., different RS transmit times, different transmit powers). For example, different transmit times of TRP to DL RS might lead to different receive times of DL RS for WTRU 102. WTRU 102 can normalize the measurement by eliminating (e.g., subtracting) the Tx time difference from the measurement to make the metrics (e.g., arrival time, delay) comparable.

[0115] As used in this article, the phrase “ID” can be used interchangeably with “index”.

[0116] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may send measurement reports to the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) via semi-static messages (e.g., LPP, RRC) or dynamic messages (e.g., UCI, MAC-CE), which contain information indicating or associated with the measurement.

[0117] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may indicate in the report the RS resource index and / or RS index or ID associated with the measurement to indicate which RS WTRU 102 measured to derive the measurement (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, etc.). WTRU 102 may include TRP ID or index in the measurement report to indicate which TRP(s) PRS WTRU 102 measured.

[0118] RS Configuration Configuration for PRS In some representative embodiments, PRS configuration may include information indicating at least one of the following parameters: number of symbols, transmit power, number of PRS resources included in the PRS resource set, PRS silence mode (e.g., the silence mode may be expressed via a bitmap), periodicity, type of PRS (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic), slot offset for periodic transmission of PRS, vertical shift of PRS mode in the frequency domain, time slot during repetition, repetition factor, RE (resource element) offset, comb pattern, comb size, spatial relationship, QCL information of PRS (e.g., QCL target, QCL source), number of PRUs, number of TRPs, absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN), subcarrier spacing, expected RSTD, uncertainty of expected RSTD, start physical resource block (PRB), bandwidth, BWP ID, number of frequency layers, start / end time of PRS transmission, PRS on / off indicator, TRP ID, PRS ID, cell ID, global cell ID, PRU ID, and / or applicable time window. For example, if the current time is within an applicable time window, WTRU 102 can apply the PRS configuration. "ID" can be used interchangeably with "index". WTRU 102 can receive information from the network indicating the beamwidth or line-of-sight (AoD) of the PRS. The configuration described herein is not limited to PRS. For example, the PRS configuration can be applied to any DLRS.

[0119] Configuration for SRSp In some representative embodiments, the SRSp or SRS configuration may include information indicating at least one of the following: resource ID; comb offset value, cyclic shift value; start position in the frequency domain; number of SRSp symbols; shift of the SRSp in the frequency domain; frequency hopping mode; type of SRSp (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, or periodic); sequence ID used to generate the SRSp sequence, or other ID used to generate the SRSp sequence; spatial relation information indicating which reference signal (e.g., DL RS, UL RS, CSI-RS, SRS, DM-RS) or SSB (e.g., SSB ID, SSB cell ID) the SRSp is spatially associated with, wherein the SRSp is associated with the DL RS, UL RS, CSI-RS, SRS, DM-RS, or SSB (e.g., SSB ID, SSB cell ID). The RS is spatially aligned; QCL information (e.g., QCL relationship between the SRSp and other reference signals or SSBs); QCL type (e.g., QCL type A, QCL type B, QCL type D); resource set ID; a list of SRSp resources in the resource set; transmit power related information; path loss reference information, which may include an index for SSB, CSI-RS, or PRS; periodicity of SRSp transmission; and / or spatial information (such as spatial direction information of SRSp transmission (e.g., beam information, transmission angle) and / or spatial direction information of DL RS reception (e.g., beam ID, angle of arrival for receiving DL RS)). "ID" can be used interchangeably with "index".

[0120] Configuration for CSI-RS In some representative embodiments, the CSI-RS resource set is configured (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet This may include information indicating at least one of the following: resource ID, periodicity and slot offset, resource mapping for defining the number of CSI-RS ports, CDM type, OFDM symbols and subcarrier occupancy of CSI-RS resources within a slot, bandwidth portion ID, scrambling ID, power control configuration including power control offset (e.g., QCL relationship between CSI-RS and other reference signals), QCL type (e.g., QCL type A, QCL type B, QCL type D), resource set ID, a list of CSI-RS resources in a resource set, and / or a list of CSI-RS resource sets. "ID" may be used interchangeably with "index".

[0121] Configuration for SSB In some representative embodiments, the SSB configuration may include information indicating at least one of the following: subcarrier offset, physical cell ID, subcarrier spacing, power configuration for SSB transmission, SSB position QCL relationship between SSB positions in frequency (e.g., QCL type A, QCL type B, QCL type D), and SSB transmission beam and mode (e.g., via...). ssb- PositionInBurst (bit string in the data), and / or periodicity. Additionally, it can be configured by CSI-RS (e.g., CSI- ResourceConfig The configuration of an SSB can include at least one of the following: a resource ID, a resource set ID, a list of SSB resources in the resource set, a list of SSB resource sets, a list of references to SSB resources used for CSI measurements and reporting in the CSI-RS resource set, etc. These configurations can supplement one or more of the configurations listed for CSI-RS. "ID" can be used interchangeably with "index".

[0122] Measurement In some representative embodiments, RSRPP (e.g., expressed in dBm, dBW, or similar units) can be defined as a path-by-path power measurement that can be associated with a path. For example, a path can be characterized by the i-th measured component (e.g., the i-th delay component, the i-th AoA component, etc.) of a resource element carrying a DL RS signal. For example, the RSRPP associated with the first path measurement (e.g., the first delay component, the first AoA component) can correspond to the power contribution associated with the first detected path in time, and so on.

[0123] In some representative embodiments, AoA (e.g., measured in degrees, radians, or similar units) can be defined as the azimuth and / or vertical angle relative to a reference direction when WTRU 102 receives the transmitted RS. The reference direction can be defined in a global coordinate system (e.g., geographic north) or a local coordinate system (e.g., the orientation of WTRU 102). In one example, WTRU 102 can measure the AoA for each path associated with the received DL RS. WTRU 102 can determine the AoA based on an algorithm (e.g., a subspace-based algorithm such as MUSIC / ESPIRIT) and / or based on the angle of the receive beam used to receive the RS (e.g., the angle associated with the Rx filter), such as when WTRU 102 is capable of performing Rx beamforming (e.g., based on WTRU 102 capabilities). For example, the resolution of the measured AoA can depend on the number of antenna elements and / or antenna pattern at WTRU 102, and / or the granularity of the Rx beam of WTRU 102.

[0124] In some representative embodiments, the excess delay measurement of a path (e.g., the i-th path) (e.g., measured in the number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, seconds, or other transmission time intervals) can be defined as the time interval between the delay component (e.g., the i-th delay component) carrying the resource element of the received DLRS and a reference delay component (e.g., the first delay component of the DLRS). In one example, the reference delay component for the excess delay measurement of the DLRS may be a delay path component measured using the same DLRS, or in another example, a delay path component measured using a different DLRS. The reference delay component may be determined by WTRU 102 or indicated to WTRU 102 by the network. The granularity of the excess delay measurement may depend on the temporal measurement resolution of WTRU 102. In one example, this resolution may depend on the signal bandwidth used for sensing. The resolution may also depend on the ability of WTRU 102 to process (e.g., compute FFT) large frequency domain samples.

[0125] Positioning method In 3GPP Rel. 16, downlink, uplink, and downlink location methods and uplink location methods are used.

[0126] In some representative embodiments, any of the following positioning methods may be used and / or considered.

[0127] For example, "DL positioning method" can refer to any positioning method that uses downlink reference signals (such as PRS). WTRU 102 can receive multiple reference signals from one or more transmission points (TPs) and measure DL RSTD and / or RSRP. Examples of DL positioning methods are DL-AoD or DL-TDOA positioning.

[0128] For example, "UL positioning method" can refer to any positioning method that uses an uplink reference signal (such as SRS) for positioning. WTRU 102 can transmit SRS to multiple receiving points (RPs), and the RPs measure UL RTOA and / or RSRP. Examples of UL positioning methods are UL-TDOA or UL-AoA positioning.

[0129] For example, "DL and UL positioning method" can refer to any positioning method that uses both uplink and downlink reference signals for positioning. In one example, WTRU 102 can transmit SRS to multiple Transmit and Receive Points (TRPs), and gNB measures the Rx-Tx time difference, which is calculated based on the arrival time of the DL RS (e.g., PRS). gNB can measure the RSRP of the received SRS. WTRU 102 measures the Rx-Tx time difference of the PRS transmitted from multiple TRPs. WTRU 102 can measure the RSRP of the received PRS. The Rx-Tx difference (e.g., and RSRP) measured at WTRU 102 and gNB can be used to calculate the round-trip time. "UE Rx-Tx time difference" refers to the difference between the arrival time of the reference signal transmitted by the TRP and the transmission time of the reference signal transmitted from WTRU 102. An example of DL and UL positioning method is multi-RTT positioning.

[0130] As used in this article, the phrases “location” and “sensing” can be used interchangeably.

[0131] This solution enables multipath detection using the same or different transmit spatial filters based on the received DL resources. Furthermore, this solution allows the WTRU 102 to transmit SRSp resources with optimal transmit power and transmit spatial filters. These features allow: In some representative embodiments, the same or different spatial filters can be used to perform accurate object detection and / or localization using DL RS resources.

[0132] In some representative embodiments, optimal power allocation can be used to improve the accuracy of uplink bistatic object sensing.

[0133] In some representative embodiments, uplink sensing can be achieved by minimizing interference to both the WTRU near the sensing WTRU 102 and the gNB by power control and taking into account any non-sensing paths.

[0134] Uplink power control and beamforming process Path index determination process Initial configuration In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can receive one or more DL RS (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, DL-PRS) configurations from the network.

[0135] For example, WTRU 102 can receive DL RS configurations (such as SSB, CSI-RS, DL-PRS, etc.) from a network (such as LMF, gNB, or other entities configured to reference signals of WTRU 102).

[0136] For example, WTRU 102 can receive and decode SSB configurations from MIBs and SIBs (e.g., SIB type 1) during the cell search process. WTRU 102 can first decode the MIB and then use that information to decode the SIB and collect the configurations associated with the SSB. WTRU 102 can decode MIBs and SIBs that can be transmitted over the BCH.

[0137] For example, WTRU 102 can receive one or more SSB configurations (e.g., SSBs to be transmitted and / or measured and / or reported) via CSI RS configurations (e.g., SSBs to be transmitted and / or measured and / or reported). NZP-CSI-RS-SSB The WTRU 102 can receive configuration in the downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH) via higher-layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI) and / or via LPP messages.

[0138] For example, WTRU 102 can receive one or more CSI-RS configurations from the network via downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH), via higher-layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI), and / or via LPP messages.

[0139] For example, WTRU 102 can receive one or more CSI-RS configurations (e.g., CSI-RS to be transmitted and / or measured and / or reported) via CSI RS configurations (e.g., CSI-RS to be transmitted and / or measured and / or reported). NZP-CSI-RS-Resource , NZP-CSI-RS-Resource-Set The WTRU 102 can receive configuration via downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH), via higher-layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI), and / or via LPP messages.

[0140] For example, WTRU 102 can receive one or more DL-PRS configurations via downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH), via higher-layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI), and / or via LPP messages.

[0141] For example, WTRU 102 can receive one or more DL RS configurations based on a request from WTRU 102. WTRU 102 can send the request for DL ​​RS configuration to the network via uplink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH), via higher-layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI), and / or via LPP messages.

[0142] Measurement In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine a multipath profile for measurement across multiple DL RS.

[0143] For example, WTRU 102 may be configured by the network to determine a multipath channel profile from DL measurements performed on one or more DL RSs. The multipath channel profile may include WTRU 102 determining any (e.g., combinations) of the following: (i) multipath measurements associated with one or more DL RSs (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, excess delay, Doppler offset, delay spread, etc.); (ii) associations between multipath measurements of DL RSs; and / or (iii) associations between different DL RSs and / or UL RSs based on multipath measurements.

[0144] For example, WTRU 102 may determine any of the aforementioned associations based on at least one of the following conditions: (i) the measured delay spread based on DL measurements is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the number of multipath components present (e.g., based on DL measurements) is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the change in measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, AoA, etc.) within a (pre)configured duration (e.g., measurement window, N consecutive measurement opportunities, etc.) is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the increase in retransmission requests is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) the LoS / NLoS ID associated with one or more TRPs is lower than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0145] In some representative embodiments, based on the above triggering conditions, WTRU 102 can report events to the network and is configured with DL RS resources for sensing.

[0146] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can receive configuration and / or auxiliary information for sensing from the network.

[0147] For example, WTRU 102 may receive further configuration and / or auxiliary information from the network for determining a multipath (e.g., channel) profile, including at least one of the following: (i) reference DL RS ID; (ii) path index; (iii) reference time and / or spatial direction indication; (iv) geographical location of the TRP; (v) sensing time window; and / or (vi) transmit power of the configured DL RS.

[0148] For example, WTRU 102 can receive one or more indicated reference DL RS IDs from the network (e.g., Ref. DL RS ID In one example, referencing DL RS (e.g., Ref. DL RS IDThe reference resource can be one or a subset of the IDs associated with (pre-)configured DL RS. In one example, the WTRU 102 can use the reference resource as an implicit reference time, frequency, and / or spatial orientation from the network for sensing.

[0149] For example, WTRU 102 can receive a set of path IDs from the network to be assigned to different paths. In one example, the received path IDs may be associated with reference measurements such as reference AoA (such as relative to the indicated reference direction) and / or reference excess delay (such as relative to the first path) etc.

[0150] For example, the number of (pre)configured path indices can implicitly indicate to WTRU 102 the number of paths that WTRU 102 can allocate to the network and / or report. In another example, WTRU 102 can receive an indication from the network of the total number of paths that WTRU 102 can allocate.

[0151] For example, WTRU 102 can receive from the network indications of reference time (e.g., in the form of symbol index, slot index, frame index, absolute time, or relative time relative to a reference point) and / or spatial direction (e.g., in the form of angle, radians, cell ID, sector ID, reference AoA, or relative angle relative to the TRP location). In one example, these indications can be used as a reference for WTRU 102 to sense at a specific time and / or direction.

[0152] For example, WTRU 102 can receive the coordinates (e.g., 2D, 3D) of the serving TRP.

[0153] For example, WTRU 102 may receive a time window for sensing from the network, which may include at least one of the following: (i) the start or end time of the window (e.g., expressed as a symbol index, slot index, frame index, absolute time, or relative time relative to a reference point), and / or (ii) the duration of the window (e.g., expressed as the number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, or seconds). For example, the sensing window may indicate the time that WTRU 102 may need to reserve for sensing.

[0154] For example, WTRU 102 can receive the transmit power (e.g., in dBm, dBw) of a configured DL RS (e.g., DL-PRS, CSI-RS, SSB, etc.). In this example, the transmit power can be resource-specific. In another example, all resources within a resource set can transmit at the same power. WTRU 102 can receive an indication of the transmit power with the associated DL RS resource and / or resource set ID.

[0155] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may receive one or more DL RS resources and measure the corresponding metrics.

[0156] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can start a timer when the start time of a (pre)configured sensing time window is reached.

[0157] For example, WTRU 102 can receive one or more DL RSs in a configured DL RS resource transmitted by one or more TRPs. Each received DL RS can be associated with (e.g., a unique) DL RS ID. WTRU 102 can receive each RS through one or more paths, each path being characterized by a different set of per-path measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, excess delay, etc.). WTRU 102 can be (pre-)configured by the network to perform per-path measurements and / or reporting, which includes at least one of RSRPP and / or AoA and / or excess delay for each path of the received DL RS. Since WTRU 102 can measure each RS resource through one or more paths, one or more of the measurements can be associated with each received DL RS.

