An Archimedes spiral antenna and a UHF partial discharge monitoring system

Abstract

This invention belongs to the technical field of Archimedean spiral antennas. It proposes an Archimedean spiral antenna and a UHF partial discharge monitoring system. Archimedean antenna segments and modulation spiral antenna segments are arranged spirally from the center outwards on the antenna substrate. The balun substrate can be plugged into the antenna substrate. Microstrip exponentially tapered baluns and ground-level exponentially tapered slots are respectively set on the front and back of the balun substrate, forming a broadband balanced-to-unbalanced conversion structure. By introducing sinusoidal modulation into the Archimedean spiral antenna and combining it with the basic Archimedean antenna, a spiral antenna conforming to a spiral structure is formed. This overcomes the shortcomings of poor low-frequency characteristics of Archimedean antennas, as well as the disadvantages of long arm length, large signal attenuation, and low transmission efficiency of Archimedean spiral antennas. Furthermore, the size is significantly reduced compared to Archimedean spiral antennas, resulting in extremely high bandwidth and good standing wave characteristics.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the technical field of Archimedean spiral antennas, and particularly relates to an Archimedean spiral antenna and an ultra-high frequency partial discharge monitoring system. Background Technology

[0002] The statements in this section are merely background information related to the present invention and do not necessarily constitute prior art.

[0003] Partial discharge is a phenomenon in which only a portion of the insulation system of power equipment discharges without causing a penetrating breakdown. It mainly occurs at insulation defects in high-voltage power equipment, such as bubbles, impurities, cracks, or metal protrusions. Although the energy of a single partial discharge is small, its long-term presence can lead to continuous erosion of the insulating medium, causing chemical decomposition and physical damage, ultimately potentially resulting in insulation breakdown and serious power accidents. Therefore, accurate and timely online monitoring of partial discharge is of paramount importance for ensuring the safe and stable operation of power systems and preventing catastrophic failures.

[0004] Ultra-high frequency (UHF) methods have become the mainstream technology for online partial discharge monitoring due to their strong anti-interference capabilities and high sensitivity. Archimedes' spiral antennas, with their unique performance advantages, are applied in UHF methods. However, this antenna still has significant shortcomings. First, limited by the antenna's physical size, as the operating frequency extends to lower frequencies, the antenna's electrical size decreases drastically, leading to a sharp change in radiation impedance and a drop in gain, making it difficult to meet the requirements of low-frequency communication. Second, because the Archimedes' spiral antenna uses a long-arm spiral structure, the signal transmission path along the spiral arm is relatively long, resulting in accumulated conductor and dielectric losses, causing a significant increase in signal attenuation along the arm, thereby reducing the overall transmission efficiency of the antenna. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, this invention provides an Archimedean spiral antenna and an ultra-high frequency partial discharge monitoring system. By introducing the Archimedean spiral antenna into sinusoidal modulation and combining it with the basic Archimedean antenna, a spiral antenna conforming to a helical structure is formed, which has extremely large bandwidth and good standing wave characteristics.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: In a first aspect, the present invention provides an Archimedean spiral antenna, comprising: an antenna substrate, an Archimedean spiral antenna segment, a modulation spiral antenna segment, an antenna feed port, and a balun substrate; The Archimedes antenna segment and the modulation spiral antenna segment are arranged spirally from the center to the outer ring on the antenna substrate, and an antenna feed port is provided at the center of the antenna substrate; the modulation spiral antenna segment uses a periodic function to periodically oscillate and modulate the spiral edge; The balun substrate and the antenna substrate can be plugged into each other. The front side of the balun structure substrate is provided with a microstrip exponentially tapered balun, and the back side of the balun structure substrate is provided with a ground exponentially tapered slot line. The microstrip exponentially tapered balun and the ground exponentially tapered slot line together form a broadband microstrip-slot line transition structure, which is used to convert unbalanced coaxial line feed into balanced antenna radiating arm feed, and at the same time realize impedance transformation in a wide frequency band.

[0007] Secondly, the present invention provides an ultra-high frequency partial discharge monitoring system, comprising: an ultra-high frequency sensor unit, a signal conditioning and acquisition unit, a data transmission unit, and a data processing and diagnostic unit; wherein the ultra-high frequency sensor unit uses an Archimedes spiral antenna as described above as the core sensing element. The ultra-high frequency sensor unit is used to receive ultra-high frequency electromagnetic waves generated in the space when partial discharge occurs inside the power equipment, and outputs weak radio frequency signals after conversion. The signal conditioning and acquisition unit is used to amplify, filter, and perform analog-to-digital conversion on the weak radio frequency signal output by the ultra-high frequency sensor unit, and output a partial discharge signal. The data transmission unit is used to transmit the partial discharge signal processed by the signal conditioning and acquisition unit to the data processing and diagnosis unit in real time. The data processing and diagnostic unit is used to analyze the uploaded partial discharge signal to obtain the partial discharge status.

[0008] The above one or more technical solutions have the following beneficial effects: In this invention, Archimedes antenna segments and modulation spiral antenna segments are arranged spirally from the center outwards on the antenna substrate. The balun substrate can be plugged into the antenna substrate. Microstrip exponentially tapered balun and ground exponentially tapered slot lines are respectively set on the front and back of the balun substrate to form a broadband balanced-to-unbalanced conversion structure. The Archimedes spiral antenna is introduced into sinusoidal modulation, and combined with the basic Archimedes antenna, a spiral antenna conforming to the spiral structure is formed. While maintaining the overall spiral path, periodic ripples are introduced at the edge of the conductor, which effectively extends the current path and thus achieves a lower frequency response cutoff frequency under limited physical aperture. On the other hand, this modulation structure can destroy the standing wave mode generated by the pure Archimedes spiral at certain resonant frequencies, further optimizing the radiation efficiency and gain flatness of the antenna in the high-frequency band, making the impedance characteristics more stable throughout the entire operating frequency band.

[0009] Advantages of additional aspects of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Attached Figure Description

[0010] The accompanying drawings, which form part of this invention, are used to provide a further understanding of the invention. The illustrative embodiments of the invention and their descriptions are used to explain the invention and do not constitute an improper limitation of the invention.

[0011] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the Archimedes spiral antenna structure in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the microstrip-groove exponentially graded feed balun structure in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a VSWR curve of the UHF sensor in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is the radiation pattern of the 0.3GHz sinusoidal modulated Archimedean spiral antenna in this embodiment of the invention; Figure 5 This is the radiation pattern of the 3GHz sinusoidal modulated Archimedean spiral antenna in this embodiment of the invention; In the figure, 1 is the Archimedes spiral antenna segment; 2 is the modulation spiral antenna segment; 3 is the antenna substrate; 4 is the antenna feed port; 5 is the microstrip exponentially graded balun; 6 is the ground exponentially graded groove line; and 7 is the balun structure substrate. Detailed Implementation

[0012] It should be noted that the following detailed descriptions are exemplary and intended to provide further illustration of the invention. Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.

[0013] It should be noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular implementations only and is not intended to limit the exemplary implementations of the present invention.

[0014] Where there is no conflict, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of the present invention can be combined with each other.

[0015] Example 1 The characteristics of partial discharge signals dictate the unique requirements for their detection methods. First, the duration of a partial discharge pulse is extremely short, typically on the nanosecond scale, meaning it radiates an extremely wide electromagnetic spectrum, primarily in the ultra-high frequency (UHF, 300-3000MHz) band. Second, the energy of partial discharge signals is usually very weak, with strong background noise, demanding that the detection sensor possess high sensitivity and strong anti-interference capabilities. Furthermore, different types of insulation defects (such as corona discharge, floating discharge, and surface discharge) generate electromagnetic signals with different characteristics, requiring the sensor to receive these signals without distortion for subsequent fault type pattern recognition.

[0016] Traditional partial discharge detection methods mainly include the pulsed current method and the ultrasonic detection method. The pulsed current method, a traditional laboratory method, detects the pulsed current in the impedance measurement circuit. While it has high sensitivity, its detection bandwidth is narrow, the amount of information is limited, and it is easily affected by electromagnetic interference, making online monitoring difficult. The ultrasonic method detects the sound wave signal generated by partial discharge. Although it has strong resistance to electromagnetic interference, the severe attenuation of ultrasound waves as they propagate through the medium and the significant impact of the coupling quality between the sensor and the equipment lead to low detection sensitivity and difficulty in accurately locating the signal source. These traditional methods all exhibit significant limitations in meeting the requirements of modern power grids for real-time online monitoring of equipment insulation status.

