Solar cell and method of manufacturing the same, photovoltaic module, power generation device, and power consumption device

Abstract

The application relates to a solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device and a power utilization device. The solar cell comprises a first electrode, a functional layer, a photoelectric conversion layer and a second electrode. The functional layer and the photoelectric conversion layer are arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the photoelectric conversion layer is arranged close to the second electrode. The functional layer comprises an organic polymer. The organic polymer comprises a plurality of first repeating units and a plurality of second repeating units. The structures of the first repeating units and the second repeating units are different. The first repeating units comprise hole transport groups. At least two first repeating units are connected through the second repeating units. The functional layer satisfies that (W2 / W1) * 100% is 80% to 100%. W1 represents the maximum absorption peak in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer is soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min. W2 represents the maximum absorption peak in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer is sequentially soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min and chlorobenzene for 5 min.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of solar cells, and more particularly to a solar cell and its preparation method, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, and a power consumption device. Background Technology

[0002] Solar cells are batteries that convert light energy into electrical energy. They have excellent photoelectric properties and simple manufacturing methods, bringing new possibilities and hope to photovoltaic power generation.

[0003] Currently, how to further improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells is an urgent problem to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This application provides a solar cell and its preparation method, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, and a power consumption device. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell in this application can be further improved.

[0005] In a first aspect, this application proposes a solar cell, which includes a first electrode, a functional layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode stacked along the thickness direction of the solar cell. The functional layer and the photoelectric conversion layer are disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, with the photoelectric conversion layer disposed close to the second electrode. The functional layer includes an organic polymer, which includes a plurality of first repeating units and a plurality of second repeating units. The first repeating units and the second repeating units have different structures. The first repeating units include hole transport groups, and at least two first repeating units are connected through the second repeating units. The functional layer satisfies the following: (W2 / W1)×100% is 80% to 100%. W1 represents the maximum absorption peak in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer is immersed in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min. W2 represents the maximum absorption peak in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer is sequentially immersed in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min and chlorobenzene for 5 min.

[0006] Therefore, the structures of the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit in the embodiments of this application are different. The second repeating unit mainly serves to connect the first repeating units, linking adjacent first repeating units, increasing the degree of polymerization of the organic polymer, making the film layer formed by the organic polymer more complete, and providing better coverage of the first electrode or optional hole transport layer, etc. Moreover, it makes the surface properties of the functional layer more uniform, the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity more consistent, and the crystallinity of the photoelectric conversion material in the photoelectric conversion layer tends to be consistent, making the film layer performance of the photoelectric conversion layer more uniform. The introduction of the second repeating unit can also reduce free radicals in the functional layer, reducing the adverse effects of free radicals on the performance and stability of the solar cell.

[0007] The aforementioned structure results in the functional layer exhibiting an 80% to 100% change in absorption peaks in the UV-Vis absorption spectrum after immersion in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and chlorobenzene, respectively. This indicates that the surface properties of the functional layer show minimal differences after immersion in different solvents, demonstrating excellent solvent resistance. The functional layer is not easily dissolved or altered by solvents. As a monolithic thin film layer, the functional layer is relatively stable, and the bonding force between the functional layer and its adjacent layers is strong. Furthermore, the functional layer can effectively play a role in hole transport, improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency. In addition, the functional layer's hole transport function can effectively enhance hole transport efficiency, further improving the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0008] In some embodiments, (W2 / W1)×100% is 85% to 100%, and can be optionally 90% to 100%. The functional layer has more stable performance, and the functional layer has stronger bonding force with adjacent layers far from the photoelectric conversion layer, which can improve device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0009] In some embodiments, the functional layer satisfies: (W3 / W1)×100% is 60% to 100%, optionally, (W3 / W1)×100% is 70% to 100%, and further optionally, (W3 / W1)×100% is 80% to 100%, wherein W3 represents the maximum absorption peak in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer has been sequentially soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min, chlorobenzene for 5 min, and dichloromethane for 5 min.

[0010] Therefore, when the functional layer of the embodiment of this application meets the above conditions, its performance is more stable, and the bonding force between the functional layer and its adjacent layers is stronger, which can improve the stability of the device and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0011] In some embodiments, each first repeating unit includes a linking unit and a side chain group, the side chain group including a hole transport group, the linking unit in each first repeating unit is connected to the hole transport group, and the linking units of at least two first repeating units are connected through a second repeating unit.

[0012] Therefore, in the embodiments of this application, the organic polymer is connected by connecting units to form an integral film structure. The film structure is not prone to interlayer movement, thereby enabling the functional layer to function stably and improving the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0013] In some embodiments, the side chain group further includes an oxygen-containing group and a bridging group, wherein the oxygen-containing group is connected to the hole transport group via the bridging group.

[0014] Therefore, in the embodiments of this application, the first electrode and the oxygen-containing group have an anchoring effect, which can enhance the bonding force between the organic polymer and its adjacent layers and improve the stability of the device.

[0015] In some embodiments, the repeating unit includes one or more of the repeating units shown in Formula I.

[0016]

[0017] In formula I,

[0018] R1 represents the connection unit, and R1 includes... single bond One or more of them,

[0019] R'1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silane-containing groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups; ## indicates the connection site between two adjacent repeating units; Indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group;

[0020] When the above groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl, aromatic, aromatic heterocyclic, amine, halogen, alkylthio, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0021] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0022] L represents a single bond or bridging group;

[0023] A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0024] n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the linker unit, and n is any integer from 1 to 6;

[0025] m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, and m is any integer from 1 to 8.

[0026] Therefore, in the embodiments of this application, the organic polymer formed by the organic combination of R1, Q, L and A can form an aggregate with an ordered structure through intermolecular interactions. It has a strong self-assembly capability, which is conducive to obtaining a flat self-assembled structure, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0027] In some embodiments, R'1 comprises a substituted or unsubstituted pinanediol; the substituted or unsubstituted pinanediol comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 pinanediol. Pinanediols are derived from alkenyl groups, which are highly reactive and can polymerize under mild conditions with high polymerization efficiency, thus improving the degree of polymerization of organic polymers.

[0028] In some embodiments, the hole-transporting group includes one or more of substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups. These groups possess excellent hole-transporting capabilities, which is beneficial for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0029] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include the structure shown in Formula A1.

[0030]

[0031] In formula A1,

[0032] M 11 and M 12 Each group independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic atom number of C5 to C30;

[0033] M 13 Including substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0034] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0035] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0036] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-6 One or more of the structures shown,

[0037]

[0038]

[0039] In the formula,

[0040] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are not all 0 at the same time.

[0041] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5 are not all 0 at the same time.

[0042] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0043] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups include substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups, or substituted or unsubstituted acridine groups.

[0044] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0045] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group, which includes the structure shown in Formula A2.

[0046]

[0047] In formula A2,

[0048] M 14 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0049] M 15 and M 16 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0050] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0051] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0052] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-a1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-b8 One or more of the structures shown,

[0053]

[0054]

[0055]

[0056] In the formula,

[0057] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, and m3 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, and m3 are not all 0 at the same time.

[0058] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1, n2, n3, and n4, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, and n4 are not all 0 at the same time.

[0059] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0060] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group, which includes the structure shown in formula A3.

[0061]

[0062] In formula A3,

[0063] M 17 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0064] M 18 and M 19 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0065] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0066] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0067] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-6 One or more of the structures shown,

[0068]

[0069] In the formula,

[0070] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0071] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and n1 and n2 are not both 0 in the same structural formula.

[0072] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0073] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group, which includes the structure shown in Formula A4.

[0074]

[0075] In formula A4,

[0076] M 20 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0077] M 21 and M 22 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0078] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0079] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0080] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-1The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-7 One or more of the structures shown,

[0081]

[0082]

[0083] In the formula,

[0084] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0085] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and n1 and n2 are not both 0 in the same structural formula.

[0086] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0087] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group, which comprises the structure shown in Formula A5.

[0088]

[0089] In formula A5,

[0090] M 25 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0091] M 23 and M 34 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30;

[0092] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0093] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0094] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A.5-3 One or more of the structures shown,

[0095]

[0096] In the formula,

[0097] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0098] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and n1 and n2 are not both 0 in the same structural formula.

[0099] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0100] In some embodiments, the bridging group includes an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.

[0101] In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, and the above group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen group, an amine group, an alkylthion group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, an aromatic group, or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10 when the substituent group includes a carbon atom.

[0102] In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and the aforementioned group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of halogen groups, amine groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or C1 to C5 alkyl groups.

[0103] In some embodiments, the bridging group includes substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups having C5 to C15 cyclic atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups having C3 to C15 cyclic atoms.

[0104] In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group. The oxygen-containing group has an anchoring effect on the hole transport layer, which can enhance the bonding force between the organic polymer and the hole transport layer, thereby improving the stability of the device.

[0105] In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of carboxylic acid groups, phosphate groups, borate groups, carboxyl groups, phosphate groups, and borate groups. These groups have excellent anchoring effects with the hole transport layer, enhancing the bonding force between the organic polymer and the hole transport layer, and improving device stability.

[0106] In some embodiments, the repeating units of the organic polymer include one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1a to Formula I-6a.

[0107]

[0108]

[0109] In some embodiments, the repeating units of the organic polymer include one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1 to Formula I-6.

[0110]

[0111]

[0112] In some embodiments, the water contact angle of the functional layer facing the photoelectric conversion layer is 0° to 90°, and can be selected as 30° to 60°. A water contact angle within this range results in higher surface polarity of the functional layer, better wettability between the functional layer and the photoelectric conversion layer, which facilitates the bonding of the photoelectric conversion layer to the functional layer. This strengthens the bond between the photoelectric conversion layer and the functional layer, further improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0113] In some embodiments, the terminal group of the second repeating unit includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, optionally a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C4 alkylene group. Alkylene groups are derived from alkenyl groups, which have high reactivity, can polymerize under mild conditions, and have high polymerization efficiency, thus improving the degree of polymerization of the organic polymer.

[0114] In some embodiments, the second repeating unit includes one or more of the structures shown in Formula D.

[0115]

[0116] In formula D,

[0117] E includes substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted acidic groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, or quaternary ammonium salt groups;

[0118] When the above groups are substituted, the substituents include one or more of the following: alkylene group, halogen group, hydroxyl group, amide group, amino group or acid-containing group;

[0119] ~ indicates the connection site between the second repeating unit and the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit.

[0120] In some embodiments, the second repeating unit includes one or more of the structures shown in Formula D-1 to Formula D-10.

[0121]

[0122] In some embodiments, a functional layer is disposed on the surface of the first electrode and is in contact with at least a portion of the first electrode. The functional layer has hole transport capabilities, which can improve hole transport performance and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0123] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a hole transport layer, with the functional layer located between the hole transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer. The hole transport layer and the functional layer work together to facilitate hole extraction and transport, and the functional layer can effectively passivate defects in the photoelectric conversion layer, further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0124] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer includes a hole transport material. As a carrier transport layer, the hole transport layer can effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and the hole transport layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0125] In some embodiments, the hole transport material includes hole transport organic compounds, which include one or more of the following: poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-4-anilinecarbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic acid monomers, carboxylic acid monomers, carbazole monomers, sulfonic acid monomers, triphenylamine monomers, and aromatic monomers.

[0126] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer includes a hole transport inorganic material, which includes one or more of metal oxides, cuprous iodide, and cuprous thiocyanate.

[0127] In some embodiments, the photoelectric conversion layer comprises a perovskite material. After absorbing photons, the perovskite material generates electron-hole pairs, which are then thermally heated to form excitons. Charge separation then occurs, with photogenerated electrons transitioning to the LUMO level of the photoelectric conversion layer and photogenerated holes transitioning to the HOMO level.

[0128] In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes one or more compounds with the molecular formula ABX3 or M2CDN6.

[0129] A and M each independently include Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + One or more of the following: methylamine cation, ethylamine cation, propylamine cation, butylamine cation, pentamine cation, hexamine cation, formamidin cation, or imidazole cation;

[0130] B includes Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Ni 2+ Mn 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Pd 2+ 、Ge 2+ Sn 2+ Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2 + One or more cations, etc.;

[0131] X and N each independently include F - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - CN - or SeCN - One or more of the following;

[0132] C includes Cs + Ag +K + Or Ru + One or more of the following;

[0133] D includes Bi 3+ Ni 3+ Fe 3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ or Cu 3+ One or more of them.

[0134] In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode. A transparent electrode is beneficial for improving light transmittance, which is conducive to the photoelectric conversion reaction of the photoelectric conversion layer, and the resulting solar cell is an inverted solar cell.