[0158] Figure 2 This is a system diagram illustrating examples of receiving DL RS via different multipath components according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 2 In this system, measurements can be performed on multiple transmissions of DL RS received by the WTRU 102 via multiple paths.

[0159] exist Figure 2In this configuration, WTRU 102 receives configured DL RSs (e.g., indicated by the IDs of DLRS #1, DL RS #2, and DL RS #3) transmitted by a base station (e.g., TRP 202). These resources can be transmitted in DL RS resources with Tx times of T1, T2, and T3, employing one or more Tx spatial filters (e.g., AoD). WTRU 102 receives these DL RSs through multiple paths. For example, for DL ​​RS #1, WTRU 102 receives the transmitted signal through two paths: direct path 204 and reflection path 206 via object 208 (e.g., reflection from the object). Similarly, DL RS #2 transmitted at time T2 is received by WTRU 102 using three paths: direct path 204, reflection path 206, and another reflection path 210 via another object 212 (e.g., reflection from that object). Each of these paths can generate a unique per-path measurement. However, a subset of path-by-path measurements associated with any two DL RSs (e.g., DL RS #1 and DL RS #2) can be similar. For example, WTRU 102 can determine the path of an object 208 (e.g., AoA, delay, Doppler shift, etc.) based on similar measurements within a threshold interval. Figure 2 The path 206 of the car in the image is associated with the (e.g., the same) location of the transmitter, scatterer, and receiver in two RS measurements.

[0160] For example, WTRU 102 can (e.g., also) measure excess latency associated with each of the separately performed path-by-path measurements. In the example, excess latency corresponding to a measurement of one or more received DL RSs can be measured with reference to a common reference time. This reference time can be any of the following (e.g., combinations): (i) the reception time of the first received DL RS; (ii) the reception time of an indicated reference DL RS (e.g., Ref. DL RS); (iii) the start time of the sensing time window; and / or (iv) a (pre)configured reference time (e.g., SFN timing, etc.). For example, the reference time can be a (e.g., first) time instance when the measured RSRPP of the first received DL RS is higher than a (pre)configured threshold. For example, the reference time can be a (e.g., first) time instance when the measured RSRPP of the received DL RS is higher than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0161] For example, a common reference time can be indicated to WTRU 102 by the network (e.g., as configuration / auxiliary information). For example, WTRU 102 can receive resource IDs or indexes for referencing the RS. For example, each ID can be associated with a time resource and / or a frequency resource (e.g., a set).

[0162] Figure 3 This is a timing diagram illustrating RSRPP measurements of multiple DL RSs using the ToA of a reference DL RS as a common reference time, according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 3 As shown, the RSRPP measurement varies with the excess delay associated with different DL RS transmissions (e.g., DL RS #1, DL RS #2, and DL RS #3). Figure 3 In the text, the indicated common reference DL RS (e.g., Ref. DL RS () is DL RS #1, and its first-path arrival time is treated as a common reference time (e.g., 0 ms). In Figure 3 In this context, times t1, t2, and tk represent the 2nd, 3rd, and (k+1)th time instances of the measured path relative to a common reference time (e.g., 0 ms), respectively.

[0163] Figure 4 This is a timing diagram illustrating RSRPP measurements of multiple DL RSs using the start time of the measurement window as a common reference time, according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 4 The image shows a measurement of DL RS RSRPP by a WTRU 102, where the common reference time is the start time of the measurement window. In this example, the excess delay durations T1, T2, and Tk represent delay measurements with respect to the 1st, 2nd, and kth paths, respectively.

[0164] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the use of a reference DL RS that is different from the reference DL RS configured in the network based on at least one of the following conditions (e.g. Ref. DL RS ). and the configured Ref. DL RS The associated measured RSRP and / or RSRPP are below a (pre)configured threshold. The total number of multipath components (e.g., the number of paths with RSRPP measurements above the (pre)configured threshold) is below the (pre)configured threshold. The difference between the receiving direction (e.g., the measured AoA, the angle of the Rx filter used for reception by WTRU 102) and the (pre)configured reference direction (e.g., the indicated reference AoA) of the reference RS path (e.g., the first path of the reference RS where the measured RSRPP is above the (pre)configured threshold) is above the (pre)configured threshold.

[0165] In another example, if WTRU 102 does not receive any indication from the network regarding the reference RS, then WTRU 102 can determine the reference RS (e.g., Ref. DL RS ).

[0166] In another example, WTRU 102 can be configured with more than one reference RS. WTRU 102 can determine which reference RS to select for determining the common reference time and / or allocating the path ID. For example, WTRU 102 can receive a set of resource IDs or an index set, from which WTRU 102 can select an ID corresponding to the reference RS.

[0167] In the two examples above, WTRU 102 may determine a reference RS (e.g., one of many (pre)configured RSs in addition to (pre)configured RSs) based on at least one of the following: (i) a DL RS with a measured RSRP / RSRPP higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) a DL RS with a number of measured multipath components higher than a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., the number of path measurements with RRPP higher than a (pre)configured threshold); and / or (iii) a reference RS having the difference between the Rx direction of the associated path measurement (e.g., the measured angle of AoA, Rx filter) and a (pre)configured reference direction (e.g., AoA) lower than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0168] Figure 5 This is a system diagram illustrating exemplary reasons for determining a new reference RS in WTRU 102 according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 5 middle, ref This indicates the reference AoA direction for the configuration, while Th This indicates a (pre)configured threshold indicated by the network. Similarly, DL RS #3 is indicated by the network. Ref. DL RS Because from Ref. DL RS The received signal is within a threshold in the indicated direction (e.g., in [...]). ref - Th, ref + Th There is no path between them, and WTRU 102 can determine the selection of different paths based on the described process. Ref. DL RS .

[0169] For example, WTRU 102 can determine to report (e.g., a new) reference DL RS to the network. WTRU 102 can determine to report (e.g., the DL RS index associated with the new reference DL RS) to the network.

[0170] Path allocation In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine path allocation.

[0171] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may receive one or more (pre)configured DL RSs transmitted by TRP. For example, the received DL RS may be configured with any (e.g., a combination) and / or characterized by any (e.g., a combination) of the following: transmission time, zenith angle and / or azimuth angle (AoD), resource set, beamwidth, polarization, RS sequence (e.g., ZC, Gold sequence), transmit power, time (e.g., symbol) resources and frequency (e.g., PRB, subcarrier) resources allocated for RS transmission, and / or TCI state associated with RS transmission (e.g., SSB or CSI-RS of QCL).

[0172] WTRU 102 can receive RS transmissions in allocated resources via channel multipath conditions, which include direct paths (no reflection), single bounces, and / or multiple bounces via one or more scattering elements (e.g., reflection, diffraction, etc.) in the propagation environment. DL RS transmissions can therefore reach the WTRU 102 receiver via a set of multipaths. Therefore, WTRU 102 can detect and measure the multipath version of the same transmitted reference signal at each multipath and determine a channel profile based on the measurements. For example, WTRU 102 can determine the set of multipaths (or multipath components) based on the aforementioned channel profile measurements. As described herein, multipaths can be interchangeably referred to as multipath components.

[0173] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may determine any (e.g., a combination) of the following parameters associated with each measured multipath component: (i) measured RSRPP; (ii) excess delay; (iii) delay spread; (iv) Doppler shift; (v) Doppler spread; and / or (vi) AoA.

[0174] For example, WTRU 102 can determine excess delay as the duration associated with the delay component (e.g., the i-th delay component) of the resource element carrying the received DL RS relative to a reference delay component (e.g., the first delay component of the DL RS). The reference time can be determined by WTRU 102 and / or indicated to WTRU 102 by the network (e.g., either of the two).

[0175] For example, the reference time could be shared by all path-by-path delay measurements corresponding to one or more received DL RSs. WTRU 102 can transmit DL RSs (e.g., Ref. DL RS The first path to the destination is identified as the first multipath, where the measured RSRPP can exceed the (pre)configured threshold. WTRU 102 can then use DL RS (e.g., Ref. DL RS The first path to the destination is represented as zero.

[0176] For example, WTRU 102 can measure the excess delay of a DL RS as the duration relative to its first-path. For each received DL RS, the excess delay reference can be different (e.g., unique). WTRU 102 can determine the first-path of a DL RS as a first multipath, where the measured RSRPP associated with the DL RS can exceed a (pre)configured threshold. WTRU 102 can represent the excess delay of the first-path of the DL RS as zero.

[0177] In some representative embodiments, the granularity of measuring excess delay can depend on the temporal measurement resolution of the WTRU 102. In one example, this capability can depend on the signal bandwidth used for sensing. Alternatively, the resolution can also depend on the WTRU 102's ability to process large frequency domain samples (e.g., FFT size).

[0178] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may associate the measured channel profile with any of the following (e.g., combinations thereof): (i) one or more configuration parameters of the measured DL RS transmission (e.g., RS identifier, RS index, RS resource, TCI status, Tx port, AoD, Tx beamwidth, Tx beam indication, Tx spatial filter); (ii) one or more parameters of the measured configuration (e.g., Rx beam identifier, Rx beamwidth, AoA, Rx port, Rx spatial filter); (iii) a time instance and / or timestamp representing the channel profile measurement; and / or (iv) a validity period, which indicates the period during which WTRU 102 can determine the channel profile measurement can be applied (e.g., WTRU 102 may assume the channel profile may not change).

[0179] For example, the multipath set associated with any two received DL RS transmissions can be fully intersected, partially intersected, or completely disjoint. This can depend on one or more of the following regarding the DL RS transmissions: (i) the difference between AoD; (ii) the difference between Tx beamwidths; (iii) the difference between Rx beamwidths; and / or (iv) the difference between transmit power levels.

[0180] In some representative embodiments, in order for WTRU 102 to determine whether two sets of measurements associated with more than one DL RS correspond to the same multipath component, WTRU 102 may compare path-by-path measurements associated with different received DL RSs.

[0181] RSRPP measurements associated with different RSs received through the same path can be different. This could be due to variations in Tx power transmitted in more than one direction, caused by different spatial characteristics associated with the DL RS (e.g., Tx beamform, width, spatial filter, etc.).

[0182] Each path AoA measurement associated with different RSs received through the same path can be the same, as this can be considered constant during the measurement period, depending on the location of the scatterer and the location of WTRU 102.

[0183] The excess delay associated with different RSs received through the same multipath component can also be different. This is likely primarily due to differences in the transmission times of the different RSs. Since resources can be allocated sequentially for different RS beams, the excess delay measurements for different RSs can be different. In one example, WTRU 102 can be configured to normalize the measurement by aligning the delay measurement to eliminate the effects of different transmission times associated with different DL RSs.

[0184] Excess delay measured using common reference time In some representative embodiments, excess delay can be measured relative to a common reference time.

[0185] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine normalized per-path excess delay measurements associated with different DL RS.

[0186] For example, excess delays of more than one DL RS can be measured relative to a common reference time. The procedure described in this paper describes the behavior of WTRU 102 in normalizing excess delay measurements associated with more than one DL RS.

[0187] For example, WTRU 102 can perform excess delay normalization based on the transmission time and a common reference time associated with the measurement. For each measurement associated with a received DL RS, WTRU 102 can determine (e.g., indicated / determined) the difference between the common reference time and the transmission time associated with a received reference DL RS (e.g., a reference DL RS). WTRU 102 can then subtract this difference from the measured excess delay associated with the corresponding DL RS for each measured DL RS. Since the determined difference only changes the reference time of the excess delay for each RS, (e.g., a pair of) associated measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, etc.) can remain identical and can still be associated with the corresponding (e.g., subtracted) normalized excess delay.

[0188] Figure 6This illustrates one or more embodiments according to this disclosure, where the reference time is from... Ref. DL RS The timing diagram used to determine the first-reach path is shown in the example for determining the normalized excess delay. For example... Figure 6 As shown, the WTRU 102 can measure RSRPP from RS #1, RS #2, and RS #3, where the common reference time used for excess delay measurement is used as the indicated time. Ref. DL RS The initial route. In Figure 6 In the diagram, the transmission times (e.g., t) of RS are T1, T2, and T3, respectively. WTRU 102 can determine RS (e.g., with ID RS # K) and... Ref. DL RS The difference between RS Tx times (e.g., Diff_RS # K) between (e.g., RS #1) is TK-T1 to determine the normalized excess delay. Then, WTRU 102 can use the normalized excess delay ( The measured excess delay is identified as being associated with RS (e.g., RS # K). The difference between the calculated difference (e.g., Diff_RS # K) and the calculated difference, i.e. .

[0189] Figure 7 This is a timing diagram illustrating an example of determining normalized excess delay when a common reference time is the start time of the measurement window, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 7 In this context, when using the measurement window start time (e.g., StartTime) as a reference to measure excess delay, WTRU 102 can determine the normalized excess delay. For example, WTRU 102 can determine the difference between RS (e.g., with ID RS # K) and the measurement window start time (e.g., Diff_RS # K) as TK-StartTime. WTRU 102 can then determine the normalized excess delay as the difference between the measured excess delay associated with RS (e.g., RS # K) and the calculated difference (e.g., Diff_RS # K), i.e. .

[0190] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine the path index based on multipath measurement groups.

[0191] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can be configured by the network to assign path indexes to per-path measurements.

[0192] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may determine to assign a path index to a measurement associated with multipath based on any (e.g., a combination) of the following conditions: (i) the total number of measurements (e.g., RSRPP with an above-threshold) is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the total number of measurements (e.g., the difference between their measured Rx directions (e.g., measured AoA) with a below-threshold) is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the difference between any two (e.g., unique) AoDs of the transmitted RS resources is lower than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the beamwidth of the transmitted RS resources is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) WTRU 102 receives an instruction from the network to perform measurement alignment.

[0193] For example, WTRU 102 can determine which of the above standards or combinations thereof to use based on configuration and / or instructions from the network. For instance, WTRU 102 can receive from the network instructions to use AoA to correlate paths measured in different RSs. WTRU 102 can receive any standards described herein from the network. In another example, WTRU 102 can instruct the network how paths measured in different RSs are correlated. For instance, WTRU 102 can instruct the use of AoA measurements to determine the correlation between paths. WTRU 102 can instruct any standards described herein.

[0194] In some representative embodiments, the path index may include (e.g., a unique) identifier. For example, the identifier may be provided to WTRU 102 by the network, or in another example, generated by WTRU 102. For example, WTRU 102 may be configured with a range of path IDs associated with a DL RS (e.g., a reference DL RS). An example of the range associated with a DL RS could be 1 to n (e.g., 5), indicating that WTRU 102 can measure up to n (e.g., 5) paths for the associated DL RS. If WTRU 102 detects multipath in the measurement, WTRU 102 can determine to allocate up to n (e.g., 5) paths.

[0195] For example, WTRU 102 can determine a reference multipath profile, which is determined based on measurements performed on a reference DL RS. Each path in the reference multipath profile can have an associated ID.

[0196] WTRU 102 can associate one or more measurements associated with one or more DL RS resources with a path ID. If the measurements correspond to the same path, WTRU 102 can assign the path ID to one or more measurements and / or one or more DL RS resources. An exemplary procedure for WTRU 102 to assign IDs to path measurements is given in the following paragraphs.

[0197] For example, WTRU 102 can be configured or instructed by the network to assign path IDs to multipaths measured in the reference DL RS. For example, if WTRU 102 determines N paths based on measurements, WTRU 102 can assign path IDs from 1 to N to the detected paths.

