Sintering system, method, single cell and electric vehicle of positive electrode material

Abstract

This application provides a sintering system, method, single-cell battery, and electric vehicle for cathode materials. It relates to the field of battery technology. With the electrical performance of the cathode material and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor. Based on the target process parameters and the real-time process segment, the real-time process parameters are adjusted, and the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering based on the adjusted process parameters to obtain the target cathode material. This scheme, through a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm that considers both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln, determines the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment based on the crystal structure, and combines segmented location sintering of the roller kiln with dynamic process parameter control, achieves both optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, and compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, thereby improving the performance of the cathode material.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a sintering system and method for a cathode material, a single cell battery, and an electric vehicle. Background Technology

[0002] Battery fabrication includes the preparation of cathode materials. The fabrication process of cathode materials affects their performance, which in turn affects the performance of the battery composed of cathode materials.

[0003] In related technologies, the preparation process parameters of the cathode material are set based on human experience, and the cathode material is prepared according to the preparation process parameters.

[0004] However, relying on human experience is prone to significant errors, leading to low performance of cathode materials. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This application provides a sintering system, method, single cell, and electric vehicle for cathode materials to improve the performance of cathode materials.

[0006] In a first aspect, embodiments of this application provide a sintering system for a cathode material, the sintering system comprising a roller kiln for preparing cathode materials with performance meeting preset performance standards, and the sintering system for the cathode material being configured to perform the following steps:

[0007] With the crystal structure of the cathode material as a constraint, and the electrical properties of the cathode material and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, the target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor are determined by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The target process parameters include multiple process segments and sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment.

[0008] Based on the target process parameters, the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering, and during the sintering process, real-time process parameters and the real-time process segments corresponding to the real-time process parameters are collected.

[0009] Based on the target process parameters and the real-time process segment, the real-time process parameters are adjusted, and the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering treatment according to the adjusted process parameters.

[0010] The target cathode material is obtained after the segmented sintering process is completed.

[0011] Secondly, embodiments of this application provide a sintering method for a cathode material, comprising: using the crystal structure of the cathode material as a constraint, and the electrical properties of the cathode material and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, determining the target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor through a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, wherein the target process parameters include multiple process segments and sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment;

[0012] Based on the target process parameters, the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering, and during the sintering process, real-time process parameters and the real-time process segments corresponding to the real-time process parameters are collected.

[0013] Based on the target process parameters and the real-time process segment, the real-time process parameters are adjusted, and the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering treatment according to the adjusted process parameters.

[0014] The target cathode material is obtained after the segmented sintering process is completed.

[0015] Thirdly, embodiments of this application provide a cathode material, which is obtained by sintering according to adjusted process parameters;

[0016] The adjusted process parameters are determined as follows:

[0017] With the crystal structure of the cathode material as a constraint, and the electrical properties of the cathode material and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, the target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor are determined by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The target process parameters include multiple process segments and sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment.

[0018] Based on the target process parameters, the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering, and during the sintering process, real-time process parameters and the real-time process segments corresponding to the real-time process parameters are collected.

[0019] The adjusted process parameters are obtained by adjusting the real-time process parameters according to the target process parameters and the real-time process segment.

[0020] Fourthly, embodiments of this application provide a single-cell battery, comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte. The positive electrode comprises a positive electrode material, which is prepared by the sintering system for the positive electrode material described in the first aspect.

[0021] Fifthly, embodiments of this application provide a battery pack comprising at least two individual cells as described in the third aspect, wherein each individual cell is electrically connected to the other.

[0022] In a sixth aspect, embodiments of this application provide a battery pack, including a housing and at least two battery packs as described in the fourth aspect, each battery pack being disposed within the housing and electrically connected to each other.

[0023] In a seventh aspect, embodiments of this application provide an electric vehicle that includes at least the battery pack described in the fifth aspect.

[0024] Eighthly, embodiments of this application provide an electrical device that includes at least a single battery cell as described in the third aspect.

[0025] Ninthly, embodiments of this application provide a sintering apparatus for a cathode material, comprising: a setting module, configured to determine target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, with the cathode material crystal structure as a constraint and the cathode material electrical properties and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives; the target process parameters including multiple process segments and sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment; an execution module, configured to control the roller kiln to perform segmented sintering treatment according to the target process parameters, and to collect real-time process parameters and the real-time process segments corresponding to the real-time process parameters during the sintering treatment; an adjustment module, configured to adjust the real-time process parameters according to the target process parameters and the real-time process segments, and to control the roller kiln to perform segmented sintering treatment according to the adjusted process parameters; and a processing module, configured to complete the segmented sintering treatment to obtain the target cathode material.

[0026] In a tenth aspect, embodiments of this application provide an electronic device, including: a memory and a processor;

[0027] The memory stores computer-executed instructions;

[0028] The processor executes computer execution instructions stored in the memory, causing the processor to perform the implementation method described in the second aspect above.

[0029] Eleventhly, embodiments of this application provide a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a processor, are used to implement the embodiments of the second aspect above.

[0030] In a twelfth aspect, embodiments of this application provide a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the implementation methods described in the second aspect above.

[0031] This application provides a sintering system, method, single-cell battery, and electric vehicle for cathode materials. By employing a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm that balances material electrochemical performance and kiln energy consumption, and using crystal structure as a constraint to determine sub-process parameters for each process segment, combined with segmented sintering in a roller kiln and dynamic process parameter control, the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters are avoided. This achieves optimal synergistic configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to crystal growth requirements at different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves material crystal orientation and crystal integrity, suppresses impurity phase formation, and thus enhances the performance of the cathode material. Attached Figure Description

[0032] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with this application and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of this application.

[0033] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an application scenario of a sintering method for a cathode material provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0034] Figure 2 A schematic flowchart illustrating a sintering method for a positive electrode material provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0035] Figure 3 A schematic flowchart of another sintering method for a positive electrode material provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0036] Figure 4 A schematic diagram illustrating population iterative updates provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0037] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of a roller kiln provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0038] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a sintering apparatus for a positive electrode material provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0039] Figure 7 A schematic diagram of the structure of a sintering apparatus for another positive electrode material provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0040] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0041] The accompanying drawings illustrate specific embodiments of this application, which will be described in more detail below. These drawings and descriptions are not intended to limit the scope of the concept in any way, but rather to illustrate the concept of this application to those skilled in the art through reference to particular embodiments. Detailed Implementation

[0042] Exemplary embodiments will now be described in detail, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. When the following description relates to the drawings, unless otherwise indicated, the same numbers in different drawings denote the same or similar elements. The embodiments described in the following exemplary embodiments do not represent all embodiments consistent with this application. Rather, they are merely examples of apparatuses and methods consistent with some aspects of this application as detailed in the appended claims.

[0043] In this application embodiment, "at least one" refers to one or more, and "more than one" refers to two or more. "And / or" describes the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A alone, A and B simultaneously, or B alone, where A and B can be singular or plural. The character " / " generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects are in an "or" relationship. "At least one of the following" or similar expressions refer to any combination of these items, including any combination of single or plural items. For example, at least one of a, b, or c can represent: a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, or abc, where a, b, and c can be single or multiple.

[0044] It should be noted that the phrase "at...time" in the embodiments of this application can refer to the instant at which a certain situation occurs, or to a period of time after the occurrence of a certain situation; the embodiments of this application do not specifically limit this. Furthermore, the display interface provided in the embodiments of this application is merely an example, and the display interface may include more or less content.

[0045] It should be noted that the sintering system, method, single cell, and electric vehicle of the cathode material of this application can be used in the field of battery technology, or in any field other than batteries. The application fields of the sintering system, method, single cell, and electric vehicle of the cathode material of this application are not limited.

[0046] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an application scenario of a sintering method for a cathode material provided in an embodiment of this application. An example is given based on the illustrated scenario: process parameters are applied to a cathode material precursor for sintering to obtain the cathode material.

[0047] For example, the preparation of cathode materials includes sintering, in which a precursor without a complete crystal structure and no electrochemical activity is heat-treated to obtain a cathode material with electrochemical properties. During the sintering process, process parameters affect the electrochemical performance level of the final cathode material.

