An automated conveying turn machine for logistics

Abstract

This invention belongs to the technical field of logistics conveying equipment and provides an automated conveyor turning machine for logistics, including an arc frame, multiple sets of coaxial segmented three-ring drive cone rollers, three sets of independent servo drive components, cargo position sensors, side guardrails, outer elastic protection components, and pneumatic buffer components. Each set of three-ring drive cone rollers is formed by splitting a single complete conical roller into outer, middle, and inner ring cone rollers. The three sections of cone rollers rotate coaxially without interference through independent bearings. The lateral sliding position of the cargo is collected in real time by sensors inside the guardrails, and the control system independently adjusts the speed and output torque of the three sections of cone rollers, using the speed difference between the inner and outer rollers to correct the cargo deflection posture. Simultaneously, a dual anti-collision structure of passive spring buffering and active high-pressure airflow buffering is incorporated, solving the problems of existing integrated turning cone rollers with synchronous drive, inability to differentiate and correct multi-specification cargo, single anti-collision methods, and easy damage to the guardrails when multiple cargoes are conveyed in parallel.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the technical field of logistics conveying equipment, and particularly relates to an automated conveying turning machine for logistics. Background Technology

[0002] Existing logistics turning roller conveyors generally use integrated conical rollers, with only one drive motor for the whole machine. All conical rollers rotate synchronously at the same speed, relying on the difference in linear velocity between the inner and outer sides caused by the tapered shape of the rollers to complete the turning and conveying of goods.

[0003] The structure has obvious defects: First, the inner and outer sections of the integrated conical roller cannot be independently speed-adjusted. When goods turn, they slide outward due to centrifugal force. The weight and size of express parcels, cartons, and soft-pack goods vary greatly, and the amount of centrifugal slippage is different for each. A uniform speed cannot adapt to the differentiated offset requirements. When multiple goods are transported in parallel, the offset goods are very likely to hit the outer guardrail, causing wear on the waybill, deformation of the box, and damage to the soft-pack goods. Second, traditional turning machines rely only on the rubber pads of the guardrails for single anti-collision protection. For lightweight express parcels weighing less than 1.5kg, they will rebound and offset twice after impact. For heavy cartons, the rubber pads have insufficient cushioning capacity and cannot offset the inertial impact force. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide an automated conveyor turning machine for logistics, which aims to solve the technical problems of existing integrated turning cone roller synchronous drive, inability to differentiate and correct the posture of goods, and poor protection effect.

[0005] This invention is implemented as follows: an automated conveyor turning machine for logistics includes a frame. The frame is formed by bending a standard arc square tube, which can directly adapt to three on-site installation arcs of 45°, 90°, and 180°. Multiple sets of three-ring transmission components are arranged at equal intervals on the frame. Each set of transmission components consists of a complete conical roller that is radially divided into an outer ring conical roller, a middle ring conical roller, and an inner ring conical roller. The three conical rollers are installed to rotate relative to each other, so that the three conical rollers can rotate independently without interference. Moreover, the top surfaces of the three sections are strictly flush, ensuring that there is no height difference on the bottom surface of the goods.

[0006] The three drive components have different transmission principles: ① Outer ring drive component: adopts coaxial transmission of end sprockets and chains, which is rigid and has high torque transmission efficiency, suitable for the large traction force of outer cargo, and all outer ring cone rollers rotate synchronously; ② Inner ring drive component: the structure is the same as the outer ring, adopts end chain and sprocket transmission, and has a compact structure that occupies little bottom space; ③ Middle ring drive component: does not use end transmission, but uses bottom friction wheel contact transmission, and drives the middle ring cone roller to rotate through the reverse friction of the lower cone drive roller, which has low transmission noise and can finely adjust the friction clamping force to adapt to slippage conditions.