[0135] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes an electron transport layer located between the photoelectric conversion layer and the second electrode. As a carrier transport layer, the electron transport layer effectively transports electrons, reduces carrier recombination at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and the electron transport layer, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0136] Secondly, this application proposes a method for preparing a solar cell, the method comprising:

[0137] Provide the first electrode;

[0138] An organic monomer and a crosslinking agent are provided to one side of the first electrode, wherein the organic monomer includes a side chain group and a first active group connected to the side chain group, the side chain group includes a hole transport group, and the crosslinking agent includes a second active group;

[0139] Organic monomers and crosslinking agents are polymerized to polymerize and link the first active groups of at least two organic monomers with the second active groups of the crosslinking agent to form a functional layer;

[0140] A solar cell is obtained by sequentially depositing at least a photoelectric conversion layer and a second electrode on the functional layer.

[0141] According to the preparation method of the present application, organic monomers and crosslinking agents undergo crosslinking polymerization to form an organic polymer. The molecular volume of organic monomers is usually large, so that there is a certain distance between adjacent organic monomers. The crosslinking agent can connect adjacent organic monomers to crosslink and polymerize, thereby increasing the degree of polymerization of the organic polymer. This makes the film layer formed by the organic polymer more complete, with better coverage of the first electrode, etc. Moreover, the surface properties of the functional layer are more uniform, such as more uniform hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, which is conducive to the crystallization of the photoelectric conversion material of the photoelectric conversion layer, such as perovskite material, and the crystallization difference is small.

[0142] The film formed by the organic polymer is a cross-linked film. The functional layer is located on the first electrode and is not prone to migration and diffusion, which is beneficial to improving the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency. Moreover, it can reduce free radicals in the functional layer and reduce the adverse effects of free radicals on the performance and stability of solar cells. Furthermore, the functional layer also has a hole transport function, which can effectively improve the hole transport efficiency and further improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0143] In some embodiments, the step of providing the organic monomer to one side of the first electrode includes: forming a hole transport layer on the first electrode; and forming the organic monomer on the hole transport layer.

[0144] The hole transport layer, as a carrier transport layer, can effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and the hole transport layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0145] In some embodiments, the organic monomer includes one or more compounds represented by Formula II.

[0146]

[0147] In formula II,

[0148] R2 represents the first active group, which includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol group, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted silicate group, substituted or unsubstituted amino group, halogen group, and substituted or unsubstituted azide group.

[0149] When the above groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, amine groups, amide groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0150] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0151] L represents a single bond or bridging group;

[0152] A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0153] n' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the active group, and n' is any integer from 1 to 6;

[0154] m' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, where m' is any integer from 1 to 8.

[0155] In some embodiments, the second active group includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol groups, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted silicate groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, halogen groups, and substituted or unsubstituted azide groups. The first and second active groups can be linked during polymerization to form an organic polymer.

[0156] In some embodiments, the first active group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; the alkenyl group has high reactivity, which is conducive to polymerization under mild conditions and has high polymerization efficiency, which is beneficial to improving the degree of polymerization of organic polymers.

[0157] In some embodiments, the second active group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group. Alkenyl groups have higher reactivity, which is beneficial for polymerization under mild conditions and for high polymerization efficiency, thus improving the degree of polymerization of organic polymers.

[0158] In some embodiments, the crosslinking agent includes one or more compounds represented by formula D'.

[0159]

[0160] In formula D',

[0161] E includes substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted acidic groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, or quaternary ammonium salt groups;

[0162] When the above groups are substituted, the substituents include one or more of alkenyl, halogen, hydroxyl, amide, amino, or acid-containing groups.

[0163] Thirdly, this application proposes a photovoltaic module, which includes one or more solar cells as described in any embodiment of the first aspect of this application or solar cells prepared by any method described in any embodiment of the second aspect of this application.

[0164] Fourthly, this application proposes a power generation device, which includes a photovoltaic module according to any embodiment of the third aspect of this application.

[0165] Fifthly, this application proposes an electrical device, which includes a photovoltaic module according to any embodiment of the third aspect of this application. Attached Figure Description

[0166] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, the drawings used in the embodiments of this application will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the drawings without creative effort.

[0167] Figure 1 This application provides schematic diagrams of the structure of solar cells according to some embodiments;

[0168] Figure 2 These are schematic diagrams of the structure of solar cells provided in other embodiments of this application;

[0169] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0170] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0171] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0172] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0173] Figure 7 These are schematic diagrams of the structure of photovoltaic modules provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0174] Figure 8 These are schematic diagrams of the electrical devices provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0175] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the organic monomer shown in Formula I1-1 of this application;

[0176] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the organic monomer shown in Formula I1-2 of this application.

[0177] The accompanying drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.

[0178] The following are the labeling elements in the figure:

[0179] M, thickness direction; 10, solar cell; 11, first electrode; 12, functional layer; 13, hole transport layer; 14, photoelectric conversion layer; 15, electron transport layer; 16, second electrode; 1, photovoltaic module; 2, electrical device. Detailed Implementation

[0180] The following detailed description, with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings, discloses embodiments of the solar cell, its fabrication method, photovoltaic module, power generation device, and power consumption device of this application. However, unnecessary detailed descriptions may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repetitive descriptions of practically identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily lengthy descriptions and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand this application and are not intended to limit the subject matter of the claims.

[0181] The "range" disclosed in this application is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60 to 120 and 80 to 110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is also expected that ranges of 60 to 110 and 80 to 120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 3, 2 to 4, and 2 to 5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "a to b" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0 to 5" means that all real numbers between "0 and 5" have been listed in this article; "0 to 5" is just a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. In addition, when a parameter is stated as an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0182] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0183] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this application may be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0184] Unless otherwise specified, all steps of this application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, if the method includes steps (a) and (b), it means that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, if the method may also include step (c), it means that step (c) may be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0185] In this application, "multiple" means two or more (including two).

[0186] Solar cells convert solar energy into electrical energy. Their operation mainly includes: exciton generation and separation, free carrier transport, carrier collection, and current generation. Specifically, in a solar cell, sunlight is absorbed by the photoelectric conversion layer, which absorbs photons and generates excitons. Due to the low Coulomb force binding of the photoelectric conversion layer, the excitons subsequently separate into free electrons and holes. The separated free carriers transport within the photoelectric conversion layer, and the electrons and holes are collected by electrodes. When connected to an external load, they form a current.

[0187] To improve carrier extraction and transport efficiency, a hole transport layer can be placed between the electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer. However, side reactions may occur between the photoelectric conversion layer and traditional hole transport layers such as nickel oxide, for example, trivalent nickel can lead to the decomposition of perovskite materials. In related technologies, small molecule monomer compounds are commonly used as hole transport layers for hole transport or as passivation layers between the photoelectric conversion layer and the hole transport layer for passivation. Small molecule monomer compounds, such as (4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) and [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid layer (MeO-4PACz), can be anchored to the electrode or hole transport layer through anchoring groups such as phosphonic acid groups. When used as a hole transport layer, small molecule monomer compounds can help extract and transport holes to the corresponding electrode. When used as passivation materials, small molecule monomer compounds can also alleviate side reactions between the hole transport layer and the perovskite material. However, small molecule monomer compounds may experience migration and other problems during the photothermal aging process of solar cells, which can weaken their hole transport or passivation effects and may deteriorate the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device. Moreover, when polymer materials are used as passivation materials, the poor batch stability of polymers may lead to differences in the performance of solar cells, resulting in poor device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0188] In view of this, the present application provides a solar cell including a functional layer comprising an organic polymer. The organic polymer includes a plurality of first repeating units and a plurality of second repeating units. The first repeating units and the second repeating units have different structures. The first repeating units include hole transport groups, and the second repeating units include ethylene groups. At least two first repeating units are connected through the ethylene groups of the second repeating units. The organic polymer can form a stable film layer with strong adhesion to its adjacent layers and is not prone to film peeling, thereby improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0189] Solar cells

[0190] In a first aspect, this application proposes a solar cell.

[0191] like Figure 1 As shown, the solar cell 10 includes a first electrode 11, a functional layer 12, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, and a second electrode 16 stacked along the thickness direction M of the solar cell 10. The functional layer 12 and the photoelectric conversion layer 14 are disposed between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 16, with the photoelectric conversion layer 14 disposed close to the second electrode 16. The functional layer 12 includes an organic polymer, which includes a plurality of first repeating units and a plurality of second repeating units. The first repeating units and the second repeating units have different structures. The first repeating units include hole transport groups, and at least two first repeating units are connected through second repeating units.

[0192] Organic polymers include hole-transporting groups, wherein,

[0193] Functional layer 12 satisfies: (W2 / W1)×100% is 80% to 100%.

[0194] W1 indicates that the maximum absorption peak of functional layer 12 in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after being soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min.

[0195] W2 indicates that the maximum absorption peak of functional layer 12 in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum is obtained after the functional layer 12 is successively soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min and chlorobenzene for 5 min.

[0196] In the embodiments of this application, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy has a well-known meaning in the art and can be detected using equipment and methods known in the art, such as in accordance with the test standard JY / T 0570-2020 General Rules for Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy Analysis Methods. The maximum absorption peak refers to the point with the highest absorbance (or absorbance) on the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum, i.e., the peak value at the wavelength of strongest absorption. It is related to the electronic transition characteristics in the compound molecule and can be used to identify the type of compound.

[0197] When testing the performance of the functional layer 12, this application obtains the functional layer 12 by removing the second electrode 16 of the solar cell 10 with tape. If the solar cell also includes an optional electron transport layer, the electron transport layer is dissolved with chlorobenzene. Then, the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is dissolved with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. After dissolving the photoelectric conversion layer 14, the remaining first electrode 11 and the functional layer 12 are immersed in the solvent (using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as an example) for 5 minutes. After that, the N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is removed by vacuum flash evaporation to obtain the functional layer 12 of the test sample. The performance of the test sample is then tested. For example, the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the functional layer 12 corresponding to the test sample is measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, thereby obtaining the maximum absorption peak W of the functional layer 12 in the predetermined wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm.

[0198] When obtaining the W1 value, the first electrode 11 and the functional layer 12 were immersed in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 minutes, and then the performance of the functional layer 12 was tested.

[0199] When obtaining the W2 value, the first electrode 11 and the functional layer 12 were immersed in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 minutes. After that, they were taken out and the N,N-dimethylformamide DMF was removed by vacuum flash evaporation. Then, they were immersed in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes before the performance of the functional layer 12 was tested.

[0200] When obtaining the W3 value, the first electrode 11 and the functional layer 12 were immersed in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 minutes, then removed and the N,N-dimethylformamide DMF was removed by vacuum flash evaporation. After that, they were immersed in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes, then removed and the chlorobenzene was removed by vacuum flash evaporation. Finally, they were immersed in dichloromethane for 5 minutes before the performance of the functional layer 12 was tested.

[0201] The functional layer 12 has low solubility in N,N-dimethylformamide DMF. In other words, although the functional layer 12 is soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide DMF, the N,N-dimethylformamide DMF has little effect on the performance of the functional layer 12. The maximum absorption peak of the functional layer 12 after soaking in N,N-dimethylformamide DMF was measured by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm. This maximum absorption peak is denoted as the first peak W1. The first peak W1 can basically characterize the electronic structure features of the compounds in the functional layer 12.

[0202] Functional layer 12 has low solubility in low-polarity solvents. After immersion in low-polarity solvents, the surface properties of functional layer 12 change little or even not. Specifically, after immersing the test sample in a low-polarity solvent such as chlorobenzene, the solvent is removed by vacuum flash evaporation, and performance tests are performed. For example, the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of functional layer 12 is measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to obtain the maximum absorption peak in the predetermined wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm. This maximum absorption peak is denoted as the second peak W2. The second peak W2 can characterize the electronic structure features of the compounds in functional layer 12 after being successively immersed in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min and chlorobenzene for 5 min.

[0203] Functional layer 12 was immersed in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and chlorobenzene, respectively, and then subjected to ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The peak differences of the measured maximum absorption peaks were small, satisfying (W2 / W1)×100% as 80% to 100%. This means that after immersion in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and the low-polarity solvent chlorobenzene, the surface properties of functional layer 12 showed little difference. In other words, functional layer 12 has excellent solvent resistance, is not easily dissolved by solvents, and its surface properties are not easily changed. As an integral film layer, functional layer 12 is relatively stable. Moreover, functional layer 12 has strong bonding with its adjacent layers. Functional layer 12 can also effectively play a role in hole transport, improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0204] In this embodiment, (W2 / W1)×100% is 80% to 100%, for example, 80%, 82%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 98%, 99%, 100%, or a range of any two of the above values. Optionally, (W2 / W1)×100% is 85% to 100%, and more preferably, (W2 / W1)×100% is 90% to 100%. The functional layer 12 has more stable performance, and the bonding force between the functional layer 12 and its adjacent layers is stronger, which can improve device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0205] In some embodiments, the functional layer 12 also satisfies that (W3 / W1)×100% is 60% to 100%, where W3 represents the maximum absorption peak in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer 12 is sequentially soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min, chlorobenzene for 5 min, and dichloromethane for 5 min.