[0048] For example, taking lithium iron phosphate cathode material as an example, the precursor may include raw materials such as lithium source, iron source, and carbon source. During the sintering process, solid-state chemical reactions occur between the raw materials, and atoms diffuse and rearrange to gradually form complete and stable lithium iron phosphate crystals.

[0049] In related technologies, relying on human experience and process knowledge to set fixed process parameters introduces subjective errors. It's difficult to simultaneously consider material crystal structure, electrochemical performance, and furnace energy consumption. Parameter matching is highly subjective, and accurately determining optimal process parameters is challenging. Furthermore, fixed process parameters cannot adapt to fluctuations in operating conditions during sintering, leading to low cathode material performance.

[0050] The sintering method for cathode materials provided in this application aims to solve the above-mentioned technical problems in related technologies.

[0051] The technical solution of this application and how the technical solution of this application solves the above-mentioned technical problems are described in detail below with specific embodiments. These specific embodiments can be combined with each other, and the same or similar concepts or processes may not be described again in some embodiments. The embodiments of this application will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0052] Figure 2 This application provides a schematic flowchart of a sintering method for a positive electrode material, which includes the following steps:

[0053] S201. Taking the crystal structure of the cathode material as a constraint, and the electrical performance of the cathode material and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, the target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor are determined by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The target process parameters include multiple process segments and sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment.

[0054] In this embodiment, the execution subject is a sintering system for cathode materials, and the preparation system is used to prepare cathode materials whose performance meets preset performance standards.

[0055] The sintering system for cathode materials includes a roller kiln. The roller kiln is a continuous high-temperature sintering furnace. Rotatable ceramic rollers are arranged inside the kiln to transport the material to be sintered. The kiln body is divided into multiple independent spatial process zones along the material transport direction. The material completes different processes sequentially as the rollers move, enabling continuous heat treatment operations and improving sintering efficiency.

[0056] For example, taking lithium iron phosphate cathode materials, the crystal orientation, crystallinity, and grain integrity of lithium iron phosphate directly determine the ease of lithium-ion insertion / extraction and the integrity of the conductive pathway. By using the crystal structure of the cathode material as a constraint, it is ensured that the crystal structure must be qualified regardless of how the process is adjusted during optimization, thereby ensuring that the electrical performance dispersion of the cathode material is small.

[0057] For example, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to simultaneously perform calculations with two conflicting optimization objectives: maximizing the electrochemical performance of the finished cathode material and minimizing the overall energy consumption of the high-temperature sintering process in the roller kiln. This is to determine the sintering process parameters that are suitable for the cathode material precursor and have the best overall performance.

[0058] For example, the precursor undergoes different reactions in different process stages, and the different reactions can be adapted by setting segmented process parameters.

[0059] For example, multiple process sections include a preheating section, a sintering section, and a holding section. Each process section corresponds to a set of sub-process parameters. For instance, the preheating section requires rapid removal of impurity gases, resulting in a higher protective gas flow rate. The sintering section involves crystal growth, requiring higher temperatures and heating rates for effective crystallization. By segmenting the process, it is ensured that the process parameters align with the reaction requirements of the precursor.

[0060] For example, the preheating section maintains a high flow rate protective atmosphere (20-30). The gas produced by the decomposition of organic matter is quickly discharged to prevent carbon deposition; in the sintering section, the flow rate is switched to low (8-12). Maintain a weakly reducing atmosphere to prevent Generation; the insulation section further reduces the flow rate (5-8). It maintains a stable reducing atmosphere; it monitors the oxygen concentration in the kiln in real time through an oxygen sensor and controls it within the range of 50-200ppm; when the oxygen concentration exceeds the threshold, it automatically increases the protective gas flow or adjusts the opening of the exhaust valve.

[0061] S202. Based on the target process parameters, control the roller kiln to perform segmented sintering treatment, and collect real-time process parameters and the real-time process segments corresponding to the real-time process parameters during the sintering process.

[0062] For example, the roller kiln is started according to the requirements of the target process parameters, and sintering is completed step by step in the order of the process sections.

[0063] For example, the current process parameters are collected in real time, i.e., real-time process parameters, and the process segment corresponding to the current collection time is recorded, i.e., the real-time process segment, to ensure that each operation has corresponding parameter support.

[0064] Optionally, data can be collected according to the acquisition step size corresponding to each process segment. For example, the reaction in the sintering segment is relatively intense, so a shorter acquisition step size is set to correct process parameters in a timely manner. On the other hand, the process parameters in the heat preservation segment are relatively stable, so a longer acquisition step size is set to reduce energy consumption.

[0065] S203. Adjust the real-time process parameters according to the target process parameters and the real-time process section, and control the roller kiln to perform segmented sintering treatment according to the adjusted process parameters.

[0066] For example, by combining the target process parameter benchmark obtained from global optimization, the benchmark process parameters corresponding to the current solid-phase reaction of the precursor are determined based on the real-time process segment in which the material is located within the roller kiln. If the real-time process parameters are inconsistent with the benchmark process parameters, the real-time process parameters are adjusted to ensure that the precursor is sintered under matching process parameters.

[0067] Using scenario examples, it is illustrated that during the sintering process, heat loss from the roller kiln itself, environmental disturbances, and fluctuations in material loading can all cause the actual operating process parameters to deviate from the target process parameters. By using the baseline process parameters as a standard, the real-time process parameters are adaptively corrected to ensure that the heat treatment environment always conforms to the ideal conditions required for precursor phase transformation and crystal growth, thereby improving the accuracy of sintering.

[0068] Based on the above implementation methods, by dynamically correcting the process parameters, compared with fixed process parameters, the impact of parameter drift caused by various external disturbances during the operation of the roller kiln on the performance can be offset, thereby improving the performance of the cathode material.

[0069] S204, until the segmented sintering process is completed, the target cathode material is obtained.

[0070] For example, under the premise of continuous calibration and maintenance of process parameters, the precursor is transported with the roller kiln and completes the entire heat treatment process in sequence. The precursor undergoes the complete process of high-temperature solid-state synthesis, lattice rearrangement and structural forming. After all sintering processes are completed, a finished cathode material with regular structure and stable electrochemical performance is finally formed.

[0071] The sintering method for cathode materials provided in this application embodiment uses the crystal structure of the cathode material as a constraint and the electrical performance of the cathode material and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives. A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor. These target process parameters include multiple process segments and sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment. Based on the target process parameters, the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering. During the sintering process, real-time process parameters and the corresponding real-time process segments are collected. Based on the target process parameters and the real-time process segments, the real-time process parameters are adjusted, and the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering based on the adjusted process parameters. This process continues until the segmented sintering is completed, yielding the target cathode material. The above scheme, through a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, takes into account both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln, determines the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment with the crystal structure as a constraint, and combines the segmented location sintering of the roller kiln with dynamic process parameter control. This not only avoids the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters based on experience, but also achieves the optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves the crystal orientation and crystal integrity of the material, and suppresses the generation of impurity phases, thereby improving the performance of the cathode material.

[0072] Based on any of the above embodiments, the following, in conjunction with Figure 3 The detailed process of sintering the cathode material is explained.

[0073] Figure 3 This is a schematic flowchart illustrating another sintering method for a cathode material provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 3 As shown, the method includes:

[0074] S301. Determine the target electrical properties, target crystal structure parameters, and rated process parameter range supported by the roller kiln for the target cathode material.

[0075] For example, the target electrical performance and target crystal structure parameters are the expected targets of the target cathode material. The sintering process is carried out with these targets in mind to ensure that the electrical performance and crystal structure parameters of the final target cathode material meet the standards.

[0076] For example, the rated process parameter range is the temperature parameter range supported by the roller kiln. By using the rated process parameter range, it is ensured that the generated target process parameters can be effectively achieved, thus ensuring the reliability of sintering. For instance, the roller kiln supports a maximum temperature of 800°C. Exceeding 800°C may cause inaccurate temperature control or damage to the roller kiln. Using 800°C as a constraint to determine the target process parameters improves the reliability of sintering.