[0007] Sensing and control logic: The sensor inside the barrier uses a diffuse infrared sensor to collect the offset position of the front and rear ends of the cargo segment by segment, and transmits the offset signal to the control system in real time. The control system uses a three-ring independent vector control and is responsible for the cargo heading correction through speed adjustment. The guardrail is also equipped with elastic protective components. The elastic protective components are passive anti-collision: they rely on the deformation of the compressed spring to absorb the impact kinetic energy of the goods, and the rubber pads eliminate rigid impacts. They are suitable for medium and heavy loads of 1.5kg or more. The pneumatic buffer components are active anti-collision: the sensors predict that the goods will hit the guardrail within 0.3s. The air pump completes the pressure maintenance of the main air pipe in advance, opens the solenoid valve at the corresponding point, and the high-pressure airflow is sprayed obliquely upstream. Lightweight goods are directly pushed back to the center of the roller conveyor by the airflow, and medium and heavy loads are helped to reduce the impact force.

[0008] A further technical solution: The middle ring drive assembly includes a mounting frame, which is an arc-shaped frame. The mounting frame is installed below the three-ring transmission assembly. Multiple equally spaced drive rollers are rotatably mounted on the mounting frame. The drive rollers are conical rollers, and the multiple drive rollers are distributed around the axis of the mounting frame. The top of each drive roller is in close contact with the bottom of a middle ring conical roller. The outer ring of the drive roller is made of rubber to increase the friction between the drive roller and the middle ring conical roller. The middle ring drive assembly also includes a power assembly, which is used to drive all the middle ring conical rollers to rotate synchronously.

[0009] Further technical solution: The power component includes a first servo motor, which is mounted on a mounting frame. One end of each of the plurality of drive rollers is fixedly mounted with a first sprocket. The plurality of first sprockets are connected to each other by a first chain drive. A first transmission pair is connected between the first servo motor and one end of a drive roller.

[0010] Further technical solution: The protective component includes a mounting box, a compression spring, and a compression spring. The mounting box is fixedly installed on the inner side of the guardrail. Both the mounting box and the protective plate are arc-shaped, and the axes of the mounting box and the protective plate coincide with the center of the guardrail. There are multiple compression springs, and multiple compression springs are fixedly connected to the side of the mounting box. The protective plate is fixedly connected to one end of all the compression springs, and a rubber pad is provided on the side of the protective plate.

[0011] Further technical solution: A buffer assembly is also installed on the frame. The buffer assembly includes an air pump. The air outlet of the air pump is connected to a main air pipe through an air outlet pipe. The main air pipe is fixedly installed on the side of the mounting box. Multiple branch air pipes are connected to the side of the main air pipe. Each branch air pipe has a flexible hose connected to its end. The end of the flexible hose is connected to a jet nozzle. The jet nozzle is fixedly installed on the protective plate. Solenoid valves are installed on all branch air pipes.

[0012] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: 1. Strong structural adaptability: The single conical roller is segmented and coaxial, with high roller coaxiality, eliminating the risk of goods tipping over. It can adapt to 45° / 90° / 180° turning scenarios without changing the frame, and is compatible with all categories of goods such as cartons, soft packaging, and small express parcels.

[0013] 2. Precise posture correction: The three-ring conical rollers are driven completely independently, and the speed and torque are decoupled and adjusted, which solves the defect that the integrated conical rollers cannot differentiate the correction of multiple goods deviations. The rate of goods tilting and impact damage is reduced by more than 90%.

[0014] 3. Comprehensive anti-collision coverage: Active airflow prediction anti-collision + passive spring energy absorption anti-collision, respectively adapted to light and heavy goods, making up for the poor adaptability of single anti-collision structures, and eliminating the problem of secondary rebound and offset.

[0015] 4. Lower maintenance costs: The three sections of tapered roller bearings are independent of each other, and a single damaged section can be replaced individually without disassembling the entire roller assembly.

[0016] 5. High transmission stability: The outer and inner ring chains are rigid and resistant to heavy loads, while the middle ring friction transmission is low-noise, making it suitable for both quiet and heavy-load use in warehouses. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a top view of the overall structure of the present invention.

[0018] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the overall front view of the present invention.

[0019] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the overall rear view structure of the present invention.

[0020] Figure 4 This is an exploded structural diagram of the three-ring transmission assembly in this invention.

[0021] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the middle ring drive component in this invention.

[0022] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the protective component in this invention.

[0023] Figure 7 In this invention Figure 6 Enlarged diagram of point A in the middle.