[0198] For example, WTRU 102 can determine that a path is associated with a multipath detected through more than one measurement timing and / or sample. Different measurement timings or samples may correspond to measurements performed at different time instances. WTRU 102 can process measurements performed at different timings or samples and average or filter the measurements, for example, paths with the lowest RSRPP. WTRU 102 can (e.g., via UCI, MAC-CE, RRC, and / or LPP) indicate to the network that the determined path ID is based on more than one measurement timing or sample, or based on one measurement timing or sample.

[0199] Figure 8 This is a timing diagram illustrating an example of path allocation based on a reference DLRS according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 8 In this context, WTRU 102 can initially assign a path ID to the indicated (e.g., one or more) reference RS resources (e.g., ...). Ref. DL RS ID The WTRU 102 may assign a path ID to a path measurement (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, Doppler shift, etc.) based on any of the following conditions (e.g., a combination thereof): (i) the RSRPP measurement associated with the reference RS resource is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the difference between the measured normalized excess delay associated with the path and the (e.g., average) normalized excess delay associated with the assigned path ID is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) the difference between the measured Rx direction associated with the path (e.g., AoA, angle of the Rx filter, etc.) and the Rx direction of the assigned path ID associated with the assigned path ID (e.g., average AoA, (e.g., average angle of the Rx spatial filter, etc.) is higher than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0200] For example, WTRU 102 can also be configured to not be associated with the path ID based on any of the following conditions (e.g., a combination thereof) (e.g., with...). Ref. DL RS The path-by-path measurement (associated with the non-reference received DL RS) is associated with the assigned path ID if: (i) the measured RSRPP is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the difference between the measured normalized excess delay associated with the path and the (e.g., average) normalized excess delay associated with the path ID is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) the difference between the measured Rx direction (e.g., AoA, angle of the Rx filter, etc.) associated with the path and the Rx direction ((e.g., average) AoA, (e.g., average) angle of the Rx spatial filter, etc.) associated with the path ID is higher than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0201] For example, such as Figure 8 As shown, path IDs can (for example, only) be assigned to... Ref. DL RS The associated measurements and measurements associated with non-reference RS are associated with the assigned path.

[0202] Figure 9 This is a timing diagram illustrating an example of path allocation based on all DLRSs in the measured DLRSs according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 9 As shown, WTRU 102 can assign a path ID to a path-by-path measurement (e.g., associated with a non-reference RS resource and / or a reference RS resource) based on the following condition: the measured RSRPP is higher than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0203] For example, WTRU 102 may additionally assign the same path ID to two measurement sets (e.g., associated with the same DL RS or different DL RS) based on at least one of the following conditions: (i) the difference between the measured normalized excess delays associated with the two measurements is less than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (ii) the measured Rx directions associated with the two measurements (e.g., AoA, the angle of the Rx spatial filter, etc.) are the same and / or their difference is less than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0204] exist Figure 9 In this context, all path-related measurements (including those using non-reference DL RS measurements that meet the indicated conditions) can be associated with the path ID. Figure 8 and 9 This difference between the methods can be seen in the text, where... Figure 8 In this context, because the path ID is only based on... Ref. DL RS The measurement is assigned based on its association with the measurement, assigning only two path IDs (e.g., path ID 1 and path ID 2). This differs from the previous approach. Figure 9In this configuration, WTRU 102 assigns three path IDs (e.g., path ID 1, path ID 2, and path ID 3), where path ID 3 is assigned based on the measurement associated with the non-reference DL RS.

[0205] Figure 10 This is a signaling diagram illustrating a path association process based on a common reference time according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 10 As shown, at 1002, WTRU 102 can be configured with a DL RS configuration and a sensing window configuration. Based on a common reference time (e.g., referencing the first path of the DL RS), excess delay associated with the reception of multiple DL RSs at 1004, 1006, and 1008 is measured. At 1010, WTRU 102 can receive a request for path association information. WTRU 102 then determines the path based on further processes involving excess delay normalization and determining similarity in other measurements (e.g., AoA, excess delay, etc.). At 1012, WTRU 102 can send measurement and / or path association reports to the network (e.g., TRP 202). Figure 10 The sensor window configuration indicated by the network to the WTRU 102 is also shown.

[0206] Excess delay measured according to DL RS reference time In some typical embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine multipath groups and associated path identifiers based on channel profile parameters measured on RS transmissions.

[0207] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may perform excess delay normalization based on excess delay, RSRRP, delay spread, and / or AoA measured in different channel profile measurements.

[0208] For example, WTRU 102 can perform normalization when the excess delay associated with DL RS can be measured as the duration of the first path of arrival relative to DL RS. WTRU 102 can determine the LOS path as the first multipath in one or more channel measurements over different RS transmissions. WTRU 102 can align the first multipaths of different channel profile measurements based on any (e.g., a combination) of the following conditions: (i) the difference between the RSRPP values ​​of the first path in each measurement is less than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the difference between the path losses specific to the first path in each measurement is less than a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the difference between the AoA values ​​of the first path in each measurement is less than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the difference between the measured AoD values ​​of the RS transmission is less than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) the difference between the measured beamwidths of the RS transmission is less than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0209] For example, the WTRU 102 can determine path loss specific to the first-reach path based on the measured RSRPP and RS transmit power.

[0210] Figure 11 This is a channel profile diagram illustrating path ID allocation for associated multipath groups according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 11 In this context, the WTRU 102 can determine, based on one or more conditions, that first-reach multipaths measured on RS1 and RS2 transmissions can be aligned. For example, both of the first-reach multipaths may have LOS (line-of-sight) channel conditions. The WTRU 102 can then identify one or more multipath groups measured in different channel profiles based on its measured channel profile parameters. For example, WTRU 102 may determine grouping of one or more multipaths from different channel profile measurements based on any (e.g., a combination) of the following conditions: (i) the measured RSRPP of the multipath is greater than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the difference between the excess delay of the measured multipath relative to the aligned first-arrival multipath is less than a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the difference between the RSRPP values ​​of the first-arrival path in each measurement is less than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the difference between the measured AoA of the multipath is less than a (pre)configured threshold; (v) the difference between the measured delay spread of the multipath is less than a (pre)configured threshold; (vi) the difference between the measured AoD of the RS transmission is less than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (vii) the difference between the measured beamwidth of the RS transmission is less than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0211] For example, WTRU 102 can consider that multipath within the same group may be caused by related channel conditions (e.g., reflections or diffractions from the same object). Figure 11In this context, WTRU 102 can determine, based on one or more of the conditions discussed above, that a second multipath measured on an RS2 transmission can be grouped with the first-arrival path measured on an RS3 transmission. For example, the LOS path of the RS3 transmission may be blocked.

[0212] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may be configured by the network to associate an indication with multipath measurements of channel profiles from one or more RS transmissions. For example, the multipath indication may be any of the following (e.g., combinations): (i) path identifier; (ii) path index; and / or (iii) path group index.

[0213] For example, WTRU 102 can associate multipath indicators with multipath groups for each identifier. Figure 11 As shown, WTRU102 can associate path ID 1 with the aligned first-reach path, and path ID 2 and path ID 3 with subsequent multipath groups. WTRU 102 may (e.g., further) associate a multipath indication with any (e.g., a combination of) the following: (i) configuration parameters of the RS transmission applied to channel profile measurements (e.g., time resources and / or frequency resources, TCI status, beamwidth, AoD, and / or transmit power); (ii) channel measurement parameters (e.g., RSRPP, path loss, AoA, delay spread, excess delay, Doppler shift, and / or Doppler spread); (iii) configuration parameters of the WTRU 102 receiver measurement configuration (e.g., Rx beam identifier, Rx beamwidth, AoA, Rx port, and / or Rx spatial filter); (iv) time instance and / or timestamp of the channel profile measurement; and / or (v) validity period, which indicates the period during which WTRU 102 can determine that the multipath indication may be valid (e.g., the channel conditions indicated by the multipath indication in the multipath group can be considered unchanged). For example, WTRU 102 may receive the validity period from the network in the RS transmission configuration. For example, WTRU 102 can be (pre-)configured with a set of values ​​from the network, and the validity period can be selected based on WTRU 102 mobility (e.g., speed) and / or interference measurements (e.g., SINR). When WTRU 102 is at high speed and / or high channel interference, WTRU 102 can select a small effective value to compensate for rapid changes in channel conditions and / or reduced accuracy of channel profile measurements.

[0214] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine multipaths within the same group from different channel profile measurements, wherein the channel profile measurements can indicate highly correlated channel conditions. For example, WTRU 102 can determine the channel conditions of a multipath based on the channel conditions of another multipath within the same multipath group. Therefore, WTRU 102 can associate multipath groups and / or their indications with the same subject that may cause the channel conditions. For example, WTRU 102 can determine that the multipath group may be reflected from the same obstacle in the surrounding environment. WTRU 102 can therefore use the associated multipath group and / or its association with the obstacle to indicate such an obstacle. For example, WTRU 102 can perform a report to the network of the determined multipath group information. WTRU 102 can include any of the following (e.g., combinations) in the report: (i) multipath indications; (ii) RS transmission configurations associated with each multipath indication; (iii) channel profile measurements associated with the multipath indications; and (iv) the validity of the multipath indications (e.g., when they can be determined by WTRU 102).

[0215] Figure 12 This is a signaling diagram illustrating a path association process based on a reference time for each DL RS measurement, according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 12 As shown, for example, at 1202, WTRU 102 can receive DL RS configuration and sensing window configuration. WTRU 102 can measure excess delay associated with the reception of multiple DL RSs at 1204, 1206, and 1208 based on a reference time (e.g., reference time about the corresponding DL RS) associated with the corresponding DL RS (e.g., the first path of the DL RS). WTRU 102 can determine the path based on further processes involving determining similarities and correlations (e.g., AoA, excess delay, etc.) in other measurements. At 1210, WTRU 102 can receive a request for path association information. At 1212, WTRU can send measurement and / or path association reports. Figure 12 The configuration of the measurement (e.g., sensing) window, indicated by the network to the WTRU 102, is also shown. In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can associate DL RS resources with path indexes.

[0216] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may (e.g., along with measurements) associate corresponding DL RSs with (e.g., assigned) path indices. DL RSs associated with path IDs can represent the relationship between them for sensing objects, as they can indicate that the RS traversed a channel associated with the same object before being received by WTRU 102. For example, this relationship may be referred to as a new QCL relationship (e.g., it may be named the QCL type for sensing, QCL type E, etc.).

[0217] For example, WTRU 102 can determine that a DL RS transmission associated with the same multipath indicator and / or path ID can be QCL-specific for a sensed object associated with the multipath indicator and / or path ID. For example, WTRU 102 can be (pre-)configured with a sensed QCL indicator for each RS transmission. WTRU 102 can determine which RS transmission can be associated with a given sensed object based on the sensed QCL indicator.

[0218] Determining the path using multiple TRPs In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can perform path index determination for a single TRP.

[0219] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can perform path index determination for multiple TRPs and / or cells.

[0220] For example, WTRU 102 can be configured with DL RS resources from multiple TRPs. One or more (pre-)configured DL RSs (e.g., DL-PRS) from different TRPs can be transmitted in the same time slot (e.g., orthogonal due to a comb frequency structure) or in different time slots. WTRU 102 can be configured with one or more reference DL RSs associated with one or more TRPs.

[0221] For example, similar to the case with a single TRP, WTRU 102 can use a single common reference time or a DL RS-specific reference to measure the excess delay from the DL RS received from the TRP. For example, WTRU 102 can normalize the excess delay of multiple TRPs based on the measured excess delay, the common reference time, and the transmission time of the indicated DL RS.

[0222] For example, in a manner similar to a single TRP, WTRU 102 can independently assign path IDs relative to one or more TRPs. WTRU 102 can be (pre-)configured with one or more reference DL RSs associated with one or more TRPs (e.g., Ref. DL RS ).

[0223] For example, a path ID can (e.g., additionally) be associated with an index of a TRP associated with a measurement. A path ID can be associated with one or more TRPs, because, for example, measurements associated with one or more TRPs can be associated with the same path ID.

[0224] Path report In some representative implementations, the WTRU 102 can be configured by the network to report path-by-path (e.g., per-path) measurement results. WTRU 102 may send a report to the network that may include any of the following (e.g., combinations thereof): (i) a multipath presence indication (e.g., a hard indication, such as a discrete value like 0 or 1; or a soft indication, such as a continuous value within a range between 0 and 1); (ii) a multipath indication; (iii) the validity of a multipath profile (e.g., when it can be determined by WTRU 102); (iv) a reference DL RS ID (e.g., for assigning a path index); (v) the assigned path index; (vi) an associated TRP ID; (vii) a DL RS ID (e.g., associated with a path index); (viii) per-path measurements, such as AoA and / or RSRPP and / or normalized excess delay associated with a path index; (ix) per-path measurements, such as AoA and / or RSRPP and / or normalized excess delay not associated with a path index; and / or (x) a reference time type and / or reference time (e.g., common reference time, per-DL RS reference time, etc.) used for excess delay measurements.

[0225] For example, WTRU 102 can determine whether to report the measurement results for each path for different multipath components in absolute or relative form. For example, WTRU 102 can report the RSRPP for all measured paths in absolute value, in dBm. For example, WTRU 102 can (e.g., also) report the differential RSRPP relative to the RSRPP value of the first path. WTRU 102 can perform either of these reporting methods for all measurements. If WTRU 102 determines to report a relative measurement, then WTRU 102 can indicate a reference measurement to the network.

[0226] For example, WTRU 102 may determine to report a fixed number of path IDs and their associated measurements to the network. In one example, this number may be configured to WTRU 102 by the network (e.g., in a reporting configuration) or WTRU 102 may determine this number. In both cases, WTRU 102 may determine to report a fixed number of path IDs and prioritize them over other paths based on any of the following priority rules (e.g., combinations): (i) the measured RSRPP associated with the path ID is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the total number of DL RS associated with the path ID is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the total number of associated DL RS with a (e.g., average) measured AoA and the network-indicated AoA is lower than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the measured (e.g., average) excessive latency associated with the path ID is lower than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) the measured (e.g., average) Doppler shift associated with the path ID is higher than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0227] For example, the report can serve as a trigger for the network to configure further processes (e.g., sensing processes) for WTRU 102. For instance, based on path-by-path reporting, the network can configure resources for further DL measurements and / or UL resources for sensing transmissions for WTRU 102. In another example, the report can indicate to the network resources that can be used by the network for further transmission or reception (e.g., CRI, SSBRI, etc. for sensing).

[0228] Spatial relationships of each path In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine spatial relationships based on each path.

[0229] In some representative embodiments, spatial relationships using path IDs can only be observed by WTRU 102 because relevant measurements (e.g., AoA) can be performed by WTRU 102 without being reported to the network. The network can request WTRU 102 to report the spatial information of the indicated DL RS using multipath measurements and / or information.

[0230] For example, WTRU 102 can receive indications reporting the spatial relationships of any indicated DL RS (e.g., PRS) or UL RS (e.g., SRS). WTRU 102 can receive indicated DL RSs from TRP. Based on a reference multipath channel with a path ID and measurements (e.g., AoA) performed on the indicated DL RS, WTRU 102 can determine that the path ID is associated with the DL RS. WTRU 102 can indicate to the network that the indicated DL RS and different DL RSs are spatially associated at the indicated path ID.