[0077] S302. Using the target crystal structure parameters and the rated process parameter range as constraints, and the target electrical performance and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, the target process parameters are obtained by calculation using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm.

[0078] The target electrical performance includes discharge capacity and cycle life.

[0079] For example, in the sintering process of cathode materials, there is a mutually restrictive relationship between the final crystal forming quality, electrochemical performance, and energy consumption of the roller kiln. Using the target crystal structure parameters and the safe range of rated process parameters that allow fluctuations during sintering as hard constraints, the optimization process is limited to ensure that process parameters such as temperature, atmosphere, and transport time do not exceed the industrial safety range, while simultaneously guaranteeing that the optimization results meet the basic structural requirements for cathode material lattice growth and phase transformation.

[0080] For example, based on hard constraints, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to perform multi-objective global optimization. At the same time, the optimization of the target electrochemical performance of the finished cathode material and the minimization of the comprehensive energy consumption of the high-temperature sintering process in the roller kiln are taken as two conflicting optimization objectives and iteratively solved. Under the premise of not breaking the crystal structure requirements and process safety boundaries, the contradictory relationship between material performance and production energy consumption is balanced, and finally the globally optimal segmented target process parameters are obtained.

[0081] Optionally, the constraints include: the temperature of the process parameters is within the rated temperature range of the roller kiln; the heating rate of the process parameters is within the rated heating rate range of the roller kiln; the atmosphere concentration of the process parameters is within the rated atmosphere concentration range of the roller kiln; the (001) / (020) peak intensity ratio and half-width at half-maximum of the cathode material prepared according to the process parameters are within the range of the target crystal structure parameters; the power of the heating process corresponding to the process parameters is less than or equal to the rated power of the roller kiln; and the atmosphere flow rate of the process parameters is less than or equal to the rated atmosphere flow rate of the roller kiln.

[0082] For example, the (001) / (020) peak intensity ratio of the cathode material is greater than or equal to 1.15. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the cathode material is less than or equal to 0.22°.

[0083] Optionally, the objective function for optimization can be expressed by the following formula:

[0084]

[0085]

[0086] in, Let represent the objective function, x represent the vector of decision variables in the process parameters, T represent the sintering temperature, and v represent the heating rate. This represents the oxygen concentration, and t represents the holding time. Indicates discharge capacity, Indicates cycle life. Indicates energy consumption.

[0087] Optionally, the discharge capacity model can be represented by the following formula:

[0088]

[0089] in, , ... Indicates model parameters.

[0090] Optionally, examples of model parameters can be provided in Table 1.

[0091] Table 1

[0092]

[0093] Optionally, the cycle life calculation model can be represented by the following formula:

[0094]

[0095] in, , , , Represents model parameters. For example... 0.25, 0.32, 0.018, 0.0035.

[0096] Optionally, the energy consumption model can be represented by the following formula:

[0097]

[0098] in, Indicates energy consumption. Indicates heating power. Indicates the power consumption of the atmosphere supply device. Atmosphere flow Indicates the working time of the roller kiln. This indicates the quality of the finished cathode material.

[0099] Alternatively, the energy consumption model can be simplified to:

[0100]

[0101] in, , , , The parameters represent the model parameters, such as α=0.0025kWh / (kg·℃), β=0.15kWh·min / (kg·℃), γ=0.0003kWh / (kg·ppm), and δ=0.85kWh / kg.

[0102] One feasible implementation method is to calculate the target process parameters by: determining the application scenario of the target cathode material; determining the weights corresponding to the discharge capacity, cycle life, and energy consumption of the roller kiln according to the application scenario; and obtaining the target process parameters by using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with the target electrical performance and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives.

[0103] For example, when cathode materials are applied to different fields, the priority of material performance requirements varies. For instance, different application scenarios such as power batteries, energy storage batteries, and small power digital batteries have completely different trade-off requirements for the two core electrical performance indicators of cathode materials, namely discharge capacity and cycle life, as well as the energy consumption cost of the sintering production process.

[0104] For example, based on the differentiated needs of the scenario, corresponding adaptation weight coefficients are assigned to discharge capacity, cycle life, and energy consumption allocation of roller kiln, quantifying the priority ratio of different objectives in the global optimization process.

[0105] After the weights are calibrated, a global iterative optimization operation with weight constraints is performed based on a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. This couples the weights into the multi-objective game-solving process of maximizing discharge capacity, maximizing cycle life, and minimizing sintering energy consumption, making the algorithm's optimization tendency more aligned with the actual needs of the application scenario. Within the constraints, the optimal segmented sintering target process parameters that adapt to the scenario requirements and achieve multi-objective equilibrium are obtained.

[0106] Optionally, the weighted objective function can be expressed by the following formula:

[0107]

[0108] Where w1, w2, and w3 represent weights.

[0109] To illustrate with scenario examples, for performance-critical applications such as high capacity or long lifespan, the values ​​of w1 and w2 can be increased (e.g., w1=0.4, w2=0.4, w3=0.2). In this case, the optimization algorithm will prioritize finding process parameters with superior performance. For cost-critical applications, the value of w3 can be increased (e.g., w1=0.3, w2=0.3, w3=0.4). In this case, the algorithm will tend to reduce energy consumption.

[0110] Optionally, the weighted objective function can be expressed by the following formula:

[0111]

[0112] In this feasible implementation, the mechanism of allocating weights according to the application scenario enables the results of multi-objective optimization to accurately match the actual application requirements of the cathode material, thereby improving the accuracy of the sintering process of the target cathode material.

[0113] A feasible implementation method can determine the target process parameters as follows: determining initial process parameters, a preset population size, a maximum number of iterations, crossover probability, and mutation probability. The initial process parameters include at least one of the following: sintering temperature, heating rate, oxygen concentration, and holding time; randomly generating an initial population using the initial process parameters as decision variables, the initial population containing multiple individuals, each representing a combination of process parameters; performing iterative updates on the initial population until the number of iterations reaches a value greater than or equal to the preset maximum number of iterations, and determining the current updated population as the final population; and identifying the Pareto optimal population within the final population. The process parameter solution set is determined as the target process parameter. The population iterative update operation includes: performing a non-dominated sorting operation on each individual in the population, dividing the population into multiple layers of non-dominated solution sets based on the dominance relationship between individuals; calculating the crowding distance for each individual in each non-dominated solution set according to the optimization objective; using a tournament selection mechanism to screen mating individuals, and sequentially performing simulated binary crossover and polynomial mutation operations on the mating individuals to generate the offspring population; merging the parent and offspring populations to obtain the total population, performing non-dominated sorting and crowding distance calculation on the total population, and using an elite retention strategy to progressively screen individuals within the solution sets to obtain the updated population.

[0114] For example, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm uses non-dominated sorting and crowding distance screening as its core operating mechanism. During the population iteration process, it guides feasible solutions to converge toward the Pareto optimal front, while ensuring the diversity of the solution space distribution and avoiding the defects of single-objective optimization that leads to neglect of other aspects and premature convergence in some areas.

[0115] For example, the dominance relationship is expressed as: with respect to the objective function If the solution It is no worse than in all indicators And at least one indicator is better than ,but Dominate , If it is a suboptimal solution, it will be eliminated during the iteration.

[0116] For example, the Pareto optimal solution is expressed as: if a feasible solution If it is not dominated by any other feasible solution within the feasible region, then This is the Pareto optimal solution.

[0117] For example, the set of Pareto optimal solutions for each index is the Pareto optimal frontier, which is the Pareto optimal process parameter solution set.

[0118] Below, in conjunction with Figure 4 Explain the iterative update of the population.

[0119] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating population iterative updates provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 4 As shown, step 1: Set the population size N=100, the maximum number of iterations G=200, and the crossover probability... =0.9, mutation probability =0.1, randomly generate the initial population. Each individual contains decision variables. .

[0120] Step 2: Non-dominated sorting, for each individual p in the population, calculate: : The number of individuals that dominate p. The set of individuals dominated by p. (This refers to all individuals...) Individuals with a value of 0 are assigned to the first non-dominated layer F1. Then, F1 individuals are removed from the population, and the remaining individuals are sorted to obtain F2, F3, ...