[0024] In the attached diagram: 1. Frame; 2. Three-ring transmission assembly; 21. Outer ring conical roller; 22. Middle ring conical roller; 23. Inner ring conical roller; 3. Middle ring drive assembly; 31. Mounting frame; 32. Drive roller; 33. First servo motor; 34. First chain; 35. First transmission pair; 36. First sprocket; 4. Inner ring drive assembly; 41. Second chain; 42. Second sprocket; 43. Second transmission pair; 44. Second servo motor; 5. Protective assembly; 51. Mounting box; 52. Compression spring; 53. Protective plate; 6. Buffer assembly; 61. Air pump; 62. Air outlet pipe; 63. Main air pipe; 64. Jet nozzle; 65. Branch air pipe; 66. Solenoid valve; 67. Hose; 7. Outer ring drive assembly; 71. Third sprocket; 72. Third chain; 73. Third transmission pair; 74. Third servo motor; 8. Sensor; 9. Barrier. Detailed Implementation

[0025] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the invention.

[0026] The specific implementation of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0027] like Figures 1-7 As shown, this invention provides an automated conveyor turning machine for logistics, including a frame 1 and a control system. The frame 1 is an arc-shaped frame, and the bending angle of the frame 1 can be 45°, 90°, 180°, etc. Multiple sets of three-ring transmission components 2 are installed at equal intervals on the frame 1. The multiple sets of three-ring transmission components 2 are distributed around the axis of the frame 1, and the axis of the three-ring transmission components 2 intersects the axis of the frame 1. The three-ring transmission components 2 include an outer ring conical roller 21, a middle ring conical roller 22, and an inner ring conical roller 23. The outer ring conical roller 21, the middle ring conical roller 22, and the inner ring conical roller 23 are rotatably mounted together by bearings. The three sections can rotate independently around the central axis. The outer ring conical roller 21 and the inner ring conical roller 23 are respectively rotatably mounted on both sides of the frame 1. The tops of the outer ring conical roller 21, the middle ring conical roller 22, and the inner ring conical roller 23 are all horizontally set. The frame 1 is also equipped with an outer ring drive assembly 7, a middle ring drive assembly 3 and an inner ring drive assembly 4. The outer ring drive assembly 7, the middle ring drive assembly 3 and the inner ring drive assembly 4 are used to drive the outer ring conical roller 21, the middle ring conical roller 22 and the inner ring conical roller 23 to rotate independently, respectively. Both sides of the top of the frame 1 are equipped with baffles 9. Multiple sensors 8 are installed on the opposite sides of the two baffles 9. The sensors 8 are electrically connected to the control system. The sensors 8 are used to detect the position of the goods and transmit the signal to the control system. The sensors 8 are diffuse infrared sensors. They detect the front and rear offset of the goods respectively to avoid misjudgment of single-point detection. The sensor 8 signal is transmitted to the control system in real time. The outer ring drive assembly 7, the middle ring drive assembly 3, and the inner ring drive assembly 4 are all electrically connected to the control system. The control system is used to control the outer ring drive assembly 7, the middle ring drive assembly 3, and the inner ring drive assembly 4 respectively to adjust the rotational speed of the outer ring cone roller 21, the middle ring cone roller 22, and the inner ring cone roller 23, so as to adjust the angle of the goods.

[0028] Specifically, the outer ring conical roller 21, the middle ring conical roller 22, and the inner ring conical roller 23 were originally single integrated conical rollers, but were cut into three sections along the width direction, with a 0.5mm gap reserved between the three sections.

[0029] During use, sensor 8 detects the position of the goods in real time. When sensor 8 detects that the goods are sliding outward, the lateral velocity vector compensation of the control system is activated. For example, the rotation speed of the inner ring cone roller 23 is reduced, while the rotation speed of the outer ring cone roller 21 is increased. This can counteract the centrifugal drag force on the outside. This is because the driving speeds on both sides of the goods are different. The outer ring cone roller 21 will drive the outer side of the goods to move at a higher speed. However, since the speed of the middle ring cone roller 22 remains unchanged, while the speed of the inner ring cone roller 23 is reduced, the goods will rotate a certain angle towards the inside of the frame 1, thus preventing the goods from hitting the baffle 9. In this invention, by detecting the position of the goods in real time through sensor 8 and controlling the rotation speed of the three ring rollers separately through the control system, the position of the logistics goods can be automatically adjusted to avoid damage.