[0206] Compared to the solubility of functional layer 12 in low-polarity solvents, the solubility of functional layer 12 in strong-polarity solvents may be slightly improved, but the solubility may still be low. Specifically, after immersing the test sample in a strong-polarity solvent such as dichloromethane, the solvent is removed by vacuum flash evaporation, and performance tests are performed. For example, the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of functional layer 12 is measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to obtain the maximum absorption peak in a predetermined band. This maximum absorption peak is denoted as the third peak A3. The third peak A3 can characterize the electronic structure features of the compounds in functional layer 12 after immersion in a strong-polarity solvent.

[0207] Functional layer 12 was immersed in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and a strong polar solvent such as dichloromethane, respectively, and then detected by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The peak differences of the measured maximum absorption peaks were small, satisfying (W3 / W1)×100% as 60% to 100%. This means that after immersion in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and a strong polar solvent, the surface properties of functional layer 12 showed little difference, indicating that functional layer 12 is relatively stable and not easily dissolved by solvents. Moreover, functional layer 12 has strong bonding with its adjacent layers, and functional layer 12 can also effectively play a role in hole transport, improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0208] In this embodiment, (W3 / W1)×100% is 60% to 100%, for example, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 72%, 75%, 78%, 80%, 82%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 98%, 99%, 100%, or a range of any two of the above values. Optionally, (W3 / W1)×100% is 70% to 100%, or alternatively, (W3 / W1)×100% is 80% to 100%.

[0209] In this embodiment, the functional layer 12 includes an organic polymer, which has a network structure and is presented as a whole film layer structure.

[0210] Organic polymers consist of first repeating units and second repeating units. The first repeating unit is the main repeating unit of the organic polymer and can function as a hole transport unit. It should be noted that two first repeating units can be connected through one or more second repeating units. Due to the randomness of polymerization, it may not be guaranteed that every two adjacent first repeating units are connected through a second repeating unit; adjacent first repeating units can also be directly connected, and of course, adjacent second repeating units can also be directly connected. Taking the first repeating unit as A and the second repeating unit as B as an example, the arrangement of repeating units in an organic polymer can include various forms such as ...ABAB..., ...AABAA..., ...AAAAA..., ...ABBBA..., etc.

[0211] The first repeating unit and the second repeating unit have different structures. The second repeating unit mainly serves to connect the first repeating unit, connecting adjacent first repeating units, improving the degree of polymerization of the organic polymer, making the film formed by the organic polymer more complete, providing better coverage of the first electrode 11, etc., and making the surface properties of the functional layer 11 more uniform, with more consistent hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity. The crystallinity of the photoelectric conversion material in the photoelectric conversion layer 14 tends to be consistent, and the film properties of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 are more uniform.

[0212] The introduction of the second repeating unit can also reduce free radicals in the functional layer 12, thereby reducing the adverse effects of free radicals on the performance and stability of the solar cell 10. Furthermore, the functional layer 12 also has a hole transport function, which can effectively improve the hole transport efficiency and further improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10.

[0213] [First repeating unit]

[0214] In some embodiments, the organic polymer includes a plurality of first repeating units, each first repeating unit including a linking unit and a side chain group, the side chain group including a hole transport group, the linking unit in each first repeating unit being connected to the hole transport group, and the linking units of at least two first repeating units being connected through a second repeating unit.

[0215] During polymerization, it may not be guaranteed that all connecting units of the first repeating unit will participate in polymerization, but there is also a possibility that all connecting units of the first repeating unit will polymerize. The introduction of the second repeating unit can increase the possibility of connecting units participating in polymerization and improve the degree of crosslinking of the organic polymer; specifically:

[0216] Organic polymers can form the main structure of the film layer through first repeating units. The first repeating unit includes hole transport groups, making the volume of the first repeating unit relatively large. There is a certain distance between two adjacent first repeating units due to steric hindrance. The second repeating unit can play a connecting role, connecting two relatively far first repeating units, improving the degree of cross-linking of organic polymers, making the film layer presented by organic polymers more complete, and the film layer structure is not prone to interlayer movement. Moreover, the film layer can uniformly and completely cover the first electrode 11 or optional hole transport layer, making the performance of the functional layer 12 uniform throughout, thereby enabling the functional layer 12 to function stably and improving the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0217] Optionally, the side chain groups also include oxygen-containing groups and bridging groups, with the oxygen-containing groups connected to the hole transport groups via the bridging groups. The first electrode 11, or a hole transport layer that may exist between the first electrode 11 and the functional layer 12, both have an anchoring effect with the oxygen-containing groups, which can enhance the bonding force between the organic polymer and its adjacent layers, thereby improving the stability of the device.

[0218] In some embodiments, the first repeating unit includes one or more of the structures shown in Formula I.

[0219]

[0220] In formula I,

[0221] R1 represents the connection unit, and R1 includes... single bond One or more of them,

[0222] R'1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silane groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups; ## indicates the connection site between the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit and the first repeating unit. Indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group;

[0223] When the above groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl, aromatic, aromatic heterocyclic, amine, halogen, alkylthio, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0224] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0225] L represents a single bond or bridging group;

[0226] A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0227] n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the linker unit, and n is any integer from 1 to 6;

[0228] m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, and m is any integer from 1 to 8.

[0229] Optionally, R'1 includes substituted or unsubstituted penealkyl groups, which are formed during alkenyl polymerization. Alkenyl groups have high reactivity, can polymerize under mild conditions, and have high polymerization efficiency, which is beneficial for improving the degree of polymerization of organic polymers.

[0230] When L represents a single bond, the hole-transporting group Q can be connected to the A group via a single bond, for example, the hole-transporting group can be connected to a hydrogen atom.

[0231] When L represents a bridging group, the hole transport group can be connected to the A group through the bridging group. For example, the hole transport group can be connected to an oxygen-containing group through the bridging group, or the hole transport group can be connected to a hydrogen atom through the bridging group.

[0232] The organic polymer formed by the organic combination of R1, Q, L, and A can form aggregates with ordered structures through intermolecular interactions, exhibiting strong self-assembly capabilities. This facilitates the formation of flat self-assembled structures, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell 10. Furthermore, the oxygen-containing groups can bind to metal ions, such as transparent conductive oxides or trivalent nickel ions, thus passivating and anchoring the metal ions. The hole-transporting group Q enables the organic polymer to possess energy levels compatible with other functional layer materials in the solar cell 10, further enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell 10.

[0233] In the embodiments of this application, alkylene can be understood as a group formed after an alkane compound loses three hydrogen atoms, alkylene is a group formed after an alkane compound loses two hydrogen atoms, and alkyl is a group formed after an alkane compound loses one hydrogen atom.

[0234] When m is 1, one hydrogen atom in Q is replaced by L, and the structure of the first repeating unit is as follows:

[0235]

[0236] When m is greater than or equal to 2, at least two hydrogen atoms in Q, such as 2, 3, 4, or 5 hydrogen atoms, are replaced by L. As the number of m increases, the number of oxygen-containing groups also increases, further enhancing the bonding force between the organic polymer and its adjacent layers, such as optional hole transport layers or electrode layers. Taking an m of 2 as an example, the structure of the first repeating unit is as follows:

[0237]

[0238] When n is 1, one hydrogen atom in Q is replaced by R1, and the structure of the first repeating unit is as follows:

[0239]

[0240] When n is 2, the two hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R1, and the types of R1 can be the same or different. The structure of the first repeating unit is as follows:

[0241]

[0242] When n is 3, the three hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R1, and the types of R1 can be the same or different. The structure of the first repeating unit is as follows:

[0243]

[0244] For example, the first repeating unit includes one or more of the following structures:

[0245]

[0246] [Connection Unit]

[0247] R1 represents the connection unit, and R1 includes... single bond One or more of them,

[0248] R'1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silane groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups; ## indicates the connection site between one of the two adjacent first repeating units and the second repeating unit and the first repeating unit. R'1 indicates the connection site between the linking unit and the hole transport group; optionally, R'1 includes substituted or unsubstituted p-alkyl groups.

[0249] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl, aromatic, aromatic heterocyclic, amine, halogen, alkyl-thio, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0250] The connecting units of two adjacent first repeating units can be the same or different. The second repeating unit includes groups that can be connected to the first repeating unit. In other words, the first repeating unit is derived from an organic monomer and is formed by opening bonds in the organic monomer; the second repeating unit is derived from a crosslinking agent and is formed by opening bonds in the crosslinking agent; polymerization can occur between the organic monomer and the crosslinking agent, allowing the first and second repeating units to be connected.

[0251] For example, the connecting unit of two adjacent first repeating units is a alkylene group, and the second repeating unit may include an alkylene group. The alkylene groups of the two first repeating units can be connected through the alkylene group of the second repeating unit; or two adjacent first repeating units can be directly connected.

[0252] For example, the connecting unit of two adjacent first repeating units is an ether group, and the second repeating unit may include an ether group. The ether groups of the two first repeating units can be connected through the ether groups of the second repeating unit; or two adjacent first repeating units can be directly connected.

[0253] For example, the connecting units of two adjacent first repeating units are both silicon-containing groups, and the second repeating unit may include silicon-containing groups. The silicon-containing groups of two first repeating units can be connected through the silicon-containing groups of the second repeating unit; adjacent two first repeating units can also be directly connected.

[0254] For example, one connecting unit of two adjacent first repeating units is a subamino group, and the other connecting unit is a carbonyl group; there can be multiple second repeating units, one second repeating unit may include a carbonyl group, and another second repeating unit may include a subamino group. The subamino group of the first repeating unit, the carbonyl group of the second repeating unit, the subamino group of the first repeating unit, and the carbonyl group of the second repeating unit can be connected sequentially; of course, the subamino group of the first repeating unit and the carbonyl group of the first repeating unit can also be directly connected; the subamino group of the second repeating unit and the carbonyl group of the second repeating unit can also be directly connected.

[0255] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl, aromatic, aromatic heterocyclic, amine, amide, halogen, alkylthion, and oxygen-containing substituents. When the substituent includes a carbon atom, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkylthion groups include C1 to C10 alkylthion groups, specifically including methylthion, ethylthion, propylthion, butylthion, pentylthion, etc.

[0256] Optionally, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate ester group, isocyanate group, carboxylic acid group, phosphorous acid group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0257] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted pinanediol comprises substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 pinanediols, optionally substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C4 pinanediols.

[0258] alkylene compounds encompass both straight-chain and branched alkylene compounds. For example, alkylene compounds can be C2 to C8 alkylene compounds, including ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, tert-butylene, pentylene, isopentylene, neopentylene, tert-pentylene, hexylene, isohexylene, heptylene, isohexylene, or octylene, etc.

[0259] By way of example, substituted or unsubstituted penealkyl groups include one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0260]

[0261] In the formula, This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0262] [hole transport group]

[0263] Hole-transporting groups include one or more of substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups.

[0264] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include the structure shown in Formula A1.

[0265]

[0266] In formula A1,

[0267] M 11 and M 12 Each group independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic atom number of C5 to C30;

[0268] M 13 Including substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0269] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0270] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0271] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-6 One or more of the structures shown,

[0272]

[0273]

[0274] In the formula,

[0275] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are not all 0 at the same time. This can be understood as at least one of m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 being non-zero. For example, if m1 to m4 are 0, then m5 is a positive integer. Of course, at least two of m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 can be non-zero, or all of m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 can be non-zero and all be positive integers.

[0276] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5, each of which is an independent integer from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5 are not all 0 at the same time. This can be understood as at least one of n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5 being non-zero. For example, if n1 to n4 are 0, then n5 is a positive integer. Of course, at least two of n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5 can be non-zero, or all of n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5 can be non-zero and all of them can be positive integers.

[0277] For example, substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-110 One or more of the structures shown,

[0278]

[0279]

[0280]

[0281] In the formula,

[0282] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0283] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0284] For example, formula A 1-11 middle, It can be attached to any carbon in the benzene ring of triphenylamine, and the attachment positions in other structures are the same as in formula A. 1-11 The basics are the same, so I won't repeat them here. For example, equation A 1-11 The structure shown can include any of the following structural formulas.

[0285]

[0286] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 1-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0287]

[0288] Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is a substituent group. In other words, when Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thionyl groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0289] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are fluorine atoms, Ar3 is a hydrogen atom, and the substitution formula A 1-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0290]

[0291] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups include substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups, or substituted or unsubstituted acridine groups.

[0292] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group, which includes the structure shown in Formula A2.

[0293]

[0294] In formula A2,

[0295] M 14 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0296] M 15 and M 16 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0297] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0298] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0299] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-a1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-b8 One or more of the structures shown,

[0300]

[0301]

[0302]

[0303] In the formula,

[0304] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, and m3 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, and m3 are not all 0 at the same time.

[0305] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1, n2, n3, and n4, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, and n4 are not all 0 at the same time.