[0121] Step 3: Crowding distance calculation.

[0122] For individuals in the same non-dominated layer, the crowding distance is calculated using the following formula:

[0123]

[0124] Where M=3 represents the number of targets; , Let i be the neighboring values ​​of individual i on target m; , Let be the maximum and minimum values ​​of the m-th target.

[0125] Step 4: Selection, crossover, mutation.

[0126] Tournament selection: Two individuals are randomly selected, and their non-dominant layer (the one with the smaller layer is better) and crowding degree (if the layers are the same, the one with the larger crowding degree is better) are compared. The one with the better layer is selected to enter the mating pool.

[0127] Simulated binary crossover is represented by the following formula:

[0128]

[0129]

[0130] in, Represents the crossover factor, generated according to the distribution function, used to regulate the discrete offset of offspring parameters relative to parent individuals; and This represents the encoded value of the k-th dimension process parameter of the parent individual; and This represents the k-th dimension encoding value of the two offspring individuals generated after the crossover operation.

[0131] Polynomial variation can be expressed by the following formula:

[0132]

[0133] in, It indicates variable asynchronous length, generated according to a multinomial distribution; This represents the process parameters after decoding the k-th dimension; Represents the encoded value of an individual in a k-dimensional population; Indicates the upper bound of the k-dimensional parameter; This represents the lower bound of the k-dimensional parameter.

[0134] Step 5: Elite preservation strategy, retaining the parent population and offspring population merged into (Scale 2N), for Perform a non-dominated sort to obtain , , ,....Will , , ...joining the new population in turn Until it can no longer contain the whole .right Sort by crowding level in descending order, and select the top (N-| |) Individuals joined.

[0135] Step 6: Termination judgment. If t ≥ G, stop the iteration and output the Pareto optimal process parameter solution set. Otherwise, the iteration count is t = t + 1, and return to step 2.

[0136] In this feasible implementation, Pareto optimal solution sets are efficiently selected within the feasible region through non-dominated sorting and crowding distance calculation. This avoids both excessive energy consumption caused by solely pursuing performance and performance sacrificed by unilaterally reducing energy consumption, thus achieving synergistic optimization of performance and economy.

[0137] S303. Based on the target process parameters, control the roller kiln to perform segmented sintering treatment, and collect real-time process parameters and the real-time process segments corresponding to the real-time process parameters during the sintering process.

[0138] One feasible implementation method is to perform segmented sintering by: determining the timing sequence corresponding to each process segment based on the target process parameters; dividing the roller kiln into multiple zones based on the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment and the timing sequence corresponding to each process segment, and determining the sintering strategy corresponding to each zone, with each zone corresponding to a process segment, and the sintering strategy including heat treatment instructions and atmosphere control instructions; and controlling the roller kiln to perform segmented sintering based on the sintering strategy.

[0139] For example, based on the sub-parameters of each process segment in the target process parameters, the corresponding timing of each process segment in the continuous conveying process of the roller kiln is determined, and the correspondence between the process segment and the material travel timing is established.

[0140] The timing sequence refers to the order of the corresponding process segment among all process segments, as well as the time period during which it is executed.

[0141] For example, by combining the timing and sub-process parameters of each process segment, the roller kiln is divided into multiple independent zones along the material conveying direction. Each zone corresponds to a process segment, and a unique sintering strategy is generated for each zone. This strategy includes the heat treatment instructions (such as heating power and temperature settings) and atmosphere control instructions (such as gas flow rate and oxygen concentration settings) required by the corresponding process segment.

[0142] For example, based on the sintering strategy of each zone, the heating structure and atmosphere supply structure of the roller kiln are controlled in zones, driving the roller kiln to perform heat treatment and atmosphere regulation sequentially according to the zone, thereby achieving segmented sintering treatment.

[0143] In this feasible implementation, abstract process parameters are transformed into heat treatment and atmosphere control commands that can be directly issued, realizing independent control of the roller kiln in different zones. This allows the thermal field and atmosphere of each process section to be stably maintained within a preset range that matches the physicochemical properties of the cathode material precursor, thereby improving the performance of the cathode material.

[0144] One feasible implementation method is to collect real-time process parameters by: acquiring multiple temperatures through multiple temperature detection components; calculating the second-direction temperature difference based on the multiple acquired temperatures; acquiring multiple atmosphere states through multiple gas detection components; and generating real-time process parameters based on the multiple acquired temperatures, the second-direction temperature difference, and the multiple acquired atmosphere states.

[0145] The roller kiln includes a first direction and a second direction. The first direction is the conveying direction of the positive electrode material precursor. Multiple temperature detection components and gas detection components are set in the second direction of the roller kiln. The first direction is perpendicular to the second direction.

[0146] Below, in conjunction with Figure 5 The roller kiln is explained.

[0147] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of a roller kiln provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 5 As shown, the first direction of the roller kiln is the conveying direction of the cathode material precursor. In this first direction, the cathode material precursor sequentially passes through the preheating section, sintering section, and heat preservation section, with each section implementing a corresponding sintering strategy. The roller kiln is equipped with multiple temperature detection components and multiple gas detection components in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction for status acquisition. The temperature difference in the second direction is calculated by the temperature difference collected by multiple temperature detection components (e.g., temperature detection components A and B) at the same projection position in the first direction.

[0148] For example, multiple temperature detection components arranged at different locations within the roller kiln synchronously collect data on the thermal field inside the kiln at multiple points, obtaining multiple temperature data points. Based on the multi-point temperature data, the temperature difference in the second direction of the kiln is calculated, and this second-direction temperature difference quantifies the uniformity of the thermal field across the cross-section inside the roller kiln.

[0149] For example, the atmosphere inside the roller kiln is simultaneously collected by multiple gas detection components to obtain multiple collected atmosphere state data, which are used to characterize key atmosphere parameters such as atmosphere concentration and oxygen content.

[0150] For example, the temperature collected from multiple points, the temperature difference in the second direction, and the atmospheric conditions collected from multiple points are fused to generate complete real-time process parameters including temperature, thermal field uniformity, and atmospheric conditions.

[0151] In this feasible implementation method, by collecting multiple process parameters, the lack of operating information caused by collecting a single parameter is avoided, thereby accurately assessing the real-time operating status. Based on this, accurate parameter adjustment is carried out to improve the performance of the cathode material.

[0152] S304. Determine the target reference parameters corresponding to the real-time process segment from the target process parameters.

[0153] For example, based on the current real-time process stage of the cathode material precursor, the corresponding target reference parameters, pre-determined through multi-objective optimization, are retrieved. The target reference parameters are the standard parameters corresponding to the real-time process stage, i.e., the expected operating parameters of the roller kiln.

[0154] S305. Determine the preset deviation threshold corresponding to the real-time process segment.

[0155] For example, preset deviation thresholds are configured separately for each real-time process segment based on the reaction characteristics and operating condition tolerance of different sintering stages.

[0156] Optionally, a preset deviation threshold can be set by combining the sensitivity of the precursor solid-phase reaction, the thermal field inertia of the roller kiln zone, and the differences in atmosphere hysteresis characteristics, in order to distinguish the tolerance boundaries of parameter fluctuations for different process sections.

[0157] S306. The difference between the real-time process parameters and the target reference parameters is determined as the real-time deviation.

[0158] For example, the difference between the real-time process parameters collected on-site and the target benchmark parameters corresponding to the same process section is calculated to quantify the real-time deviation of the current operating condition, which intuitively reflects the fluctuation of key operating indicators such as temperature and atmosphere.

[0159] S307. In response to a real-time deviation being greater than or equal to a preset deviation threshold, the real-time process parameters are adjusted.

[0160] For example, when the real-time deviation does not exceed the preset deviation threshold, it is determined that the sintering environment in the current location is stable and the fluctuations of various parameters are within the allowable range, so no intervention or adjustment is required, and the existing equipment operation status is maintained.

[0161] For example, if the real-time deviation is greater than or equal to the preset deviation threshold, it indicates that the sintering conditions of the current process segment have deviated from the reasonable process window. Fluctuations in the thermal field or atmosphere will directly affect crystal growth and electrical properties. This triggers an active adjustment mechanism to correct and compensate the real-time process parameters of the area, so that the operating conditions can quickly return to the standard state.