[0231] Figure 13 This is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary spatial relationship determination process according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 13 As shown, at 1302, WTRU 102 can receive a request from the network (e.g., gNB, TRP 202, LMF, or any network entity managing sensing) to report spatial information for an indicated PRS (e.g., PRS #2). At 1304, WTRU 102 can receive PRS #1 as a reference DL RS. Based on the measurement of PRS #1, WTRU 102 can determine a reference multipath channel profile. For example, the reference multipath channel profile may include two paths (i.e., path #1 and path #2 associated with different AoA of PRS #1). At 1306, WTRU 102 can receive PRS #2 from the network, where WTRU 102 measures the received PRS #2 (e.g., AoA). WTRU 102 can determine that PRS #2 was received along path #2. WTRU 102 can determine that PRS #2 is associated with path #2, where path #2 was determined by PRS #1. WTRU 102 can report information to the network at 1308 indicating that PRS #2 is spatially associated with PRS #1 at path #2. In another example, WTRU 102 can receive a request from the network to report spatial information for an indicated DL-RS (e.g., PRS #2).

[0232] WTRU 102 can receive requests via any of RRC, LPP, semi-static messages, MAC-CE, and / or DCI. WTRU 102 can report determined spatial information via any of RRC, LPP, semi-static messages, MAC-C, and / or UCI. For example, the report may include measurements (e.g., AoA of PRS #2 or PRS #1, timing and power measurements associated with PRS #1 and / or PRS #2).

[0233] For example, WTRU 102 can use a path ID from the network to receive spatial relationships for UL RSs. For example, WTRU 102 can receive an indication to use a DL RS as a reference and determine reference multipath channel information (e.g., path ID) based on measurements of the DL RS. WTRU 102 can report multipath channel information (e.g., path ID) and associated measurements (e.g., AoA for each path). WTRU 102 can receive from the network a configuration for transmitting one or more UL RSs along the indicated path ID, which is associated with the referenced DL RS.

[0234] Figure 14This is a system diagram illustrating an example of a per-path spatial relationship determination process using RS (such as PRS and SRS) according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 14 At 1402, WTRU 102 may receive a request for multipath information (e.g., to report multipath measurements for a received PRS) from the network (e.g., TRP 202 or another entity). WTRU 102 may receive one or more PRS configurations from the network (e.g., receiving the one or more PRS configurations along with a request or receiving the one or more PRS configurations indicating the request). WTRU 102 may receive the PRS and perform measurements on the multipath channels (e.g., paths #1 and #2) at 1404. At 1406, WTRU 102 may report information associated with the measurements to the network. For example, the measurements may include AoA measurements for each path of the multipath channels. At 1408, WTRU 102 may receive from the network a request to transmit a configured SRS (e.g., SRS #3) along with one of the paths identified by the measurements (e.g., path #2) and / or to transmit a configured SRS (e.g., SRS #3) associated with one of the paths identified by the measurements. WTRU 102 can receive time and / or frequency resources associated with a configured SRS (e.g., SRS #3) from the network. At 1410, WTRU 102 can transmit SRS #3 along path #2. In another example, WTRU 102 can receive a path ID (e.g., in spatial relation information for the configured SRS) from the network, which instructs WTRU 102 to transmit the SRS along the receive or transmit direction of the path with the indicated path ID.

[0235] For example, to determine the delay between paths, WTRU 102 can receive a reference for determining timing. To assist WTRU 102, the network (e.g., gNB, LMF) can configure an additional RS corresponding to the direct path, which provides a stable timing reference for path delays. For example, WTRU 102 can be configured with an SSB or CSI-RS resource ID, which can be used as a reference for WTRU 102 to determine the first path or line-of-sight path between WTRU 102 and TRP. For example, WTRU 102 can receive an indicated CSI-RS along the LOS direction. WTRU 102 can receive an indication of CSI-RS transmission along the LOS direction from the network. WTRU 102 can determine that the CSI-RS is used as the LOS path and determine the delays of other paths relative to the LOS path. WTRU 102 can indicate to the network that the indicated CSI-RS has been used as a reference for determining the delays of other paths.

[0236] Figure 15This is a system diagram illustrating an example of using multiple RSs to determine a multipath channel profile according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 15 As shown, WTRU 102 can receive CSI-RS #2 along path #1, which has a LOS between WTRU 102 and TRP 202. WTRU 102 can receive PRS #1 reflected from an obstacle along path #2 (which is not a LOS). WTRU 102 can determine the AoA and / or ToA of PRS #1 relative to the AoA and / or ToA of CSI-RS #2, respectively.

[0237] For example, WTRU 102 can determine that different RSs reporting belong to the same multipath profile. For example, as Figure 15 As shown, WTRU 102 can report that CSI-RS #2 and PRS #1 belong to the same multipath channel profile, where CSI-RS #2 is transmitted along a LOS path, while PRS #1 is transmitted along a non-LOS path (or the k-th delayed path). If WTRU 102 receives a request from the network to report the spatial association between RSs and paths, WTRU 102 can report this relationship or association. The IDs of the RSs and paths can be indicated by the network in the request.

[0238] Figure 16 This is a system diagram illustrating another example of using multiple RSs to determine a multipath channel profile according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 16 As shown, WTRU 102 can measure PRS #0. Based on the measurement, WTRU 102 can determine a multipath channel profile, which includes two paths (path #1 and path #2). WTRU 102 can receive requests for association between DL-RS. WTRU 102 can receive an indication from the network to associate CSI-RS #2 and PRS #1 with the observed paths. WTRU 102 can report that CSI-RS #2 and PRS #1 are spatially associated with PRS #0. Furthermore, WTRU 102 can report that CSI-RS #2 and PRS #1 are associated with path #1 and path #2, respectively. For example, WTRU 102 can report that CSI-RS #2 and PRS #1 are spatially associated with PRS #0 at path #1 and path #2, respectively.

[0239] For example, WTRU 102 may be configured with spatial relationship information for the signal and / or DL-RS to determine its Rx direction. For example, WTRU 102 may determine the use of a reference to determine the transmission direction of the SRS. WTRU 102 may determine the use of this reference to determine relative measurements for multipath measurements, such as absolute or relative RSRP, RSRPP, AoA, and / or ToA (e.g., PRS) of the received DL-RS for each path.

[0240] For example, WTRU 102 can report L1-RSRP (or L1-RSRP) and the corresponding CRI or SSBRI, where the CRI or SSBRI corresponds to a resource or resource ID that maximizes L1-RSRP for a specific path and / or excess latency. WTRU 102 can associate the CRI or SSBRI with a path ID. Configuration for this can also include reference signals and path indices (or excess latency) for direct paths (e.g., LOS paths) and can be included in a configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig).

[0241] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine the association between the path ID and the DL RS and / or UL RS.

[0242] For example, when the Tx direction of the UL RS (e.g., the AoD of the UL RS) and the AoA of the path ID are the same or their angle difference is within the configured tolerance (e.g., When within a certain range (degrees), WTRU 102 can associate the path ID with the UL RS. AoD and AoA can be defined relative to the same reference angle (e.g., geographic north).

[0243] Figure 17 This is a system diagram illustrating an example of the angle of arrival (AoA) and transmission direction of an SRS according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 17 Examples are shown of the Tx direction of the SRS or other UL RS and the AoA along the path associated with the DL RS (e.g., the same or within the configuration tolerance).

[0244] Figure 18 This is a system diagram illustrating an example of an AoA according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, WTRU 102 is configured with multiple SRSs. For example, WTRU 102 may be configured with multiple SRSs with different spatial relationships (e.g., each SRS is associated with a different AoD, and each SRS is spatially associated with a different DL RS, UL RS, and / or another DL signal), such as Figure 18 As shown. For example, in Figure 18In this configuration, WTRU 102 can receive from the network a request to transmit an AoD in the direction of path #2 (e.g., AoA). WTRU 102 can be configured with two SRSs, namely SRS #3 and SRS #4. WTRU 102 can determine that the AoD indicating SRS #3 to the network is approaching the AoA of path #2 or within the configured angular range. Therefore, WTRU 102 can transmit SRS #3 in the configured time and / or frequency resources. WTRU 102 can send a request to the network containing information indicating a request for time and / or frequency resources for SRS #3.

[0245] For example, WTRU 102 can receive a request from the network to associate an SRS with an indicated path (e.g., a path indicated by the network) and report the determined association. For example, WTRU 102 may be configured or pre-configured with SRSs (e.g., each SRS has time resources and / or frequency resources). WTRU 102 may report measurements performed on a received PRS (e.g., a reference PRS) (e.g., multipath measurements with path IDs). WTRU 102 may receive requests to report associations between configured SRSs and path IDs indicated by the network, where the path ID corresponds to the path ID reported in the measurement report or the path ID in the reference multipath channel. WTRU 102 may report information indicating more than one SRS associated with the indicated path ID.

[0246] For example, when WTRU 102 reports the association between SRS and path ID, WTRU 102 may include measurement reports associated with the received PRS (e.g., timing measurements such as RSTD, ToA, phase measurements such as carrier phase or carrier phase difference, RSRP, RSRPP, and / or AoA). In one example, AoA may be associated with a path in a multipath channel. WTRU 102 may transmit auxiliary information (e.g., panel size, which may be expressed as the number of elements and / or size in meters; and / or the orientation of WTRU 102, which may be expressed as an angle and / or Rx beamwidth at WTRU 102).

[0247] For example, WTRU 102 can receive from the network a request to associate one or more indicated SRSs with one or more paths and report any determined associations. For example, WTRU 102 may be configured or pre-configured with SRSs (e.g., each SRS has time resources and / or frequency resources). WTRU 102 may report measurements performed on a received PRS (e.g., as a reference PRS) (e.g., multipath measurements with path IDs). WTRU 102 can receive from the network a request to report associations between indicated SRSs and paths, where the path may be one of the paths reported based on measurements performed on the PRS. WTRU 102 may report more than one association, where each association may exist between indicated SRSs and path IDs.

[0248] For example, WTRU 102 can receive from the network a request to associate one or more indicated SRSs with one or more paths and report any identified associations. For example, WTRU 102 may be configured or pre-configured with SRSs (e.g., each SRS has time resources and / or frequency resources). WTRU 102 may report measurements performed on a received PRS (e.g., a reference PRS) (e.g., multipath measurements with path IDs). WTRU 102 can receive from the network a request to report associations between SRSs and paths, where the SRS can be one of the configured SRSs, and the path can be one of the paths reported based on measurements performed on the PRS. WTRU 102 can report more than one association, where each association can be between an SRS and a path ID.

[0249] Figure 19 This is a signaling diagram illustrating an exemplary process for reporting path association information between a path and an SRS according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 19 As shown, at 1902, WTRU 102 can receive one or more PRS configurations (e.g., configurations for referencing a PRS) from the network (e.g., TRP 202). WTRU 102 can perform measurements at 1904 and report measurement-related information (e.g., multipath measurements) to the network. At 1906, WTRU 102 can receive one or more SRS configurations from the network. At 1908, WTRU 102 can receive path association requests (e.g., associating a path with an indicated SRS). At 1910, WTRU 102 can report information indicating the association between the indicated SRS and any path ID.

[0250] For example, when the AoA of the DL RS and the AoA of the path ID are the same or their angle difference is within the configured tolerance (e.g., Within a certain range (degrees), WTRU 102 can associate the path ID with the DL RS. Two AoA can be defined relative to the same reference angle.

[0251] Transmit power and beam determination process Power control configuration In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may receive power control configuration.

[0252] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information for determining uplink transmit power and beam direction. WTRU 102 can transmit SRSp resources with the determined power and direction. For example, the configuration information received by WTRU 102 from the network may include any of the following (e.g., combinations): (i) Pmax (e.g., indicating the maximum power that can be transmitted by WTRU 102); (ii) P0 (e.g., indicating the target receive power that TRP can receive to determine the required measurement in order to obtain a signal with the required strength (such as RSRP, RSPPP, SNR); (iii) alpha ( (e.g., indicating a path loss compensation factor, such as where a factor with a value of 1 can indicate full PL compensation when the transmit power is determined); (iv) Pmax_scan (e.g., indicating the maximum power that WTRU 102 can transmit when WTRU 102 is scanning an environment for an object); and / or (v) P_delta (e.g., indicating the maximum power difference compared to an interfering path that WTRU 102 can transmit for sensing).

[0253] For example, WTRU 102 can receive information from the network indicating the sensing path and / or transmission direction that WTRU 102 can be used for one or more UL RSs. WTRU 102 can receive such indications via any combination of: (i) path ID; (ii) RS ID; (iii) PL RS ID; (iv) AoA and / or distance threshold information for AoA; and / or (v) delay, a reference point for the delay, and / or a range threshold for the delay.

[0254] For example, WTRU 102 may receive one or more path IDs from the network, which indicate the sensing path in which WTRU 102 can transmit any SRSp beam. The indicated path ID may be one of the indexes reported by WTRU 102 to the network. WTRU 102 may have measurement and / or DL ​​RS IDs associated with the indicated path ID.

[0255] For example, WTRU 102 can receive one or more DLRS IDs from the network that indicate a sensing path associated with an RS ID. The RS ID can be associated with (e.g., a subset thereof) RSs that WTRU 102 has already measured.

[0256] For example, WTRU 102 can receive PL RS ID (e.g., RS ID measured and reported by WTRU 102). WTRU 102 can then use this PL RS ID as a reference to determine path loss and / or transmit beam direction.

[0257] For example, WTRU 102 can receive one or more AoA and / or the range (e.g., in degrees or radians) associated with one or more of the AoA. If a range and AoA range threshold are configured, the AoA can be used by WTRU 102 to determine the transmit power and / or transmit beam associated with the indicated AoA.

[0258] For example, WTRU 102 can receive one or more delay indications from the network (such as the number of symbols, the number of time slots, the number of frames, the number of subframes, the number of seconds, or the number of other transmission time intervals). In one example, WTRU 102 can receive a delay with the same reference time as the reference time reported by WTRU 102 to the network. In another example, the network can indicate a reference time to WTRU 102, where the indication is a relative time.

[0259] For example, WTRU 102 may also receive a range threshold associated with the indicated delay (e.g., expressed as the number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, seconds, or other transmission time intervals).

[0260] For example, WTRU 102 can receive configuration and / or auxiliary information for power determination from the network via downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH), and / or via higher-layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI) and / or via LPP messages.

[0261] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine the execution power and / or beam determination without (e.g., explicit) instructions from the network.

[0262] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine to perform a power and / or beamforming process after measurement without (e.g., explicit) indication from the network. For example, WTRU 102 can make this determination based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the measured (e.g., average) RSRPP associated with the path ID is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the measured (e.g., average) Doppler shift associated with the path ID is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the total number of DL RS associated with the path ID is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the indicated QoS requirement (e.g., latency) is lower than a (pre)configured threshold; (v) the duration elapsed from the time instance reported by WTRU 102 to the current time is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) WTRU 102 is (pre)configured to determine transmit power and direction without reporting (e.g., after measurement).

[0263] For example, one or more of the aforementioned triggering conditions may be satisfied, and WTRU 102 may determine the transmit power and / or transmit beam direction, as described herein.

[0264] PL DL RS and PL path ID determined In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine to perform uplink sensing.

[0265] For example, WTRU 102 may determine to perform uplink sensing based on any of the following conditions (e.g., combinations thereof): (i) the number of assigned path indices is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the RSRPP associated with DL measurements (e.g., average, highest, etc.) is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the RSRPP associated with path indices (e.g., average, highest, best, etc.) is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the total number of measurements associated with path indices is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (v) the total number of path measurements associated with path indices is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (vi) the total number of path measurements with RSRPPs higher than the threshold is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (vii) the measured excess latency associated with path indices (e.g., average, minimum, maximum, etc.) is lower than a (pre)configured threshold; (viii) the Doppler shift and / or spread of measurements associated with one or more received DL RSs is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (ix) WTRU 102 receives an indication from the network for sensing. For example, WTRU 102 can receive implicit indications (e.g., perform uplink detection) through power control and / or sensing path indication.