[0306] For example, substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A.2-a11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-b18 One or more of the structures shown,

[0307]

[0308]

[0309]

[0310] In the formula,

[0311] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0312] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0313] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 2-a1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0314]

[0315] Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1 and Ar2 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0316] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are methoxy groups, and the substituted formula A 2-a1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0317]

[0318] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 2-b1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0319]

[0320] Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently substitute any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0321] For example, Ar1 and Ar3 are ethyl groups, Ar2 is a hydrogen atom, and the substitution formula A 2-b1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0322]

[0323] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group, which includes the structure shown in formula A3.

[0324]

[0325] In formula A3,

[0326] M 17 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0327] M 18 and M 19 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0328] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0329] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0330] When the oxygen-containing substituent includes an acid radical, the corresponding cation may include one or more of ammonium ions, sodium ions, and potassium ions.

[0331] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-6 One or more of the structures shown,

[0332]

[0333] In the formula,

[0334] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0335] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and n1 and n2 are not both 0 in the same structural formula.

[0336] For example, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-16 One or more of the structures shown,

[0337]

[0338] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0339] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0340] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 3-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0341]

[0342] Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1 and Ar2 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0343] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are methylthio groups, and the substituted A 3-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0344]

[0345] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group, which includes the structure shown in Formula A4.

[0346]

[0347] In formula A4,

[0348] M 20 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0349] M 21 and M 22 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0350] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0351] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0352] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-7 One or more of the structures shown,

[0353]

[0354]

[0355] In the formula,

[0356] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0357] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and n1 and n2 are not both 0 in the same structural formula.

[0358] For example, substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-17 One or more of the structures shown,

[0359]

[0360]

[0361] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0362] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0363] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 4-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0364]

[0365] Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1 and Ar2 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0366] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are amino groups, and the substituted A 4-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0367]

[0368] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group, which comprises the structure shown in Formula A5.

[0369]

[0370] In formula A5,

[0371] M 25 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0372] M 23 and M 34Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30;

[0373] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0374] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0375] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-3 One or more of the structures shown,

[0376]

[0377] In the formula,

[0378] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0379] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and n1 and n2 are not both 0 in the same structural formula.

[0380] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-13 One or more of the structures shown,

[0381]

[0382] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0383] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0384] For example, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-111 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-113 One or more of the structures shown,

[0385]

[0386] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0387] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0388] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 5-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0389]

[0390] Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is a substituent group. In other words, when Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thionyl groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0391] For example, Ar1 and Ar3 are carboxylic acid ester groups, Ar2 is a hydrogen atom, and the substituted A 5-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0392]

[0393] In the above embodiments, the aromatic group is a group with aromatic function.

[0394] Aromatic groups with substituted or unsubstituted cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C30 may include aromatic hydrocarbon groups with substituted or unsubstituted cyclic atoms numbering C6 to C30, or aromatic heterocyclic groups with substituted or unsubstituted cyclic atoms numbering C6 to C30.

[0395] For example, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C30 are categorized as follows: aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, and C17. Aromatic groups, aromatic groups with 18 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 19 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 20 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 21 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 22 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 23 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 24 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 25 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 26 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 27 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 28 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 29 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 30 cyclic atoms, or any combination thereof.

[0396] The substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups having a cyclic number of C5 to C30 may include substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups having a cyclic number of C6 to C30, or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups having a cyclic number of C6 to C30.

[0397] For example, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C30 are aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, and C17 respectively. Aromatic groups, aromatic groups with 18 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 19 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 20 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 21 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 22 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 23 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 24 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 25 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 26 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 27 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 28 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 29 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 30 cyclic atoms, or any combination thereof.

[0398] In the above embodiments, C1 to C10 alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, decyl, etc.

[0399] In the above embodiments, C1 to C5 alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, or pentoxy.

[0400] In the above embodiments, C1 to C5 alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio, isobutylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, or pentylthio.

[0401] [Bridging group]

[0402] In some embodiments, the bridging group includes an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.

[0403] In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, and the above group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen group, an amine group, an alkylthion group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, an aromatic group, or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10 when the substituent group includes a carbon atom.

[0404] In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and the aforementioned group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of halogen groups, amine groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or C1 to C5 alkyl groups.

[0405] Optionally, the bridging group includes substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with C5 to C15 cyclic atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups with C3 to C15 cyclic atoms.

[0406] Alkylenes encompass both straight-chain and branched alkylenes. For example, alkylenes can be C1 to C8 alkylenes, including methylene, ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, tert-butylene, pentylene, isopentylene, neopentylene, tert-pentylene, hexylene, isohexylene, heptylene, isohexylene, octylene, etc.

[0407] A heteroalkyl group is a group in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom, including oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or phosphorus atoms, etc. C1 to C8 heteroalkyl groups may include heteromethyl, heteroethyl, heteropropyl, heterobutyl, heteropentyl, heterohexyl, heteroheptyl or heterooctyl; exemplary C1 to C8 heteroalkyl groups may include methyleneoxy, ethoxy, propylthio or butylthio.

[0408] An alkylene group refers to a group containing a carbon-carbon double bond. For example, alkylene groups can be C1 to C8 alkylene groups, such as propenylene (-CH=CH-CH2-) and butenylene (-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-).

[0409] The substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C15 include substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C15, or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C15.

[0410] Aromatic hydrocarbon groups with cyclic atoms ranging from C6 to C15 include those with cyclic atoms of C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, and C15. For example, aromatic hydrocarbon groups with cyclic atoms ranging from C6 to C15 include phenylene, diphenylene, and naphthylene.

[0411] Aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C15 include aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, and C14, or aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C15. For example, aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C15 include thiophene groups and carbazol groups.

[0412] Heterocyclic subcyclic groups with cyclic atoms ranging from C3 to C15 include those with cyclic atoms of C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, or C15. For example, heterocyclic subcyclic groups can include ethylene oxide groups, heterocyclic butane, or sulfide cyclopentane, etc.

[0413] [Oxygen-containing groups]

[0414] In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group. The oxygen-containing group has an anchoring effect on the hole transport layer, which can enhance the bonding force between the organic polymer and the hole transport layer, thereby improving the stability of the device.

[0415] Optionally, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphate group, borate group, carboxylate group, phosphate group, and borate group.

[0416] When the oxygen-containing group includes an acid radical, the corresponding cation may include one or more of ammonium ions, sodium ions, and potassium ions.

[0417] Optionally, the first repeating unit of the organic polymer includes one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1a to Formula I-6a.

[0418]

[0419]

[0420] For example, the first repeating unit of the organic polymer includes one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1 to Formula I-6.

[0421]

[0422] It should be noted that the same organic polymer may contain one or more first repeating units. For example, it may simultaneously include structures in which all alkenyl groups participate in polymerization, such as the structure shown in Formula I-1a, and structures in which some alkenyl groups participate in polymerization. In organic polymers, the structure shown in Formula I-1a may occupy the largest proportion. In the structure shown in Formula I-1a, there are multiple connection sites for the linking units, which can be connected to any site on the benzene ring. For example, organic polymers may include the structure shown in Formula I-1. Of course, other structures may also occupy the largest proportion. Due to the randomness and complexity of polymerization, only illustrative examples are given and are not intended to limit this application.

[0423] In some embodiments, the water contact angle of the surface of the functional layer 12 facing the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is 0° to 90°, for example, 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, 70°, 80°, 90°, or any combination of two of the above values. Optionally, the water contact angle of the surface of the functional layer 12 facing the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is 30° to 60°.

[0424] The water contact angle of the surface of the functional layer 12 facing the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is within the above range, which makes the surface polarity of the functional layer 12 relatively high, and the wettability of the functional layer 12 and the photoelectric conversion layer 14 better. This is conducive to the photoelectric conversion layer 14 being bonded to the functional layer 12, and the bonding force between the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and the functional layer 12 is stronger. The stability of the device is further improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be improved.

[0425] The water contact angle of functional layer 12 in this embodiment has a meaning known in the art and can be tested using methods and equipment known in the art. For example, it can be tested according to GB / T 30447-2013, "Method for Measuring Contact Angle of Nanofilms".

[0426] Select three test samples with an area of ​​50mm × 50mm from the sample.

[0427] The sample to be tested was rinsed with acetone, then rinsed with deionized water, and then air-dried for more than 10 hours.

[0428] Place the sample to be tested on the test platform of the contact angle measuring instrument, ensuring that the surface of the sample is flat;

[0429] Check the focus to ensure the surface of the sample to be tested is clearly visible;

[0430] Use a syringe to drop a test liquid, such as deionized water, onto the surface of the sample to be tested. The volume of the droplet should remain constant.

[0431] The contact angle is measured after a specified time, such as 60 seconds. The contact angle is the angle between the tangents of the gas-liquid interface and the solid-liquid interface.

[0432] [Second Repeating Unit]

[0433] In some embodiments, the second repeating unit includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silicon-containing groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups.

[0434] The groups selected for the second repeating unit correspond to those selected for the first repeating unit, so that the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit can be connected to each other.

[0435] Optionally, the end group of the second repeating unit includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, which may be a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C4 alkylene group. The alkylene group is formed during the alkenyl polymerization process. Alkenyl groups have high reactivity, can polymerize under mild conditions, and have high polymerization efficiency, which is beneficial for improving the degree of polymerization of organic polymers.

[0436] Terminal groups are groups located at the ends of structural formulas.

[0437] Further optionally, the end group of the second repeating unit includes an ethylene group; exemplarily, the second repeating unit includes one or more of the structures shown in Formula D.

[0438]

[0439] In formula D,

[0440] E includes substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted acidic groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, or quaternary ammonium salt groups;

[0441] ~ indicates the connection site between the second repeating unit and the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit.

[0442] The second repeating unit is relatively small in size, which is advantageous for connecting two first repeating units through the second repeating unit. Specifically, one end of the second repeating unit can be connected to a first repeating unit, and the other end of the second repeating unit can be connected to another first repeating unit; the end can be a group after the vinyl bond is opened, such as an alkylene group.

[0443] Optionally, E includes substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups. These groups can increase the connection probability of the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit, which is beneficial to the formation of the cross-linked network of the organic polymer.

[0444] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted alkylene comprises both straight-chain and branched alkylene. For example, the substituted or unsubstituted alkylene may include C1 to C8 alkylene, including methylene, ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, tert-butylene, pentylene, isopentylene, neopentylene, tert-pentylene, hexylene, isohexylene, heptylene, isohexylene, octylene, etc.

[0445] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups include substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups having a cyclic number of C5 to C15, optionally substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups having a cyclic number of C6 to C15. Of course, the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups may include substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups.

[0446] Aromatic hydrocarbon groups with cyclic atoms ranging from C6 to C15 include those with cyclic atoms of C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, and C15. For example, aromatic hydrocarbon groups with cyclic atoms ranging from C6 to C15 include phenylene, diphenylene, and naphthylene.

[0447] In some embodiments, a substituted or unsubstituted subheterocyclic group refers to a subgroup whose cyclic atoms contain at least one heteroatom, wherein the heteroatom includes, but is not limited to, N, O, S, Se, etc., and the substituted or unsubstituted subheterocyclic group includes subheterocyclic groups with a cyclic atom number of C3 to C15. Optionally, the heterocyclic subcyclic group having cyclic atoms from C3 to C15 includes heterocyclic subcyclic groups having cyclic atoms of C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, or C15. For example, the heterocyclic group may include ethylene oxide groups, heterocyclic butane, or cyclopentane sulfide, etc.

[0448] Optionally, E includes substituted or unsubstituted acidic groups, or substituted or unsubstituted amino or quaternary ammonium salt groups. The polarity of these groups is relatively high, which can improve the wettability of the functional layer 12.

[0449] In some embodiments, the acidic groups include carboxylic acid groups, sulfonic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, or sulfate groups. These groups have relatively high polarity, which improves the wettability of the functional layer 12 and the photoelectric conversion layer 14, resulting in stronger adhesion between the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and the functional layer 12. This further enhances device stability and improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0450] In some embodiments, the anion of the quaternary ammonium salt group may include bromide ions, chloride ions, etc.

[0451] When the above groups are substituted, the substituents include one or more of the following: alkylene groups, halogen groups, hydroxyl groups, amide groups, amino groups, or acid-containing groups.

[0452] Optionally, the substituents include one or more of hydroxyl, amide, amino, or acidic groups. The above substituents have relatively high polarity, which can improve the wettability of the functional layer 12.

[0453] Optionally, the substituents include alkylene groups, which may be C2 to C4 alkylene groups. Alkylene groups can further increase the connection sites of the second repeating unit, which is beneficial for the connection between the second repeating unit and the first repeating unit.

[0454] For example, the second repeating unit includes one or more of the structures shown in Formula D-1 to Formula D-10.

[0455]

[0456] In this embodiment, the functional layer 12 has hole transport function and can be used as a hole transport layer or as a passivation layer between the hole transport layer 13 and the photoelectric conversion layer 14.

[0457] In some embodiments, the functional layer 12 can serve as a hole transport layer, which is disposed on the surface of the first electrode 11 and is in contact with at least a portion of the surface of the first electrode 11.