[0162] For example, a compensation value is determined based on real-time process parameters, target reference parameters, real-time deviation, and a preset deviation threshold, and the temperature and / or atmosphere are adjusted based on the compensation value.

[0163] One feasible implementation method is to adjust the temperature in the real-time process parameters as follows: acquire historical operating data of the roller kiln, and initialize a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller based on the historical operating data and the target process parameters; calculate the real-time temperature deviation using the PID controller to obtain the control quantity; and drive the execution structure to operate according to the control quantity to adjust the temperature parameter in the real-time process parameters.

[0164] For example, the heating structure can be a power regulation module for the heating element or an actuator motor for the furnace damper.

[0165] For example, historical operating data includes, but is not limited to, at least one of the following: temperature change rate data, temperature fluctuation data of different process segments (different process segments have different degrees of thermal sensitivity), and temperature adjustment response data (i.e., the temperature response change value when the execution structure adjusts the parameter by a unit value each time).

[0166] For example, by analyzing historical operating data, the temperature change pattern of the roller kiln can be analyzed. The proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller can be initialized based on the temperature change pattern, allowing the PID controller to learn the temperature change pattern of the roller kiln and thus accurately adjust the temperature for the current operation.

[0167] Optionally, the temperature deviation can be expressed by the following formula:

[0168]

[0169] in, Indicates temperature deviation. This represents the temperature value in the target reference parameters. This represents the temperature value in the real-time process parameters.

[0170] Optionally, the PID control algorithm calculation can be represented by the following formula:

[0171]

[0172] in, This represents the control quantity, which is the magnitude and direction of adjustment required to the actuator to eliminate temperature deviations; the proportional coefficient. Integral coefficient Differential coefficients The parameters for initializing the PID controller.

[0173] Optionally, the discretized form of the PID control algorithm can be represented by the following formula:

[0174]

[0175] in, This represents the amount of heating power adjustment in the k-th sampling period; Indicates the sampling period.

[0176] For example, if the control value is positive and large, it indicates that the actual temperature is significantly lower than the target temperature, requiring an increase in heating power or adjustment of the damper opening to reduce heat loss and increase the furnace temperature. Conversely, if the control value is negative, it indicates that the actual temperature is higher than the target temperature, requiring a decrease in heating power or an increase in the damper opening to accelerate heat dissipation and lower the furnace temperature.

[0177] For example, it is determined whether the temperature difference in the second direction exceeds a set threshold (e.g., 5°C). If so, the transverse temperature uniformity control strategy is activated. By adjusting the airflow distribution inside the furnace (e.g., adjusting the fan speed and damper opening) or the local heating power, the transverse temperature difference inside the furnace is controlled within the allowable range.

[0178] In this feasible implementation, the long-term historical operating data of the roller kiln can characterize the equipment's thermal inertia, temperature response delay, and inherent characteristics of heat storage and dissipation. The PID controller is initialized based on the long-term historical operating data to match the control parameters with the equipment's characteristics and the segmented sintering process, thereby improving the accuracy of parameter adjustment and thus enhancing the performance of the cathode material.

[0179] One feasible implementation method for sintering cathode materials further includes: sampling at preset time intervals to obtain sample cathode materials; detecting the sample cathode materials to obtain real-time crystal structure parameters of the sample cathode materials; and adjusting real-time process parameters based on the real-time crystal structure parameters and preset parameter thresholds.

[0180] For example, the positive electrode material is used as a test sample to detect the real-time crystal structure parameters at different times during the sintering process of the positive valence material.

[0181] For example, the phase and crystal structure of the sample cathode material are detected, and the real-time crystal structure parameters are directly obtained, including microscopic indicators such as the full width at half maximum of characteristic diffraction peaks, the intensity ratio of (001) / (020) peaks, grain size, phase purity, and degree of lattice defects. These parameters determine the upper limit of the electrochemical performance of the cathode material and are a quantitative characterization of the sintering reaction results.

[0182] Optionally, the crystal structure can be rapidly detected by online XRD or Raman spectroscopy to obtain parameters such as the (001) / (020) peak intensity ratio and full width at half maximum (FWHM).

[0183] For example, a preset parameter threshold is used as an evaluation standard to assess whether the real-time crystal structure parameters are within the normal range. If the real-time crystal structure parameters deviate from the normal range, the real-time process parameters are adjusted according to the degree of deviation.

[0184] In this feasible implementation method, periodic sampling and detection can promptly capture the slow crystallization degradation trend that occurs during long-term continuous production, avoid the continuous production of batches of defective products, and thus improve the performance of cathode materials.

[0185] S308, until the segmented sintering process is completed, the target cathode material is obtained.

[0186] Example 1, taking the preparation of lithium iron phosphate cathode material as an example:

[0187] S1: Precursor Detection:

[0188] The precursor slurry has a D50 of 0.85 μm, a Span of 1.18, a carbon content of 1.8 wt%, and a specific surface area of ​​18 μm. ;

[0189] Preset target: (001) / (020) peak intensity ratio ≥1.20, FWHM ≤0.20°.

[0190] S2: Segmented sintering parameters:

[0191] Preheating section: heating rate 3℃ / min, protective gas flow rate 25 ;

[0192] Sintering section: heating rate 6℃ / min, target temperature 690℃, protective gas flow rate 10 ;

[0193] Insulation section: Maintain constant temperature for 3 hours, protective air flow rate 6 ;

[0194] Oxygen concentration control: preheating section ≤150ppm, sintering section ≤100ppm, heat preservation section ≤80ppm.

[0195] S3: Temperature field control:

[0196] Five temperature measuring points are arranged along the width of the roller kiln, and the transverse temperature difference is controlled within ±3℃.

[0197] S4: Online Feedback

[0198] Samples were taken every 45 minutes for XRD analysis.

[0199] When the peak intensity ratio of (001) / (020) is lower than 1.18, the temperature of the sintering section will be automatically increased by 5°C or the holding time will be extended by 15 min.

[0200] result:

[0201] XRD analysis: (001) / (020) peak intensity ratio = 1.26, FWHM = 0.18°;

[0202] Electrochemical performance: 0.1C discharge capacity 163.5mAh / g, 1C discharge capacity 152.8mAh / g, capacity retention of 96.5% after 500 cycles at 1C, and initial coulombic efficiency of 96.8%.

[0203] Example 2: The target sintering temperature was changed to 710℃, while other conditions remained the same as in Example 1, with parameters automatically adjusted.

[0204] The heating rate in the sintering section was reduced to 5℃ / min;

[0205] The heat preservation time has been shortened to 2.5 hours;

[0206] The protective gas flow rate is adjusted to 8. .

[0207] result:

[0208] XRD analysis: (001) / (020) peak intensity ratio = 1.22, FWHM = 0.19°;

[0209] Electrical performance: 0.1C discharge capacity 162.1mAh / g, 1C cycle 500 cycles capacity retention 95.8%.

[0210] Comparative Example 1:

[0211] A constant heating rate of 6℃ / min was used to raise the temperature from room temperature to 700℃ and hold it for 3 hours, while maintaining a constant protective gas flow rate of 15. .

[0212] result:

[0213] XRD analysis: (001) / (020) peak intensity ratio = 1.08, FWHM = 0.26°, indicating a slight presence of peak intensity. Mixed peaks;

[0214] Electrochemical performance: 0.1C discharge capacity 152.3mAh / g, 1C cycle capacity retention 90.2% after 500 cycles, and initial coulombic efficiency 92.5%.

[0215] Comparative Example 2 (temperature optimized only, no dynamic atmosphere control):

[0216] Segmented heating is adopted, and the protective gas flow rate is kept constant at 15. .

[0217] result:

[0218] XRD analysis: (001) / (020) peak intensity ratio = 1.15, FWHM = 0.22°;

[0219] Electrochemical performance: 0.1C discharge capacity 158.6mAh / g, 1C cycle 500 cycles capacity retention 93.1%.

