Method and system for calculating protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the late laying period based on factorial approach

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of livestock breeding technology and discloses a method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis. The method includes the following steps: Step 1: Decomposing the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens using factorial analysis; Step 2: Setting up nitrogen metabolism tests, carcass slaughter tests, and egg production tests; Step 3: Calculating the maintenance protein requirement, weight gain protein requirement, and egg production protein requirement using a set of protein requirement equations, and then summing these three amounts to obtain the total protein requirement of the laying hen; Step 4: Calculating the maintenance amino acid requirement, weight gain amino acid requirement, egg production amino acid requirement, and the total amino acid requirement of the laying hen using a set of amino acid requirement equations. A system for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis is also disclosed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application belongs to the field of animal husbandry technology, and more specifically, relates to a method and system for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial methods. Background Technology

[0002] In poultry nutrition, the intake of high-quality protein and amino acids is crucial for poultry production performance, and both excess and deficiency can negatively impact poultry productivity. The protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens at different stages are key parameters in feed formulation, providing a scientific basis for setting laying hen feeding standards. Due to differences in physiological characteristics, the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens vary at different growth and development stages.

[0003] Currently, there is relatively little research on the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production, resulting in a lack of theoretical support when formulating feed.

[0004] Therefore, the technical problem solved by this application is: how to accurately calculate the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The main objective of this application is to provide a method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis. This method decomposes the protein and amino acid requirements in the later stages of egg production into multiple dimensions using factorial analysis. By setting up corresponding experiments to obtain basic data, the protein and amino acid requirements are then obtained through a set of protein requirement equations and a set of amino acid requirement equations for laying hens. This approach improves the accuracy of the calculation.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted in this application is as follows:

[0007] A method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis includes the following steps:

[0008] Step 1: Using factorial analysis, the protein requirements of laying hens are broken down into maintenance protein requirements, weight gain protein requirements, and egg production protein requirements. The amino acid requirements of laying hens are also broken down into maintenance amino acid requirements, weight gain amino acid requirements, and egg production amino acid requirements.

[0009] Step 2: Through nitrogen metabolism experiments, obtain the amount of surface protein loss, endogenous protein loss, body weight, and maintenance amino acid pattern; through carcass slaughter experiments, obtain the amount of protein deposition in feathers, amino acid composition, and corresponding amino acid pattern, as well as the amount of protein deposition in the carcass, amino acid composition, and corresponding amino acid pattern; through egg production experiments, obtain the amount of protein deposition in eggs, average egg production rate, and the amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of egg protein.

[0010] Step 3: Based on the amount of protein loss from the body surface, the amount of protein loss from the endogenous source, the amount of protein deposition in the feathers, the amount of protein deposition in the carcass, the amount of protein deposition in the eggs, and the average laying rate, the protein requirement for maintenance, the protein requirement for weight gain, and the protein requirement for laying hens are calculated using a set of protein requirement equations. Then, the protein requirements for maintenance, weight gain, and laying hens are summed to obtain the protein requirements for laying hens.

[0011] Step 4: Based on body weight, maintenance amino acid pattern, feather protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, carcass protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, egg protein deposition and egg protein amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, use the amino acid requirement equation set for laying hens to calculate the maintenance amino acid requirement, weight gain amino acid requirement, egg production amino acid requirement, and overall amino acid requirement for laying hens.

[0012] Preferably, in step 2, the nitrogen metabolism test specifically involves selecting laying hens over 400 days old and randomly dividing them into a low-nitrogen diet group and a nitrogen-free diet group. The low-nitrogen diet group is used to detect the amount of protein loss on the body surface, and the nitrogen-free diet group is used to detect the amount of endogenous protein loss.

[0013] The carcass slaughter experiment specifically involved selecting laying hens over 400 days old and grouping them according to their average weight, and feeding them with a basal diet.

[0014] The egg production experiment specifically involved selecting laying hens over 400 days old and randomly grouping them, then feeding them a basal diet.

[0015] Preferably, in step 3, the protein requirement equation set includes a maintenance protein requirement formula, a weight gain protein requirement formula, and an egg production protein requirement formula.

[0016] Preferably, step 3 includes the following sub-steps:

[0017] Step A1: Based on the amount of protein loss from the body surface and the amount of protein loss from the endogenous source, the maintenance protein requirement is calculated using the maintenance protein requirement formula.

[0018] Step A2: Based on the amount of protein deposited in feathers and carcass, the protein requirement for weight gain is calculated using the formula for weight gain protein requirement.

[0019] Step A3: Based on the amount of protein deposited in the egg and the average laying rate, the protein requirement for laying is calculated using the formula for protein requirement for laying.

[0020] Step A4: Based on the protein requirements for maintenance, weight gain, and egg production, use a summation formula to calculate the protein requirements for laying hens.

[0021] Preferably, the amino acid requirement equation set for laying hens includes a maintenance amino acid requirement formula, a weight gain amino acid requirement formula, an egg production amino acid requirement formula, and an overall amino acid requirement formula for laying hens.

[0022] Step 4 includes the following sub-steps:

[0023] Step B1: Based on body weight and the pattern of amino acid requirements for maintenance, calculate the maintenance amino acid requirement using the maintenance amino acid requirement formula;

[0024] Step B2: Based on the protein deposition amount, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of feathers and the protein deposition amount, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of carcass, the amino acid requirement for weight gain is calculated using the formula for weight gain amino acid requirement.

[0025] Step B3: Based on the amount of protein deposition in the egg and the amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of the egg protein, the amino acid requirement for egg production is calculated using the formula for the amino acid requirement for egg production.