[0017] Ultra-high frequency (UHF) methods have become the mainstream technology for online partial discharge monitoring due to their strong anti-interference capabilities and high sensitivity. However, traditional UHF monitoring systems still have significant limitations in practical applications. On the one hand, to avoid communication interference in space, traditional systems often use narrowband filtering, resulting in an operating bandwidth much smaller than the inherent bandwidth of the partial discharge signal, leading to the loss of a large amount of high-frequency characteristic information. Simultaneously, whether it's the signal attenuation and distortion caused by external sensors coupled through basin-type insulators, or the narrowband resonant design adopted by built-in sensors to pursue small size, both easily lead to waveform distortion or the inability to detect certain defect types. On the other hand, the phase center of traditional antennas often drifts with frequency, producing a dispersion effect that broadens the received nanosecond-level pulse waveform, destroying the original discharge fingerprint characteristics and making subsequent defect pattern recognition based on waveform features difficult.

[0018] To address the aforementioned shortcomings, the Archimedes spiral antenna, with its unique performance advantages, becomes an ideal solution. As a non-frequency-variable antenna, the Archimedes spiral structure possesses ultra-wideband characteristics, capable of completely covering a wide spectral range of partial discharge signals from hundreds of MHz to several GHz, achieving full-band capture of signals with different defect types. More importantly, its phase center remains almost constant within the designed frequency band, exhibiting low-dispersion transmission characteristics, and can faithfully reproduce the steep rising edge and oscillation details of the partial discharge pulse, providing a high-quality data foundation for accurate fault type identification. Furthermore, this antenna typically employs a planar printed structure, with a low profile, facilitating conformal design and installation within space-constrained power equipment. This effectively avoids signal attenuation and interference caused by external coupling, significantly improving the sensitivity and reliability of online partial discharge monitoring.

[0019] However, Archimedes' spiral antennas still have significant shortcomings. First, limited by the antenna's physical size, the electrical dimensions decrease drastically as the operating frequency extends to lower frequencies, leading to a sharp change in radiation impedance and a drop in gain, making it difficult to meet the requirements of low-frequency communication. Second, because Archimedes' spiral antennas use a long-arm spiral structure, the signal transmission path along the spiral arm is relatively long, resulting in the accumulation of conductor and dielectric losses, which significantly increases signal attenuation along the arm, thereby reducing the overall transmission efficiency of the antenna.

[0020] To address this, this embodiment discloses an Archimedean spiral antenna. An Archimedean antenna segment and a modulation spiral antenna segment are arranged spirally from the center outwards on the antenna substrate. The modulation spiral antenna segment uses a periodic function to periodically modulate the spiral edge, specifically sinusoidal modulation, cosine modulation, or sine-cosine modulation. This alters the equivalent current path, compensating for the equivalent electrical length and current distribution in the low-frequency band, while suppressing the gradual attenuation of the transmitted current and impedance mismatch on the long arm. This improves both low-frequency radiation / reception capabilities and signal transmission efficiency along the spiral arm. The balun substrate and the antenna substrate can be interlocked. The balun substrate has a microstrip exponentially graded balun and a ground-level exponentially graded slot line on its front and back sides, respectively, forming a broadband balanced-to-unbalanced conversion structure. This improves the sensitivity and bandwidth range of the traditional Archimedean antenna, achieving high-sensitivity, wide-band partial discharge signal detection.

[0021] like Figures 1-2 As shown, a sinusoidal modulated Archimedean spiral signal includes an Archimedean antenna segment 1, a modulation spiral antenna segment 2, an antenna substrate 3, an antenna feed port 4, a microstrip exponentially graded balun 5, a ground-floor exponentially graded groove line 6, and a balun structure substrate 7. The antenna substrate 3 serves as the carrier of the radiating element, on which the Archimedean antenna segment 1 and the modulation spiral antenna segment 2 are arranged spirally from the center outwards. The antenna feed port 4 is located at the center of the antenna substrate 3.

[0022] In the specific arrangement of the radiating structure, the first ends of Archimedes antenna segment 1 are sequentially connected to antenna feed port 4, serving as the starting point for signal feeding. Archimedes antenna segment 1 extends outward spirally from the feed point according to the Archimedes spiral equation. When the number of spiral turns reaches a preset threshold, the end of Archimedes antenna segment 1 is connected one-to-one with the first end of modulation spiral antenna segment 2. Modulation spiral antenna segment 2 uses sine, cosine, or sine-cosine functions to periodically ripple modulate the spiral edge. While maintaining the overall spiral path, by introducing a periodic corrugated structure at the conductor edge, it effectively extends the current path, thereby achieving a lower frequency response cutoff frequency within a limited physical aperture. On the other hand, this modulation structure can disrupt the standing wave modes generated by the pure Archimedes spiral at certain resonant frequencies, further optimizing the antenna's radiation efficiency and gain flatness in the high-frequency band, making the impedance characteristics more stable throughout the entire operating frequency band.

[0023] As the core feeding component of the sensor, the balun structure substrate 7 has a protruding rectangular connecting post at its center on the front end. The size of this rectangular connecting post is precisely matched with the antenna feed port 4 at the center of the antenna substrate 3, enabling vertical insertion and positioning of the balun structure substrate 7 and the antenna substrate 3. The front center of the balun structure substrate 7 is covered with a microstrip exponentially tapered balun 5 from front to back, while the back center of the balun structure substrate 7 is covered with a ground-index tapered slot line 6 from front to back. The microstrip exponentially tapered balun 5 and the ground-index tapered slot line 6 together form a broadband microstrip-slot line transition structure, used to convert unbalanced coaxial line feeding into balanced antenna radiating arm feeding, while simultaneously achieving impedance transformation over a wide bandwidth.

[0024] In this embodiment, to achieve good impedance matching characteristics, the impedance matching of the microstrip exponentially tapered balun 5 and the ground exponentially tapered slot 6 is designed to be exponentially tapered from 140 ohms to 50 ohms from the beginning to the end.

[0025] Specifically, the microstrip exponentially tapered balun 5 and the ground-level exponentially tapered slot line 6 have the same width at their beginnings, corresponding to a linewidth of 140 ohms characteristic impedance. The width at the end of the microstrip exponentially tapered balun 5 is designed to be five times the width at the end of the ground-level exponentially tapered slot line 6, corresponding to a linewidth of 50 ohms characteristic impedance. The width of both increases strictly according to an exponential function from beginning to end. Compared to linear or stepped tapering, this exponentially tapered structure can achieve a lower reflection coefficient over a wider frequency band, ensuring that both high-frequency and low-frequency components in the partial discharge signal can pass through the feed structure with minimal loss, thereby guaranteeing the faithful transmission of the time-domain pulse waveform.

[0026] In terms of assembly and connection, the balun structure substrate 7 is vertically inserted into the center of the antenna substrate 3 via a rectangular connecting post at its front end, and the rectangular connecting post is fixed after passing through the central through-hole of the antenna substrate 3. At this time, the first end of the microstrip exponentially tapered balun 5 is electrically connected to one end of the Archimedean spiral antenna segment 1 (i.e., one radiating arm of the antenna); simultaneously, the first end of the ground exponentially tapered slot line 6 is electrically connected to the other end of the Archimedean spiral antenna segment 1 (i.e., the other radiating arm of the antenna). This connection method ensures a perfect mating between the balanced output of the feed balun and the balanced input of the antenna. At the end of the balun structure substrate 7, the end of the microstrip exponentially tapered balun 5 is connected to the inner conductor of the coaxial SMA connector for feeding unbalanced signals; the end of the ground exponentially tapered slot line 6 is connected to the outer conductor of the coaxial SMA connector as the signal ground. Through the above structure, the unbalanced mode in the coaxial line is efficiently and broadbandly converted into the balanced current required to drive the Archimedean spiral antenna segment 1 and the modulation spiral antenna segment 2.