[0030] The present invention provides an automated conveyor turning machine for logistics. In this embodiment, the outer ring drive assembly 7 includes a plurality of third sprockets 71, which are respectively fixedly installed at one end of a plurality of outer ring cone rollers 21. The plurality of third sprockets 71 are connected by a third chain 72. A third servo motor 74 is fixedly installed on the frame 1, and a third transmission pair 73 is connected between the third servo motor 74 and one end of an outer ring cone roller 21.

[0031] The third servo motor 74 can drive one outer ring cone roller 21 to rotate, and the outer ring cone roller 21 can drive all the outer ring cone rollers 21 to rotate through the third sprocket 71 and the third chain 72.

[0032] This invention provides an automated conveyor turning machine for logistics. In this embodiment, the central ring drive assembly 3 includes a mounting frame 31, which is an arc-shaped frame. The mounting frame 31 is installed below the three-ring transmission assembly 2. Multiple equally spaced drive rollers 32 are rotatably mounted on the mounting frame 31. The drive rollers 32 are conical rollers, and the multiple drive rollers 32 are distributed around the axis of the mounting frame 31. The top of each drive roller 32 is in close contact with the bottom of a central ring conical roller 22. The outer ring of the drive roller 32 is made of rubber to increase the friction between the drive roller 32 and the central ring conical roller 22. The central ring drive assembly 3 also includes a power assembly, which is used to drive all the central ring conical rollers 22 to rotate synchronously.

[0033] Specifically, the axis of the mounting bracket 31 coincides with the axis of the frame 1.

[0034] When in use, the power unit drives the drive roller 32 to rotate, and the drive roller 32 drives the middle ring cone roller 22 to rotate in the opposite direction, which can make the middle ring cone roller 22 move the goods.

[0035] The present invention provides an automated conveyor turning machine for logistics. In this embodiment, the power component includes a first servo motor 33, which is mounted on a mounting frame 31. One end of each of the plurality of drive rollers 32 is fixedly mounted with a first sprocket 36. The plurality of first sprockets 36 are connected to each other by a first chain 34. A first transmission pair 35 is connected between the first servo motor 33 and one end of a drive roller 32.

[0036] The first servo motor 33 can drive a drive roller 32 to rotate through the first transmission pair 35. The drive roller 32 drives all drive rollers 32 to rotate synchronously through the first sprocket 36 and the first chain 34.

[0037] The present invention provides an automated conveyor turning machine for logistics. In this embodiment, the inner ring drive assembly 4 includes a plurality of second sprockets 42, which are respectively fixedly installed at one end of a plurality of inner ring cone rollers 23. The plurality of second sprockets 42 are connected to each other by a second chain 41. A second servo motor 44 is also installed on the frame 1. A second transmission pair 43 is connected between the output shaft of the second servo motor 44 and one end of an inner ring cone roller 23.

[0038] The second servo motor 44 can drive an inner ring cone roller 23 to rotate through the second transmission pair 43. The inner ring cone roller 23 can drive all the inner ring cone rollers 23 to rotate synchronously through the second sprocket 42 and the second chain 41.

[0039] This invention provides an automated conveyor turning machine for logistics. When there are many logistics goods, multiple goods may be on the turning machine at the same time. When adjusting the position of a certain goods, the positions of other goods will inevitably be changed as well. When the size and weight of the goods are inconsistent, the centrifugal force on the goods is also inconsistent. When all the goods are adjusted at a fixed speed, it may cause a certain goods to collide with the guardrail 9, which will reduce the anti-collision effect of the turning machine. Therefore, in this embodiment, a protective component 5 is also installed on the inner side of the guardrail 9 away from the axis of the frame 1. The protective component 5 is used to provide elastic protection for the goods.