[0458] In some embodiments, the thickness of the functional layer 12 is from 1 nm to 30 nm, for example, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, or any combination of two of the above values. When the thickness of the functional layer 12 is within the above range, holes can be effectively transported, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0459] like Figure 2 As shown, in some other embodiments, the solar cell 10 may further include a hole transport layer 13, with a functional layer 12 located between the hole transport layer 13 and the photoelectric conversion layer 14. The functional layer 12 can effectively passivate defects in the photoelectric conversion layer 14, further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0460] Optionally, the thickness of the functional layer 12 is from 0.1 nm to 20 nm, for example, 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.8 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, or any combination of two of the above values. When the thickness of the functional layer 12 is within the above range, it can effectively passivate defects in the photoelectric conversion layer 14, further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0461] Hole transport layer 13, as a carrier transport layer, can effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between photoelectric conversion layer 14 and hole transport layer 13, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cell 10.

[0462] Hole transport layer 13 includes hole transport material, which includes one or more of the following materials and their derivatives and materials obtained by doping or passivation: hole transport organic materials and hole transport inorganic materials.

[0463] Hole-transporting organic compounds include one or more of the following: poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-4-anilinecarbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic acid monomers, carboxylic acid monomers, carbazole monomers, sulfonic acid monomers, triphenylamine monomers, or aromatic monomers.

[0464] Hole transport inorganic materials include one or more of metal oxides, cuprous iodide (CuI), or cuprous thiocyanate; wherein the metal oxide contains one or more of the metal elements Ni, Mo, and Cu, such as nickel oxide (NiO). x One or more of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) and cuprous oxide (CuO), wherein x is 1 to 2.

[0465] Hole transport materials include nickel oxide (NiO). x In the case of nickel oxide layer rich in trivalent nickel, which has strong oxidizing properties, it will accelerate the degradation of perovskite material. In the embodiments of this application, a functional layer 12 containing organic polymer is also included. The organic polymer can isolate the perovskite material from trivalent nickel and slow down the degradation rate of the perovskite material. Moreover, the organic polymer is an integral film structure, which is not easy to migrate and diffuse after the interface is fixed, thereby improving the stability of the device. Optionally, the organic polymer also includes hydrophobic groups such as aromatic groups, heterocyclic groups, etc., which can improve hydrophobicity, reduce the risk of water and oxygen erosion of perovskite material, further improve the stability of the device, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0466] In some embodiments, the photoelectric conversion layer 14 includes silicon-based materials, etc.

[0467] In other embodiments, the photoelectric conversion layer 14 includes a perovskite material. After absorbing photons, the perovskite material generates electron-hole pairs, which are then thermally heated to form excitons. Charge separation then occurs, with photogenerated electrons transitioning to the LUMO level of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and photogenerated holes transitioning to the HOMO level of the photoelectric conversion layer 14.

[0468] Perovskite materials refer to compounds with a perovskite structure. Perovskite materials include one or more compounds with the molecular formula ABX3 or M2CDN6, where A, B, M, C, and D are cations, and X and N are anions.

[0469] Taking ABX3 as an example, in an ideal cubic crystal structure, the B cation has 6-fold coordination and is surrounded by an anionic octahedron, while the A cation has 12-fold cubic octahedral coordination. The cubic unit cell of this compound consists of the A cation located at the cubic corner, the B cation located at the body center, and the X anion located at the face center.

[0470] In some implementations, A and M each independently include Li. + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + One or more of the following: methylamine cation, ethylamine cation, propylamine cation, butylamine cation, pentamine cation, hexamine cation, formamidin cation, or imidazole cation.

[0471] In some implementations, B includes Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Ni 2+ Mn 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Pd 2+ 、Ge 2+ Sn 2 + Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2+ One or more cations, etc.

[0472] In some implementations, X and N each independently include F. - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - CN - or SeCN - One or more of them.

[0473] In some implementations, C includes Cs + Ag + K + Or Ru + One or more of them.

[0474] In some implementations, D includes Bi. 3+ Ni 3+ Fe3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ or Cu 3+ One or more of them.

[0475] For example, perovskite materials include (NH2)2CHPbI3 (FAPbI3), Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 )3CH3NH3PbI3(MAPbI3)、CsPbBr3、CsPbI3、Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbI3, MA 0.5 FA 0.5 One or more of PbI3, wherein MA + The methylamine cation CH3NH3 + FA represents formamidinium cation ((NH2)2CH + ).

[0476] In some embodiments, the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is between 200 nm and 1000 nm, such as 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, or any combination of two of the above values. When the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is within the above range, the photoelectric conversion function of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 can be effectively utilized, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10.

[0477] like Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, the solar cell 10 further includes an electron transport layer 15 disposed between the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and the second electrode 16.

[0478] As a carrier transport layer, the electron transport layer 15 can effectively transport electrons, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and the electron transport layer 15, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10.

[0479] The electron transport layer 15 may include an electron transport material, which may include one or more of doped or undoped tin oxide, doped or undoped titanium oxide, doped or undoped zinc oxide, and doped or undoped organic molecular materials. The doping element may include one or more of Mg, Zn, Ag, Li, Rb, Ta, and Nb, for example, by doping with chlorides of the above elements. Specifically, the electron transport material may include [6,6]-phenylC 61 Methyl butyrate (PC)61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 Methyl butyrate PC 71 BM, Fullerene C 60 Fullerene C 70 One or more of the following: tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.

[0480] In some embodiments, one or both of the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 16 are transparent electrodes to allow light to enter. Optionally, the first electrode 11 is a transparent electrode.

[0481] In some embodiments, the electrode material in the first electrode 11 includes one or more of transparent conductive oxides, metals, and carbon materials. The transparent conductive oxide includes one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), antimony-doped tin oxide, and indium-doped tungsten oxide (IWO). The metal includes, but is not limited to, one or more of silver, copper, gold, aluminum, and platinum. The carbon material includes one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Optionally, the electrode material in the first electrode 11 includes a transparent conductive oxide.

[0482] In some embodiments, the electrode material of the second electrode 16 includes one or more of transparent conductive oxides, metals, and carbon materials. The transparent conductive oxides include one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), antimony-doped tin oxide, and indium-doped tungsten oxide (IWO). The metals include, but are not limited to, one or more of silver, copper, gold, aluminum, and platinum. The carbon materials include one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.

[0483] In some embodiments, the solar cell 10 further includes a substrate layer, which is a rigid substrate layer or a flexible substrate layer; further, the rigid substrate layer is transparent glass; the material of the flexible substrate layer includes an organic polymer material; further, the material of the flexible substrate layer may be one or more of the following materials mixed in different proportions: including but not limited to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0484] The solar cell 10 can be a formal structure nip or an inverse structure pin.

[0485] In the case where the solar cell 10 includes a hole transport layer 13 and an electron transport layer 15

[0486] The solar cell 10 includes a first electrode 11, a hole transport layer 13, a functional layer 12, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, an electron transport layer 15, and a second electrode 16, which are sequentially stacked along its thickness direction M. Optionally, a buffer layer, a passivation layer, or other functional layer structures may be further included between the transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer 14. Figure 3 The solar cell 10 shown is an inverted structure. Figure 3 The middle arrow indicates the direction of the incident light.

[0487] like Figure 4 As shown, the solar cell 10 includes a second electrode 16, an electron transport layer 15, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, a functional layer 12, a hole transport layer 13, and a first electrode 11, which are sequentially stacked along its thickness direction M. Optionally, a buffer layer, passivation layer, or other functional layer structures may be further included between the transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer 14. Figure 4 The solar cell 10 shown is the formal structure; Figure 4 The middle arrow indicates the direction of the incident light.

[0488] In the case where the functional layer 12 in the solar cell 10 serves as a hole transport layer

[0489] like Figure 5 As shown, the solar cell 10 includes a first electrode 11, a functional layer 12, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, an electron transport layer 15, and a second electrode 16, which are sequentially stacked along its thickness direction M. Optionally, a buffer layer, passivation layer, or other functional layer structures may be further included between the transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer 14. Figure 5 The solar cell 10 shown is an inverted structure. Figure 5 The middle arrow indicates the direction of the incident light.

[0490] like Figure 6 As shown, the solar cell 10 includes a second electrode 16, an electron transport layer 15, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, a functional layer 12, and a first electrode 11, which are sequentially stacked along its thickness direction M. Optionally, a buffer layer, passivation layer, or other functional layer structure may be further included between the transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer 14. Figure 6 The solar cell 10 shown is the formal structure; Figure 6 The middle arrow indicates the direction of the incident light.

[0491] In the embodiments of this application, the thickness of each film layer in the solar cell 10 can be detected using equipment and methods known in the art, such as using an ellipsometer to detect the film thickness, and the test method can refer to the standard test.

[0492] In some embodiments, the solar cell 10 further includes a connecting layer and a light-absorbing layer (not shown) disposed between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 16. The connecting layer is located on the side of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 away from the light-absorbing layer, and the light-absorbing layer is located on the side of the connecting layer away from the photoelectric conversion layer 14. The photoelectric conversion layer 14 and the light-absorbing layer have different band gaps. This allows for the effective absorption of both long-wavelength and short-wavelength light, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0493] In some embodiments, the bandgap of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is 1.1–1.6 eV, and the bandgap of the light-absorbing layer is 1.65–1.9 eV. Thus, the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is a narrow bandgap light-absorbing layer used to absorb long-wavelength light, while the light-absorbing layer is a wide bandgap light-absorbing layer used to absorb short-wavelength light. Therefore, the combination of the two can effectively absorb both long-wavelength and short-wavelength light, increasing light utilization and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0494] In some embodiments, the bandgap of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is 1.65–1.9 eV, and the bandgap of the light-absorbing layer is 1.1–1.6 eV. Thus, the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is a wide-bandgap light-absorbing layer used to absorb short-wavelength light, while the light-absorbing layer is a narrow-bandgap light-absorbing layer used to absorb long-wavelength light. Therefore, the combination of the two can effectively absorb both long-wavelength and short-wavelength light, increasing light utilization and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0495] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer may include one or more of perovskite materials, crystalline silicon materials, cadmium telluride materials, and copper indium gallium selenide materials.

[0496] In some embodiments, the solar cell 10 further includes a first electrode 11, a hole transport layer 13, a functional layer 12, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, an electron transport layer 15, a connecting layer, a second hole transport layer, a light absorption layer, a second electron transport layer, and a second electrode 16 stacked together.

[0497] In some embodiments, the connecting layer includes a composite layer in which electrons from the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and holes from the light-absorbing layer recombine and annihilate, thereby achieving a circuit connection between the two battery cells. Exemplarily, the composite layer comprises one or more of a metallic material, a transparent conductive oxide, and a carbon material. Further, the transparent conductive oxide layer comprises, but is not limited to, one or more of fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, and antimony tin oxide. Further, the metallic material includes, but is not limited to, one or more of gold, copper, silver, platinum, aluminum, and iron. Further, the carbon material includes one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.

[0498] In some embodiments, the connecting layer includes an insulating layer. The solar cell 10 also includes a third electrode and a fourth electrode, the third electrode being disposed between the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and the connecting layer, and the fourth electrode being disposed between the connecting layer and the light-absorbing layer. Thus, the connecting layer containing the insulating layer circuitically isolates the first battery cell containing the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and the second battery cell containing the light-absorbing layer. Each of the two battery cells has two electrodes, for a total of four electrodes. The circuits of the two battery cells are independent of each other, forming a four-terminal tandem solar cell. The material of the insulating layer includes, but is not limited to, glass or an insulating adhesive. Further, the glass is transparent glass; further, the insulating adhesive is a transparent adhesive.

[0499] The first battery cell includes a first electrode 11, a functional layer 12, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, and a third electrode stacked sequentially. The second battery cell includes a fourth electrode, a light absorption layer, and a second electrode 16 stacked sequentially. To improve light transmittance, the third and fourth electrodes are generally transparent electrodes.

[0500] This application also proposes a method for fabricating a solar cell, the method comprising:

[0501] Step S100: Provide the first electrode;

[0502] Step S200: An organic monomer and a crosslinking agent are provided to one side of the first electrode, wherein the organic monomer includes a side chain group and a first active group connected to the side chain group, the side chain group includes a hole transport group, and the crosslinking agent includes a second active group.

[0503] In step S300, the organic monomers and crosslinking agent are polymerized to polymerize and link the first active groups of at least two organic monomers with the second active groups of the crosslinking agent to form a functional layer;

[0504] In step S400, at least a photoelectric conversion layer and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the functional layer to obtain a solar cell.

[0505] According to the preparation method of the present application, organic monomers and crosslinking agents undergo crosslinking polymerization to form an organic polymer. The molecular volume of organic monomers is usually large, so that there is a certain distance between adjacent organic monomers. The crosslinking agent can connect adjacent organic monomers to crosslink and polymerize, thereby increasing the degree of polymerization of the organic polymer. This makes the film layer formed by the organic polymer more complete, with better coverage of the first electrode, etc. Moreover, the surface properties of the functional layer are more uniform, such as more uniform hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, which is conducive to the crystallization of the photoelectric conversion material of the photoelectric conversion layer, such as perovskite material, and the crystallization difference is small.