[0027] In this embodiment, both the antenna substrate 3 and the balun structure substrate 7 are made of epoxy resin board (FR4) with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 2 mm. This material is inexpensive and has a mature processing technology, making it suitable for mass production.

[0028] The Archimedes spiral antenna segment 1, the modulation spiral antenna segment 2, the microstrip exponentially graded balun 5, and the ground exponentially graded slot line 6 are all made of copper. The copper is deposited on the substrate surface and etched using printed circuit board technology. This process ensures pattern precision and guarantees consistent antenna performance.

[0029] Regarding the geometric parameters of the spiral structure, in this embodiment, the initial spiral angle of Archimedes spiral antenna segment 1 is set to 0 degrees. The number of turns of Archimedes spiral antenna segment 1 is between 5 and 10 turns, and the total number of turns of the overall antenna, including Archimedes spiral antenna segment 1 and modulation spiral antenna segment 2, is between 20 and 30 turns. The specific value can be adjusted according to the target minimum operating frequency.

[0030] As a specific allocation method, the Archimedean solenoid antenna segment 1 has 10 turns to establish the basic helical path and low-frequency radiation characteristics; the remaining turns are used as the number of turns for the modulation solenoid antenna segment 2 to optimize high-frequency performance and broaden the impedance bandwidth. By adjusting the ratio of the Archimedean segment to the sinusoidal modulation segment, the radiation characteristics of the antenna in different frequency bands can be effectively controlled, enabling it to maintain stable gain and circular polarization characteristics within the typical frequency band of partial discharge signals.

[0031] The impedance matching mechanism in this embodiment is achieved through the coordinated structure of an exponentially graded microstrip balun 5 and a ground-level exponentially graded slot line 6. This exponentially graded microstrip-slot line microtransition structure is formed by double-sided copper plating and etching on a balun substrate 7 using printed circuit board technology. The cross-sectional dimensions (i.e., width) of both the microstrip exponentially graded balun 5 and the ground-level exponentially graded slot line 6 are continuously graded along their length, and the graded curves follow an exponential function. This design allows the antenna input impedance to smoothly transition from the design value at the center frequency to the standard 50-ohm characteristic impedance of the test system, thereby minimizing reflection losses within the feed network and ensuring that weak ultra-high frequency signals generated by partial discharge can be efficiently transmitted to the subsequent signal acquisition and processing units.

[0032] This embodiment specifies the antenna's geometric dimensions and winding allocation. Specifically, the initial helix angle of Archimedes antenna segment 1 is set to 0 degrees, serving as the starting reference point for the helical radiation structure. The overall antenna diameter is designed to be 20 cm, a size choice that balances the requirements of the low-frequency cutoff frequency with the constraints of limited installation space within the power equipment. Regarding the winding allocation, Archimedes spiral antenna segment 1 has 10 turns to construct the core radiation path of the antenna; modulation spiral antenna segment 2 has 15 turns to optimize the antenna's radiation performance in the high-frequency band through sinusoidal wave modulation of the spiral edges. The total number of turns for the entire antenna is 25. This parameter configuration allows the antenna to maintain good radiation characteristics within a wide frequency band of 300 MHz to 3 GHz, fully covering the main frequency band for partial discharge ultra-high frequency detection.

[0033] To verify the performance of the antenna in this embodiment, a full-wave electromagnetic simulation analysis of the UHF sensor was performed using the electromagnetic simulation software Ansoft HFSS. During the simulation optimization process, minimizing the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) within the operating frequency band was the optimization objective, and numerous iterative optimizations were conducted on key structural parameters affecting antenna performance. The optimized parameters included: the starting and ending radii of the Archimedean spiral antenna segment 1 (i.e., the spiral's starting and ending radii), the modulation depth and modulation period of the modulation spiral antenna segment 2, the length of the impedance matching structure (i.e., the balun structure substrate 7), and the beginning and end widths of the microstrip exponentially tapered balun 5 and the ground-level exponentially tapered slot line 6. Through parameter scanning and optimization algorithms, the optimal combination of parameters that minimizes the sensor's VSWR within the designed frequency band of 300MHz-3GHz was obtained. Simulation results show that under the above optimized parameters, the antenna exhibits good impedance matching characteristics throughout the entire target frequency band.

[0034] Figure 3 The figure shows the measured results of the standing wave characteristics of the UHF partial discharge signal sensor. These results were obtained using a vector network analyzer in a microwave anechoic chamber environment. Figure 3 It is clearly visible that the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the sensor is less than 2.0 across the entire frequency band from 300MHz to 3GHz. A VSWR of less than 2.0 means that the reflected power is less than 10%, i.e., more than 90% of the incident power can be effectively radiated into or received from space. This indicates that a good impedance match has been achieved between the antenna and the feeding system. These experimental results fully verify the effectiveness of the exponentially graded feeding structure composed of the microstrip exponentially graded balun 5 and the ground exponentially graded slot line 6, proving that it can achieve a broadband smooth transition from 140 ohms to 50 ohms, ensuring efficient transmission of weak ultra-high frequency signals generated by partial discharge, and avoiding signal loss and waveform distortion caused by impedance mismatch.

[0035] Figure 4 and Figure 5 The radiation pattern characteristics of the UHF partial discharge signal sensor at typical frequency points are shown. Among them, Figure 4 The figure shows the radiation pattern at 0.3 GHz (300 MHz, corresponding to the low-frequency end of the UHF band). As can be seen from the figure, at the 0.3 GHz frequency point, the antenna maintains relatively stable directional radiation characteristics, with a moderate main lobe width, which is ideal compared to the previous value. This ensures that the sensor still has good spatial directivity and anti-interference capability in the low-frequency band. Figure 5 The radiation pattern is shown at 1 GHz (corresponding to the intermediate frequency region of the UHF band). At 1 GHz, due to the increase in electrical size, the antenna's directivity is further enhanced, the main lobe is sharper, and the gain is improved. Simultaneously, the radiation pattern maintains good symmetry, which is beneficial for a uniform response to partial discharge signals incident from different directions. (Summary) Figure 4 and Figure 5 It can be seen that the sensor described in this embodiment maintains stable radiation characteristics over a wide frequency range, which is of great significance for ensuring the consistency of partial discharge signal detection at different frequency points.

[0036] This embodiment, through specific parameter settings and simulation optimization, combined with actual measurement verification, proves that the design of the Archimedes-sine modulation composite spiral structure combined with the exponentially graded feeding balun can achieve a low VSWR and stable radiation pattern in an ultra-wide frequency band of 300MHz-3GHz, fully meeting the performance requirements of UHF sensors for online monitoring of partial discharge in power equipment.

[0037] Example 2 This embodiment proposes an ultra-high frequency partial discharge monitoring system, which adopts an Archimedean spiral antenna as described in Embodiment 1. The aim is to construct a complete system that can be used for online monitoring of partial discharge in on-site power equipment, including: an ultra-high frequency sensor unit, a signal conditioning and acquisition unit, a data transmission unit, and a data processing and diagnostic unit; the ultra-high frequency sensor unit uses an Archimedean spiral antenna as described in Embodiment 1 as the core sensing element. The ultra-high frequency sensor unit is used to receive ultra-high frequency electromagnetic waves generated in the space when partial discharge occurs inside the power equipment, and converts them to output a weak radio frequency signal; The signal conditioning and acquisition unit is used to amplify, filter, and perform analog-to-digital conversion on the weak radio frequency signal output by the ultra-high frequency sensor unit, and output a partial discharge signal. The data transmission unit is used to transmit the partial discharge signal processed by the signal conditioning and acquisition unit to the data processing and diagnostic unit in real time; The data processing and diagnostic unit is used to analyze the uploaded partial discharge signals to obtain the partial discharge status.

[0038] The following is a detailed description of the ultra-high frequency partial discharge monitoring system based on an Archimedes spiral antenna in this embodiment.

[0039] This embodiment is based on an Archimedean spiral antenna for ultra-high frequency partial discharge monitoring, comprising: an ultra-high frequency sensor unit, a signal conditioning and acquisition unit, a data transmission unit, and a data processing and diagnostic unit. The ultra-high frequency sensor unit uses an Archimedean spiral antenna as its core sensing element, as described in Embodiment 1.