[0040] The present invention provides an automated conveyor turning machine for logistics. In this embodiment, the protective component 5 includes a mounting box 51, a compression spring 52, and a compression spring 53. The mounting box 51 is fixedly installed on the inner side of the guardrail 9. Both the mounting box 51 and the protective plate 53 are arc-shaped, and the axes of the mounting box 51 and the protective plate 53 coincide with the center of the guardrail 9. There are multiple compression springs 52, and multiple compression springs 52 are fixedly connected to the side of the mounting box 51. The protective plate 53 is fixedly connected to one end of all the compression springs 52, and a rubber pad is provided on the side of the protective plate 53.

[0041] When the cargo impacts the surface of the protective plate 53, the compression spring 52 will cushion the cargo, and the rubber pad will protect the surface of the cargo, ensuring that the cargo remains intact.

[0042] The present invention provides an automated conveyor turning machine for logistics. To further enhance the protective effect, in this embodiment, a buffer assembly 6 is also installed on the frame 1. The buffer assembly 6 includes an air pump 61. The air outlet of the air pump 61 is connected to a main air pipe 63 through an air outlet pipe 62. The main air pipe 63 is fixedly installed on the side of the mounting box 51. Multiple branch air pipes 65 are connected to the side of the main air pipe 63. Each branch air pipe 65 is connected to a flexible hose 67 at its end. The end of the flexible hose 67 is connected to a jet nozzle 64. The jet nozzle 64 is fixedly installed on the protective plate 53. Solenoid valves 66 are installed on all branch air pipes 65.

[0043] Specifically, when sensor 8 detects that the cargo is about to collide with the protective plate 53, air pump 61 can be activated. Air pump 61 draws air and delivers it into the main air pipe 63, compressing the air in the main air pipe 63 and increasing the air pressure in the main air pipe 63 (at this time, all solenoid valves 66 are in the closed state). Sensor 8 detects the position of the cargo and opens the solenoid valve 66 at the corresponding position. High-pressure gas in the main air pipe 63 is ejected from the jet nozzle 64. The gas can buffer the cargo to reduce the force when the cargo collides with the protective plate 53. As for some lighter cargo, the high-pressure gas can blow it away from the protective plate 53 to avoid it colliding with the protective plate 53, thereby improving the protective effect of the protective component 5.

[0044] Workflow: 1. Idle standby condition The control system performs a power-on self-test, simultaneously verifying the operating conditions of the three servo motor encoders, all point sensors, pneumatic solenoid valves, and air pumps. After the self-test is completed, the three-ring cone rollers run at the reference static ratio speed, matching the theoretical difference in linear velocity of the arc length. At this time, the jet head air pressure is maintained in standby pressure-holding state, and all solenoid valves are closed. 2. Normal, non-deviation-free cargo conveying conditions The linear conveyor feeds the goods into the turning roller conveyor. The sensor detects that the center offset of the goods is ≤5mm, which is considered to be in good condition. The control system does not output speed adjustment commands. The three-ring cone rollers maintain a constant reference speed for conveying. The goods smoothly change direction along the arc center trajectory without lateral displacement and without triggering the protective components. 3. Cargo outer side sliding posture correction working condition When the sensor detects that the outward deviation of the cargo on one side is greater than 5mm (without touching the protective plate), it is determined to be a slight slippage, and low-speed vector compensation is activated: the speed of the inner ring cone roller is reduced to counteract the lateral friction traction force of the cargo to the inward side; the speed of the outer ring cone roller is increased to counteract the centrifugal drag force of the cargo on the outside; the speed of the middle ring cone roller remains constant to maintain the stability of the cargo's bottom center support. The adjustment time of the three-section cone roller speed is extremely short, and the cargo completes the posture correction within 1 / 6 of the arc stroke, without affecting the parallel cargo conveying behind. 4. Impact Prediction and Secondary Collision Avoidance Workflow 1) Lightweight goods (≤1.5kg): The sensor predicts that the goods will contact the protective plate within 0.3s. The control system will prioritize opening the corresponding solenoid valve. The high-pressure airflow is sprayed obliquely upstream. The airflow buoyancy and thrust are used to push the goods back to the center of the roller conveyor. The entire process is non-contact anti-collision to avoid wear on the waybill. 2) Medium and heavy load cargo (1.5kg-50kg): The airflow thrust cannot completely offset the inertia. After the cargo comes into contact with the protective plate, the compression spring passively retracts to absorb the impact kinetic energy, the rubber pad eliminates rigid contact and bumps, and the spring automatically resets after the impact ends, pushing the cargo away and the cargo moves along the protective plate.