[0220] A performance comparison summary is provided in Table 2:

[0221] Table 2

[0222]

[0223] As can be seen from Table 2, compared with the sintering process with constant heating rate and fixed protective gas flow in related technologies, the process scheme of segmented sintering, segmented dynamic atmosphere control, online XRD crystal structure feedback adjustment, and temperature field uniformity control adopted in the embodiments of this application can significantly optimize the crystal growth quality of lithium iron phosphate cathode material, effectively suppress the generation of impurity phases, and at the same time greatly improve the discharge specific capacity, cycle stability and first coulombic efficiency of the material.

[0224] By adaptively matching parameters such as heating rate, holding time, and protective gas flow rate under varying sintering temperatures, lithium iron phosphate materials with satisfactory crystal structure and excellent electrochemical performance can still be obtained.

[0225] However, simply using segmented heating without dynamic atmosphere segmented control cannot fully optimize the crystal plane orientation and crystallinity, resulting in significant shortcomings in the overall performance of the cathode material. Dynamic atmosphere coordinated control is an indispensable key link to ensure that the crystal structure and electrical performance meet the standards.

[0226] This application provides a cathode material, which is obtained by sintering according to adjusted process parameters. The adjusted process parameters are determined as follows: using the crystal structure of the cathode material as a constraint, and the electrical performance of the cathode material and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor. The target process parameters include multiple process segments and sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment. According to the target process parameters, the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering treatment, and during the sintering treatment, real-time process parameters and the real-time process segments corresponding to the real-time process parameters are collected. According to the target process parameters and the real-time process segments, the real-time process parameters are adjusted to obtain the adjusted process parameters.

[0227] Based on the above implementation methods, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment by taking into account both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln and using the crystal structure as a constraint. Combined with the segmented location sintering of the roller kiln and dynamic process parameter control, this approach avoids the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters based on experience, achieves the optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves the crystal orientation and crystal integrity of the material, suppresses the generation of impurity phases, and thus enhances the performance of the cathode material.

[0228] This application provides a single-cell battery, including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte. The positive electrode includes a positive electrode material, which is prepared by a positive electrode material sintering system.

[0229] Based on the above implementation methods, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment by taking into account both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln and using the crystal structure as a constraint. Combined with the segmented location sintering of the roller kiln and dynamic process parameter control, this approach avoids the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters based on experience, achieves the optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves the crystal orientation and crystal integrity of the material, suppresses the generation of impurity phases, and thus enhances the performance of the cathode material.

[0230] This application provides a battery pack comprising at least two of the above-described individual cells, each of which is electrically connected to the other.

[0231] Based on the above implementation methods, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment by taking into account both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln and using the crystal structure as a constraint. Combined with the segmented location sintering of the roller kiln and dynamic process parameter control, this approach avoids the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters based on experience, achieves the optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves the crystal orientation and crystal integrity of the material, suppresses the generation of impurity phases, and thus enhances the performance of the cathode material.

[0232] This application provides a battery pack, including a housing and at least two battery packs as described above, each battery pack being disposed within the housing and electrically connected to each other.

[0233] Based on the above implementation methods, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment by taking into account both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln and using the crystal structure as a constraint. Combined with the segmented location sintering of the roller kiln and dynamic process parameter control, this approach avoids the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters based on experience, achieves the optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves the crystal orientation and crystal integrity of the material, suppresses the generation of impurity phases, and thus enhances the performance of the cathode material.

[0234] This application provides an electric vehicle that includes at least the aforementioned battery pack.

[0235] Based on the above implementation methods, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment by taking into account both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln and using the crystal structure as a constraint. Combined with the segmented location sintering of the roller kiln and dynamic process parameter control, this approach avoids the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters based on experience, achieves the optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves the crystal orientation and crystal integrity of the material, suppresses the generation of impurity phases, and thus enhances the performance of the cathode material.

[0236] This application provides an electrical device that includes at least the aforementioned single battery cell.

[0237] Based on the above implementation methods, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment by taking into account both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln and using the crystal structure as a constraint. Combined with the segmented location sintering of the roller kiln and dynamic process parameter control, this approach avoids the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters based on experience, achieves the optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves the crystal orientation and crystal integrity of the material, suppresses the generation of impurity phases, and thus enhances the performance of the cathode material.

[0238] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of a sintering apparatus for a positive electrode material provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 6 As shown, the sintering apparatus 60 for the positive electrode material may include: a setting module 61, an execution module 62, an adjustment module 63, and a processing module 64.

[0239] Setting module 61 is used to determine the target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor by using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, with the cathode material crystal structure as a constraint and the cathode material electrical performance and roller kiln energy consumption as optimization objectives. The target process parameters include multiple process segments and sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment.

[0240] The execution module 62 is used to control the roller kiln to perform segmented sintering according to the target process parameters, and to collect real-time process parameters and the real-time process segments corresponding to the real-time process parameters during the sintering process.

[0241] The adjustment module 63 is used to adjust the real-time process parameters according to the target process parameters and the real-time process segment, and to control the roller kiln to perform segmented sintering treatment according to the adjusted process parameters.

[0242] Processing module 64 is used to obtain the target cathode material until the segmented sintering process is completed.

[0243] Optionally, the settings module 61 can be executed. Figure 2 S201 in the embodiment.

[0244] Optionally, execution module 62 can execute Figure 2 S202 in the embodiment.

[0245] Optionally, adjustment module 63 can perform... Figure 2 S203 in the embodiment.

[0246] Optionally, processing module 64 can execute Figure 2 S204 in the embodiment.

[0247] It should be noted that the sintering apparatus for the cathode material shown in the embodiments of this application can perform the technical solution shown in the above method embodiments, and its implementation principle and beneficial effects are similar, so they will not be described again here.

[0248] Based on the above implementation methods, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment by taking into account both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln and using the crystal structure as a constraint. Combined with the segmented location sintering of the roller kiln and dynamic process parameter control, this approach avoids the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters based on experience, achieves the optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves the crystal orientation and crystal integrity of the material, suppresses the generation of impurity phases, and thus enhances the performance of the cathode material.

[0249] In one possible implementation, the setting module 61 is specifically used for:

[0250] Determine the target electrical properties, target crystal structure parameters, and rated process parameter range supported by the roller kiln for the target cathode material;

[0251] Using the target crystal structure parameters and the rated process parameter range as constraints, and the target electrical performance and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, the target process parameters are obtained by calculation using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm.

[0252] In one possible implementation, the target electrical performance includes discharge capacity and cycle life; the setting module 61 is specifically used for:

[0253] Determine the application scenarios for the target cathode material:

[0254] Based on the application scenario, determine the weights corresponding to discharge capacity, cycle life, and energy consumption of the roller kiln.

[0255] Based on the weights, the target process parameters are obtained by weighted calculation using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with the target electrical performance and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives.

[0256] In one possible implementation, the setting module 61 is specifically used for:

[0257] Determine the initial process parameters, preset population size, maximum number of iterations, crossover probability, and mutation probability. The initial process parameters include at least one of the following: sintering temperature, heating rate, oxygen concentration, and holding time.

[0258] An initial population is randomly generated using the initial process parameters as decision variables. The initial population includes multiple individuals, each representing a combination of process parameters.

[0259] Perform population iterative update operations on the initial population until the number of iterations reaches a number greater than or equal to the preset maximum number of iterations, and then determine the current updated population as the final population.

[0260] The Pareto optimal process parameter solution set in the final population is determined as the target process parameter;

[0261] The population iterative update operation includes: performing a non-dominated sorting operation on each individual in the population, and dividing the population into multiple layers of non-dominated solution sets based on the dominance relationship between individuals; calculating the crowding distance of individuals in each non-dominated solution set according to the optimization objective; using a tournament selection mechanism to screen mating individuals, and sequentially performing simulated binary crossover and polynomial mutation operations on the mating individuals to generate the offspring population; merging the parent population and the offspring population to obtain the total population, performing non-dominated sorting and crowding distance calculation on the total population, and using an elite retention strategy to screen individuals in the solution set layer by layer to obtain the updated population.