[0026] Step B4: Based on the amino acid requirements for maintenance, weight gain, and egg production, the amino acid requirements for laying hens are calculated using the formula for amino acid requirements of laying hens.

[0027] Preferably, the formula for maintaining the amino acid requirement is:

[0028] ;

[0029] Where X represents the maintenance amino acid requirement. The coefficient required for protein maintenance. For weight, To maintain the required amino acid profile;

[0030] The formula for the amino acid requirement for weight gain is:

[0031] ;

[0032] in, To increase the required amount of amino acids, The amount of protein deposition in the feathers at the end of the experiment. The amount of protein deposition in the feathers at the start of the experiment. , These are all amino acid patterns corresponding to feathers. This represents the amount of protein deposition in the carcass at the end of the experiment. The amount of protein deposition in the carcass at the start of the experiment. , All of these are the corresponding amino acid patterns of the carcass;

[0033] The formula for the amino acid requirements for egg production is:

[0034] ;

[0035] in, The amino acid requirements for egg production, This refers to the amount of protein deposited in an egg. This refers to the amino acid profile of egg protein.

[0036] The formula for the amino acid requirements of laying hens is:

[0037] ;

[0038] in, Let X be the amino acid requirement for laying hens, and let X be the maintenance amino acid requirement. To increase the required amount of amino acids, This represents the amino acid requirements for egg production.

[0039] Preferably, the laying hen is the Jingfen No. 6 laying hen.

[0040] Simultaneously, a system for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial methods is also provided. The system is characterized by a method for implementing the aforementioned calculation of protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial methods, comprising the following units:

[0041] Analysis module: Used to decompose the protein requirements of laying hens into maintenance protein requirements, weight gain protein requirements, and egg production protein requirements using factorial analysis, and to decompose the amino acid requirements of laying hens into maintenance amino acid requirements, weight gain amino acid requirements, and egg production amino acid requirements.

[0042] Experimental modules: used to obtain the amount of surface protein loss, endogenous protein loss, body weight, and maintenance amino acid pattern through nitrogen metabolism experiments; to obtain the amount of protein deposition, amino acid composition, and corresponding amino acid pattern of feathers and carcass through carcass slaughter experiments; and to obtain the amount of protein deposition, average laying rate, and amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of egg protein through egg production experiments.

[0043] Protein requirement calculation module: Based on the amount of protein loss from the body surface, the amount of protein loss from the endogenous source, the amount of protein deposition in the feathers, the amount of protein deposition in the carcass, the amount of protein deposition in the eggs, and the average laying rate, it uses a set of protein requirement equations to calculate the maintenance protein requirement, the weight gain protein requirement, and the laying protein requirement. Then, it sums up the maintenance protein requirement, the weight gain protein requirement, and the laying protein requirement to obtain the protein requirement of laying hens.

[0044] Amino acid requirement calculation module: Based on body weight, maintenance amino acid pattern, feather protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, carcass protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, egg protein deposition, and egg protein amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, using the amino acid requirement equation set for laying hens, it calculates the maintenance amino acid requirement, weight gain amino acid requirement, egg production amino acid requirement, and the overall amino acid requirement for laying hens.

[0045] One of the above-mentioned technical solutions in this application has at least one of the following advantages or beneficial effects:

[0046] The method described in this application decomposes the protein and amino acid requirements in the later stages of egg production into multiple dimensions using factorial analysis. Basic data is obtained through appropriate experiments, and then the protein and amino acid requirements are derived using a set of protein requirement equations and a set of amino acid requirement equations for laying hens. This approach improves the accuracy of the calculations. Attached Figure Description

[0047] The present application will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments;

[0048] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis, as described in Example 1.

[0049] Figure 2 This is a block diagram of the system for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production, based on factorial methods, as described in Example 2. Detailed Implementation

[0050] The embodiments of this application are described in detail below. Examples of the embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application.

[0051] The following disclosure provides many different implementation methods or examples for different schemes of implementing this application.

[0052] Example 1

[0053] refer to Figure 1 A method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis includes the following steps:

[0054] Step 1: The protein requirements of laying hens are broken down into maintenance protein requirements, weight gain protein requirements, and egg production protein requirements using a factorial method. The amino acid requirements of laying hens are also broken down into maintenance amino acid requirements, weight gain amino acid requirements, and egg production amino acid requirements. Maintenance protein requirements and maintenance amino acid requirements are determined through nitrogen metabolism tests, weight gain protein requirements and weight gain amino acid requirements are determined through carcass slaughter tests, and egg production protein requirements and egg production amino acid requirements are determined through egg production tests.

[0055] Step 2: Through nitrogen metabolism experiments, obtain the amount of surface protein loss, endogenous protein loss, body weight, and maintenance amino acid pattern; through carcass slaughter experiments, obtain the amount of protein deposition in feathers, amino acid composition, and corresponding amino acid pattern, as well as the amount of protein deposition in the carcass, amino acid composition, and corresponding amino acid pattern; through egg production experiments, obtain the amount of protein deposition in eggs, average egg production rate, and the amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of egg protein.

[0056] The feed specifically includes:

[0057] A low-nitrogen diet (LN) was prepared by using a corn-soybean meal basal diet to reduce the crude protein content to 5% by adding corn starch, which was used to estimate the amount of body surface protein loss. A nitrogen-free diet (NN) was prepared by removing nitrogenous substances such as corn, soybean meal, and bran from the conventional corn-soybean meal basal diet, and supplementing the metabolizable energy gap in the diet with corn starch, glucose, and cellulose to meet the energy requirements of laying hens, which was used to estimate the amount of endogenous protein loss. The diet formulations and nutrient levels are shown in Table 1.