[0266] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may determine PL DLRS and / or PL path ID for determining power and / or transmit direction.

[0267] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may be configured by the network with a PL DL RS ID and a PL path index. The PL DL RS ID may be, for example, one of the DL RSs measured and reported by WTRU 102, and the PL path index may be one of the path indices determined and reported by WTRU 102. For example, the PL path index and the PL DL RS may be associated with each other. For example, the PL DL RS and the PL path ID may be associated with each other. For example, the PL path ID may include measurements associated with the PL DL RS. Similarly, the PL DL RS may be received by WTRU 102, and its measurements may be associated with the PL path ID.

[0268] For example, WTRU 102 may receive (e.g., implicitly) indications from the network regarding the PL RS ID and PL path index, based on at least one of the network configurations described herein. Such a network configuration may indicate to WTRU 102 the PL DL RS ID and / or PL path ID as a subset of (e.g., WTRU 102 may have measured and reported) DL RS and / or (e.g., WTRU 102 may have determined and reported) path IDs.

[0269] For example, WTRU 102 can be configured to and / or identify one or more DL RSs as candidates for PL DL RS, and WTRU 102 can identify a PL DL RS from the set of candidate DL RSs. For example, WTRU 102 can identify a PL DL RS based on any combination of the following conditions: (i) a DL RS with an RSRPP higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) a DL RS with the highest RSRPP; (iii) a DL RS with a total number of associated path IDs lower than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) a DL RS with a total number of path measurements lower than a (pre)configured threshold, wherein the path measurements have an RSRPP higher than the threshold; and / or (v) a DL RS with a measured (e.g., average) Doppler shift higher than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0270] For example, WTRU 102 can be configured to have and / or determine more than one path index as a candidate for PL path ID. WTRU 102 can determine the PL path ID for uplink sensing based on any of the following conditions (e.g., combinations thereof): (i) a path ID with an RSRPP higher than a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., average, maximum, etc.); (ii) a path ID with the highest (e.g., average, maximum, etc.) RSRPP; (iii) a path ID with a total number of associated DL RSs lower than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) a path ID with the lowest number of associated DL RSs; (v) a path ID with a total number of measured multipath components lower than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (vi) a path ID with a measured (e.g., average) Doppler shift higher than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0271] For example, WTRU 102 can determine a PL path ID that is not associated with a direct path (e.g., a LosS path). WTRU 102 can determine that a path ID is associated with a direct path based on any (e.g., a combination of) the following conditions: (i) the measured (e.g., average) RSRPP associated with the path ID is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the measured (e.g., average) excessive delay associated with the path ID is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the LosS indicator associated with the TRP of the transmitting DL RS is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the difference between AoD and AoA (e.g., reference common direction) is lower than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) the transmit direction of the DL RS (e.g., a Tx filter) and the receive direction of the DL RS (e.g., an Rx filter) are aligned with each other (e.g., in the same direction).

[0272] For example, WTRU 102 can receive from the network any (e.g., a combination) of the following (e.g., implicit) indications for determining PL DL RS and PL path indexes for determining Tx power and / or beam direction for uplink sensing: (i) path ID; (ii) DL RS ID; (iii) AoA and / or AoA threshold range; and / or (iv) delay and / or delay range threshold.

[0273] For example, WTRU 102 can receive an indication in the form of a path ID from the network. The path ID can be an ID determined and reported to the network by WTRU 102, and / or an ID associated with one or more multipath measurements. If WTRU 102 is configured with more than one path ID, WTRU 102 can determine the PL path index based on conditions associated with determining the PL path index from the set of candidate path indices described herein.

[0274] For example, based on conditions associated with the process of determining PL DLRS from a subset of candidate path DL RSs associated with the path ID described herein, WTRU 102 can determine PL DLRSs, which are associated with the PL path index if the PL path index has been determined, or with the indicated path ID otherwise.

[0275] For example, WTRU 102 may be indicated to have one or more RS IDs, which may be a subset of DL RSs that WTRU 102 may have received, measured, and / or reported. If WTRU 102 is configured with more than one RS ID, WTRU 102 may determine the PL RS ID from the subset based on the conditions for determining PL RSs as described herein.

[0276] For example, WTRU 102 may determine the PL path ID as one of the path indices associated with the indicated candidate PLRS / DL RS based on the conditions described herein, whereby the PL path ID is associated with the PL RS ID if the PL RS ID has already been determined, and otherwise the PL path ID is associated with the DL RS ID.

[0277] For example, WTRU 102 can receive an AoA used to indicate a sensing path ID and / or DL ​​RS to WTRU 102. In one example, WTRU 102 can also receive a range threshold (e.g., in degrees, radians, etc.) associated with the indicated AoA.

[0278] For example, WTRU 102 can determine a (e.g., candidate) PL path ID for sensing based on the indicated AoA. WTRU 102 assigns the path ID and / or its measurement based on any of the following conditions (e.g., combinations): (i) a path ID with a difference between the indicated AoA and associated (e.g., average, median, etc.) AoA that is below a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., the indicated AoA threshold); and / or (ii) a path ID with an RSRPP that is above a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., average, maximum, etc.).

[0279] For example, if WTRU 102 determines more than one candidate PL path ID, WTRU 102 can determine the PL path ID from the set of candidate path IDs based on the process described herein.

[0280] For example, WTRU 102 can determine (e.g., candidate) PL DL RS for sensing based on the indicated AoA, and determine DL RS measurements based on any of the following conditions (e.g., combinations): (i) DL RS with a difference between the indicated AoA and the measured AoA that is below a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., the indicated AoA threshold); and / or (ii) DL RS with (e.g., average, maximum) RSRPP that is above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0281] For example, WTRU 102 can identify more than one candidate PL DL RS for determining the power of the sensing path, and WTRU 102 can determine the PL DL RS based on the process described herein.

[0282] For example, WTRU 102 may receive delays (e.g., in terms of the number of symbols, the number of time slots, the number of frame examples, the number of subframes, the number of seconds, or other transmission time intervals) to indicate the sensing path ID and / or DLRS for sensing to WTRU 102.

[0283] For example, WTRU 102 can (for example also) receive a delay threshold (e.g., expressed as the number of symbols, the number of time slots, the number of frames, the number of subframes, the number of seconds, etc.) associated with the indicated delay.

[0284] For example, WTRU 102 can determine a (e.g., candidate) PL path ID for sensing based on the indicated delay. WTRU 102 assigns the path ID and / or its measurement based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) a path ID with a difference between the indicated delay and an associated (e.g., average, median, etc.) delay that is below a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., the indicated delay threshold); and / or (ii) a path ID with an RSRPP that is above a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., average, maximum, etc.).

[0285] For example, if WTRU 102 determines more than one candidate PL path ID, WTRU 102 can determine the PL path ID from the set of candidate path IDs based on the process described herein.

[0286] For example, WTRU 102 can determine (e.g., candidate) PL DL RS for sensing based on any combination of the following conditions: (i) DL RS with a difference between the indicated delay and the measured delay that is below a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., the indicated delay threshold); and / or (ii) DL RS with an (e.g., average, maximum) RSRPP that is above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0287] For example, if WTRU 102 determines more than one candidate PL DL RS for determining the power of the sensing path, WTRU 102 can determine the PL DL RS based on the process described herein.

[0288] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may not receive path indications (e.g., explicit or implicit) from the network for sensing. WTRU 102 may determine PL path IDs and associated PL DL RSs for sensing. For example, WTRU 102 may determine PL path IDs from a determined set of path IDs based on any combination of the following conditions: (i) path IDs with an RSRPP higher than a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., average, maximum, etc.); (ii) path IDs with the highest (e.g., average, maximum, etc.) RSRPP; (iii) said path IDs with a total number of associated DL RSs lower than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) path IDs with the lowest number of associated DL RSs; (v) path IDs with a total number of measured multipath components lower than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (vi) path IDs with a measured (e.g., average) Doppler shift higher than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0289] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the PL DL RS associated with a PL path ID based on any combination of the following conditions: (i) DL RS with a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., average) measured RSRPP; (ii) DL RS with the highest measured RSRPP; (iii) DL RS with a total number of associated path IDs below a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) DL RS with a total number of path measurements below a (pre)configured threshold, wherein the path measurements have RSRPP above the threshold; and / or (v) DL RS with a measured (e.g., average) Doppler shift above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0290] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine the path indication and can determine the UL-Rx beam based on the path indication.

[0291] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may receive from the network indication regarding path indication (e.g., via one or more path IDs, DL RS IDs, AoA, and / or delays), which also indicates one or more ULRx beams (e.g., UL Rx spatial filters) that the gNB may use. For example, WTRU 102 may determine that one or more indicated path IDs, AoA, and / or delays may indicate associated DL RS beams to WTRU 102. For example, as described herein, this association may be implemented by WTRU 102 through assigned path indices and their associated measurements. In one example, the DL RS beams determined by WTRU 102 (e.g., implicitly or explicitly) may correspond to gNB UL Rx beams that the gNB may use to receive uplink RS (e.g., for uplink sensing) transmitted by WTRU 102. This association can be achieved by WTRU 102 based on any (e.g., a combination) of the following conditions: (i) the gNB UL Rx beam may have the same spatial filter as the DL RS beam; (ii) the gNB UL Rx beam may have beam alignment (e.g., AoA) in the same direction as the AoD of the DL RS beam; (iii) the beamwidth of the gNB UL Rx beam may depend on the beamwidth of the DL RS beam (e.g., associated with a resource set); and / or (iv) the gNB UL Rx beam may have a QCL relationship with the DL RS beam (e.g., QCL type D).

[0292] Figure 20 This is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary relationship between DL RS and UL RS according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 20 As shown, WTRU 102 can receive an implicit indication of DL RS #1 from the network for sensing. WTRU 102 can determine, based on this indication, that UL Rx beam #1 can be associated with DL RS #1.

[0293] In another example, WTRU 102 can receive explicit indication from the network about the UL Rx beams that the network can use. Configuration information may include any of the following associated with the UL Rx beams: time, frequency, spatial information (e.g., AoD, beamwidth, etc.), and / or Rx beam pattern order (e.g., if beam scanning).

[0294] Transmit power and beam determination In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may use the determined PL DL RS and / or PL path index to determine the path loss for the sensing path, the path loss for the interference path, the transmit power, and / or the transmit beam direction for uplink sensing.

[0295] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine the PL used for sensing the path.

[0296] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the path loss (e.g., PL_sensing) of the sensing path based on any of the following parameters (e.g., combinations): (i) the transmit power of the PL DL RS beam (e.g., indicated to WTRU 102 by the network); and / or (ii) the measured RSRPP of the PL DL RS associated with the PL path ID.

[0297] For example, the sensing path loss can be determined using the following equation: PL_sensing = Tx power of PL DL RS beam - RSRPP of PL DL RS associated with PL path ID.

[0298] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine the PL used for the interference path.

[0299] For example, WTRU 102 can (e.g., also) determine the interference path when determining the transmit power used for uplink sensing, and thus determine the path loss of the interference path. WTRU 102 can determine this based on any (e.g., a combination of) the following conditions: (i) the total number of measured multipath components associated with different received DL RSs is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the (e.g., average) RSRPP associated with different received DL RSs is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the beamwidth of the uplink transmit beam associated with the UL RS (e.g., determined by the beamforming capability of WTRU 102, the total number of antenna elements at WTRU 102, etc.) is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iv) the measured delay spread (e.g., average) associated with the measurement is lower than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0300] For example, as described herein, WTRU 102 can determine multiple measurements for each received DL RS multipath component. For instance, WTRU 102 can determine multiple measurements for multiple DL RS beams (e.g., with different Tx spatial filters) corresponding to the additional multipath components. Due to the reciprocity of DL and UL, when WTRU 102 determines the uplink beam for sensing by setting the transmit direction of UL toward the target, the gNB can receive multiple unwanted multipath components and their corresponding measurements as interference to the sensing measurements. To limit interference power and thus reduce interference measurements, for example, WTRU 102 can be configured to consider interference power when determining the transmit power.

[0301] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine the interference path ID that may cause interference power during one or more uplink transmissions.

[0302] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may determine one or more interfering path IDs as a subset of the path IDs assigned by WTRU 102 (in addition to the determined PL path IDs used for sensing) based on any combination of the following conditions: (i) path indexes where the difference between their associated (e.g., average) AoA and the (e.g., average) AoA associated with the PL path ID is less than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) path indexes where the difference between their associated (e.g., average) normalized excess delay and the (e.g., average) excess delay associated with the PL path ID is less than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) path indexes where the measured (e.g., average) RSRPP is greater than a (pre)configured threshold. For example, the AoA threshold may depend on the transmit beamwidth capability of WTRU 102.

[0303] Figure 21 This is a path diagram illustrating interference path determination based on the beamwidth capability of the WTRU 102 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 21 As shown, WTRU 102 can determine the interference path based on its beamwidth capability. For example, when the beamwidth is... In case 1, the beamwidth of is 2 (of which) 1> 2) Compared to the previous method, the WTRU 102 can create more interference paths during uplink sensing.

[0304] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the interference path loss (e.g., PL_interference) based on any of the following parameters (e.g., combinations thereof): (i) the transmit power of the PL DL RS beam (e.g., indicated to WTRU 102 by the network); and / or (ii) the highest RSRPP measurement associated with the interference path ID.

[0305] For example, interference path loss can be determined using the following equation: PL_interference = PL DL Tx power of RS beam - highest RSRPP associated with interference path ID.

[0306] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine the uplink transmit power used for sensing.

[0307] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the uplink transmit power for sensing based on any of the following parameters (e.g., combinations): (i) Pmax (e.g., the configured maximum power); (ii) P0 (e.g., the nominal power); (iii) alpha ( (iv) delta (e.g., closed-loop power control); (v) PL_sensing (e.g., path loss estimation of a sensing path); (vi) PL_interference (e.g., path loss estimation of one or more interfering paths); and / or (vii) path-related information.

[0308] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the transmit power based on (e.g., based only on) the sensed path loss, without considering interference. In this case, the transmit power (e.g., P_Tx) can be determined based on P_max, P0, alpha, and PL_sensing.

[0309] For example, the transmit power used for uplink sensing can be determined by WTRU 102 using the following equation:

[0310] in, M It is bandwidth (e.g., expressed as the number of resource blocks) and It is a parameter set (e.g., {0, 1, 2, 3} corresponds to subcarrier spacing {15, 30, 60, 120} kHz).

[0311] Figure 22 This is a system diagram illustrating examples of path-associated transmit power and beam direction according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 22 As shown, WTRU 102 can be instructed by the network to perform uplink sensing along a path (e.g., path #2) that can be associated with one or more DLRS (e.g., DL RS #1 and DL RS #2). WTRU 102 can determine the PL DL RS used for sensing along the indicated path based on RSRPP measurements. For example, since it can be determined that the measured RSRPP (e.g., Y dBm) of DL RS #1 is greater than the measured RSRPP (Z dBm) of DL RS #2, WTRU 102 can determine the former as the PL DL RS. WTRU 102 can then determine the path loss and subsequently determine the transmit power along the sensing path.

[0312] In another example, (e.g., in addition to sensing path loss) WTRU 102 can also determine the transmit power based on interference path loss. For example, WTRU 102 can determine the limited transmit power based on the expected power that one or more TRPs can receive through the interference path. In this case, the transmit power (e.g., P_Tx) is determined as a function of Pmax, P0, alpha, PL_sensing, and additionally PL_interference.