[0262] In one possible implementation, execution module 62 is specifically used for:

[0263] Based on the target process parameters, determine the timing sequence corresponding to each process segment;

[0264] Based on the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment and the timing corresponding to each process segment, the roller kiln is divided into multiple zones, and the sintering strategy corresponding to each zone is determined. The zones correspond one-to-one with the process segments, and the sintering strategy includes heat treatment instructions and atmosphere control instructions.

[0265] Based on the sintering strategy, the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering.

[0266] In one possible implementation, the roller kiln includes a first direction and a second direction, the first direction being the conveying direction of the positive electrode material precursor, and the second direction of the roller kiln being provided with multiple temperature detection components and multiple gas detection components, the first direction being perpendicular to the second direction; the execution module 62 is specifically used for:

[0267] Multiple temperature sensors are used to collect temperature data, resulting in multiple collected temperatures.

[0268] Calculate the temperature difference in the second direction based on multiple collected temperatures;

[0269] Atmosphere conditions are collected by multiple gas detection components, resulting in multiple collected atmosphere conditions;

[0270] Real-time process parameters are generated based on multiple collected temperatures, second-direction temperature differences, and multiple collected atmospheric conditions.

[0271] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the sintering apparatus for another positive electrode material provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 6 Based on the illustrated embodiments, as Figure 7 As shown, the sintering apparatus 60 for the positive electrode material also includes a calculation module 65 and an online feedback module 66.

[0272] Calculation module 65 is used for:

[0273] From the target process parameters, determine the target baseline parameters corresponding to the real-time process segment;

[0274] Determine the preset deviation threshold corresponding to the real-time process segment;

[0275] The difference between the real-time process parameters and the target reference parameters is defined as the real-time deviation.

[0276] If the real-time deviation is greater than or equal to the preset deviation threshold, the real-time process parameters are adjusted.

[0277] In one possible implementation, the roller kiln includes an execution structure for regulating temperature; real-time deviation includes real-time temperature deviation; and a calculation module 65 specifically for:

[0278] Acquire historical operating data of the roller kiln, and initialize the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller based on the historical operating data and target process parameters;

[0279] The control quantity is obtained by calculating the real-time temperature deviation using a PID controller.

[0280] The actuator operates based on the control input to adjust the temperature parameter in the real-time process parameters.

[0281] Online feedback module 66 is used for:

[0282] Sampling is performed at preset time intervals to obtain the positive electrode material of the sample;

[0283] The real-time crystal structure parameters of the sample cathode material were obtained by testing the sample cathode material.

[0284] The real-time process parameters are adjusted based on the real-time crystal structure parameters and preset parameter thresholds.

[0285] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device provided in an embodiment of this application, such as... Figure 8 As shown, the electronic device includes:

[0286] The electronic device includes a processor 291 and a memory 292; it may also include a communication interface 293 and a bus 294. The processor 291, memory 292, and communication interface 293 can communicate with each other via the bus 294. The communication interface 293 can be used for information transmission. The processor 291 can invoke logical instructions stored in the memory 292 to execute the methods of the above embodiments.

[0287] Furthermore, the logic instructions in the aforementioned memory 292 can be implemented as software functional units and, when sold or used as independent products, can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium.

[0288] The memory 292, as a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium, can be used to store software programs and computer-executable programs, such as program instructions / modules corresponding to the methods in the embodiments of this application. The processor 291 executes functional applications and data processing by running the software programs, instructions, and modules stored in the memory 292, that is, it implements the methods in the above-described method embodiments.

[0289] The memory 292 may include a program storage area and a data storage area. The program storage area may store the operating system and application programs required for at least one function; the data storage area may store data created based on the use of the terminal device. Furthermore, the memory 292 may include high-speed random access memory and may also include non-volatile memory.

[0290] Based on the above implementation methods, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment by taking into account both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln and using the crystal structure as a constraint. Combined with the segmented location sintering of the roller kiln and dynamic process parameter control, this approach avoids the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters based on experience, achieves the optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves the crystal orientation and crystal integrity of the material, suppresses the generation of impurity phases, and thus enhances the performance of the cathode material.

[0291] This application provides a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a processor, are used to implement the method as described in the foregoing embodiments.

[0292] Based on the above implementation methods, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment by taking into account both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln and using the crystal structure as a constraint. Combined with the segmented location sintering of the roller kiln and dynamic process parameter control, this approach avoids the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters based on experience, achieves the optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves the crystal orientation and crystal integrity of the material, suppresses the generation of impurity phases, and thus enhances the performance of the cathode material.

[0293] This application provides a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the method as described in the foregoing embodiments.

[0294] Based on the above implementation methods, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is used to determine the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment by taking into account both the electrochemical performance of the material and the energy consumption of the kiln and using the crystal structure as a constraint. Combined with the segmented location sintering of the roller kiln and dynamic process parameter control, this approach avoids the limitations of manually configuring fixed parameters based on experience, achieves the optimal configuration of performance and energy consumption, adapts to the crystal growth requirements of different sintering stages, compensates for fluctuations in operating conditions in real time, effectively improves the crystal orientation and crystal integrity of the material, suppresses the generation of impurity phases, and thus enhances the performance of the cathode material.

[0295] It should be noted that, for the sake of simplicity, the foregoing method embodiments are all described as a series of actions. However, those skilled in the art should understand that this application is not limited to the described order of actions, as some steps may be performed in other orders or simultaneously according to this application. Furthermore, those skilled in the art should also understand that the embodiments described in the specification are all optional embodiments, and the actions and modules involved are not necessarily essential to this application.

[0296] It should be further noted that although the steps in the flowchart are shown sequentially according to the arrows, these steps are not necessarily executed in the order indicated by the arrows. Unless explicitly stated herein, there is no strict order restriction on the execution of these steps; they can be executed in other orders. Moreover, at least some steps in the flowchart may include multiple sub-steps or multiple stages, which do not necessarily complete at the same time but can be executed at different times. The execution order of these sub-steps or stages is also not necessarily sequential but can be alternated or carried out in turn with other steps or at least some of the sub-steps or stages of other steps.

[0297] It should be understood that the above-described device embodiments are merely illustrative, and the device of this application can also be implemented in other ways. For example, the division of units / modules in the above embodiments is only a logical functional division, and there may be other division methods in actual implementation. For example, multiple units, modules, or components may be combined, or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed.

[0298] Furthermore, unless otherwise specified, the functional units / modules in the various embodiments of this application can be integrated into one unit / module, or each unit / module can exist physically separately, or two or more units / modules can be integrated together. The integrated units / modules described above can be implemented in hardware or as software program modules.

[0299] When integrated units / modules are implemented in hardware, the hardware can be digital circuits, analog circuits, etc. The physical implementation of the hardware structure includes, but is not limited to, transistors, memristors, etc. The processor can be any suitable hardware processor, such as CPU, GPU, FPGA, DSP, and ASIC. The storage unit can be any suitable magnetic or magneto-optical storage medium, such as Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), Enhanced Dynamic Random Access Memory (EDRAM), High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM), Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC), etc.

[0300] If the integrated unit / module is implemented as a software program module and sold or used as an independent product, it can be stored in a computer-readable storage device (CMD). Based on this understanding, the technical solution of this application, in essence, or the part that contributes to related technologies, or all or part of the technical solution, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a memory and includes several instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute all or part of the steps of the methods of the various embodiments of this application. The aforementioned memory includes various media capable of storing program code, such as a USB flash drive, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), portable hard drive, magnetic disk, or optical disk.

[0301] In the above embodiments, the descriptions of each embodiment have their own emphasis. For parts not described in detail in a certain embodiment, please refer to the relevant descriptions of other embodiments. The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as the combination of these technical features does not contradict each other, it should be considered within the scope of this specification.