[0058] Table 1. Dietary composition and nutrient levels (air-dried basal)

[0059] corn 55 11.6 soybean meal 24.5 5.7 bran 7.5 9.4 stone powder 8.7 8.7 8.6 soybean oil 1.24 1.2 2.5 DL-methionine 0.16 0.05 L-Lysine 0.01 Calcium hydrogen phosphate 1.7 1.94 2.2 corn starch 60.2 20.5 glucose 60 Cellulose 5 salt 0.2 0.2 0.2 premix 1 1 1 total 100 100 100 Nutritional level Metabolic energy of laying hens 2.7 2.7 2.7 crude protein 15.8 5 calcium 3.73 3.73 3.73 Available phosphorus 0.37 0.37 0.37 Aspartic acid 1.66 0.60 threonine 0.69 0.24 Serine 1.07 0.37 glutamic acid 3.32 1.22 glycine 0.88 0.35 alanine 1.01 0.37 Cysteine 0.31 0.12 Valine 0.59 0.24 Methionine 0.43 0.09 Isoleucine 0.45 0.18 Leucine 1.40 0.49 Tyrosine 0.48 0.15 Phenylalanine 0.83 0.30 Lysine 0.91 0.34 Histidine 0.47 0.18 Arginine 0.99 0.38 proline 0.88 0.32 Tryptophan 0.20 0.05

[0060] The premix provides the following per kilogram of feed: Iron: 55 mg; Copper: 9 mg; Manganese: 80 mg; Zinc: 60 mg; Iodine: 0.60 mg; Selenium: 0.30 mg; Vitamin A: 8000 IU; Vitamin B1: 8000 IU. Vitamin E: 4000 IU; Vitamin K: 26 IU; Vitamin K: 2.5 mg; Vitamin 4mg; Vitamin 6mg; Vitamin 4mg; Vitamin 0.02mg; Niacin: 40mg; Calcium pantothenate: 9mg; Biotin: 0.12mg; Folic acid: 1mg; Choline: 400mg. Secondly, in the nutritional levels, crude protein and amino acids are measured values, while the rest are calculated values.

[0061] The nitrogen metabolism test is as follows:

[0062] Sixty late-laying Jingfen 6 laying hens over 400 days old were randomly divided into a low-nitrogen diet group (LN) and a nitrogen-free diet group (NN), with 15 replicates per group and 2 hens per replicate. The experiment lasted for 7 days. For the first 3 days, the hens were fed a basal diet as a pre-trial period, and for the next 4 days, they were fed the experimental diet (the low-nitrogen diet group was fed the low-nitrogen diet, and the nitrogen-free diet group was fed the nitrogen-free diet). They had free access to feed and water, and their body weight was measured before and after the experiment. The low-nitrogen diet was used to estimate the amount of surface protein loss, and the nitrogen-free diet was used to estimate the amount of endogenous protein loss.

[0063] The sample collection for the nitrogen metabolism experiment was as follows: Excrement from laying hens was collected starting on day 5 and continued for 3 days. The excrement was collected using a manure collection board. After nitrogen fixation, the collected excrement was immediately stored at -20°C. Subsequently, the stored samples were dried in a forced-air drying oven at 65°C, then allowed to rehydrate at room temperature for 1 day. The samples were weighed and recorded, then pulverized, mixed, and stored at low temperature for later analysis.

[0064] Nitrogen fixation process: Use a scraper to remove the excrement from the manure board, put it into a sealed bag and weigh it. Then add 10 mL of sulfuric acid to every 100 g in the sealed bag, mix well and seal the bag.

[0065] The carcass slaughter test specifically included:

[0066] One hundred and twenty Jingfen No. 6 laying hens aged over 400 days in the late laying stage were selected and divided into six replicates of 20 hens each, based on their average body weight. The experimental period was 27 days. They were fed a basal diet with free access to feed and water, and their feed intake was recorded during the period.

[0067] The specific sample collection for the carcass slaughter experiment was as follows: On the start and end days of the experiment, two chickens were selected from each replicate according to their average weight, placed in a sealed cardboard box, and carbon dioxide was introduced. After suffocation and death, the feathers were plucked (scalded with hot water), and the feathers and carcasses were collected separately. The feathers were placed in an oven (25 ℃) to dry, removed to rehydrate, cut into small pieces with scissors, then crushed, and stored at 4 ℃ for testing.

[0068] After removing the digestive tract contents and yolk from the carcass, the surface moisture was blotted dry with absorbent paper and flash-frozen at -20 ℃. The weight of the feathers and carcass was recorded. The carcass was chopped into uniform small pieces with a knife, minced using a meat grinder, thoroughly mixed, and then minced again using a meat grinder. It was then dried in a forced-air drying oven at 65 ℃, and then further pulverized and mixed using a universal grinder. It was then placed at -20 ℃ for analysis.

[0069] The egg production trial was conducted as follows: 120 Jingfen No. 6 laying hens aged over 400 days in the late laying stage were selected and randomly divided into 6 replicates, with 20 hens in each replicate. The trial period was 7 days. They were fed a basal diet with free access to feed and water.

[0070] The specific sample collection for the egg production test was as follows: record the egg production rate, egg weight, and daily egg production. Ten eggs were collected from each replicate each day. The eggs were crushed in a sealed bag, and the yolks and albumen were freeze-dried, then pulverized using a universal grinder and stored at -20°C for later analysis.