[0040] The ultra-high frequency (UHF) sensor unit comprises an Archimedes antenna section 1, a modulation spiral antenna section 2, an antenna substrate 3, an antenna feed port 4, a microstrip exponentially tapered balun 5, a floor-mounted exponentially tapered groove 6, and a balun structure substrate 7. The sensor unit is encapsulated in a metal housing with excellent electromagnetic shielding properties. The housing has UHF electromagnetic wave transmission windows corresponding to the antenna radiation direction. These windows are sealed with low-dielectric-constant, low-loss polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or ceramic materials to ensure antenna radiation performance while meeting the airtightness requirements of the power equipment. Depending on the site installation conditions, the sensor unit can be installed on the exposed side of the basin insulator of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), inside the oil drain valve of a power transformer, or at an opening in the cabinet wall of a high-voltage switchgear, enabling non-invasive or micro-invasive coupling reception of electromagnetic waves radiated by partial discharge inside the power equipment.

[0041] When partial discharge occurs inside electrical equipment, the discharge pulse excites transient electromagnetic waves with a rise time on the order of nanoseconds. These electromagnetic waves propagate through the insulating medium inside the equipment to the sensor installation location. A composite helical radiation structure, consisting of Archimedes antenna segment 1 and modulated solenoid antenna segment 2, receives ultra-high frequency electromagnetic waves in space, inducing a weak radio frequency voltage signal at its balanced feed port. This balanced signal is efficiently converted to an unbalanced mode via a broadband balanced-to-unbalanced converter structure consisting of microstrip exponentially tapered balun 5 and ground exponentially tapered slot line 6. The signal is then output to subsequent circuitry via a coaxial SMA connector connected to the ends of microstrip exponentially tapered balun 5 and ground exponentially tapered slot line 6.

[0042] The signal conditioning and acquisition unit includes a broadband low-noise amplifier, an adjustable bandpass filter, and a high-speed data acquisition module. The weak radio frequency signal output from the ultra-high frequency sensor unit first enters the broadband low-noise amplifier for pre-amplification. This amplifier operates in the 300MHz-3GHz band, with a typical gain of 30dB-40dB and a noise figure below 2dB, ensuring that the weak partial discharge signal is not drowned out by noise in subsequent circuits. The amplified signal then enters the adjustable bandpass filter. This filter can be programmed to select any sub-band within the 300MHz-3GHz range for filtering based on the electromagnetic environment, effectively suppressing strong interference signals from mobile communications, broadcast television, and other sources. The filtered signal is then converted from analog to digital by the high-speed data acquisition module, with a sampling rate of at least 5GS / s, ensuring complete capture of the nanosecond-level rising edge and pulse details of the partial discharge signal.

[0043] Depending on the actual site conditions, the data transmission unit can employ various methods such as fiber optic Ethernet, 4G / 5G wireless communication, or RS485 industrial bus to transmit the digitally processed partial discharge signals in real time to the data processing and diagnostic unit located in the monitoring center or cloud platform. For substation sites with strong electromagnetic interference, fiber optic communication is preferred to achieve electrical isolation of the data link and avoid the introduction of secondary interference.

[0044] The data processing and diagnostic unit consists of a high-performance server or embedded processing platform, with a built-in partial discharge pattern recognition algorithm library. After receiving data from the front end, this unit first performs digital filtering and pulse extraction to remove residual background noise. Then, it performs time-domain waveform analysis and frequency-domain energy spectrum analysis on the extracted partial discharge pulses, extracting multi-dimensional features including rise time, pulse width, phase distribution spectrum, and time-frequency characteristics. Finally, it compares these features with a built-in typical defect sample library, and combined with trend analysis algorithms, automatically identifies the type of partial discharge (such as free metal particle discharge, insulator surface contamination discharge, air gap discharge, etc.), and assesses the severity of the discharge and provides trend warnings. When abnormal discharge or a rapidly deteriorating discharge trend is detected, the system can notify maintenance personnel for timely handling via SMS, email, or audible and visual alarms.

[0045] This implementation system fully utilizes the ultra-wideband and low-dispersion characteristics of an Archimedes spiral antenna, which can capture ultra-high frequency signals of partial discharge generated by different defect types with high fidelity. Combined with subsequent broadband conditioning acquisition and intelligent diagnostic algorithms, it realizes online monitoring of partial discharge throughout the entire process from signal perception and transmission to diagnosis, providing a reliable technical means for intelligent assessment and early warning of the insulation status of power equipment.

[0046] In one specific embodiment, an Archimedes spiral antenna used for measuring ultra-high frequency partial discharge signals is applied to the online monitoring of gas-insulated fully enclosed switchgear (GIS). To meet the accuracy and precision requirements of modern GIS intelligent online monitoring systems for fault location and type, this embodiment designs an online monitoring system for GIS partial discharge based on an Archimedes spiral antenna. By embedding multi-dimensional characteristic parameters of ultra-high frequency signals into the detection system, the analytical accuracy and diagnostic precision for internal insulation defects in GIS are significantly improved.

[0047] As core high-voltage electrical equipment in substations, GIS equipment's internal components, such as busbars, circuit breakers, and disconnectors, are all sealed within metal cavities filled with SF6 gas. If a partial discharge caused by an insulation defect occurs inside, and it is not detected and located in time, it may develop into an insulation breakdown accident, leading to a large-scale power outage. Traditional monitoring methods based on vibration or ultra-high frequency are limited by narrow sensor bandwidth and low waveform fidelity, making it difficult to simultaneously meet the dual requirements of high-precision positioning and accurate pattern recognition.

[0048] To address the aforementioned issues, this embodiment embeds the UHF sensor unit described in Embodiment 1 into several key locations of the GIS (such as the busbar gas chamber, circuit breaker break, near the disconnecting switch, and at the basin insulator). The core of this sensor unit is a composite spiral radiation structure consisting of an Archimedes antenna segment 1 and a modulation spiral antenna segment 2, with a diameter of 20 cm and a total of 25 turns (10 turns of the Archimedes segment and 15 turns of the sinusoidal modulation segment), printed on an epoxy resin antenna substrate 3 with a dielectric constant of 4.4. The sensor employs a double-sided feeding structure composed of a microstrip exponentially graded balun 5 and a ground-level exponentially graded slot line 6, vertically inserted into the antenna feed port 4 at the center of the antenna substrate 3 via a rectangular connecting post at the front end of the balun structure substrate 7. The entire sensor is encapsulated in a metal housing with excellent electromagnetic shielding characteristics. A UHF transmission window is opened in the housing corresponding to the antenna radiation direction, and the sensor is installed on the outside of a pre-drilled monitoring handhole or basin insulator in the GIS equipment to ensure good electromagnetic coupling between the sensor and the internal cavity of the GIS.

[0049] When partial discharge occurs inside a GIS (Gas Insulator System), the discharge pulse excites ultra-high frequency electromagnetic waves with a rise time on the order of nanoseconds. These electromagnetic waves propagate in transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) mode within a metal cavity filled with SF6 gas, coupling to external sensors through a basin-type insulator or a monitoring handhole. An Archimedes spiral antenna, with its ultra-wideband characteristics of 300MHz-3GHz, can completely capture electromagnetic wave signals with different spectral characteristics excited by various defect types (such as free metal particles, fixed particles on the insulator surface, air gaps inside the insulator, and burrs on high-voltage conductors). More importantly, the antenna's low dispersion characteristics ensure the fidelity of the received pulse waveform, providing a high-quality raw data foundation for subsequent high-precision time-difference positioning and pattern recognition.

[0050] To improve the accuracy of fault location within the GIS, this implementation deploys multiple sensor units at axial intervals along the long busbar section and key nodes of the GIS, forming a distributed UHF sensor array. When a partial discharge signal propagates to different sensor locations, the signals received by each sensor have a time difference of arrival due to differences in propagation path length. The data processing and diagnostic unit extracts the starting point of the signal waveform of each channel, combines the internal structural dimensions of the GIS with the electromagnetic wave propagation speed, and uses the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) positioning algorithm to achieve high-precision calculation of the axial position of the discharge source. Because an Archimedean spiral antenna has a stable phase center and high consistency in the arrival time of different frequency components, the time difference measurement error is less than nanoseconds, and the corresponding positioning error can be controlled within the centimeter range, fully meeting the engineering requirements for accurate fault location in GIS.