[0302] Any of the components, modules, units, parts, methods, and operations described herein can be implemented using software, firmware, hardware (e.g., fixed logic circuitry), manual processing, or any combination thereof. Alternatively or additionally, any functionality described herein can be executed at least in part by one or more hardware logic components, such as, but not limited to, a central processing unit (CPU), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an application-specific standard product (ASSP), a system-on-a-chip (SoC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a microprocessor (MCU), etc. The terms "system," "computing device," or "apparatus" as used herein encompass various means, devices, and machines for processing data, including, for example, one or more programmable processors, computers, SoCs, or combinations thereof. The apparatus may also include code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, such as code constituting processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, a cross-platform runtime environment, a virtual machine, or one or more combinations thereof. The aforementioned computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, app, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, declarative or procedural languages, and can be deployed in any form, including as a standalone program or as a module, component, subroutine, object, or other unit suitable for a computing environment.

[0303] Those skilled in the art will further recognize that the units and algorithm steps of the various examples described in conjunction with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate the interchangeability of hardware and software, the components and steps of the various examples have been generally described in terms of functionality in the foregoing description. Whether these functions are implemented in hardware or software depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Those skilled in the art can use different methods to implement the described functions for each specific application, but such implementation should not be considered beyond the scope of this application.

[0304] Other embodiments of this application will readily occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of this application that follow the general principles of this application and include common knowledge or customary techniques in the art not disclosed herein. The specification and examples are to be considered exemplary only, and the true scope and spirit of this application are indicated by the claims.

[0305] It should be understood that this application is not limited to the precise structure described above and shown in the accompanying drawings, and various modifications and changes can be made without departing from its scope. The scope of this application is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A sintering system of a cathode material, characterized by, The sintering system for the cathode material includes a roller kiln for preparing cathode materials with performance meeting preset performance standards. The sintering system for the cathode material is configured to perform the following steps: With the crystal structure of the cathode material as a constraint, and the electrical properties of the cathode material and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, the target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor are determined by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The target process parameters include multiple process segments and sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment. Based on the target process parameters, the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering, and during the sintering process, real-time process parameters and the real-time process segments corresponding to the real-time process parameters are collected. Based on the target process parameters and the real-time process segment, the real-time process parameters are adjusted, and the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering treatment according to the adjusted process parameters. The target cathode material is obtained after the segmented sintering process is completed.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein, The optimization steps, which use the electrical properties of the cathode material and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives and the crystal structure of the cathode material as constraints, and determine the target process parameters for the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, specifically include: Determine the target electrical properties, target crystal structure parameters, and rated process parameter range supported by the roller kiln for the target cathode material; Using the target crystal structure parameters and the rated process parameter range as constraints, and the target electrical performance and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, the target process parameters are obtained by calculation using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein, The target electrical performance includes discharge capacity and cycle life; the step of calculating the target process parameters using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm specifically includes: Determine the application scenarios for the target cathode material: Based on the application scenario, determine the weights corresponding to the discharge capacity, the cycle life, and the energy consumption of the roller kiln, respectively. Based on the weights, the target process parameters are obtained by weighted calculation using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, with the target electrical performance and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein, The step of obtaining the target process parameters by weighting the target electrical performance and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm specifically includes: Determine the initial process parameters, preset population size, maximum number of iterations, crossover probability, and mutation probability. The initial process parameters include at least one of the following: sintering temperature, heating rate, oxygen concentration, and holding time. An initial population is randomly generated using the initial process parameters as decision variables. The initial population includes multiple individuals, each representing a combination of process parameters. The initial population is subjected to population iterative update operations until the number of iterations reaches a preset maximum number of iterations, and the current updated population is determined as the final population. The Pareto optimal process parameter solution set in the final population is determined as the target process parameter; The population iterative update operation includes: performing a non-dominated sorting operation on each individual in the population, and dividing the population into multiple layers of non-dominated solution sets based on the dominance relationship between individuals; calculating the crowding distance of individuals in each non-dominated solution set according to the optimization objective; using a tournament selection mechanism to screen mating individuals, and sequentially performing simulated binary crossover and polynomial mutation operations on the mating individuals to generate offspring populations; merging the parent population and the offspring populations to obtain a total population, performing non-dominated sorting and crowding distance calculation on the total population, and using an elite retention strategy to screen individuals in the solution sets layer by layer to obtain an updated population.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein, The step of controlling the roller kiln to perform segmented sintering treatment according to the target process parameters specifically includes: Based on the target process parameters, determine the timing sequence corresponding to each process segment; Based on the sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment and the timing corresponding to each process segment, the roller kiln is divided into multiple zones, and a sintering strategy corresponding to each zone is determined. The zones correspond one-to-one with the process segments, and the sintering strategy includes heat treatment instructions and atmosphere control instructions. According to the sintering strategy, the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein, The roller kiln includes a first direction and a second direction. The first direction is the conveying direction of the cathode material precursor. Multiple temperature detection components and multiple gas detection components are arranged in the second direction of the roller kiln. The first direction is perpendicular to the second direction. The steps for collecting real-time process parameters specifically include: Multiple temperature data are collected by the multiple temperature detection components. Calculate the temperature difference in the second direction based on the multiple collected temperatures; The atmosphere state is collected by the multiple gas detection components, resulting in multiple collected atmosphere states. The real-time process parameters are generated based on the multiple collected temperatures, the temperature difference in the second direction, and the multiple collected atmospheric conditions.

7. The system of any one of claims 1-6, wherein, The step of adjusting the real-time process parameters according to the target process parameters and the real-time process segment specifically includes: From the target process parameters, determine the target reference parameters corresponding to the real-time process segment; Determine the preset deviation threshold corresponding to the real-time process segment; The difference between the real-time process parameters and the target reference parameters is determined as the real-time deviation. If the real-time deviation is greater than or equal to the preset deviation threshold, the real-time process parameters are adjusted.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein, The roller kiln includes an execution structure for adjusting temperature; the real-time deviation includes a real-time temperature deviation; the step of adjusting the real-time process parameters specifically includes: Acquire the historical operating data of the roller kiln, and initialize the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller based on the historical operating data and the target process parameters; The PID controller calculates the real-time temperature deviation to obtain the control quantity. The execution structure is driven to operate according to the control quantity in order to adjust the temperature parameter in the real-time process parameters.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein, The sintering system for the cathode material is also configured to perform the following steps: Sampling is performed at preset time intervals to obtain the positive electrode material of the sample; The sample cathode material was tested to obtain the real-time crystal structure parameters of the sample cathode material; The real-time process parameters are adjusted based on the real-time crystal structure parameters and preset parameter thresholds.

10. A sintering method of a positive electrode material, characterized by, include: With the crystal structure of the cathode material as a constraint, and the electrical properties of the cathode material and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, the target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor are determined by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The target process parameters include multiple process segments and sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment. Based on the target process parameters, the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering, and during the sintering process, real-time process parameters and the real-time process segments corresponding to the real-time process parameters are collected. Based on the target process parameters and the real-time process segment, the real-time process parameters are adjusted, and the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering treatment according to the adjusted process parameters. The target cathode material is obtained after the segmented sintering process is completed.

11. A positive electrode material, characterized in that, The cathode material is obtained by sintering according to adjusted process parameters; The adjusted process parameters are determined as follows: With the crystal structure of the cathode material as a constraint, and the electrical properties of the cathode material and the energy consumption of the roller kiln as optimization objectives, the target process parameters corresponding to the sintering treatment of the cathode material precursor are determined by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The target process parameters include multiple process segments and sub-process parameters corresponding to each process segment. Based on the target process parameters, the roller kiln is controlled to perform segmented sintering, and during the sintering process, real-time process parameters and the real-time process segments corresponding to the real-time process parameters are collected. The adjusted process parameters are obtained by adjusting the real-time process parameters according to the target process parameters and the real-time process segment.

12. A single-cell battery, characterized in that, It includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode includes a positive electrode material, and the positive electrode material is prepared by the sintering system of the positive electrode material according to any one of claims 1-9.

13. A battery pack, characterized in that, It includes at least two individual cells as described in claim 12, each of which is electrically connected to the other.

14. A battery pack, characterized in that, It includes a housing and at least two battery packs as described in claim 13, each of the battery packs being disposed within the housing and electrically connected to each other.

15. An electric vehicle, characterized in that, It includes at least the battery pack as described in claim 14.

16. An electrical appliance, characterized in that, It includes at least the single cell as described in claim 12.

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