[0506] The film formed by the organic polymer is a cross-linked film. The functional layer is located on the first electrode and is not prone to migration and diffusion, which is beneficial to improving the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency. Moreover, it can reduce free radicals in the functional layer and reduce the adverse effects of free radicals on the performance and stability of solar cells. Furthermore, the functional layer also has a hole transport function, which can effectively improve the hole transport efficiency and further improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0507] The functional layer of this application's embodiment has the functions of the above-described embodiments. For example, the functional layer satisfies: (W2 / W1)×100% is 80% to 100%.

[0508] W1 indicates the maximum absorption peak in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the UV-Vis absorption spectrum after the functional layer is soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min.

[0509] W2 indicates the maximum absorption peak in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the UV-Vis absorption spectrum after the functional layer was sequentially soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min and chlorobenzene for 5 min.

[0510] Other performance parameters of the functional layer are the same as above, and will not be repeated here.

[0511] In some embodiments, in step S200, the organic monomer can be directly disposed on the surface of the first electrode so that the functional layer formed by the cross-linking polymerization of the organic monomer has hole transport function.

[0512] In other embodiments, step S200 may include:

[0513] Step S210: A hole transport layer is formed on the first electrode;

[0514] Step S220: An organic monomer and a crosslinking agent are disposed on the hole transport layer.

[0515] The hole transport layer, as a carrier transport layer, can effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and the hole transport layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0516] In some embodiments, in step S300, the conditions for crosslinking of the organic monomer and the crosslinking agent can be one or more of heat treatment or photoinitiation treatment, and heat treatment can be selected; heat treatment is less likely to introduce impurities into the functional layer and can reduce side reactions between the functional layer and adjacent layers.

[0517] For example, the heat treatment temperature is from 25°C to 300°C, such as 25°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 110°C, 120°C, 130°C, 140°C, 150°C, 160°C, 170°C, 180°C, 190°C, 200°C, 210°C, 220°C, 230°C, 240°C, 250°C, 260°C, 270°C, 280°C, 290°C, 300°C, or any range of two of the above values. Optionally, the heat treatment temperature is from 50°C to 300°C, and more preferably, the heat treatment temperature is from 100°C to 300°C.

[0518] For example, the heat treatment time is from 15 min to 50 min, such as 15 min, 20 min, 25 min, 30 min, 35 min, 40 min, 45 min, 50 min, or any range of two of the above values.

[0519] For example, organic monomers and crosslinking agents are spin-coated onto a hole transport layer in solution form and heat-treated at 25°C to 300°C for 15 to 50 minutes, causing the active groups of the organic monomers to undergo crosslinking polymerization to form an organic polymer.

[0520] Organic monomers and crosslinking agents are formed by dissolving organic monomers and crosslinking agents as solutes in a solvent. The solvent may include one or more of ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, N-methylpyrrolidone, and N,N-dimethylformamide.

[0521] For example, the photoinitiator required for the photoinitiation process can be a commonly used initiator in the art, and the photoinitiation conditions can be photoinitiation conditions known in the art.

[0522] In the embodiments of this application, the organic monomer includes a side chain group and an active group, the side chain group including a hole transport group; optionally, the side chain group further includes an oxygen-containing group and a bridging group, the oxygen-containing group being connected to the hole transport group through the bridging group.

[0523] In some embodiments, the organic monomer includes one or more compounds represented by Formula II.

[0524]

[0525] In formula II,

[0526] R2 represents the first active group, which includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol groups, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted silicate groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, halogen groups, and substituted or unsubstituted azide groups. Optionally, R2 includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group. Alkenyl groups have higher reactivity, which is beneficial for polymerization under mild conditions and has high polymerization efficiency, thus improving the degree of polymerization of organic polymers.

[0527] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, amine groups, amide groups, halogen groups, alkylthio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. Optionally, the oxygen-containing substituents include one or more of alkoxy groups, amide groups, hydroxyl groups, oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups, carboxylic acid ester groups, phosphate ester groups, sulfonate groups, silicate ester groups, borate ester groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphorous acid groups, phosphate groups, borate groups, or silicate groups.

[0528] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0529] L represents a single bond or bridging group;

[0530] A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0531] n represents the hole transport group and the active group R. 21 The number of connection sites, where n is any integer from 0 to 3;

[0532] n' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the active group, and n' is any integer from 1 to 6;

[0533] m' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, where m' is any integer from 1 to 8.

[0534] Organic monomers formed by the organic combination of R2, Q, L and A can form ordered structures through intermolecular interactions, which is conducive to cross-linking polymerization to form ordered and flat self-assembled structures.

[0535] When A includes oxygen-containing groups, one of the first electrode and the hole transport layer has anchoring groups with the oxygen-containing groups, giving the organic monomer a certain orientation. It can be understood that the oxygen-containing groups of the organic monomer are basically anchored to the first electrode or the hole transport layer, and the active groups of the organic monomer are all facing the photoelectric conversion layer. Under cross-linking conditions, the active groups of the organic monomer undergo in-situ cross-linking polymerization, so that the organic monomer forms an organic polymer with a two-dimensional network structure. The organic polymer is a whole-layer film structure, which is not easy to move, and can effectively improve the stability of the device and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0536] When m' is 1, one hydrogen atom in Q is replaced by L, and the structure of the organic monomer is as follows:

[0537]

[0538] When m' is greater than or equal to 2, at least two hydrogen atoms in Q, such as 2, 3, 4, or 5, are replaced by L. As the number of m' increases, the number of oxygen-containing groups also increases, further enhancing the binding force between the organic polymer and the hole transport layer. Taking an m' of 2 as an example, the structure of the organic monomer is as follows:

[0539]

[0540] When n' is always 1, one hydrogen atom in Q is replaced by R2, and the structure of the organic monomer is as follows:

[0541]

[0542] When n' is 2, the two hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R2. R2 can be the same or different. The structure of the organic monomer is as follows:

[0543]

[0544] When n' is 3, the three hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R2, and the structure of the organic monomer is as follows:

[0545]

[0546] For example, organic monomers include one or more of the following structures:

[0547]

[0548] [First active group]

[0549] R2 represents a first active group, which includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol group, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted silicate group, substituted or unsubstituted amino group, halogen group, and substituted or unsubstituted azide group. Optionally, R2 includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group.

[0550] When n' is greater than 1, R2 can include the same group or different groups.

[0551] For example, R2 includes an alkenyl group, the crosslinking agent includes an alkenyl group, and the organic monomer and the crosslinking agent are crosslinked to form a secondary alkyl group.

[0552] When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkylthio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkylthio groups include C1 to C10 alkylthio groups, specifically including methylthio groups, ethylthio groups, propylthio groups, butylthio groups, pentylthio groups, etc.

[0553] Optionally, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, hydroxyl group, oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate ester group, borate ester group, carboxylic acid group, phosphorous acid group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0554] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group includes substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 alkenyl groups, optionally substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C4 alkenyl groups; in the case of substitution, the substituent group includes one or more of aromatic groups, amine groups, amide groups, halogen groups, alkyl thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituent groups.

[0555] Alkenyl groups encompass both straight-chain and branched alkenyl groups. For example, alkenyl groups can be C2 to C8 alkenyl groups, including vinyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, isobutenyl, sec-butenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, isopentenyl, neopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, isohexenyl, heptenyl, isoheptenyl, octenyl, etc.

[0556] For example, the substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl groups of the organic monomer include one or more of the following structural formulas.

[0557]

[0558] In the formula, This indicates the connection site between the active group and the hole transport group.

[0559] The types of hole transport groups, bridging groups, and oxygen-containing groups have been described above and will not be repeated here.

[0560] By way of example, the organic monomer includes one or more of the organic monomers shown in Formula II-1 to the organic monomers shown in Formula II-6.

[0561]

[0562]

[0563] It should be noted that an organic monomer may include multiple primary active groups, and all of these primary active groups may participate in the polymerization reaction to form an organic polymer; however, some of the primary active groups may participate in the polymerization reaction while others may not.

[0564] In some embodiments, the crosslinking agent includes a second active group, which includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol groups, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted silicate groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, halogen groups, and substituted or unsubstituted azide groups.

[0565] The selection of the second active group of the crosslinking agent corresponds to the selection of the first active group of the organic monomer, so that the first repeating unit derived from the organic monomer and the second repeating unit derived from the crosslinking agent can be connected to each other.

[0566] Optionally, the second active group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, which may be a C2 to C4 alkenyl group. Alkenyl groups have high reactivity, can polymerize under mild conditions, and have high polymerization efficiency, which is beneficial for improving the degree of polymerization of organic polymers.

[0567] Further optionally, the second active group may include vinyl groups. Exemplarily, one or more of the compounds represented by formula D',

[0568]

[0569] In formula D',

[0570] E includes substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted acidic groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, or quaternary ammonium salt groups;

[0571] When the above groups are substituted, the substituents include one or more of the following: alkylene group, halogen group, hydroxyl group, amide group, amino group or acidic group.

[0572] By way of example, the crosslinking agent includes one or more of the structures shown in Formula D'-1 to Formula D'-10.

[0573]

[0574] In the embodiments described above in this application, the structure of the compound can be tested using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology.

[0575] In some embodiments, the mass content of the crosslinking agent is from 0.1% to 50%, based on the mass of the organic monomer and the crosslinking agent, for example, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or any range of two of the above values. Optionally, the mass content of the crosslinking agent is from 1% to 20%, based on the mass of the organic monomer and the crosslinking agent.

[0576] When the mass content of the crosslinking agent is within the above range, it can effectively improve the degree of crosslinking of the organic polymer, further improve the integrity of the film layer, and further improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0577] In some embodiments, the preparation method further includes step S500, which includes washing the functional layer with a washing solvent to remove the crosslinking agent of the functional layer.

[0578] Unreacted crosslinking agents may adversely affect the crystallization of the photoelectric conversion layer. Removing unreacted crosslinking agents with solvents can reduce the adverse effects of free radicals on the photoelectric conversion layer, thereby further improving the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0579] Optionally, the washing solvent includes one or more of dimethyl sulfoxide, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, N-methylpyrrolidone, and N,N-dimethylformamide.

[0580] In some embodiments, step S400 may include: sequentially depositing a photoelectric conversion layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode on the functional layer to obtain a solar cell.

[0581] As a specific embodiment of the preparation of solar cells in this application, the preparation method includes:

[0582] Step S100: Provide the first electrode;

[0583] Step S200: An organic monomer and a crosslinking agent are provided to one side of the first electrode, wherein the organic monomer includes a side chain group and a first active group connected to the side chain group, the side chain group includes a hole transport group, and the crosslinking agent includes a second active group.

[0584] In step S300, the organic monomers and crosslinking agent are polymerized to polymerize and link the first active groups of at least two organic monomers with the second active groups of the crosslinking agent to form a functional layer;

[0585] In step S400, a photoelectric conversion layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the functional layer to obtain a solar cell.

[0586] As another specific embodiment of the preparation of solar cells in this application, the preparation method includes:

[0587] Step S100: Provide the first electrode;

[0588] Step S210: A hole transport layer is formed on the first electrode;

[0589] Step S220: An organic monomer and a crosslinking agent are provided to one side of the first electrode, wherein the organic monomer includes a side chain group and a first active group connected to the side chain group, the side chain group includes a hole transport group, and the crosslinking agent includes a second active group.

[0590] In step S300, the organic monomers and crosslinking agent are polymerized to polymerize and link the first active groups of at least two organic monomers with the second active groups of the crosslinking agent to form a functional layer;

[0591] In step S400, a photoelectric conversion layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the functional layer to obtain a solar cell.

[0592] In the embodiments of this application, the materials of the first electrode, the second electrode, the photoelectric conversion layer, the electron transport layer, and the hole transport layer can be the materials described above, and will not be repeated here.

[0593] In the embodiments of this application, the fabrication processes of the first electrode, the second electrode, the photoelectric conversion layer, the electron transport layer, and the hole transport layer can be carried out using methods known in the art.

[0594] For example, solar cells can be prepared using the following methods:

[0595] Transparent conductive electrodes are formed on the surface of the substrate layer by magnetron sputtering or chemical methods.

[0596] A hole transport layer is formed on the surface of the transparent conductive electrode away from the substrate layer by magnetron sputtering, chemical deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), or coating.

[0597] An organic monomer solution is applied to the hole transport layer by coating, spraying, spin coating, vapor deposition or chemical deposition, and then cross-linked to form a functional layer;

[0598] A photoelectric conversion layer is formed on the surface of the functional layer by coating, spraying, spin coating, vapor deposition or chemical deposition.