[0071] Feeding and management:

[0072] The experimental layer chicken house was a double-layered, semi-enclosed cage house with natural ventilation. The daily light exposure time was 16 hours. The chickens were fed powdered feed twice a day, at 7:30 am and 3:30 pm. Eggs were collected at 8:00 am and manure was removed once a day.

[0073] The specific methods used for the relevant indicators of samples in nitrogen metabolism tests, carcass slaughter tests, and egg production tests are as follows:

[0074] Protein indicators were determined according to the national standard GB / T 6432-2018, using a fully automated Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer. Routine amino acid indicators were determined according to the national standard GB / T 18246, with pretreatment followed by a fully automated amino acid analyzer. Sulfur-containing amino acid indicators were determined according to the national standard GB / T 15399, with pretreatment followed by a fully automated amino acid analyzer. Tryptophan indicators were determined according to the national standard GB / T 15400. Sample pretreatment included: weighing 50–100 mg of sample (fat content ≥4%, defatted) and placing it in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hydrolysis tube. Adding 1.5 mL of lithium hydroxide solution and purging with nitrogen for 1 min. After sealing tightly, the tube was placed in a 110℃ incubator for hydrolysis for 20 h. After cooling, the sample was transferred to a 25 mL volumetric flask with sodium acetate buffer and diluted to volume. A 2 mL syringe (needle removed) was filtered through a 0.45 μm filter membrane into a water bottle for analysis using liquid chromatography. The determination conditions were as follows: chromatographic column: C18, length 250 mm, inner diameter 4.6 mm, particle size 5 μm; flow rate: 1.0 mL / min; column temperature: room temperature; injection volume: 10–20 μL; creatinine was determined using a creatinine test kit (Nanjing Jiancheng).

[0075] Step 3: Based on the amount of protein loss from the body surface, the amount of protein loss from the endogenous source, the amount of protein deposition in the feathers, the amount of protein deposition in the carcass, the amount of protein deposition in the eggs, and the average laying rate, the protein requirement for maintenance, the protein requirement for weight gain, and the protein requirement for laying hens are calculated using a set of protein requirement equations. Then, the protein requirements for maintenance, weight gain, and laying hens are summed to obtain the protein requirements for laying hens.

[0076] Preferably, step 3 includes the following sub-steps:

[0077] Step A1: Based on the amount of protein loss from the body surface and the amount of protein loss from the endogenous source, the maintenance protein requirement is calculated using the maintenance protein requirement formula.

[0078] Calculation of maintenance protein requirements:

[0079] The protein data obtained from the nitrogen metabolism experiment are shown in Table 2:

[0080] Table 2. Protein data results from the nitrogen metabolism experiment of Jingfen No. 6 laying hens (unit: g / d)

[0081] Feed intake 85.21±7.60 31.39±6.83 Protein intake 4.33±0.39 — Protein excretion 2.86±0.24 4.40±0.77 Protein balance 1.47 4.40

[0082] Table 2 shows that the protein intake required by Jingfen 6 laying hens in the later stage of egg production is 4.33 g / d. The protein excretion in the low-nitrogen diet group and the nitrogen-free diet group is 2.86 g / d and 4.40 g / d, respectively. Therefore, the loss of surface protein and endogenous protein are 1.47 g / d and 4.40 g / d, respectively. Thus, the maintenance requirement of Jingfen 6 laying hens in the later stage of egg production = loss of surface protein + loss of endogenous protein = 1.47 + 4.40 = 5.87 g / d.

[0083] It should be noted that the amount of protein loss from the body surface and the amount of protein loss from the endogenous source are the protein balance data in Table 2.

[0084] Step A2: Based on the amount of protein deposited in feathers and carcass, the protein requirement for weight gain is calculated using the formula for weight gain protein requirement.

[0085] The protein data obtained from the carcass slaughter experiment are shown in Table 3:

[0086] Table 3. Results of the carcass slaughter test of Jingfen No. 6 laying hens.

[0087] Feather weight (unit: g) 42.00±2.22 48.01±3.17 Feather protein content (unit: %) 89.37±0.38 87.96±0.55 Feather protein content (unit: g) 37.56±2.05 42.28±2.89 Carcass weight (unit: kg) 1.69±0.01 1.68±0.01 Carcass protein content (unit: %) 16.57±0.29 16.81±0.19 Carcass protein content (unit: g) 279.93±4.48 281.50±2.15

[0088] Table 3 shows that the amount of feather protein deposited in the late laying period of Jingfen No. 6 laying hens = feather protein content at the end of the experiment - feather protein content at the beginning of the experiment = 42.28 - 37.56 = 4.72 g (174.85 mg / d), and the amount of carcass protein deposited = carcass protein content at the end of the experiment - pre-carcass protein content at the beginning of the experiment = 281.50 - 279.93 = 1.57 g (58 mg / d). Therefore, the protein requirement for weight gain in the late laying period of Jingfen No. 6 laying hens = feather protein deposit + carcass protein deposit = 174.85 + 58 = 232.85 mg / d = 0.23 g / d.

[0089] Step A3: Based on the amount of protein deposited in the egg and the average laying rate, the protein requirement for laying is calculated using the formula for protein requirement for laying.

[0090] Based on the egg production experiment, the egg protein data obtained are shown in Table 4:

[0091] Table 4. Protein data results from the laying trial of Jingfen No. 6 hens.

[0092] Egg protein content (unit: %) 11.77±0.14 Egg weight (in grams) 48.08±0.42 Protein deposition in eggs (unit: g) 5.58±0.13 Average egg production rate (unit: %) 88

[0093] As shown in Table 4, the protein deposition in eggs of Jingfen No. 6 laying hens during the later stages of egg production is 5.58g, while the average egg production rate can reach 88% in the egg production experiment. Therefore, the protein requirement for laying hens during the later stages of egg production of Jingfen No. 6 laying hens = protein deposition in eggs × average egg production rate = 5.58 × 88% = 4.91 g / d.