[0313] For example, the transmit power determined by WTRU 102 for uplink sensing can be formulated as follows:

[0314]

[0315]

[0316] In the above formula, P_sensing can define the power transmitted through the PL path ID path, while P_interference can define the power transmitted through the strongest interference path associated with the interference path loss.

[0317] For example, if P_sensing is greater than P_interference + P_delta, then WTRU 102 can determine to transmit P_sensing. If this power exceeds the P_sensing power, then WTRU 102 can determine to transmit using P_interference + P_delta. This can limit the total transmit power if the interference power is determined to be sufficiently strong (e.g., within the limits of the configured P_delta).

[0318] Figure 23 This is a system diagram illustrating examples of transmit power and beam direction associated with interference power according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 23As shown, WTRU 102 can perform a process for determining an interfering path while taking into account the interfering path. For example, WTRU 102 can receive from the network an indication of the PL path ID (e.g., path #2) associated with DL RS #1 and DL RS #2. WTRU 102 can determine that the PL DL RS ID is DL RS #1 because its measured RSRPP (e.g., associated with the PL path ID) can be determined to be greater than the measured RSRPP of DL RS #2 (e.g., associated with the PL path ID). WTRU 102 can (e.g., also) determine that the UL Rx beam at TRP1 is QCL with DL RS #1. Due to the reciprocity of the downlink and uplink, the UL RS transmitted by WTRU 102 can be received by the network via multiple paths (e.g., path #1 and path #2). Therefore, WTRU 102 can determine that the assigned path #1 is an interfering path and determine PL_Interference based on the RSRPP (e.g., Z dBm) of DL RS #1 associated with path #1 measurement. The WTRU102 can determine the sensed power (e.g., the power associated with the indicated path ID), the interference power (e.g., the power associated with the interference path ID), and the subsequent uplink transmit power based on the sensed power and the interference power.

[0319] For example, WTRU 102 can receive from the network indications and / or configurations for determining transmit power based on path-related information. Examples of path-related information include path ID and / or relative power differences (e.g., dB) relative to a reference (e.g., path 1, average received power), where WTRU 102 can receive the reference in the configuration (e.g., indication of a reference path, indication of whether average RSRP is used as a reference, indication of using a previously configured or used transmit power as a reference).

[0320] For example, WTRU 102 can receive from the network indications and / or requests for using one or more paths for path loss determination. For example, WTRU 102 can receive the path ID from the PathlossReferenceRS-config in RRC and / or LPP messages from the network. WTRU 102 can receive the RSRPP or RSRP of the i-th delay or path from the network to determine the transmit power. WTRU 102 can receive the filtered RSRPP or RSRP of the i-th path from the network.

[0321] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine the uplink beam direction for sensing.

[0322] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may determine the beam direction for uplink sensing based on the determined PL path index and / or associated PL DLRS. For example, WTRU 102 may determine the beam direction as the (e.g., average) AoA associated with the determined / configured PL path index. For example, WTRU 102 may determine the beam direction as the Rx spatial filter of the PL DLRS associated with the PL path ID (e.g., if WTRU 102 uses an Rx spatial filter to receive the DLRS beam).

[0323] For example, WTRU 102 may (e.g., also) determine the beamwidth of the uplink beam based on any of the following (e.g., combinations thereof): (i) the variance of measurements (e.g., AoA, normalized excess delay, RSRPP, etc.) associated with one or more received DL RSs (e.g., PL DL RSs); (ii) the total received power metric (e.g., RSRPP, SNR, etc.) associated with one or more received DL RSs; (iii) the total number of measured multipath components associated with one or more received DL RSs; (iv) the total number of paths assigned by WTRU 102; (v) the difference between AoA and / or excess delay associated with the measurement corresponding to the PL path index; and / or (v) the difference between AoA and / or excess delay associated with the measurement corresponding to the interference path ID.

[0324] For example, if at least one of the above conditions is below / above the (pre)configured threshold, WTRU 102 can determine to use one beamwidth, otherwise use another beamwidth.

[0325] In one example, WTRU 102 can select a UL RS resource set such that the difference between the determined beamwidth and the beamwidth associated with that resource set is below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0326] For example, WTRU 102 may determine to use more than one UL RS beam with more than one AoD to cover sectors associated with the determined beamwidth for UL RS transmission, such as where the beamwidth associated with the set of resources for transmission is smaller than the determined beamwidth.

[0327] Figure 24 This is a transmission diagram illustrating examples of UL RS space resources according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 24 As shown, for coverage sector 2402 indicated by the dashed line, there are several methods to determine the spatial configuration of the UL RS beam. For example... Figure 24As shown on the left, WTRU 102 can use a set of UL RS resources (e.g., UL RS #1, UL RS #2, and UL RS #3) with one beamwidth to cover the area of ​​sector 2402. Figure 24 As shown on the right, WTRU 102 can use (e.g., only) another UL RS resource (e.g., UL RS #4) to cover the same sector with different beamwidths.

[0328] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can perform the process of determining transmit power and beam direction without requiring path reports and / or (e.g., explicit) indications from the network.

[0329] For example, the WTRU 102 can receive one or more DL RS (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, DL-PRS, etc.) configurations and one or more UL RS (e.g., SRSp configurations). Ref. DL RS ID And / or one or more thresholds (e.g., from the network).

[0330] The WTRU 102 can receive DL RS and measure RS-RSRPP and / or AoA for each detected path.

[0331] WTRU 102 can detect the path for each DL RS, relative to a common reference time (e.g. Ref. DL RS The arrival (reception) time of the path, for example Ref. DL RS The arrival time of the first detection path was measured with excessive delay.

[0332] If the measured RSRPP is higher than a threshold, WTRU 102 can determine a set of one or more path indices for path measurements (e.g., RSRPP, excess delay, AoA, etc.). For example, WTRU 102 can determine the same path index for two path measurements where (i) the difference between their measured AoA is below a threshold, and / or (ii) the difference between their normalized excess delay is below a threshold. Normalized excess delay can compensate for DL ​​RS and Ref. DL RS The difference in transmission time between them.

[0333] WTRU 102 can identify a sensing path (e.g., a PL path index) as one of the identified path IDs with an RSRPP higher than a threshold (e.g., average). WTRU 102 can identify a PL DL RS as the first DL RS associated with the identified PL path index, wherein if more than one DL RS is associated with the indicated path index, the first DL RS is the DL RS with the highest RSRPP.

[0334] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the Tx power for UL RS based on path loss that is determined as a function of PL DL RS RSRP (e.g., previously measured and reported to gNB) and PL DL RS Tx power.

[0335] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the Tx beam spatial orientation of UL RS based on the measured AoA of PL DL RS (e.g., the AoA previously measured and reported to gNB).

[0336] WTRU 102 may report to the network any of the following (e.g., combinations): (i) the determined Tx power for the UL RS; (ii) the determined Tx spatial beam direction for the UL RS; (iii) the determined PL DL RS ID; and / or (iv) the determined PL path index.

[0337] The WTRU 102 can transmit UL RS for sensing in UL RS resources using the determined UL transmit power and the determined Tx spatial beam direction.

[0338] rollback process In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may not receive indications about the sensing path (e.g., path ID, DL RS ID, AoA, delay) from the network.

[0339] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may not be able to (e.g., additionally) determine the PL RS ID and / or PL path ID.

[0340] In this context, for example, WTRU 102 may determine to perform uplink sensing based on any of the following conditions (e.g., combinations): (i) at least one measured RSRPP associated with the path index is higher than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (ii) at least one measured RSRPP associated with the DL RS resource is higher than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0341] For example, WTRU 102 can determine to use the uplink power with maximum power (e.g., configured Pmax_scan) to scan the surrounding environment for sensing.

[0342] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may determine the Tx beam direction as at least one of the following: (i) a fixed beam direction; and / or (ii) a configured order (e.g., beam scanning). For example, WTRU 102 may use a fixed beam direction corresponding to the direction associated with a received PL DL RS beam (e.g., measured AoA, Rx filter). For example, WTRU 102 may use a fixed beam direction corresponding to the direction associated with the path ID having the highest RSRPP (e.g., measured AoA, Rx filter). For example, WTRU 102 may use a fixed beam direction corresponding to the direction associated with a set of measurements including the highest measured RSRPP or RSRPPs having a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., measured AoA, Rx filter). For example, WTRU 102 may use a beam scan with a set of fixed beam directions, for example, in a configured order. For example, WTRU 102 may determine a beam transmission mode that can be transmitted to cover a sector or region.

[0343] Figure 25 This is a transmission diagram illustrating an example of beam scanning according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. Figure 25 As shown, the beam scanning mode can be used within the defined sector 2402 (e.g., within the dashed lines) transmitted by WTRU 102. WTRU 102 can determine the resource (e.g., time, frequency, spatial) order for each UL resource and report it to the network. For example, in Figure 25 In this process, WTRU 102 can transmit UL RS #1 at time t1 at 2502, UL RS #2 at time t2 at 2504, and UL RS #3 at time t3 at 2506, according to the determined resource order.

[0344] For example, WTRU 102 may determine to terminate the sensing process based on any (e.g., a combination) of the following conditions: (i) the measured RSRPP associated with multipath measurement is below a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the total number of multipath components with RSRPP above the threshold (e.g., associated with one or more DL RS) is below a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) WTRU 102 determines that the priority level for the communication and / or positioning process is above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iv) the available resources (e.g., energy, time, frequency) for sensing of WTRU 102 are below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0345] Report In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can be configured by the network to report power control and beam configuration to the network. For example, WTRU 102 can report any of the following (e.g., combinations thereof): (i) the determined PL DL RS ID; (ii) the determined PL path index; (iii) the determined UL Tx power; (iv) the determined UL Tx beam direction; and / or (v) the beam pattern sequence used for beam scanning.

[0346] Determining the transmit power and beam of multiple TRPs In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine the transmit power and / or beam direction for a TRP.

[0347] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine the transmit power and / or beam direction for multiple TRPs and / or cells.

[0348] For example, since path loss measurements associated with both sensing and interference paths may differ for different TRPs, WTRU 102 may need to determine the path loss associated with different TRPs. WTRU 102 may receive indications from the network that can receive and measure the TRP of the transmitted UL beam.

[0349] For example, the indication may (e.g., implicitly) be based on any (e.g., a combination of): (i) path ID; (ii) DL RS (e.g., PL DL RS); (iii) AoA; and / or (iv) latency. For example, WTRU 102 may determine to consider any of the TRPs associated with one or more path indices (e.g., IDs). For example, WTRU 102 may determine to consider TRPs associated with one or more indicated DL RSs. For example, WTRU 102 may determine to consider TRPs such that the difference between the measured AoA associated with the DL RS from the TRP and the indicated AoA is below a (pre)configured threshold. For example, WTRU 102 may determine to consider TRPs such that the difference between the measured (e.g., normalized) latency associated with the DL RS from the TRP and the indicated AoA is below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0350] For example, WTRU 102 can (e.g., then) determine one or more PL DL RS and PL path indices associated with each (e.g., indicated) TRP. In one example, WTRU 102 can assign a path ID with reference to the TRP ID.

[0351] Figure 26This is a system diagram illustrating an example of path ID allocation for multiple TRP sensing according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 26 As shown, the assigned path ID can contain references associated with the TRP ID and associated measurements. For example, in Figure 26 In this configuration, WTRU 102 can assign path ID #12 to the path associated with TRP 202a and path ID #22 to the path associated with TRP 202b.

[0352] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the associations between allocation paths associated with more than one TRP. Figure 26 As shown, the paths (e.g., the assigned path IDs) can differ between path ID #12 and path ID #22, and WTRU 102 can determine the similarity of measurements for a subset of measurements. WTRU 102 can be configured to determine the association between multiple path IDs associated with different TRPs based on any combination of the following conditions: (i) the difference between the measured (e.g., average) AoA associated with the two path IDs is below a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the difference between the (e.g., average) Doppler shifts associated with the two path IDs is below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) the Rx filter associated with the receiving DL RS associated with the two path IDs is the same.

[0353] For example, associations between path IDs can be called path groups, and path group IDs can be assigned. For example, path IDs corresponding to the same TRP or different TRPs can be grouped together based on the similarity (or a difference below a (pre)configured threshold) of at least one of their attributes (e.g., the RSRPP, AoA, receive direction, and / or Tx direction (e.g., AoD) of the associated DL RS).

[0354] For example, in Figure 26 In this configuration, WTRU 102 can determine that the difference between the measured AoA from DL RS #21 and DL RS #11, which are associated with path IDs #12 and #21 respectively, is below a (pre)configured threshold. WTRU 102 can associate path IDs with different TRPs (e.g., as path groups).

[0355] For example, WTRU 102 can (e.g., also) associate one or more DL RSs associated with one or more TRPs and / or one or more UL RSs based on the association between path IDs between TRPs. WTRU 102 can associate DL RSs and / or UL RSs associated with path groups.

[0356] For example, if the Rx directions (e.g., AoA, Rx filters) of DL RSs associated with different TRPs are the same or the difference between them (e.g., AoA) is less than a (pre)configured threshold, then WTRU 102 can determine the association between the DL RSs.

[0357] For example, if the Tx direction of the UL SRS (e.g., AoD, Tx filter, etc.) and the Rx direction of the DL RS (e.g., AoA, Rx filter, etc.) are the same, or the difference between them is less than a (pre)configured threshold, then WTRU 102 can determine the association between the UL RS and DL RS associated with the TRP.

[0358] For example, WTRU 102 can associate measurements corresponding to associated path IDs and / or associated DL RSs with corresponding path groups.

[0359] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can independently determine the transmit power and direction for different cells and / or TRPs, as described herein for a single TRP. For example, WTRU 102 can determine to use different resources (e.g., orthogonal time, frequency, and / or spatial resources) to transmit to each TRP in the determined transmit direction at the determined transmit power. WTRU 102 can determine the transmit power based on the PL path index and the PL DL RS associated with the TRP.

[0360] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may determine to allocate resources for multiple TRPs and transmit one or more UL RSs. The Tx direction of the multiple TRPs used for uplink sensing may be determined based on the direction of the transmission path (e.g., measured AoA, associated Rx filter, etc.). Since the Tx direction associated with the associated path index (e.g., path group) corresponding to the multiple TRPs may also be the same, WTRU 102 may determine the transmit power jointly along more than one path ID among the path IDs associated with the multiple TRPs. For example, WTRU 102 may make this determination based on any (e.g., combination) of the following triggering conditions: (i) the difference between excess delays (e.g., average excess delays) associated with path IDs associated with different TRPs is less than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the total duration of the sensing time window is less than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) the QoS delay requirement for sensing is less than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0361] For example, excess delay measurements associated with path IDs of multiple TRPs can be used to determine the path distances associated with one or more multipath components. If the difference between these path distances is greater than a threshold, the WTRU 102 may not be able to determine an appropriate transmit power. Considering the transmit power of the shortest path may prevent other TRPs from receiving sufficient power for sensing (e.g., the TRP's receive power is below the indicated P0). On the other hand, determining the transmit power based on the longest path may result in the use of more receive transmit power than necessary (e.g., the TRP's receive power is above the indicated P0).

[0362] For example, in cases where WTRU 102 uses the same resources (e.g., time resources, frequency resources, and / or space resources) to transmit to different TRPs, WTRU 102 can determine the transmit power and / or transmit beam direction based on the (e.g., associated) path ID and / or (e.g., associated) DL RS and / or one or more UL RS corresponding to one or more TRPs.