[0051] To improve the accuracy of identifying internal fault types in GIS, this implementation embeds a multi-dimensional feature analysis module for UHF signals into the signal conditioning and acquisition unit. The raw signal received by the sensor is amplified by a broadband low-noise amplifier (operating frequency band 300MHz-3GHz, gain 35dB, noise figure 1.8dB) and then digitized by a high-speed data acquisition card with a sampling rate of 10GS / s. The data processing and diagnostic unit performs time-domain analysis on the acquired pulse waveform, extracting characteristic parameters such as pulse rise time, pulse width, and oscillation attenuation coefficient; simultaneously, it performs frequency-domain analysis to obtain features such as the signal's center frequency, energy distribution centroid, and spectral steepness; and combines this with power frequency phase information to construct a phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) map and a time-frequency (TF) map. By comparing these multi-dimensional features with a built-in typical GIS defect sample library and performing deep learning classification, the system can accurately distinguish typical defect types such as free metal particle discharge, fixed metal contamination discharge on the insulator surface, air gap discharge inside the insulator, and burr discharge in high-voltage conductors, achieving an accuracy rate of over 95%.

[0052] Furthermore, this implementation system supports long-term online monitoring and trend analysis. By continuously embedding characteristic parameters of UHF signals into the detection system, curves showing the changes in discharge intensity, discharge frequency, and phase distribution characteristics over time are constructed, allowing the system to dynamically assess the development trend of insulation defects. When a sudden change or a continuous deterioration trend in the characteristic parameters is detected, the system automatically issues graded early warning information, prompting maintenance personnel to take timely maintenance measures, thereby realizing the intelligent transformation of GIS equipment from traditional periodic maintenance to condition-based maintenance.

[0053] In summary, this embodiment applies an Archimedes spiral antenna to a GIS online monitoring system, making full use of its ultra-wideband, low dispersion, and stable phase center characteristics. Combined with a distributed sensor array layout and multi-dimensional feature analysis algorithm, it significantly improves the accuracy of locating partial discharge faults within the GIS and the accuracy of fault type identification, fully meeting the high precision and high reliability technical requirements of the new era's intelligent online monitoring system for GIS.

[0054] In one specific embodiment, an Archimedes spiral antenna for measuring ultra-high frequency partial discharge signals is used in online monitoring of partial discharge in power cables.

[0055] Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) power cables serve as the primary carrier for power transmission in urban power grids, and their operational reliability directly impacts the safety and stability of the entire power supply system. Insulation defects at cable joints, terminals, and within the cable itself can trigger partial discharge under prolonged high voltage, leading to insulation degradation and even breakdown. To address the propagation characteristics of partial discharge signals and the challenges posed by strong interference in the field, this implementation presents an online partial discharge monitoring system based on an Archimedes' spiral antenna. This system achieves highly sensitive and accurate online monitoring of insulation defects within the cable itself and its accessories.

[0056] The metal shielding layer, armor layer, and semi-conductive layer structure of power cables prevent electromagnetic waves excited by internal partial discharges from radiating directly outward from the cable body. The main coupling path is located at the cable's weakest points—namely, the cable joints and terminations. These locations typically have stress cones, insulation recovery layers, and external protective shells. Furthermore, the metal shielding at the joints has discontinuities, allowing high-frequency electromagnetic waves to radiate into the external space through these discontinuities when partial discharges occur. To address this characteristic, this embodiment installs the ultra-high frequency sensor unit described in Embodiment 1 near the external location of the cable joints and terminations.

[0057] The core of the UHF sensor unit is a composite helical radiation structure consisting of an Archimedes antenna segment 1 and a modulation solenoid antenna segment 2, printed on an epoxy resin antenna substrate 3 with a dielectric constant of 4.4. The sensor has a diameter of 20 cm and a total of 25 turns. The Archimedes antenna segment 1 has 10 turns, used to establish the basic helical path and low-frequency radiation characteristics; the modulation solenoid antenna segment 2 has 15 turns, effectively extending the current path and optimizing the antenna's radiation efficiency and gain flatness at high frequencies by introducing a periodic corrugated structure at the conductor edge. The sensor employs a double-sided feeding structure consisting of a microstrip exponentially graded balun 5 and a ground-level exponentially graded slot line 6, vertically inserted into the antenna feed port 4 at the center of the antenna substrate 3 via a rectangular connecting post at the front end of the balun structure substrate 7. The entire sensor is encapsulated in a metal housing with good electromagnetic shielding and waterproof / dustproof performance. The housing has an UHF transmission window corresponding to the antenna radiation direction and is fixed to a suitable position outside the cable connector using a special clamp, ensuring a stable relative position between the sensor and the cable connector for stable coupling.

[0058] When partial discharge occurs inside a cable joint or termination, the ultra-high frequency electromagnetic waves excited by the discharge pulse radiate into the external space through the discontinuities in the metal shield and the insulation interface at the joint. An Archimedes spiral antenna, with its ultra-wideband characteristics of 300MHz-3GHz, can completely capture electromagnetic wave signals with different spectral characteristics excited by typical cable defect types (such as air gap discharge inside the joint, surface creepage, misalignment of stress cone installation, and improper treatment of the semiconductive layer). Due to the confined space and complex structure inside cable joints, the propagation paths of electromagnetic waves excited by defects at different locations and of different types vary, resulting in different spectral distributions and waveform characteristics. The antenna's low dispersion characteristics ensure the fidelity of the received pulse waveform, providing high-quality raw data for subsequent defect type identification based on waveform characteristics.

[0059] The weak radio frequency signal received by the ultra-high frequency sensor is transmitted to the signal conditioning and acquisition unit via a coaxial cable. This unit includes a broadband low-noise amplifier, an adjustable bandpass filter, and a high-speed data acquisition module. The low-noise amplifier operates in the 300MHz-3GHz band, with a typical gain of 35dB and a noise figure below 1.8dB, ensuring that the weak partial discharge signal is not drowned out by noise. To address strong interference from mobile communication, broadcast signals, and switching noise from power electronic devices present at the cable monitoring site, the adjustable bandpass filter can be programmably selected to filter any sub-band within the 300MHz-3GHz range, effectively improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The filtered signal is then converted from analog to digital by a high-speed data acquisition module with a sampling rate of at least 5GS / s, ensuring complete capture of the nanosecond-level rising edge and pulse details of the cable partial discharge signal.

[0060] To address the challenges of long cable lines and dispersed monitoring points, this implementation method employs a distributed monitoring architecture. A monitoring unit is deployed at each cable joint, and each unit transmits the digitized partial discharge signal in real time to the data processing and diagnostic unit located at the substation or monitoring center via fiber optic Ethernet. The fiber optic communication method provides electrical isolation of the data link, preventing interference from strong electromagnetic environments on data transmission.

[0061] The data processing and diagnostic unit incorporates a library of algorithms for identifying partial discharge patterns in cables. After receiving data from various monitoring points, the unit first performs digital filtering and pulse extraction to remove residual background noise. Then, it conducts multi-dimensional feature analysis on the extracted partial discharge pulses, including time-domain waveform analysis (rise time, pulse width, oscillation attenuation coefficient), frequency-domain energy spectrum analysis (center frequency, energy distribution centroid), and power frequency phase analysis (phase-resolved partial discharge pattern). Different cable defect types exhibit unique distribution patterns in these feature spaces: for example, internal air gap discharge typically presents as a short pulse rise time, concentrated spectral energy in higher frequency bands, and a symmetrical phase distribution; while surface creepage is often accompanied by a long pulse tail, abundant low-frequency components in the spectrum, and a phase distribution exhibiting significant polarity asymmetry. By comparing and classifying these multi-dimensional features with a built-in library of typical cable defect samples, the system can accurately identify the specific defect type inside the cable joint.

[0062] Furthermore, this implementation supports long-term trend monitoring of partial discharge in cables. By continuously embedding characteristic parameters of ultra-high frequency signals into the monitoring system, curves showing the changes in discharge amplitude, discharge frequency, and discharge phase distribution characteristics over time are constructed, allowing the system to dynamically assess the development trend of cable insulation defects. When a sudden change or a continuous deterioration trend in the characteristic parameters is detected, the system automatically issues graded early warning information, prompting maintenance personnel to take timely repair measures, effectively preventing cable joint breakdown accidents.