[0094] Step A4: Based on the protein requirements for maintenance, weight gain, and egg production, use a summation formula to calculate the protein requirements for laying hens.

[0095] Based on the maintenance protein requirement (5.87 g / d), weight gain protein requirement (0.23 g / d), and egg production protein requirement (4.91 g / d) obtained from Tables 2, 3, and 4, the total protein requirement for Jingfen No. 6 laying hens in the later stage of egg production is calculated as follows: (Maintenance protein requirement + Weight gain protein requirement + Egg production protein requirement) / 0.8 = (5.87 + 0.23 + 4.91) / 0.8 = 13.76 g / d.

[0096] Step 4: Based on body weight, maintenance amino acid pattern, feather protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, carcass protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, egg protein deposition and egg protein amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, use the amino acid requirement equation set for laying hens to calculate the maintenance amino acid requirement, weight gain amino acid requirement, egg production amino acid requirement, and overall amino acid requirement for laying hens.

[0097] Step 4 includes the following sub-steps:

[0098] Step B1: Based on body weight and the pattern of amino acid requirements for maintenance, calculate the maintenance amino acid requirement using the maintenance amino acid requirement formula;

[0099] Based on nitrogen metabolism experiments, the nitrogen balance and maintenance amino acid data of Jingfen No. 6 are shown in Tables 5 and 6:

[0100] Table 5. Nitrogen balance data results from the nitrogen metabolism experiment of Jingfen No. 6.

[0101] Starting weight (g) 1763.78±21.19 1794.96±55.71 Final weight (g) 1600.91±23.54 1509.96±42.98 Feed intake (g) 85.21±7.60 31.39±6.83 Nitrogen intake (g / d) 692.78±61.76 Nitrogen excretion (mg / d) 457.85±38.32 547.58±83.10 Nitrogen balance (mg / d) 234.93 547.58 Creatinine excretion (mg / d) 21.37±2.50

[0102] Table 5 shows that the exogenous nitrogen loss (nitrogen balance) in the low-nitrogen diet group during the late laying period of Jingfen No. 6 laying hens = nitrogen intake - nitrogen excretion = 692.78 - 457 - 85 = 234.93 mg / d, while the endogenous nitrogen loss (nitrogen balance) in the nitrogen-free diet group was 547.58 mg / d. Creatinine excretion was 21.37 mg / d, meaning that the loss of glycine, arginine, and methionine in the form of creatinine was 21.37 mg / d each.

[0103] According to the formula: a = PRM / BW0.75 = [(Endogenous nitrogen loss + Exogenous nitrogen loss) / 1000×6.25] / BW0.75 / 0.85, the nitrogen requirement for maintenance of Jingfen No. 6 laying hens is: PRM (nitrogen) = 0.0062×BW 0.75 PRM (protein) = 0.0407 × BW 0.75 .

[0104] Table 6. Amino acid composition and pattern required for maintenance in Jingfen No. 6 laying hens

[0105]

[0106] As shown in Table 6, the ratio of nitrogen loss from feather dander to nitrogen loss from endogenous excretion is 0.3:0.7. Therefore, the maintenance requirement for amino acid pattern = 0.3 × amino acid composition or pattern from feather dander loss + 0.7 × amino acid composition or pattern from endogenous excretion loss.

[0107] The formula for maintaining amino acid requirements is:

[0108] ;

[0109] Where X represents the maintenance amino acid requirement. The coefficient required for protein maintenance. For weight, To maintain the required amino acid profile;

[0110] Substituting a=0.407 from Table 5 and the maintenance amino acid pattern from Table 6 into the maintenance amino acid requirement formula, the maintenance amino acid requirement is obtained, as shown in Table 7:

[0111] Table 7. Maintenance amino acid requirements of Jingfen No. 6 laying hens (unit: mg / d)

[0112] Aspartic acid 222.72 threonine 155.30 Serine 401.69 glutamic acid 348.11 glycine 265.95 alanine 162.20 Valine 195.80 Isoleucine 123.20 Leucine 255.51 Tyrosine 99.46 Phenylalanine 154.33 Lysine 57.54 Histidine 109.07 Arginine 274.58 proline 154.75 Cysteine 263.93 Methionine 38.18 Tryptophan 16.81

[0113] Step B2: Based on the protein deposition amount, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of feathers and the protein deposition amount, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of carcass, the amino acid requirement for weight gain is calculated using the formula for weight gain amino acid requirement.

[0114] Based on carcass slaughter experiments, the amino acid composition and amino acid pattern of the carcass and feathers were obtained, as shown in Tables 8 and 9:

[0115] Table 8. Amino acid composition and amino acid pattern of the carcass

[0116]

[0117] Table 9. Amino acid composition and amino acid pattern of feathers

[0118]

[0119] As shown in Table 8, except for a significant increase in isoleucine (P < 0.05), the composition of other amino acids in the carcass did not change significantly between the beginning and end of the experiment (P > 0.05), indicating that the overall amino acid composition of the carcass of Jingfen No. 6 laying hens did not change over time during the later stages of egg production.

[0120] As shown in Table 9, the amino acid composition of threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine, and proline in feathers decreased significantly at the beginning of the experiment compared to the end (P < 0.05), while the composition of other amino acids did not change significantly (P > 0.05).