[0599] An electron transport layer is formed on the surface of the photoelectric conversion layer by magnetron sputtering, chemical deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), or coating.

[0600] Metal electrodes are formed on the surface of the electron transport layer away from the substrate by magnetron sputtering, chemical deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), or coating.

[0601] Based on the above steps, the positive and negative output electrodes can also be bonded with conductive tape, ultrasonically welded, laser welded, or welded with flux to form external output electrodes. Then, an adhesive film is radiated onto the surface of the metal electrodes facing away from the substrate layer, and a cover glass is placed on the side of the adhesive film facing away from the substrate layer. Finally, the entire assembly is sent into a laminator or autoclave for pressing and encapsulation.

[0602] photovoltaic modules

[0603] Secondly, the embodiments of this application also provide a photovoltaic module 1.

[0604] like Figure 7 As shown, the photovoltaic module 1 includes the solar cell 10 of any embodiment of the first aspect of this application.

[0605] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 1 may include at least one solar cell 10. For example, the photovoltaic module 1 may include one solar cell 10, or it may include multiple solar cells 10. When the photovoltaic module 1 includes multiple solar cells 10, the multiple solar cells 10 can be connected in series, parallel, or mixed configurations. A mixed configuration means that the multiple solar cells 10 are divided into multiple groups, each group is internally connected in series, and then adjacent groups are connected in parallel; or each group is internally connected in parallel, and then adjacent groups are connected in series. Figure 7 As shown, the photovoltaic module 1 includes at least one solar cell 10.

[0606] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 1 includes a single-junction solar cell made of the aforementioned solar cell, or a tandem cell including the aforementioned solar cell.

[0607] The aforementioned tandem solar cell, by connecting a wide-bandgap cell and a narrow-bandgap cell in series, can more rationally utilize photons across the entire spectrum and reduce energy loss. Specifically, the tandem solar cell includes a bottom cell and a top cell. The bottom cell has a relatively narrow bandgap and can be a silicon cell, or it can be a solar cell 10. The top cell has a relatively wide bandgap and can be a solar cell 10. Exemplarily, the tandem solar cell can include any one of a crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell or a full solar cell 10. Exemplarily, the aforementioned crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell can include a crystalline silicon bottom cell and a perovskite top cell arranged in sequence, wherein the aforementioned solar cell 10 can be used as the perovskite top cell in the crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell. Exemplarily, the aforementioned full solar cell 10 can include a first solar cell and a second solar cell arranged in sequence, wherein both the first solar cell and the second solar cell can be the solar cell 10 of this application.

[0608] Power generation unit

[0609] Thirdly, the embodiments of this application also provide a power generation device, including a photovoltaic module 1 according to any embodiment of the third aspect of this application. By using the photovoltaic module 1, the transparency of the power generation device can be guaranteed, and the power generation device can have a high photoelectric conversion efficiency, which can be applied to application scenarios that require both transparency and conductivity.

[0610] Electrical appliances

[0611] Fourthly, the embodiments of this application also provide an electrical device 2.

[0612] like Figure 8 As shown, the electrical device 2 includes a photovoltaic module 1 according to any embodiment of the third aspect of this application.

[0613] Photovoltaic module 1 can be used as a power source for electrical device 2, or it can be used as an energy storage unit for photovoltaic module 1. Electrical device 2 can be, but is not limited to, mobile devices (such as mobile phones, laptops, etc.), electric vehicles (such as pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc.

[0614] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of an example electrical device 2. The electrical device 2 is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc. The electrical device 2 includes a photovoltaic module 1.

[0615] As another example, the electrical device 2 can be a mobile phone, tablet, laptop, etc.

[0616] Example

[0617] The following embodiments describe the disclosure of this application in more detail. These embodiments are merely illustrative, as various modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art within the scope of the disclosure of this application. Unless otherwise stated, all parts, percentages, and ratios reported in the following embodiments are based on weight, and all reagents used in the embodiments are commercially available or synthesized by conventional methods and can be used directly without further processing, and the instruments used in the embodiments are commercially available.

[0618] Example: Preparation of organic monomers

[0619] Organic monomers represented by formula II-1

[0620] Step 1:

[0621] Raw material 1 is N4,N4,N4',N4'-tetra(4-bromophenyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (CAS No.: 113664-24-7);

[0622] Take a reaction vessel, add a magnetic stir bar, and then add raw material 1 (1 eq), vinylboron pinacol ester (CAS No.: 75927-49-0, the amount used is 1.1 times the amount required for the above site), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium Pd(PPh3)4 (0.05 eq), triterpenoid butylphosphine (0.08 eq), and carbonic acid (2 eq) sequentially into the reaction vessel. Then add the solvent, using an appropriate amount of tetrahydrofuran (THF) / water (H2O) (2 / 1 volume ratio), and solidify the solvent using liquid nitrogen. Then evacuate the vessel three times to create an inert argon atmosphere. Heat to 80℃ and react for 12 hours.

[0623] The obtained product was extracted with diethyl ether and saturated brine. The oil phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and then separated by column chromatography to obtain the final product. Figure 9 The NMR spectrum of the reaction product is shown on the horizontal axis, which represents the chemical shift in ppm. The vertical axis represents the signal strength, and the peak position and peak intensity reflect the characteristic information of the product.

[0624] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0625]

[0626] Organic monomers represented by formula II-2

[0627] Step 1:

[0628] [5H-diindolo[3,2-a:3',2'-c]carbazole (CAS No.: 1357148-51-6) and ethyl p-bromophenylacetate (CAS No.: 14062-25-0) underwent a CN coupling reaction, the specific process of which is as follows:

[0629] Take a reaction vessel, add a magnetic oscillator, and then add [5H-diindolo[3,2-a:3',2'-c]carbazole (1 eq), ethyl p-bromophenylacetone (1 eq), tris(dibenzylacetone)dipalladium (0.02 eq), tritert-butylphosphine (0.08 eq), and cesium carbonate (2 eq) sequentially into the reaction vessel. Then add an appropriate amount of toluene, solidify the solvent using liquid nitrogen, and then evacuate the vessel three times to create an inert argon atmosphere. Raise the temperature to 110°C and react for 12 hours.

[0630] The product was extracted with saturated brine and water. The oil phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, then filtered and concentrated. The final product was separated by column chromatography with ethyl acetate:n-hexane = 1:4 as the mobile phase, yielding a yellow oily liquid in 69% yield.

[0631] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0632]

[0633] Step 2:

[0634] This step uses a reaction process similar to step 1 of the organic monomer shown in Formula II-1, which will not be described again here.

[0635] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0636]

[0637] Step 3:

[0638] Take a reaction vessel, add a magnetic ball, then add the product (1 eq) from step 2 into the reaction vessel, add ethanol, and separately prepare 1 mol / L sodium hydroxide. Take 10 eq and add it to the above solution. Heat and stir at 660℃ for 3 hours. After the reaction stops, add 1 mol / L hydrochloric acid aqueous solution to adjust the pH to 3.

[0639] Dichloromethane was added, and the mixture was extracted with saturated brine and water. The oil phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and then recrystallized to obtain the final product, which was a light yellow crystal with a yield of 40%. Figure 10 The NMR spectrum of the reaction product is shown on the horizontal axis, which represents the chemical shift in ppm. The vertical axis represents the signal strength, and the peak position and peak intensity reflect the characteristic information of the product.

[0640] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0641]

[0642] Example 1: Fabrication of Solar Cells

[0643] (1) First electrode

[0644] A 2cm×2cm FTO layer (FTO layer thickness of 500nm) was etched away by zinc powder and 1mol / L hydrochloric acid to remove 1 / 3 of the FTO layer. It was then ultrasonically cleaned multiple times with ethanol and deionized water, immersed in deionized water and ultrasonically cleaned for 10 minutes. Finally, it was dried with nitrogen gas and placed in an ultraviolet ozone generator for further cleaning, which served as the first electrode.

[0645] (2) Preparation of NiOx hole transport layer

[0646] A nickel oxide thin film with a thickness of 18 nm was magnetron sputtered on the surface of the first electrode as a hole transport layer.

[0647] (3) Preparation of functional layers

[0648] A 0.3 mg / mL ethanol solution containing 1% mol N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine and a crosslinking agent was spin-coated onto the surface of the hole transport layer at 5000 rpm. The solution was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and annealed at 150 °C for 10 min. After cooling to room temperature, a functional layer was formed.

[0649] (4) Fabrication of photoelectric conversion layer

[0650] A precursor solution of 1.5 mol / L methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI3) was spin-coated onto the surface of the functional layer at a speed of 4000 rpm, with DMF as the solvent. The layer was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 100 °C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, a photoelectric conversion layer with a thickness of 500 nm was formed.

[0651] (5) Fabrication of electron transport layer and second electrode

[0652] A 30nm C60 layer, a 5nm BCP layer, and an 80nm Cu electrode (as the second electrode) were sequentially deposited on the photoelectric conversion layer at a deposition rate of 0.1A / s to obtain a solar cell device.

[0653] After the solar cell device is prepared, a layer of encapsulating adhesive can be applied around the device and on its surface. The encapsulating adhesive is a colorless and transparent epoxy resin adhesive. A glass backing layer is then covered on the encapsulating adhesive and pressed together. After standing for 2 hours, the encapsulating adhesive is cured to obtain the solar cell.

[0654] Examples 2-1 to 2-3: Solar cells were prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the material of the crosslinking agent was adjusted.

[0655] Examples 3-1 to 3-4: Solar cells were prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the quality of the crosslinking agent was adjusted.

[0656] Example 4: A solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the process parameters for heat treatment were adjusted.

[0657] Example 5: A solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the material of the organic monomer was adjusted.

[0658] Example 6: A solar cell was fabricated using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that a nickel oxide hole transport layer was not provided. The fabrication steps of the solar cell included:

[0659] (1) First electrode

[0660] A 2cm×2cm FTO layer (FTO layer thickness of 500nm) was etched away by zinc powder and 1mol / L hydrochloric acid to remove 1 / 3 of the FTO layer. It was then ultrasonically cleaned multiple times with ethanol and deionized water, immersed in deionized water and ultrasonically cleaned for 10 minutes. Finally, it was dried with nitrogen gas and placed in an ultraviolet ozone generator for further cleaning, which served as the first electrode.

[0661] (2) Preparation of functional layers

[0662] An ethanol solution of 0.3 mg / mL organic monomer and crosslinking agent was spin-coated onto the surface of the first electrode at a speed of 5000 rpm. The electrode was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and annealed at 200 °C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, a functional layer was formed.

[0663] (3) Fabrication of photoelectric conversion layer

[0664] A precursor solution of 1.5 mol / L methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI3) was spin-coated onto the surface of the functional layer at a speed of 4000 rpm, with DMF as the solvent. The layer was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 100 °C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, a photoelectric conversion layer with a thickness of 500 nm was formed.

[0665] (4) Fabrication of electron transport layer and second electrode

[0666] A 30nm C60 layer, a 5nm BCP layer, and an 80nm Cu electrode (as the second electrode) were sequentially deposited on the photoelectric conversion layer at a deposition rate of 0.1A / s to obtain a solar cell device.

[0667] After the solar cell device is prepared, a layer of encapsulating adhesive can be applied around the device and on its surface. The encapsulating adhesive is a colorless and transparent epoxy resin adhesive. A glass backing layer is then covered on the encapsulating adhesive and pressed together. After standing for 2 hours, the encapsulating adhesive is cured to obtain the solar cell.

[0668] Comparative Example 1

[0669] Solar cells were prepared using a method similar to that in Example 1. The difference from Example 1 was that step (3) was adjusted, and unpolymerized self-assembled molecules (SAM) were used as the main material for the functional layer. Specifically, step (3) included:

[0670] A SAM solution with a concentration of 0.3 mg / ml was prepared using a good solvent such as ethanol. The solution was stirred thoroughly to ensure complete dissolution. The solution was then spin-coated onto the surface of the hole transport layer at a speed of 5000 rpm and annealed at 100°C for 10 min to obtain an uncrosslinked SAM film as the functional layer with a thickness of 5 nm.

[0671] Comparative Example 1 uses the self-assembled molecule SAM shown in Formula D-1.

[0672]

[0673] Comparative Example 2

[0674] A solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1. The difference from Example 1 is that step (3) was adjusted, and an organic polymer was used as the main material for the functional layer. Specifically, step (3) includes:

[0675] A 0.3 mg / mL chlorobenzene solution of an organic polymer was spin-coated onto the surface of the hole transport layer at a speed of 5000 rpm. The layer was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and annealed at 100 °C for 10 min. After cooling to room temperature, a functional layer was formed.

[0676] Comparative Example 2 uses the organic polymer shown in Formula D-2, with a weight-average molecular weight of 9000 g / mol to 12000 g / mol.