[0063] In summary, this embodiment applies an Archimedes spiral antenna to online monitoring of partial discharge in cables, making full use of its ultra-wideband and low dispersion characteristics. Combined with the structural characteristics of cable joints, it is rationally deployed and coupled with multi-dimensional feature analysis algorithms to achieve highly sensitive detection, accurate characterization, and trend warning of insulation defects inside cable intermediate joints and terminal heads. This provides a reliable technical means for the intelligent operation and maintenance of power cables.

[0064] In one specific embodiment, a further description of the subsequent processing method for signals acquired by the UHF sensor aims to effectively extract useful information reflecting the essential characteristics of partial discharge from the original acquired broadband radio frequency signals, providing reliable data support for fault type identification and insulation status assessment.

[0065] When partial discharge occurs inside power equipment, the raw signal received by an Archimedes spiral antenna first enters the signal conditioning unit for preprocessing. Due to the antenna's ultra-wideband characteristics of 300MHz-3GHz, various types of spatial electromagnetic interference within this frequency band are inevitably mixed into the received signal, such as mobile communication signals, digital television broadcast signals, and switching noise from power electronic devices. The signal is first pre-amplified by a wideband low-noise amplifier to ensure sufficient signal-to-noise ratio improvement for the weak partial discharge signal. It then enters an adjustable bandpass filter, where a clean sub-band is selected for filtering based on the measured interference spectrum distribution, maximizing the suppression of deterministic narrowband interference. After analog preprocessing, the signal undergoes analog-to-digital conversion by a high-speed data acquisition module, with a sampling rate of no less than 5GS / s and a quantization accuracy of 12 bits, to ensure complete capture of the nanosecond-level rising edge and pulse details of the partial discharge signal.

[0066] The digitized signal enters the pulse extraction stage. To achieve efficient detection and extraction of discharge pulses from the continuous data stream, the system employs a combination of dual-threshold triggering and sliding-window energy detection. When the short-time energy of the signal exceeds 3-5 times the background noise energy, the pulse capture mechanism is triggered, recording complete waveform data for a duration before and after that moment. For each captured candidate pulse, its validity is verified by calculating the pulse rise time, pulse width, and spectral energy distribution, eliminating false triggers caused by random noise spikes or interference. Verified pulses are truncated into fixed-length waveform segments, serving as the basic units for subsequent feature extraction.

[0067] For each extracted valid discharge pulse, characteristic parameters are calculated from multiple dimensions, including the time domain, frequency domain, and phase domain. In the time domain, the pulse rise time is calculated, i.e., the time required for the pulse leading edge to rise from 10% amplitude to 90% amplitude. This parameter reflects the steepness of the discharge process, and the rise time varies significantly for different types of defects. The pulse width is calculated, i.e., the duration for which the pulse amplitude remains above 50% of its peak value, characterizing the energy duration of the discharge pulse. The waveform symmetry coefficient is calculated, i.e., the ratio of the peak values ​​of the positive half-cycle to the negative half-cycle of the pulse, reflecting the polarity asymmetry of the discharge. An exponential fit is performed on the pulse tail to obtain the oscillation attenuation coefficient, characterizing the damping characteristics of the discharge circuit.

[0068] In terms of frequency domain characteristics, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is performed on the pulse waveform to obtain the amplitude spectrum and power spectrum. The center frequency, i.e., the weighted average frequency of the power spectrum, is calculated, reflecting the energy concentration band of the discharge pulse. The bandwidth, i.e., the frequency range corresponding to a 3dB drop in the power spectrum, is calculated, characterizing the spectral distribution width of the discharge pulse. The high-frequency energy ratio, i.e., the ratio of energy in a specific high-frequency band to the total energy, is calculated. The main peak frequency of the spectrum is extracted, i.e., the frequency corresponding to the maximum peak value in the power spectrum. Different defect types have unique distribution patterns in the above frequency domain characteristic space. For example, the spectral energy of metal particle discharge is usually concentrated in the higher frequency band, while air gap discharge often has a richer low-frequency component.

[0069] By combining the phase information of the power frequency reference voltage, the power frequency phase angle of each discharge pulse is recorded. For multiple consecutive discharge pulses acquired, a phase-resolved partial discharge spectrum is constructed, and the two-dimensional distribution of discharge amplitude and discharge frequency with phase is statistically analyzed. From this, features such as the main phase range of discharge occurrence, the ratio of positive to negative half-cycle discharge frequency, and the discharge initiation and extinction phases are extracted. These phase domain features are of great value in distinguishing different types of defects such as internal air gap discharge and surface discharge.

[0070] For the numerous discharge pulses collected at each monitoring point, dozens of feature parameters are extracted from each pulse, forming a high-dimensional feature space. To reduce the feature dimensionality, eliminate redundant information, and improve the accuracy of subsequent classification and identification, principal component analysis is used to reduce the dimensionality of the feature space. The top K principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 95% are selected as the fused low-dimensional feature vectors. By inputting the real-time collected discharge pulse feature vectors into a trained classifier, the current partial discharge type can be automatically identified. Simultaneously, trend tracking of the discharge pulse feature vectors collected from the same monitoring point over a long period can reveal the drift trajectory in the feature space, thereby determining the development and evolution trend of defects and achieving an intelligent upgrade from simple discharge detection to insulation condition assessment.

[0071] This embodiment utilizes a sinusoidal modulation spiral to broaden the bandwidth and optimize high-frequency characteristics, and achieves wideband impedance matching through an exponentially graded balun, ensuring that the sensor's VSWR is less than 2.0 in the 300MHz-3GHz frequency band. This invention is used to measure ultra-high frequency partial discharge signals and can be applied to online monitoring of partial discharge in GIS or cables, enabling precise location of discharge sources and accurate identification of defect types.

[0072] In further embodiments, the following is also provided: A server that can be used to execute the methods provided in the above embodiments. Specifically: A server includes a Central Processing Unit (CPU), system memory comprising Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM), and a system bus connecting the system memory and the CPU. The server also includes a basic input / output system (I / O system) to facilitate information transfer between various components within the computer, and mass storage devices for storing the operating system, applications, and other program modules.

[0073] A basic input / output system includes a display for showing information and input devices such as a mouse and keyboard for user input. Both the display and the input devices are connected to the central processing unit via an input / output controller connected to the system bus. The basic input / output system may also include an input / output controller for receiving and processing input from multiple other devices such as a keyboard, mouse, or electronic stylus. Similarly, the input / output controller also provides output to a display screen, printer, or other types of output devices.

[0074] Mass storage devices are connected to the central processing unit via a mass storage controller (not shown) connected to the system bus. The mass storage devices and their associated computer-readable media provide non-volatile storage for the server. That is, mass storage devices may include computer-readable media (not shown) such as hard disks or CD-ROM (CompactDisc Read-Only Memory) drives.

[0075] Computer-readable media can include computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented using any method or technology for storing information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media include RAM, ROM, EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), flash memory or other solid-state storage technologies, CD-ROM, DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) or other optical storage, magnetic tape cassettes, magnetic tape, disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices. Of course, those skilled in the art will understand that computer storage media are not limited to the above-mentioned types. The aforementioned system memories and mass storage devices can be collectively referred to as memory.

[0076] According to various embodiments of the present invention, the server can also connect to and operate on a remote computer on a network such as the Internet. That is, the server can connect to the network through a network interface unit connected to the system bus, or it can use a network interface unit to connect to other types of networks or remote computer systems (not shown).

[0077] The aforementioned memory also includes one or more programs, which are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the CPU.

[0078] One embodiment provides a terminal that can be used to perform the methods provided in the above embodiments. The terminal may be a portable mobile terminal, such as a smartphone, tablet computer, MP3 player (Moving Picture Experts Group Audio Layer III), MP4 player (Moving Picture Experts Group Audio Layer IV), laptop computer, or desktop computer. The terminal may also be referred to by other names such as user terminal, portable terminal, laptop terminal, desktop terminal, etc.

[0079] Typically, a terminal includes a processor and memory.