[0121] It should be noted that the p-values ​​were analyzed using a t-test with IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 software. P < 0.05 indicates a significant difference, and P > 0.05 indicates no significant difference.

[0122] The formula for the amino acid requirement for weight gain is:

[0123] ;

[0124] in, To increase the required amount of amino acids, The amount of protein deposition in the feathers at the end of the experiment. The amount of protein deposition in the feathers at the start of the experiment. , These are all amino acid patterns corresponding to feathers. This represents the amount of protein deposition in the carcass at the end of the experiment. The amount of protein deposition in the carcass at the start of the experiment. , All of these are the corresponding amino acid patterns of the carcass;

[0125] Substituting the data from Tables 8 and 9 into the formula for amino acid requirements for weight gain, we obtain the amino acid requirements for the carcass and feathers, as shown in Table 10:

[0126] Table 10 Amino Acid Requirements for Carcass, Feathers, and Weight Gain (Unit: mg / d)

[0127] Aspartic acid 151.89 191.92 343.81 threonine 35.27 193.01 228.28 Serine 44.76 521.78 566.53 glutamic acid 116.30 272.03 388.33 glycine 124.82 393.62 518.43 alanine 53.01 183.95 236.97 Valine 83.02 303.58 386.60 Isoleucine 99.05 141.00 240.05 Leucine 11.84 335.80 347.65 Tyrosine 9.56 82.01 91.57 Phenylalanine 35.37 188.18 223.55 Lysine 21.10 13.99 35.09 Histidine 9.11 13.25 255.13 Arginine 31.03 246.02 491.22 proline 46.65 460.19 506.84 Cysteine 13.69 339.74 353.43 Methionine 28.74 7.05 35.79 Tryptophan 9.38 9.62 19.00

[0128] Step B3: Based on the amount of protein deposition in the egg and the amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of the egg protein, the amino acid requirement for egg production is calculated using the formula for the amino acid requirement for egg production.

[0129] The formula for the amino acid requirements for egg production is:

[0130] ;

[0131] in, The amino acid requirements for egg production, This refers to the amount of protein deposited in an egg. This refers to the amino acid profile of egg protein.

[0132] The results of substituting the amount of protein deposition in eggs, the amino acid composition of egg protein, and the corresponding amino acid pattern into the formula for the amino acid requirement for egg production are shown in Table 11:

[0133] Table 11 Amino acid composition, pattern, and requirements for egg production in Jingfen No. 6 laying hens

[0134] Aspartic acid 4.09±0.08 1.49 212.16 threonine 1.95±0.03 0.71 100.81 Serine 3.12±0.05 1.14 161.91 glutamic acid 5.03±0.09 1.84 260.82 glycine 1.37±0.03 0.50 70.96 alanine 2.34±0.04 0.86 121.46 Valine 2.21±0.04 0.81 114.57 Isoleucine 1.65±0.03 0.60 85.30 Leucine 3.41±0.06 1.25 176.85 Tyrosine 1.90±0.03 0.69 98.44 Phenylalanine 2.22±0.04 0.81 115.40 Lysine 2.74±0.05 1.00 142.03 Histidine 0.90±0.16 0.33 46.44 Arginine 2.48±0.04 0.91 128.74 proline 1.59±0.03 0.58 82.41 Cysteine 1.70±0.05 0.63 88.78 Methionine 1.74±0.04 0.64 90.48 Tryptophan 0.87±0.04 0.32 49.24

[0135] Step B4: Based on the amino acid requirements for maintenance, weight gain, and egg production, the amino acid requirements for laying hens are calculated using the formula for amino acid requirements of laying hens.

[0136] The formula for the amino acid requirements of laying hens is:

[0137] ;

[0138] in, Let X be the amino acid requirement for laying hens, and let X be the maintenance amino acid requirement. To increase the required amount of amino acids, This represents the amino acid requirements for egg production.

[0139] Substituting the calculated maintenance amino acid requirements, weight gain amino acid requirements, and egg production amino acid requirements into the formula for the amino acid requirements of laying hens, the amino acid requirements of laying hens are obtained, as shown in Table 12:

[0140] Table 12 Amino Acid Requirements of Jingfen No. 6 Laying Hens (Unit: mg / d)

[0141] Aspartic acid 343.81 222.72 212.16 916.10 threonine 228.28 155.30 100.81 569.87 Serine 566.53 401.69 161.91 1329.57 glutamic acid 388.33 348.11 260.82 1173.24 glycine 518.43 265.95 70.96 1006.28 alanine 236.97 162.20 121.46 612.50 Valine 386.60 195.80 114.57 819.97 Isoleucine 240.05 123.20 85.30 527.71 Leucine 347.65 255.51 176.85 917.65 Tyrosine 91.57 99.46 98.44 340.55 Phenylalanine 223.55 154.33 115.40 580.33 Lysine 35.09 57.54 142.03 276.07 Histidine 22.35 109.07 46.44 209.25 Arginine 277.05 274.58 128.74 800.44 proline 506.84 154.75 82.41 875.29 Cysteine 353.43 263.93 88.78 830.75 Methionine 35.79 38.18 90.48 193.47 Tryptophan 19.00 16.81 49.24 100.05

[0142] In summary, the protein requirement of Jingfen No. 6 laying hens in the late laying period is 13.76 g / d, of which the protein requirements for maintenance, weight gain and laying are 5.87 g / d, 0.23 g / d and 4.91 g / d, respectively.