[0045] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0046] Furthermore, it should be understood that although this specification describes embodiments, not every embodiment contains only one independent technical solution. This narrative style is merely for clarity. Those skilled in the art should consider the specification as a whole, and the technical solutions in each embodiment can also be appropriately combined to form other embodiments that can be understood by those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. An automated conveying turn for logistics, comprising a frame and a control system, the frame being a circular arc frame, characterized in that, Multiple sets of three-ring transmission components are installed at equal intervals on the frame. The multiple sets of three-ring transmission components are distributed around the rotation axis of the frame, and the axis of each set of three-ring transmission components intersects the rotation axis of the frame. The three-ring transmission assembly includes an outer ring conical roller, a middle ring conical roller, and an inner ring conical roller. The three are made of a single complete conical roller segmented together and are rotatably assembled with each other through isolation bearings. The outer ring conical roller and the inner ring conical roller are rotatably installed on the left and right sides of the frame, and the top surfaces of the three conical roller segments are set horizontally. The outer ring drive assembly, the middle ring drive assembly, and the inner ring drive assembly are independently assembled under the frame, and each drive the three sections of tapered rollers to rotate independently in a one-to-one manner. Arc-shaped baffles are fixed on both sides of the top surface of the frame. Sensors are installed in an array on the inner side of the two baffles. The sensors are electrically connected to the control system. The controlled ends of the three sets of drive components are all electrically connected to the control system. The inner side of the outer side panel of the frame is equipped with a protective component, which is used to provide elastic protection for the cargo.

2. The automated conveyor turning machine for logistics according to claim 1, characterized in that, The outer ring drive assembly includes a third sprocket, a third chain, a third transmission pair, and a third servo motor; A third sprocket is fixed to the end of each outer ring cone roller. All the third sprockets are linked by a third chain. A third servo motor is fixed to the frame, and its output shaft is connected to the end outer ring cone roller through a third transmission pair.

3. The automated conveyor turning machine for logistics according to claim 1, characterized in that, The central drive assembly includes an arc-shaped mounting frame, a conical drive roller, and a power assembly; The mounting bracket is coaxially fixed directly below the three-ring transmission assembly. Conical drive rollers are equidistantly mounted on the mounting bracket. The outer ring of the drive roller is covered with a rubber layer and its top surface is in contact with the bottom surface of the middle ring conical roller for friction transmission.

4. The automated conveyor turning machine for logistics according to claim 3, characterized in that, The power assembly includes a first servo motor, a first chain, a first transmission pair, and a first sprocket. The first sprocket is fixed at the end of each drive roller and linked by the first chain. The first servo motor drives a single drive roller through the first transmission pair.

5. The automated conveyor turning machine for logistics according to claim 1, characterized in that, The inner ring drive assembly includes a second chain, a second sprocket, a second transmission pair, and a second servo motor; Each inner ring conical roller has a second sprocket fixed at its end and linked by a second chain. The second servo motor is connected to the end inner ring conical roller through a second transmission pair.

6. The automated conveyor turning machine for logistics according to claim 1, characterized in that, The elastic protective assembly includes an arc-shaped mounting box, a compression spring, and an arc-shaped protective plate; The mounting box is fixed to the inner side of the outer side panel, and multiple sets of compression springs connect the inner wall of the mounting box to the back of the protective plate. A rubber buffer pad is attached to the outer surface of the protective plate.

7. The automated conveyor turning machine for logistics according to claim 6, characterized in that, The baffle is also equipped with a buffer assembly, which includes an air pump, an air outlet pipe, a main air pipe, a jet nozzle, a branch air pipe, a solenoid valve, and a flexible hose. The air pump is connected to the main air pipe, which is fixed to the back of the mounting box. The main air pipe branches into multiple branch pipes, which are connected in series with a solenoid valve and a flexible hose before connecting to the jet nozzle. The jet nozzle is embedded and fixed to the surface of the protective plate.

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