[0080] The processor may include one or more processing cores, such as a quad-core processor or an octa-core processor. The processor may be implemented using at least one of the following hardware forms: DSP (Digital Signal Processing), FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), or PLA (Programmable Logic Array). The processor may also include a main processor and coprocessors. The main processor, also known as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), is used to process data in the wake-up state; the coprocessor is a low-power processor used to process data in the standby state. In some embodiments, the processor may integrate a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), which is responsible for rendering and drawing the content required to be displayed on the screen. In some embodiments, the processor may also include an AI (Artificial Intelligence) processor, which is used to handle computational operations related to machine learning.

[0081] The memory may include one or more computer-readable storage media, which may be non-transitory. The memory may also include high-speed random access memory and non-volatile memory, such as one or more disk storage devices or flash memory devices. In some embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable storage media in the memory are used to store at least one instruction, which is executed by a processor to implement the sound reverberation method provided in the method embodiments of this application.

[0082] In some embodiments, the terminal may also optionally include: a peripheral device interface and at least one peripheral device. The processor, memory, and peripheral device interface can be connected via a bus or signal line. Each peripheral device can be connected to the peripheral device interface via a bus, signal line, or circuit board. Specifically, the peripheral device includes at least one of: a radio frequency circuit, a display screen, a camera assembly, an audio circuit, a positioning assembly, or a power supply.

[0083] Peripheral device interfaces can be used to connect at least one I / O (Input / Output) related peripheral device to the processor and memory. In some embodiments, the processor, memory, and peripheral device interface are integrated on the same chip or circuit board; in some other embodiments, any one or two of the processor, memory, and peripheral device interface can be implemented on separate chips or circuit boards, which is not limited in this embodiment.

[0084] Radio frequency (RF) circuits are used to receive and transmit RF signals, also known as electromagnetic signals. RF circuits communicate with communication networks and other communication devices via electromagnetic signals. RF circuits convert electrical signals into electromagnetic signals for transmission, or convert received electromagnetic signals back into electrical signals. Optionally, RF circuits include: antenna systems, RF transceivers, one or more amplifiers, tuners, oscillators, digital signal processors, codec chipsets, user identity module cards, etc. RF circuits can communicate with other terminals through at least one wireless communication protocol. These wireless communication protocols include, but are not limited to: the World Wide Web, metropolitan area networks, intranets, various generations of mobile communication networks (2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G), wireless local area networks, and / or WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) networks. In some embodiments, the RF circuit may also include circuitry related to NFC (Near Field Communication), which is not limited in this application.

[0085] The display screen is used to display the UI (User Interface). This UI can include graphics, text, icons, videos, and any combination thereof. When the display screen is a touch screen, it also has the ability to collect touch signals on or above the surface of the display. These touch signals can be input as control signals to a processor for processing. In this case, the display screen can also be used to provide virtual buttons and / or a virtual keyboard, also known as soft buttons and / or a soft keyboard. In some embodiments, there can be one display screen, which serves as the front panel of the terminal; in other embodiments, there can be at least two display screens, respectively disposed on different surfaces of the terminal or in a folded design; in still other embodiments, the display screen can be a flexible display screen, disposed on a curved or folded surface of the terminal. Furthermore, the display screen can be configured as a non-rectangular, irregular shape, i.e., a non-rectangular screen. The display screen can be made of materials such as LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode).

[0086] A camera assembly is used to capture images or videos. Optionally, the camera assembly includes a front-facing camera and a rear-facing camera. Typically, the front-facing camera is located on the front panel of the terminal, and the rear-facing camera is located on the back of the terminal. In some embodiments, there are at least two rear-facing cameras, which are any one of a main camera, a depth-sensing camera, a wide-angle camera, and a telephoto camera, to achieve background blurring by fusion of the main camera and the depth-sensing camera, panoramic shooting by fusion of the main camera and the wide-angle camera, VR (Virtual Reality) shooting, or other fusion shooting functions. In some embodiments, the camera assembly may also include a flash. The flash can be a single-color temperature flash or a dual-color temperature flash. A dual-color temperature flash refers to a combination of a warm-light flash and a cool-light flash, which can be used for light compensation at different color temperatures.

[0087] The audio circuitry may include a microphone and a speaker. The microphone is used to collect sound waves from the user and the environment, converting them into electrical signals that are input to a processor for processing, or to radio frequency (RF) circuitry for voice communication. For stereo sound acquisition or noise reduction purposes, multiple microphones may be used, positioned at different locations on the terminal. The microphone may also be an array microphone or an omnidirectional microphone. The speaker is used to convert electrical signals from the processor or RF circuitry into sound waves. The speaker may be a traditional diaphragm speaker or a piezoelectric ceramic speaker. When the speaker is a piezoelectric ceramic speaker, it can convert electrical signals not only into audible sound waves but also into inaudible sound waves for purposes such as distance measurement. In some embodiments, the audio circuitry may also include a headphone jack.

[0088] The positioning component is used to determine the current geographical location of the terminal to enable navigation or LBS (Location Based Service). The positioning component can be based on the US GPS (Global Positioning System), China's BeiDou system, or Russia's Galileo system.

[0089] The power supply is used to power the various components in the terminal. The power supply can be alternating current (AC), direct current (DC), a disposable battery, or a rechargeable battery. When the power supply includes a rechargeable battery, it can be a wired or wirelessly rechargeable battery. A wired rechargeable battery is charged via a wired connection, while a wirelessly rechargeable battery is charged via a wireless coil. The rechargeable battery can also be used to support fast charging technology.

[0090] In some embodiments, the terminal further includes one or more sensors. These one or more sensors include, but are not limited to, accelerometers, gyroscopes, pressure sensors, fingerprint sensors, optical sensors, and proximity sensors.

[0091] An accelerometer can detect the magnitude of acceleration along the three axes of a coordinate system established by the terminal. For example, an accelerometer can be used to detect the components of gravitational acceleration along the three axes. The processor can then control the touchscreen to display the user interface in either landscape or portrait view based on the gravitational acceleration signals acquired by the accelerometer. Accelerometers can also be used for collecting motion data in games or for other applications.

[0092] The gyroscope sensor can detect the terminal's orientation and rotation angle. It can work in conjunction with an accelerometer to capture the user's 3D movements on the terminal. Based on the data collected by the gyroscope sensor, the processor can perform the following functions: motion sensing (e.g., changing the UI based on the user's tilt), image stabilization during shooting, game control, and inertial navigation.

[0093] The pressure sensor can be located on the side bezel of the terminal and / or under the touchscreen display. When the pressure sensor is located on the side bezel, it can detect the user's grip signal on the terminal, and the processor can perform left / right hand recognition or quick operation based on the grip signal collected by the pressure sensor. When the pressure sensor is located under the touchscreen display, the processor can control the operable controls on the UI interface based on the user's pressure on the touchscreen display. Operable controls include at least one of button controls, scroll bar controls, icon controls, or menu controls.

[0094] A fingerprint sensor is used to collect a user's fingerprint. The processor identifies the user based on the fingerprint collected by the sensor, or vice versa. When the user's identity is verified as trusted, the processor authorizes the user to perform relevant sensitive operations, including unlocking the screen, viewing encrypted information, downloading software, making payments, and changing settings. The fingerprint sensor can be located on the front, back, or side of the terminal. When the terminal has physical buttons or a manufacturer's logo, the fingerprint sensor can be integrated with those buttons or the logo.

[0095] An optical sensor is used to collect ambient light intensity. In one embodiment, the processor can control the display brightness of the touch screen based on the ambient light intensity collected by the optical sensor. Specifically, when the ambient light intensity is high, the display brightness of the touch screen is increased; when the ambient light intensity is low, the display brightness of the touch screen is decreased. In another embodiment, the processor can also dynamically adjust the shooting parameters of the camera assembly based on the ambient light intensity collected by the optical sensor.

[0096] A proximity sensor, also known as a distance sensor, is typically located on the front panel of a terminal. It is used to detect the distance between the user and the front of the terminal. In one embodiment, when the proximity sensor detects that the distance between the user and the front of the terminal is gradually decreasing, the processor controls the touchscreen display to switch from a screen-on state to a screen-off state; conversely, when the proximity sensor detects that the distance between the user and the front of the terminal is gradually increasing, the processor controls the touchscreen display to switch from a screen-off state to a screen-on state.