[0143] For late-laying laying hens of the Jingfen No. 6 breed, the required daily intake of aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, arginine, proline, cysteine, methionine, and tryptophan are 916.10 mg / d, 569.87 mg / d, 1329.57 mg / d, 1173.24 mg / d, 1006.28 mg / d, and 1006.28 mg / d, respectively. g / d, 612.50mg / d, 819.97mg / d, 527.71mg / d, 917.65mg / d, 340.55mg / d, 580.33mg / d, 276 .07mg / d, 209.25mg / d, 800.44mg / d, 875.29mg / d, 830.75mg / d, 193.47mg / d, 100.05mg / d.

[0144] It should be noted that g / d means grams per day, and mg / d means milligrams per day.

[0145] Example 2

[0146] refer to Figure 2 Furthermore, a system for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial methods is provided. The system is characterized by a method for implementing the aforementioned calculation of protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial methods, comprising the following units:

[0147] Analysis module: Used to decompose the protein requirements of laying hens into maintenance protein requirements, weight gain protein requirements, and egg production protein requirements using factorial analysis, and to decompose the amino acid requirements of laying hens into maintenance amino acid requirements, weight gain amino acid requirements, and egg production amino acid requirements.

[0148] Experimental modules: used to obtain the amount of surface protein loss, endogenous protein loss, body weight, and maintenance amino acid pattern through nitrogen metabolism experiments; to obtain the amount of protein deposition, amino acid composition, and corresponding amino acid pattern of feathers and carcass through carcass slaughter experiments; and to obtain the amount of protein deposition, average laying rate, and amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of egg protein through egg production experiments.

[0149] Protein requirement calculation module: Based on the amount of protein loss from the body surface, the amount of protein loss from the endogenous source, the amount of protein deposition in the feathers, the amount of protein deposition in the carcass, the amount of protein deposition in the eggs, and the average laying rate, it uses a set of protein requirement equations to calculate the maintenance protein requirement, the weight gain protein requirement, and the laying protein requirement. Then, it sums up the maintenance protein requirement, the weight gain protein requirement, and the laying protein requirement to obtain the protein requirement of laying hens.

[0150] Amino acid requirement calculation module: Based on body weight, maintenance amino acid pattern, feather protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, carcass protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, egg protein deposition, and egg protein amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, using the amino acid requirement equation set for laying hens, it calculates the maintenance amino acid requirement, weight gain amino acid requirement, egg production amino acid requirement, and the overall amino acid requirement for laying hens.

[0151] In this embodiment, the specific workflow of the system for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stage of egg production based on factorial analysis is as follows: the staff inputs the protein and amino acid requirements into the analysis module. The analysis module uses factorial analysis to decompose the protein requirements of laying hens into maintenance protein requirements, weight gain protein requirements, and egg production protein requirements. It also decomposes the amino acid requirements of laying hens into maintenance amino acid requirements, weight gain amino acid requirements, and egg production amino acid requirements. The numerical requirements for maintenance protein requirements, weight gain protein requirements, maintenance amino acid requirements, weight gain amino acid requirements, and egg production amino acid requirements are then sent to the experimental module.

[0152] The experimental module is configured with nitrogen metabolism, carcass slaughter, and egg production tests according to requirements. The nitrogen metabolism test yields data on surface protein loss, endogenous protein loss, body weight, and the required amino acid pattern for maintenance. The carcass slaughter test yields data on feather protein deposition, amino acid composition, and the corresponding amino acid pattern, as well as the protein deposition, amino acid composition, and corresponding amino acid pattern of the carcass. The egg production test yields data on egg protein deposition, average egg production rate, egg protein amino acid composition, and the corresponding amino acid pattern. These data are then sent to the protein requirement calculation module and the amino acid requirement calculation module.

[0153] The protein requirement calculation module calculates the maintenance protein requirement, weight gain protein requirement, and egg production protein requirement based on the amount of protein loss from the body surface, the amount of protein loss from the endogenous protein, the amount of protein deposition in the feathers, the amount of protein deposition in the carcass, the amount of protein deposition in the eggs, and the average laying rate. Then, it sums up the maintenance protein requirement, weight gain protein requirement, and egg production protein requirement to obtain the protein requirement of laying hens.

[0154] The amino acid requirement calculation module calculates the maintenance amino acid requirement, weight gain amino acid requirement, egg production amino acid requirement, and overall amino acid requirement of laying hens based on body weight, maintenance amino acid pattern, feather protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, carcass protein deposition, and egg protein amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, using a set of amino acid requirement equations for laying hens.

[0155] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Using factorial analysis, the protein requirements of laying hens are broken down into maintenance protein requirements, weight gain protein requirements, and egg production protein requirements. The amino acid requirements of laying hens are also broken down into maintenance amino acid requirements, weight gain amino acid requirements, and egg production amino acid requirements. Step 2: Obtain the amount of protein loss on the body surface, the amount of protein loss from the endogenous source, body weight, and the amino acid pattern required for maintenance through a nitrogen metabolism test; The protein deposition amount, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of feathers and carcass were obtained through carcass slaughter experiments. Through egg production experiments, we obtained the amount of protein deposition in eggs, the average egg production rate, the amino acid composition of egg protein, and the corresponding amino acid pattern. Step 3: Based on the amount of protein loss from the body surface, the amount of protein loss from the endogenous source, the amount of protein deposition in the feathers, the amount of protein deposition in the carcass, the amount of protein deposition in the eggs, and the average laying rate, the protein requirement for maintenance, the protein requirement for weight gain, and the protein requirement for laying hens are calculated using a set of protein requirement equations. Then, the protein requirements for maintenance, weight gain, and laying hens are summed to obtain the protein requirements for laying hens. Step 4: Based on body weight, maintenance amino acid pattern, feather protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, carcass protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, egg protein deposition and egg protein amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, use the amino acid requirement equation set for laying hens to calculate the maintenance amino acid requirement, weight gain amino acid requirement, egg production amino acid requirement, and overall amino acid requirement for laying hens.