[0363] Figure 27 This is a system diagram illustrating examples of transmit power and beamforming determination for multiple TRPs according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. For example, as... Figure 27 As shown, path IDs (e.g., path ID #12 and path ID #22) can correspond to multiple TRPs (e.g., TRP 202a and TRP 202b). In Figure 27 In this context, TRP 202a and TRP 202b can be associated (e.g., based on the difference between their AoA values ​​below a threshold). For example, these path IDs can be associated with path group IDs. Similarly, the path ID associations can be used to associate DL RS #11 and DL RS #21 corresponding to TRP 202a and TRP 202b with each other. WTRU 102 can determine the transmit power based on the PL path IDs (e.g., path ID #12 and path ID #22) and associated DL RSs (e.g., DL RS #11, DL RS #21).

[0364] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the path loss for sensing (e.g., PL sensing) based on the RSRPP of the PL DL RS and the PL path ID associated with different TRPs 202a and 202b.

[0365] For example, the path loss used for sensing can be determined according to the following formula: PL_sensing = f (RSRPP DL RS #21 path 21, RSRPP DL RS #22 path 22) The function 'f' can be any of the maximum, minimum, or average values ​​(e.g., RSRPP). In this example, DL RS #11 and path ID #11 can be associated with TRP 202a, and DL RS #21 and path ID #21 can be associated with TRP 202b.

[0366] like Figure 27 As shown, PL sensing can be determined based on the measured RSRPP corresponding to the PL RS ID (e.g., DL RS #11 and DL RS #12) and the associated path index (e.g., path ID #12 and path ID #22). The measured RSRPP of DL RS #11 and associated path ID #12 can be X dBm, and the measured RSRPP of DL RS #21 and associated path ID #22 can be Y dBm. WTRU 102 can determine the path loss (e.g., PL_sensing) used for sensing based on the RSRPP (X dBm and Y dBm).

[0367] WTRU 102 can (e.g., then) determine the sensing path (e.g., P_sensing) based on the determined PL_sensing.

[0368] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can (e.g., also) determine the interference power (e.g., P_interference) of multiple TRPs. When WTRU 102 determines that different resources (e.g., orthogonal time resources, frequency resources, and / or spatial resources) are used to transmit to each TRP, WTRU 102 can determine the interference power based on the process described herein and based on interference path determination.

[0369] In some representative embodiments, when WTRU 102 determines that the same resources (e.g., time resources, frequency resources, and / or space resources) are used to transmit to different TRPs, WTRU 102 can determine the interference path loss (e.g., PL_interference) as a function of the RSRP associated with the interference path of each individual TRP. For example, the interference of a TRP can be defined as all allocated paths associated with PL DL RS resources that are not PL path IDs. For example, the function can be any of a maximum, minimum, or average value.

[0370] exist Figure 27 In this context, DL RS #11 (e.g., associated with TRP #1) is associated with path ID #11 and path ID #12. Since path ID #12 is the associated PL path ID, WTRU 102 can determine the RSRP of DL RS #11 associated with path ID #11 (e.g., ...). Figure 27 Z1 dBm) is used as the interfering RSRP for TRP 202a. For DL ​​RS #12 (e.g., associated with TRP #2), WTRU 102 can determine the RSRP associated with path ID #21 (e.g., Figure 27 The Z2 dBm value is used as the interference RSRP of TRP 202b. WTRU 102 can determine PL interference as a function of the interference RSRPP of the two TRPs (TRP 202a and TRP 202b).

[0371] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the Tx power (e.g., P_Tx) based on either P_sensing and / or P_interference.

[0372] For example, WTRU 102 can determine the Tx beam direction (e.g., AoD of UL RS, UL RS Tx filter) based on the Rx direction corresponding to the PL path ID associated with the TRP (e.g., measured AoA, associated Rx filter). This could involve WTRU 102 determining whether to transmit the ULRS in different resources (e.g., orthogonal time resources, frequency resources, and / or spatial resources). In another example, WTRU 102 can determine whether to transmit the UL RS in a direction (e.g., AoD of UL RS, UL RS Tx filter) based on a receiving direction (e.g., AoA, Rx filter) associated with at least one path ID, where the path ID is associated with the TRP used for sensing.

[0373] For example, WTRU 102 may report any (e.g., a combination) of the following to the network: the determined PL path index, PL DL RS, associated TRP ID, interference path ID, determined UL RS Tx power, determined UL RS Tx spatial orientation, path group ID (if determined), association between path IDs, and / or a function used to determine the sensing and interference power.

[0374] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can perform a process for determining transmit power and beam direction by taking into account measurements from multiple TRPs.

[0375] For example, WTRU 102 can receive configurations with multiple TRPs, UL RSs (e.g., SRSp), Ref. DL for each TRP RS ID One or more DL RS (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, DL-PRS, etc.) configurations associated with one or more thresholds (e.g., from the network).

[0376] For example, the WTRU 102 can receive DL RS from the TRP and measure RS-RSRPP and / or AoA for each detected path.

[0377] For example, WTRU 102 can detect the path for each DL RS from multiple TRPs, relative to a common reference time (e.g. Ref. DL RS The arrival (receive) time of the path, such as the arrival time of the first detection path of the first Ref. DL RS, is used to measure excess delay.

[0378] For example, WTRU 102 can determine a set of one or more path indices for path measurements (e.g., RSRPP, excess delay, AoA, etc.) associated with TRP, such as where the measured RSRPP is above a threshold. For example, WTRU 102 can determine the same path index for two path measurements associated with TRP, such as where (i) the difference between their measured AoA is below a threshold, and / or (ii) the difference between their normalized excess delay is below a threshold (e.g., normalized excess delay can compensate for the difference in transmission time between DL RS and Ref. DL RS).

[0379] WTRU 102 can determine the association between two specific path IDs (e.g., path groups) associated with different TRPs, such as where the (e.g., average) measured AoA difference associated with the path ID is below a threshold.

[0380] WTRU 102 can identify a sensing path (e.g., PL path ID) as one or more of a identified (e.g., associated) path ID (e.g., path group) that has (e.g., average) RSRPP above a threshold.

[0381] WTRU 102 can determine the PL DL RS for a TRP as the first DL RS associated with a determined PL path index associated with that TRP, wherein if more than one DL RS is associated with the path index, the first DL RS is selected as the DL RS with the highest RSRPP. For example, WTRU 102 can determine the Tx power for the UL RS based on the path loss and PL DL RS Tx power as a function of the RSRPP of the PL DL RSs identified as associated with one or more TRPs (e.g., previously measured and reported to the gNB). For example, WTRU 102 can determine the Tx beam spatial orientation of the UL RS based on the measured AoA of one of the PL DL RSs with the highest RSRPP (e.g., previously measured and reported to the gNB).

[0382] WTRU 102 may report to the network information indicating any of the following (e.g., a combination): (i) the determined Tx power of the UL RS; (ii) the determined Tx spatial beam direction of the UL RS; (iii) the determined PL DL RS ID; and / or (iv) the determined PL path index.

[0383] For example, WTRU 102 can use the determined UL transmit power and the determined Tx spatial beam direction to transmit UL RS for sensing in ULRS resources.

[0384] Figure 28 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary path index determination process according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 28 As shown, at 2802, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information associated with the downlink DL RS set. At 2804, WTRU 102 can measure multiple RSRPPs and / or multiple AoAs corresponding to the DL RS set for multiple paths. At 2806, WTRU 102 can determine multiple delay time amounts relative to a common reference time for multiple paths and the DL RS set. At 2808, WTRU 102 can determine path indices corresponding to two or more of the multiple paths based on the measured RSRPPs, measured AoAs, and / or delay time amounts that satisfy threshold information. At 2810, WTRU 102 can send a report including information indicating the determined path indices, an identifier of the reference DL RS associated with the common reference time, and / or measurement information associated with each of the two or more paths.

[0385] For example, the DL RS set may include one or more of the following: Synchronization Signal Block (SSB), Channel State Information RS (CSI-RS), and / or Positioning RS (PRS).

[0386] For example, WTRU 102 may further receive information indicating a reference DL RS. The common reference time can be determined from the (e.g., earliest or first) arrival time of the reference DL RS.

[0387] For example, determining multiple delay time quantities at 2806 may include normalizing the multiple delay time quantities based on different transmission times of the DL RS set.

[0388] For example, the measurement information associated with each of two or more paths may include any of the measured RSRPP, AoA, and / or delay time quantities associated with each of the two or more paths.

[0389] In the following example process, any of the methods and / or techniques described herein for path determination can be implemented to determine multiple paths, which may include one or more reflective paths and direct paths (e.g., relative to a specific TRP 202).

[0390] Figure 29 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary transmit power and / or beam direction determination process according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 29 As shown, at 2902, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information associated with the DL RS set. At 2904, WTRU 102 can measure multiple RSRPPs and / or multiple AoAs corresponding to the DL RS set for multiple paths. At 2906, WTRU 102 can receive information indicating the PL path index associated with a path among the multiple paths. At 2908, WTRU 102 can identify PL DL RSs from the DL RS set. At 2910, WTRU 102 can determine the transmit power for the UL RS based on the RSRPPs and power control configuration information of the PL DL RSs, and / or determine the beam direction for the UL RS based on the AoA of the PL DL RSs. At 2912, WTRU 102 can use the determined transmit power and / or the determined beam direction to transmit the UL RS.

[0391] For example, the PL DL RS can be determined based on the indicated PL path index and the measured multiple RSRPPs.

[0392] For example, WTRU 102 may further transmit a report that includes information indicating any of the determined transmit power, the determined beam direction, the identifier of the PL DL RS, and / or the PL path index.

[0393] For example, WTRU 102 can further receive configuration information indicating the resource set associated with UL sensing. WTRU 102 can use the resource set associated with UL sensing at 2912 to transmit UL RS.

[0394] For example, WTRU 102 can also receive power control configuration information, which includes information indicating any of the following: a maximum power value, a target power value, a PL compensation factor, a scan power value, and / or a power difference associated with an interference path. WTRU 102 can use any of the techniques described herein to determine the transmit power at 2910.

[0395] Figure 30This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary transmit power and transmit beam determination process using a sensing path according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 30 As shown, at 3002, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information indicating (i) a DL RS set and (ii) a UL RS set. At 3004, WTRU 102 can measure multiple RSRPP values ​​and / or multiple AoA corresponding to the DL RS set for multiple paths. For example, the multiple paths may include at least one direct path from at least one TRP 202 (e.g., gNB 180) and may include multiple indirect (e.g., reflection) paths. At 3006, WTRU 102 can determine multiple delay time amounts corresponding to the DL RS set relative to a common reference time for the multiple paths. At 3008, WTRU 102 can (i) determine a PL path from the multiple paths based on a comparison of the multiple RSRPP values ​​with a threshold, and (ii) determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path from the DL RS set. For example, the PL path may be determined as one of multiple indirect paths observed by WTRU 102 based on measurements and delay times as described herein. At 3010, WTRU 102 may determine the Tx power based on (e.g., at least) one of the RSRPP values ​​associated with the PL path, and determine the Tx beam based on (e.g., at least) one of the AoA values ​​associated with the PL path. At 3012, WTRU 102 may report information indicating any of the following: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. At 3014, WTRU 102 may use the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam to transmit UL RSs in the UL RS set.

[0396] In some representative embodiments, configuration information may indicate (iii) a reference DL RS. In other representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may determine the reference DL RS based on the reception time of the DL RS set (e.g., during a measurement window). For example, the common reference time may be the arrival time of the reference DL RS via a first (e.g., direct) path among multiple paths.

[0397] In some representative embodiments, reference DL RSs may be included in a set of DL RSs.

[0398] In some representative embodiments, the configuration information may include information indicating a threshold.

[0399] In some representative embodiments, the common reference time may be the arrival time of the reference DL RS via a first path among multiple paths. For example, the PL path and the first path may be different paths (e.g., a reflection path and a direct path).

[0400] In some representative embodiments, the information indicating the determined PL DL RS may be an RS index (e.g., the RS index of a DL RS in a set of DLRSs).

[0401] In some representative embodiments, the information indicating the determined PL path may be a path index (e.g., the path index of one of a plurality of paths).

[0402] In some representative embodiments, the PL DL RS may have the largest measured RSRPP value among the measured RSRPP values ​​above a threshold associated with the PL path in the DL RS set.

[0403] In some representative embodiments, a determined Tx power and a determined Tx beam can be used to transmit UL RS for sensing objects.

[0404] In some representative embodiments, the UL RS set can be associated with UL sensing.

[0405] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may receive power control configuration information indicating any one of a maximum power value, a target power value, a PL compensation factor, a scan power value, and / or a power difference associated with an interference path. For example, WTRU 102 may determine the Tx power based on one of the RSRPP values ​​associated with the PL path and the power control configuration information.

[0406] Figure 31 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary spatial relationship reporting process according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 31As shown, at 3102, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS and (ii) a set of UL RSs. At 3104, WTRU 102 can receive a request to report the spatial relationship between the first DL RS and the set of UL RSs. At 3106, WTRU 102 can use the first DL RS to measure multiple AoA corresponding to multiple paths. At 3108, WTRU 102 can send measurement information associated with the multiple AoA. For example, the measurement information can associate a corresponding AoA with a corresponding path. At 3110, WTRU 102 can receive information indicating UL RSs in the set of UL RSs and / or paths in the multiple paths. At 3112, WTRU 102 can transmit the indicated UL RS via the indicated path.

[0407] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a first DL RS from the DL RS set.

[0408] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a reference DL RS. For example, WTRU 102 may receive a reference DL RS (e.g., via multiple paths) and may determine multiple paths based on the reference DL RS.

[0409] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can determine multiple delay time amounts corresponding to a reference DL RS relative to a common reference time. For example, WTRU 102 can determine multiple paths based on multiple delay time amounts.

[0410] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may receive a first DL RS.

[0411] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may use a first DL RS to measure multiple Reference Signal Receive Path Power (RSRPP) values ​​corresponding to multiple paths. For example, the measurement information may include multiple AoA associated with multiple RSRPPs for multiple paths (e.g., each of the multiple paths).

[0412] In some representative embodiments, the first DL RS may be a PRS.

[0413] In some representative embodiments, the reference DL RS may be a PRS.

[0414] In some representative embodiments, the UL RS set may include or may be an SRS set. For example, the indicated UL RS may be an SRS.

[0415] Figure 32 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary transmit power and transmit beam determination process using one or more interference paths according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 32 As shown, at 3202, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information indicating (i) a DL RS set and (ii) a UL RS set. At 3204, WTRU 102 can measure multiple RSRPP values ​​and / or multiple AoA corresponding to the DL RS set for multiple paths. At 3206, WTRU 102 can determine multiple delay time amounts corresponding to the DL RS set relative to a common reference time for the multiple paths. At 3208, WTRU 102 can (i) determine a PL path and one or more interfering paths from the multiple paths, and (ii) determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path from the DL RS set. At 3210, WTRU 102 can determine the Tx power based on one or more of the RSRPP values ​​associated with the one or more interfering paths, and determine the Tx beam based on one of the AoA associated with the PL path. At 3212, WTRU 102 may report information indicating any of the following: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. At 3214, WTRU 102 may use the determined Tx power and / or the determined Tx beam to transmit UL RSs in the UL RS set.

[0416] In some representative embodiments, the configuration information may (e.g., further) indicate (iii) the reference DL RS. For example, the common reference time may be the arrival time of the reference DL RS via a first path among multiple paths. For example, the PL path and the first path may be different (e.g., a reflection path and a direct path).