[0097] Those skilled in the art will understand that the structure shown does not constitute a limitation on the terminal, and may include more or fewer components than shown, or combine certain components, or employ different component arrangements.

[0098] An electronic device includes a memory and a processor, as well as computer instructions stored in the memory and running on the processor. When executed by the processor, the computer instructions perform the simulation method described in Embodiment 1. For simplicity, further details are omitted here.

[0099] It should be understood that in this embodiment, the processor can be a central processing unit (CPU), or it can be other general-purpose processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or other programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic devices, discrete hardware components, etc. The general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor or any conventional processor, etc.

[0100] Memory may include read-only memory and random access memory, and provides instructions and data to the processor. A portion of memory may also include non-volatile random access memory. For example, memory may also store information about the device type.

[0101] A computer-readable storage medium is provided for storing computer instructions, which, when executed by a processor, perform the simulation method described in Embodiment 1.

[0102] The simulation method described in Example 1 can be directly implemented by a hardware processor, or implemented by a combination of hardware and software modules within the processor. The software modules can reside in readily available storage media in the field, such as random access memory, flash memory, read-only memory, programmable read-only memory, electrically erasable programmable memory, or registers. This storage medium is located in memory; the processor reads information from the memory and, in conjunction with its hardware, completes the steps of the aforementioned method.

[0103] The computer storage medium of this embodiment can be any combination of one or more computer-readable media. The computer-readable medium can be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. For example, a computer-readable storage medium can be—but is not limited to—an electrical, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any combination thereof. More specific examples of computer-readable storage media (a non-exhaustive list) include: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer disk, a hard disk, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), optical fiber, portable compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), optical storage device, magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination thereof. In this document, a computer-readable storage medium can be any tangible medium that contains or stores a program that can be used by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0104] Computer-readable signal media may include data signals propagated in baseband or as part of a carrier wave, carrying computer-readable program code. Such propagated data signals may take various forms, including but not limited to electromagnetic signals, optical signals, or any suitable combination thereof. Computer-readable signal media may also be any computer-readable medium other than computer-readable storage media, capable of sending, propagating, or transmitting programs for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0105] Program code contained on a computer-readable medium may be transmitted using any suitable medium, including—but not limited to—wireless, wire, optical fiber, RF, etc., or any suitable combination thereof.

[0106] Computer program code for performing the operations of this invention can be written in one or more programming languages ​​or a combination thereof, including object-oriented programming languages ​​such as Java, Smalltalk, and C++, as well as conventional procedural programming languages ​​such as "C" or similar programming languages. The program code can be executed entirely on the user's computer, partially on the user's computer, as a standalone software package, partially on the user's computer and partially on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer or server. In cases involving remote computers, the remote computer can be connected to the user's computer via any type of network—including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN)—or can be connected to an external computer (e.g., via the Internet using an Internet service provider).

[0107] A computer program product includes a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the simulation method described in Embodiment 1.

[0108] The present invention also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as instructions included in program modules, which execute in a device on a target real or virtual processor to perform the processes / methods described above. Typically, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, etc., that perform specific tasks or implement specific abstract data types. In various embodiments, the functionality of program modules can be combined or divided among program modules as needed. The machine-executable instructions for the program modules can execute within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, the program modules can reside in both local and remote storage media.

[0109] The computer program code used to implement the methods of the present invention may be written in one or more programming languages. This computer program code may be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing device, such that when executed by the computer or other programmable data processing device, the program code causes the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may be executed entirely on a computer, partially on a computer, as a stand-alone software package, partially on a computer and partially on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer or server.

[0110] In the context of this invention, computer program code or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable a device, apparatus, or processor to perform the various processes and operations described above. Examples of carriers include signals, computer-readable media, and the like. Examples of signals may include electrical, optical, radio, sound, or other forms of propagation signals, such as carrier waves, infrared signals, etc.

[0111] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the units and algorithm steps described in conjunction with the embodiments herein can be implemented in electronic hardware or a combination of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether these functions are implemented in hardware or software depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Those skilled in the art can use different methods to implement the described functions for each specific application, but such implementation should not be considered beyond the scope of this application.

[0112] While the specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, this is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that various modifications or variations that can be made by those skilled in the art without creative effort based on the technical solutions of the present invention are still within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. An Archimedean spiral antenna, characterized in that, include: Antenna substrate, Archimedes spiral antenna segment, modulation spiral antenna segment, antenna feed port, and balun substrate; The Archimedes antenna segment and the modulation spiral antenna segment are spirally arranged sequentially from the center to the outer ring on the antenna substrate, and an antenna feed port is provided at the center of the antenna substrate. The modulated spiral antenna segment uses a periodic function to periodically oscillate the spiral edge; The balun substrate and the antenna substrate can be plugged into each other. The front side of the balun structure substrate is provided with a microstrip exponentially tapered balun, and the back side of the balun structure substrate is provided with a ground exponentially tapered slot line. The microstrip exponentially tapered balun and the ground exponentially tapered slot line together form a broadband microstrip-slot line transition structure, which is used to convert unbalanced coaxial line feed into balanced antenna radiating arm feed, and at the same time realize impedance transformation in a wide frequency band.

2. An Archimedes spiral antenna as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that A prominent rectangular connecting post is provided at the center of the first end side of the balun structure substrate, and the size of the rectangular connecting post matches the antenna feed port.

3. An Archimedes spiral antenna as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that The microstrip exponential gradient balun and the floor exponential gradient groove have the same width at their beginnings, and the width of the microstrip exponential gradient balun and the floor exponential gradient groove increases exponentially from the beginning to the end.

4. An Archimedes spiral antenna as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that The first end of the microstrip exponentially tapered balun is electrically connected to one end of the Archimedes spiral antenna segment; at the same time, the first end of the ground exponentially tapered slot is electrically connected to the other end of the Archimedes spiral antenna segment.

5. An Archimedes spiral antenna as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that The initial helical angle of the Archimedes antenna segment is set to 0 degrees. The Archimedes antenna segment extends outward in a spiral motion from the feed point according to the Archimedes spiral equation. The end of the Archimedes antenna segment is connected to the beginning of the modulation spiral antenna segment in a one-to-one correspondence.

6. An Archimedes spiral antenna as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that The Archimedes spiral antenna segment, the modulation spiral antenna segment, the microstrip exponentially graded balun, and the ground exponentially graded groove are all made of copper.

7. An Archimedes spiral antenna as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that The composite helical radiation structure, consisting of the Archimedes antenna segment and the modulated spiral antenna segment, is used to receive ultra-high frequency electromagnetic waves in space and induce radio frequency voltage signals at the balanced feed port.

8. An Archimedes spiral antenna as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that The number of turns of the Archimedes spiral antenna segment is between 5 and 10; the total number of turns of the Archimedes antenna segment and the modulation spiral antenna segment is between 15 and 25.

9. A UHF partial discharge monitoring system, characterized by include: The system comprises an ultra-high frequency sensor unit, a signal conditioning and acquisition unit, a data transmission unit, and a data processing and diagnostic unit; the ultra-high frequency sensor unit uses an Archimedean spiral antenna as described in any one of claims 1-8 as the core sensing element. The ultra-high frequency sensor unit is used to receive ultra-high frequency electromagnetic waves generated in the space when partial discharge occurs inside the power equipment, and outputs weak radio frequency signals after conversion. The signal conditioning and acquisition unit is used to amplify, filter, and perform analog-to-digital conversion on the weak radio frequency signal output by the ultra-high frequency sensor unit, and output a partial discharge signal. The data transmission unit is used to transmit the partial discharge signal processed by the signal conditioning and acquisition unit to the data processing and diagnosis unit in real time. The data processing and diagnostic unit is used to analyze the uploaded partial discharge signal to obtain the partial discharge status.

10. A UHF partial discharge monitoring system as claimed in claim 9, wherein, The ultra-high frequency sensor unit is encapsulated in a metal shell, and the metal shell has an ultra-high frequency electromagnetic wave transmission window corresponding to the antenna radiation direction; the ultra-high frequency sensor unit is installed on the exposed side of the basin insulator of the gas-insulated switchgear, the inside of the oil drain valve of the power transformer, or at the opening in the cabinet wall of the high-voltage switchgear.

Images