2. The method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... In step 2, the nitrogen metabolism test specifically involves selecting laying hens over 400 days old and randomly dividing them into a low-nitrogen diet group and a nitrogen-free diet group. The low-nitrogen diet group is used to detect the amount of protein loss on the body surface, and the nitrogen-free diet group is used to detect the amount of endogenous protein loss. The carcass slaughter experiment specifically involved selecting laying hens over 400 days old and grouping them according to their average weight, and feeding them with a basal diet. The egg production experiment specifically involved selecting laying hens over 400 days old and randomly grouping them, then feeding them a basal diet.

3. The method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 3, the protein requirement equation set includes the protein requirement formula for maintenance, the protein requirement formula for weight gain, and the protein requirement formula for egg production.

4. The method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis according to claim 3, characterized in that, Step 3 includes the following sub-steps: Step A1: Based on the amount of protein loss from the body surface and the amount of protein loss from the endogenous source, the maintenance protein requirement is calculated using the maintenance protein requirement formula. Step A2: Based on the amount of protein deposited in feathers and carcass, the protein requirement for weight gain is calculated using the formula for weight gain protein requirement. Step A3: Based on the amount of protein deposited in the egg and the average laying rate, the protein requirement for laying is calculated using the formula for protein requirement for laying. Step A4: Based on the protein requirements for maintenance, weight gain, and egg production, use a summation formula to calculate the protein requirements of laying hens.

5. The method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis according to claim 1, characterized in that, The set of amino acid requirements equations for laying hens includes formulas for maintenance amino acid requirements, formulas for weight gain amino acid requirements, formulas for egg production amino acid requirements, and formulas for the total amino acid requirements of laying hens. Step 4 includes the following sub-steps: Step B1: Based on body weight and the pattern of amino acid requirements for maintenance, calculate the maintenance amino acid requirement using the maintenance amino acid requirement formula; Step B2: Based on the protein deposition amount, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of feathers and the protein deposition amount, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of carcass, the amino acid requirement for weight gain is calculated using the formula for weight gain amino acid requirement. Step B3: Based on the amount of protein deposition in the egg and the amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of the egg protein, the amino acid requirement for egg production is calculated using the formula for the amino acid requirement for egg production. Step B4: Based on the amino acid requirements for maintenance, weight gain, and egg production, the amino acid requirements for laying hens are calculated using the formula for amino acid requirements of laying hens.

6. The method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis, as described in claim 5, is characterized in that... The formula for maintaining amino acid requirements is: ； Where X represents the maintenance amino acid requirement. The coefficient required for protein maintenance. For weight, To maintain the required amino acid profile; The formula for the amino acid requirement for weight gain is: ； in, To increase the required amount of amino acids, The amount of protein deposition in the feathers at the end of the experiment. The amount of protein deposition in the feathers at the start of the experiment. , These are all amino acid patterns corresponding to feathers. This represents the amount of protein deposition in the carcass at the end of the experiment. The amount of protein deposition in the carcass at the start of the experiment. , All of these are the corresponding amino acid patterns of the carcass; The formula for the amino acid requirements for egg production is: ； in, The amino acid requirements for egg production, This refers to the amount of protein deposited in an egg. This refers to the amino acid profile of egg protein. The formula for the amino acid requirements of laying hens is: ； in, Let X be the amino acid requirement for laying hens, and let X be the maintenance amino acid requirement. To increase the required amount of amino acids, This represents the amino acid requirements for egg production.

7. The method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis according to claim 1, characterized in that, The laying hens mentioned are Jingfen No. 6 laying hens.

8. A system for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial methods, characterized in that, The method for calculating the protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens in the later stages of egg production based on factorial analysis, as described in any one of claims 1-7, comprises the following units: Analysis module: Used to decompose the protein requirements of laying hens into maintenance protein requirements, weight gain protein requirements, and egg production protein requirements using factorial analysis, and to decompose the amino acid requirements of laying hens into maintenance amino acid requirements, weight gain amino acid requirements, and egg production amino acid requirements. Experimental module: used to obtain the amount of protein loss on the body surface, the amount of protein loss in the endogenous body, body weight, and the maintenance amino acid pattern through nitrogen metabolism experiments; The protein deposition amount, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern of feathers and carcass were obtained through carcass slaughter experiments. Through egg production experiments, we obtained the amount of protein deposition in eggs, the average egg production rate, the amino acid composition of egg protein, and the corresponding amino acid pattern. Protein requirement calculation module: Based on the amount of protein loss from the body surface, the amount of protein loss from the endogenous source, the amount of protein deposition in the feathers, the amount of protein deposition in the carcass, the amount of protein deposition in the eggs, and the average laying rate, it uses a set of protein requirement equations to calculate the maintenance protein requirement, the weight gain protein requirement, and the laying protein requirement. Then, it sums up the maintenance protein requirement, the weight gain protein requirement, and the laying protein requirement to obtain the protein requirement of laying hens. Amino acid requirement calculation module: Based on body weight, maintenance amino acid pattern, feather protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, carcass protein deposition, amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, egg protein deposition, and egg protein amino acid composition and corresponding amino acid pattern, using the amino acid requirement equation set for laying hens, it calculates the maintenance amino acid requirement, weight gain amino acid requirement, egg production amino acid requirement, and the overall amino acid requirement for laying hens.

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