[0417] In some representative embodiments, reference DL RSs may be included in a set of DL RSs.

[0418] In some representative embodiments, determining the PL path from multiple paths may be based on comparing multiple RSRPP values ​​with a first threshold.

[0419] In some representative embodiments, determining one or more interference paths from a plurality of paths may be based on any of the following: (i) a comparison of the plurality of RSRPP values ​​with a second threshold, (ii) the beamwidth of the determined Tx beam, (iii) a comparison of the plurality of delay time amounts with a third threshold, and / or (iv) WTRU transmit capability.

[0420] In some representative embodiments, the information indicating the determined PL DL RS may be an RS index (e.g., indicating a DL RS in a set of DL RSs).

[0421] In some representative embodiments, the information indicating the determined PL path may be a path index (e.g., indicating one of a plurality of paths).

[0422] In some representative embodiments, the information indicating one or more interference paths is one or more path indices (e.g., indicating one or more paths among a plurality of paths).

[0423] In some representative embodiments, the PL DL RS may have the largest measured RSRPP value among the measured RSRPP values ​​of the DL RS set that are associated with the PL path and are above a first threshold.

[0424] In some representative embodiments, a determined Tx power and a determined Tx beam can be used to transmit one of the ULRS for sensing objects.

[0425] In some representative embodiments, the UL RS set can be associated with UL sensing.

[0426] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may receive power control configuration information indicating any of the following: a maximum power value, a target power value, a PL compensation factor, a scan power value, and / or a power difference associated with an interfering path. For example, WTRU 102 may determine the Tx power based on one of the RSRPP values ​​associated with a PL path, one or more of the RSRPP values ​​associated with one or more interfering paths, and the power control configuration information.

[0427] Figure 33 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary transmit power and / or transmit beam determination process according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 33As shown, at 3302, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information indicating (i) a DL RS set and (ii) a UL RS set. At 3304, WTRU 102 can measure the DL RS set for multiple paths. At 3306, WTRU 102 can determine delay time information associated with the reception of the DL RS set for the multiple paths. At 3308, WTRU 102 can (i) determine a PL path from the multiple paths based on the measurement information associated with the DL RS set, and (ii) determine the PL DLRS associated with the PL path from the DL RS set. At 3310, WTRU 102 can determine the Tx power and / or Tx beam based on the measurement information associated with the PL path. At 3312, WTRU 102 may report information indicating any of the following: (i) the determined Tx power, and / or (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. At 3314, WTRU 102 may use the determined Tx power and / or the determined Tx beam to transmit ULRS in the UL RS set.

[0428] Figure 34 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary uplink transmission process using multipath information according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 34 As shown, at 3402, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS and (ii) a set of UL RSs. At 3404, WTRU 102 can receive a request to report multipath information associated with the first DL RS. At 3406, WTRU 102 can measure multiple AoA using the first DL RS. At 3408, WTRU 102 can send measurement information indicating the multiple AoA associated with multiple paths. At 3410, WTRU 102 can receive information indicating UL RSs in the set of UL RSs. At 3412, WTRU 102 can transmit the indicated UL RS via one of the multiple paths associated with the indicated UL RS.

[0429] In some representative embodiments, any of the techniques described herein can be used to perform the measurement of AoA at 3406.

[0430] In some representative embodiments, any technique and / or any measurement, including those described herein, can be used to report measurement information at 3408.

[0431] In some representative embodiments, the UL RS transmission at 3412 can be performed using any of the techniques described herein, such as using a determined Tx power and / or a determined Tx beam.

[0432] Figure 35 This is a flowchart illustrating another exemplary uplink sensing process using multipath information according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 35 As shown, at 3502, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS and (ii) a set of UL RSs. At 3504, WTRU 102 can receive a request to report multipath information associated with the first DL RS. At 3506, WTRU 102 can measure multiple AoA using the first DL RS. At 3508, WTRU 102 can send measurement information indicating the multiple AoA associated with multiple paths. At 3510, WTRU 102 can receive information indicating paths among the multiple paths. At 3512, WTRU 102 can transmit UL RSs associated with the indicated path from the set of UL RSs via the indicated path.

[0433] In some representative embodiments, any of the techniques described herein can be used to perform the AoA measurement at 3506.

[0434] In some representative embodiments, any technique and / or any measurement described herein may be used to report measurement information at 3508.

[0435] In some representative embodiments, the UL RS transmission at 3512 can be performed using any of the techniques described herein, such as using a defined Tx power and / or a defined Tx beam.

[0436] Figure 36 This is a flowchart illustrating another exemplary transmit power and / or transmit beam determination process using one or more interference paths according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 36As shown, at 3602, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information indicating (i) a DL RS set and (ii) a UL RS set. At 3604, WTRU 102 can measure the DL RS set. At 3606, WTRU 102 can determine delay time information associated with the reception of the DL RS set. At 3608, WTRU 102 can (i) determine a path loss (PL) path and one or more interfering paths from multiple paths based on the measurement information and the delay time information, and (ii) determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path from the DL RS set. At 3610, WTRU 102 can determine the Tx power and Tx beam based on the measurement information associated with the one or more interfering paths. At 3612, WTRU 102 may report information indicating any of the following: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. At 3614, WTRU 102 may use the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam to transmit UL RSs in the UL RS set.

[0437] Figure 37 This is a flowchart illustrating another exemplary uplink sensing process using multipath information according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 37 As shown, at 3702, WTRU 102 can receive a request to report multipath information. At 3704, WTRU 102 can measure multiple times of arrival (Time of Arrival) and AoA (Aspect of Path) via reception of one or more DL RSs. At 3706, WTRU 102 can transmit measurement information associated with the measured one or more DL RSs and multiple paths. At 3708, WTRU 102 can receive information indicating a path among the multiple paths. At 3710, WTRU 102 can transmit UL RS based on the association with the indicated path.

[0438] In some representative embodiments, at 3710, UL RS can be transmitted via the indicated path.

[0439] In some representative embodiments, at 3710, UL RS can be transmitted via a path associated with the indicated path.

[0440] In some representative embodiments, at 3710, the UL RS may be associated with the indicated path (e.g., based on AoA).

[0441] Figure 38This is a flowchart illustrating another exemplary transmit power determination process according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 38 As shown, at 3802, WTRU 102 can measure the DL RS set. At 3804, WTRU 102 can determine delay time information associated with the measured DL RS set. At 3806, WTRU 102 can (i) determine a PL path and / or one or more interfering paths from multiple paths based on the measured DL RS set and the delay time information, and (ii) determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path from the DL RS set. At 3808, WTRU 102 can determine the Tx power based on the measured DL RS set associated with the PL path and / or the one or more interfering paths. At 3810, WTRU 102 can transmit UL RS via the PL path using the determined Tx power.

[0442] In some representative embodiments, at 3810, ULRS can be transmitted via the Tx beam associated with the PL path.

[0443] In some representative embodiments, at 3810, the UL RS may be associated with the PL path (e.g., based on AoA).

[0444] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 may receive configuration information associated with a set of DL RSs. WTRU 102 may measure multiple RSRPPs and / or multiple AoAs corresponding to the set of DL RSs for multiple paths. WTRU 102 may determine multiple delay time amounts corresponding to the set of DL RSs relative to a common reference time for multiple paths. WTRU 102 may determine path indices corresponding to two or more paths among the multiple paths based on the measured RSRPPs, measured AoAs, and / or delay time amounts that satisfy threshold information. WTRU 102 may send a report including information indicating the determined path indices, an identifier of a reference DL RS associated with the common reference time, and / or measurement information associated with each of the two or more paths.

[0445] For example, the DL RS set may include one or more of any of the SSB, CSI-RS, and / or PRS.

[0446] For example, WTRU 102 can receive information indicating a reference DL RS. The common reference time can be determined as the arrival time of the reference DL RS.

[0447] For example, determining multiple delay time quantities may include normalizing multiple delay time quantities based on different transmission times of the DL RS set.

[0448] For example, the measurement information associated with each of two or more paths may include any of the measured RSRPP, AoA, and / or delay time quantities associated with each of the two or more paths.

[0449] In some representative embodiments, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information associated with a set of DL RSs. WTRU 102 can measure multiple RSRPPs and / or multiple AoAs corresponding to the set of DL RSs for multiple paths. WTRU 102 can send information indicating the PL path index associated with a path among the multiple paths. WTRU 102 can determine PL DL RSs from the set of DL RSs. WTRU 102 can determine the transmit power for UL RSs based on the RSRPPs and power control configuration information of the PL DL RSs and / or determine the beam direction for UL RSs based on the AoA of the PL DL RSs. WTRU 102 can transmit UL RSs using the determined transmit power and / or the determined beam direction.

[0450] For example, the PL DL RS can be determined based on the indicated PL path index and the measured multiple RSRPPs.

[0451] For example, WTRU 102 can send a report that includes information indicating any of the determined transmit power, the determined beam direction, the identifier of the PL DL RS, and / or the PL path index.

[0452] For example, WTRU 102 can receive configuration information indicating the resource set associated with UL sensing. WTRU 102 can use the resource set associated with UL sensing to transmit UL RS.

[0453] For example, WTRI 102 can receive power control configuration information that includes information indicating any of the following: a maximum power value (e.g., Pmax), a target or nominal power value (e.g., P0), a PL compensation factor (e.g., alpha), a scan power value, and / or a power difference value (e.g., delta) associated with an interference path.

[0454] One or more embodiments provide a computer program including instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause such processors to perform encoding and / or decoding methods according to any of the above embodiments. One or more embodiments also provide a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions thereon for encoding or decoding video data according to the methods described above.

[0455] One or more embodiments provide a computer-readable storage medium storing video data generated according to the method described above. One or more embodiments also provide a method and apparatus for transmitting or receiving video data generated according to the method described above.

[0456] For example, the embodiments described herein may be implemented in methods or processes, apparatus, software programs, data streams, or signals. Even if discussed only in the context of a single embodiment (e.g., as a method), embodiments of these features may be implemented in other forms. For example, the apparatus may be implemented with suitable hardware, software, and firmware. Corresponding methods may be implemented, for example, in a processor.

[0457] Various numerical values ​​are used in this application. These specific values ​​are for illustrative purposes, and the described embodiments are not limited to these specific values.

[0458] This document describes various methods, which include one or more steps or actions for implementing the described methods. Unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for the correct operation of the method, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions may be modified or combined. Furthermore, in various embodiments, terms such as "first," "second," etc., may be used to define elements, components, steps, operations, etc., for example, "first decoding" and "second decoding." Unless specifically required, the use of these terms does not imply an ordering of operations.

[0459] This disclosure may relate to “determining” various types of information. Determining information may include, for example, one or more of the following: estimation, calculation, prediction, and (e.g., retrieval from memory).

[0460] This disclosure may relate to "accessing" various types of information. Accessing information may include, for example, receiving, retrieving (e.g., from memory), storing, moving, copying, calculating, determining, predicting, and estimating information, or more of these. Similarly, this disclosure may relate to "receiving" various types of information. Receiving information may include, for example, accessing and retrieving (e.g., from memory) information, or more of these.

[0461] It should be understood that the use of any of the following “ / ”, “and / or” and “…at least one of…” is intended to cover all possible choices made on the listed items individually or in any combination thereof.

[0462] While specific embodiments have been described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, it should be understood that the embodiments described herein are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the scope of this disclosure or the appended claims. Although features and elements are described herein in specific combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that these features or elements can be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. Therefore, it should be understood that the overall teaching of this disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments, implementations, and examples disclosed herein, but is intended to cover variations, modifications, and alternatives as defined by the appended claims and any and all equivalents.

Claims

1. A method implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: Receive configuration information, which indicates (i) a set of downlink (DL) reference signals (RS) and (ii) a set of uplink (UL) RS; For multiple paths, measure multiple reference signal received path power (RSRPP) values ​​and / or multiple angles of arrival (AoA) corresponding to the DL RS set; For the multiple paths, multiple delay time amounts corresponding to the DL RS set are determined relative to a common reference time; (i) Determine the path loss (PL) path from the plurality of paths based on the comparison of the plurality of RSRPP values ​​with a threshold, and (ii) Determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path from the DL RS set; The transmit (Tx) power is determined based on one of the RSRPP values ​​associated with the PL path, and the Tx beam is determined based on one of the AoA values ​​associated with the PL path; The report indicates information on any of the following: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path; as well as The UL RS in the UL RS set is transmitted using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration information indicates (iii) a reference DL RS, and wherein the common reference time is the arrival time of the reference DL RS via a first path of the plurality of paths.

3. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the reference DL RS is included in the set of DL RS.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the configuration information includes information indicating the threshold.

5. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the common reference time is the arrival time of the reference DL RS via a first path of the plurality of paths, and the PL path is different from the first path.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the information indicating the determined PL DL RS is an RS index.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the information indicating the determined PL path is a path index.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the PL DL RS has the largest measured RSRPP value among the measured RSRPP values ​​of the DL RS set that are associated with the PL path and are above the threshold.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam are used to transmit the UL RS for sensing objects.

10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the UL RS set is associated with UL sensing.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, further comprising: Receive power control configuration information, which indicates any one of the following: maximum power value, target power value, PL compensation factor, scan power value, and / or power difference associated with the interference path. The Tx power is determined based on one of the RSRPP values ​​associated with the PL path and the power control configuration information.

12. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the WTRU comprising: The transceiver, memory, and processor are configured as follows: Receive configuration information, which indicates (i) the downlink (DL) reference signal (RS) set and (ii) the uplink (UL) RS set. For multiple paths, measure multiple reference signal received path power (RSRPP) values ​​and / or multiple angles of arrival (AoA) corresponding to the DL RS set. For the multiple paths, multiple delay time amounts corresponding to the DL RS set are determined relative to a common reference time. (i) Determine the path loss (PL) path from the plurality of paths based on the comparison of the plurality of RSRPP values ​​with a threshold, and (ii) Determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path from the DL RS set; The transmit (Tx) power is determined based on one of the RSRPP values ​​associated with the PL path, and the Tx beam is determined based on one of the AoA values ​​associated with the PL path; The report indicates information on any of the following: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path; as well as The UL RS in the UL RS set is transmitted using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam.

13. The WTRU of claim 12, wherein the configuration information indicates (iii) a reference DL RS, and wherein the common reference time is the arrival time of the reference DL RS via a first path of the plurality of paths.

14. The WTRU according to any one of claims 12 to 13, wherein the reference DL RS is included in the set of DL RS.

15. The WTRU according to any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the configuration information includes information indicating the threshold.

16. The WTRU according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the common reference time is the arrival time of the reference DLRS via a first path of the plurality of paths, and the PL path is different from the first path.

17. The WTRU according to any one of claims 12 to 16, wherein the information indicating the determined PL DL RS is an RS index.

18. The WTRU according to any one of claims 12 to 17, wherein the information indicating the determined PL path is a path index.

19. The WTRU according to any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein the PL DL RS has the largest measured RSRPP value among the measured RSRPP values ​​of the DL RS set that are associated with the PL path and are above the threshold.

20. The WTRU according to any one of claims 12 to 19, wherein the UL RS is transmitted using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam for sensing objects.

21. The WTRU according to any one of claims 12 to 20, wherein the UL RS set is associated with UL sensing.

22. The WTRU according to any one of claims 12 to 21, wherein the transceiver, memory, and processor are configured as follows: Receive power control configuration information, which indicates any one of the following: maximum power value, target power value, PL compensation factor, scan power value, and / or power difference associated with the interference path. The Tx power is determined based on one of the RSRPP values ​​associated with the PL path and the power control configuration information.

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