[0677]

[0678] Performance testing

[0679] 1. Photoelectric conversion efficiency

[0680] Under normal temperature and pressure, a standard AM1.5G solar light source, conforming to the national standard IEC61215, was used for testing. Crystalline silicon solar cells were used to correct the light intensity to achieve a solar intensity. A four-channel digital source meter (Keithley 2440) was used to measure the current-voltage characteristic curve of the solar cells under illumination, obtaining the open-circuit voltage Voc, short-circuit current density Jsc, fill factor FF, and photoelectric conversion efficiency Eff. The photoelectric conversion efficiency is calculated as follows:

[0681] PCE=Pout / Popt=Voc×Jsc×(Vmpp×Jmpp) / (Voc×Jsc)=Voc×Jsc×FF / Popt,

[0682] Wherein, Pout, Popp, Vmpp, Jmpp, Voc, and Jsc represent the battery's operating output power, incident light power, battery's maximum power point voltage, battery's maximum power point current, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current density, respectively, with the incident light power being 100 mW / cm². 2 .

[0683] 2. Device stability determination

[0684] The solar cell was placed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 75°C with an intensity of 100 mw / cm². 2 Irradiation was performed using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and other sources. A source meter was used to track the change in the maximum power point (MPP) of the solar cell over time. The time required for the MPP efficiency to decay to 80% of the initial efficiency was denoted as T. 80 The magnitude of this parameter indicates the photothermal stability of the solar cell.

[0685] The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0686] Table 1

[0687]

[0688] In Table 1, the structure shown by formula D'-1 is 1,5-hexadiene;

[0689] The structure shown in formula D'-2 is allyl vinyl sulfonic acid;

[0690] The structure shown in formula D'-8 is 1,4-pentadien-3-ol;

[0691] The structure shown in formula D'-10 is p-divinylbenzene.

[0692] Table 2

[0693]

[0694] In Table 2,

[0695] In the various embodiments and comparative examples,

[0696] The first peak W1 refers to the maximum absorption peak of the functional layer in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer has been soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide.

[0697] The second peak W2 refers to the maximum absorption peak of the functional layer in the 200nm to 400nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer has been soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min and chlorobenzene for 5 min in sequence.

[0698] The third peak, W3, refers to the maximum absorption peak of the functional layer in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer has been sequentially soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min, chlorobenzene for 5 min, and dichloromethane for 5 min.

[0699] As can be seen from Tables 1 and 2,

[0700] In Comparative Examples 1 and 2, self-assembled small molecules or organic polymers were directly placed on the hole transport layer and dried to form a functional layer. During the photothermal aging process of the solar cell, the above-mentioned materials in the functional layer may migrate, which weakens the passivation effect and deteriorates the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0701] In this embodiment, a crosslinking agent and an organic monomer solution are placed on the hole transport layer or the first electrode, and then crosslinked and polymerized to form an organic polymer. This organic polymer is a crosslinked film that is not prone to molecular migration or diffusion. Furthermore, after ultraviolet testing and surface potential analysis, it was found that the functional layer has excellent solvent resistance and is relatively stable as an integral film layer. Moreover, when the crosslinking agent includes polar groups, it can enhance the polarity of the functional layer and improve the wettability between the functional layer and the photoelectric conversion layer, making it easier to place the photoelectric conversion layer on the functional layer. This enables the fabrication of large-area devices and improves device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0702] Furthermore, the functional layer has a strong bond with its adjacent layers, and the functional layer can also effectively play a role in hole transport, thereby improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0703] Furthermore, by controlling the material of the crosslinking agent and the crosslinking process, effective crosslinking polymerization of organic monomers can be achieved, the degree of crosslinking can be improved, and a crosslinked film can be formed, thereby effectively improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0704] The functional layer in this application embodiment also has hole transport function. For example, in embodiment 6, the functional layer can be used as a hole transport layer. When the thickness of the functional layer is 1nm to 30nm, it can effectively improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0705] Although illustrative embodiments have been demonstrated and described, those skilled in the art should understand that the above embodiments should not be construed as limiting the implementation of the present application, and that changes, substitutions and modifications can be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit, principles and scope of the implementation of the present application.

[0706] Although illustrative embodiments have been demonstrated and described, those skilled in the art should understand that the above embodiments should not be construed as limiting the implementation of the present application, and that changes, substitutions and modifications can be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit, principles and scope of the implementation of the present application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a functional layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode stacked along the thickness direction of the solar cell, wherein the functional layer and the photoelectric conversion layer are disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the photoelectric conversion layer is disposed close to the second electrode; the functional layer comprises an organic polymer, the organic polymer comprising a plurality of first repeating units and a plurality of second repeating units, the first repeating units and the second repeating units having different structures, the first repeating units comprising hole transport groups, and at least two first repeating units being connected through second repeating units. wherein The functional layer satisfies the following condition: (W2 / W1)×100% is 80% to 100%. W1 indicates that the functional layer, after being soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 minutes, exhibits the maximum absorption peak in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum. W2 indicates that the functional layer, after being soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 minutes and chlorobenzene for 5 minutes, exhibits the maximum absorption peak in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum.

2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein, (W2 / W1)×100% is 85% to 100%.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, (W2 / W1)×100% is 90% to 100%.

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The functional layer satisfies the following condition: (W3 / W1)×100% is 60% to 100%. Wherein, W3 represents the maximum absorption peak in the 200nm to 400nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer has been sequentially soaked in N,N-dimethylformamide for 5 min, chlorobenzene for 5 min, and dichloromethane for 5 min.

5. The solar cell of claim 4, wherein, (W3 / W1)×100% is 70% to 100%.

6. The solar cell according to claim 4 or 5, wherein (W3 / W1)×100% is 80% to 100%.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein, Each of the first repeating units includes a linking unit and a side chain group, the side chain group including the hole transport group, the linking unit in each of the first repeating units is connected to the hole transport group, and the linking units of at least two of the first repeating units are connected through the second repeating unit.

8. The solar cell according to claim 7, wherein, The side chain group further includes an oxygen-containing group and a bridging group, wherein the oxygen-containing group is connected to the hole transport group through the bridging group.

9. The solar cell according to claim 7 or 8, wherein, The first repeating unit includes one or more of the structures shown in Formula I. In formula I, R1represents a linking unit, R1comprises a single bond one or more of R'1 includes one or more of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silane groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups; ## represents the connection site between one of the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit and the first repeating unit; This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group; When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl groups, aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkylthio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. Q represents the hole transport group; L represents a single bond or bridging group; A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group; n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the connecting unit, and n is any integer from 1 to 6; m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, where m is any integer from 1 to 8.

10. The solar cell of claim 9, wherein, R'1 includes substituted or unsubstituted peptones; and / or The hole-transporting group includes one or more of substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups.

11. The solar cell of claim 10, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted pinanediols include substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 pinanediols.

12. The solar cell of claim 10, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include the structure shown in Formula A1. In formula A1, M 11 and M 12 Each group independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic atom number of C5 to C30; M 13 comprising a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30; When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

13. The solar cell of claim 12, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-6 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group, m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are each independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are not all 0 at the same time; The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5, each of which is an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5 are not all 0 at the same time.

14. The solar cell of claim 10, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups include substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, or substituted or unsubstituted acridine groups.

15. The solar cell of claim 14, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group, which comprises the structure shown in Formula A2. In formula A2, M 14 comprises a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 heteroarylene group; M 15 and M 16 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group; When the above groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. and / or The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes the structure shown in formula A3. In formula A3, M 17 comprises a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 heteroarylene group; M 18 and M 19 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30; When the above groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. and / or The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups include the structure shown in Formula A4. In formula A4, M 20 comprises a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 heteroarylene group; M 21 and M 22 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group; When the above groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. and / or The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group comprises the structure shown in Formula A5. In formula A5, M 25 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms; M 23 and M 34 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30; When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

16. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 2-a1 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 2-b8 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A In the formula, * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, and m3 are each independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, and m3 are not all 0 at the same time. The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1, n2, n3, and n4, which are each independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, and n4 are not all 0 at the same time.

17. The solar cell according to claim 15, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-6 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group; The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and n1 and n2 are not both 0 in the same structural formula.

18. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-7 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group; represents a connecting site of the connecting unit to the hole-transporting group, each of n1, n2 is independently any integer between 0 and 3, and n1, n2 are not simultaneously 0 in the same structural formula.

19. The solar cell of claim 15, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-3 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group; represents a connecting site of the connecting unit to the hole-transporting group, each of n1, n2 is independently any integer between 0 and 3, and n1, n2 are not simultaneously 0 in the same structural formula.

20. The solar cell according to any one of claims 8 to 19, wherein the bridging group comprises an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, and the above group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen group, an amine group, an alkylthionyl group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, an aromatic group, or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10 when the substituent group includes a carbon atom. In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and the aforementioned group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of halogen groups, amine groups, alkyl thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups or C1 to C5 alkyl groups; and / or The oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

21. The solar cell of claim 20, wherein, The bridging groups include substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with C5 to C15 cyclic atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups with C3 to C15 cyclic atoms.

22. The solar cell of claim 20, wherein, The oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphate group, borate group, carboxylate group, phosphate group, and borate group.

23. The solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein, The repeating units of the organic polymer include one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1a to Formula I-6a.

24. The solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein, The repeating units of the organic polymer include one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1 to Formula I-6.

25. The solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein, The water contact angle of the functional layer toward the surface of the photoelectric conversion layer is 0° to 90°.

26. The solar cell of claim 25, wherein, The water contact angle of the functional layer toward the surface of the photoelectric conversion layer is 30° to 60°.

27. The solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein, The terminal group of the second repeating unit includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group.

28. The solar cell of claim 27, wherein, The terminal group of the second repeating unit includes a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C4 alkylene group.

29. The solar cell of claim 28, wherein, The second repeating unit includes one or more of the structures shown in formula D. In formula D, E includes substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted acidic groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, or quaternary ammonium salt groups; When the above groups are substituted, the substituents include one or more of the following: alkylene group, halogen group, hydroxyl group, amide group, amino group or acid-containing group; ~ indicates the connection point between the second repeating unit and the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit.

30. The solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein, The second repeating unit includes one or more of the structures shown in Equation D-1 to Equation D-10.

31. The solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein, The functional layer is disposed on the surface of the first electrode and is in contact with at least a portion of the first electrode.

32. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 30, further comprising a hole transport layer, wherein the functional layer is located between the hole transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer.

33. The solar cell of claim 32, wherein, The hole transport layer includes a hole transport material. The hole transport material includes hole transport organic compounds, which include poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine. One or more of the following: N-4-aniline carbazole-spirobisfluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic acid monomolecule, carboxylic acid monomolecule, carbazole monomolecule, sulfonic acid monomolecule, triphenylamine monomolecule, and aromatic monomolecule; and / or The hole transport layer includes hole transport inorganic materials, which include one or more of metal oxides, cuprous iodide, and cuprous thiocyanate.

34. The solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein, The photoelectric conversion layer comprises a perovskite material.

35. The solar cell according to claim 34, wherein, The perovskite material includes one or more compounds with the molecular formula ABX3 or M2CDN6. A and M each independently include Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + One or more of the following: methylamine cation, ethylamine cation, propylamine cation, butylamine cation, pentamine cation, hexamine cation, formamidin cation, or imidazole cation; B includes Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Ni 2+ Mn 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Pd 2+ 、Ge 2+ Sn 2+ Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2+ One or more cations, etc.; X and N each independently include F - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - CN - or SeCN - One or more of the following; C includes Cs + Ag + K + Or Ru + One or more of the following; D includes Bi 3+ Ni 3+ Fe 3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ or Cu 3+ One or more of them.

36. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein, The first electrode is a transparent electrode.

37. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 36 further comprises an electron transport layer, the electron transport layer being located between the photoelectric conversion layer and the second electrode.

38. A method for preparing a solar cell, comprising: Provide the first electrode; An organic monomer and a crosslinking agent are provided to one side of a first electrode, wherein the organic monomer includes a side chain group and a first active group connected to the side chain group, the side chain group including a hole transport group, and the crosslinking agent includes a second active group; The organic monomer and the crosslinking agent are polymerized to polymerize and link at least two first active groups of the organic monomer with the second active groups of the crosslinking agent to form a functional layer; A solar cell is obtained by sequentially depositing at least a photoelectric conversion layer and a second electrode on the functional layer.

39. The method of manufacturing according to claim 38, wherein, The step of providing the organic monomer to one side of the first electrode includes: A hole transport layer is formed on the first electrode; Organic monomers and crosslinking agents are disposed on the hole transport layer.

40. The method of manufacturing according to claim 38 or 39, wherein, The organic monomer includes one or more compounds represented by Formula II. In formula II, R2 represents the first active group, which includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol group, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted silicate group, substituted or unsubstituted amino group, halogen group, and substituted or unsubstituted azide group. When the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, amine groups, amide groups, halogen groups, alkylthio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. Q represents the hole transport group; L represents a single bond or the bridging group; A represents a hydrogen atom or the oxygen-containing group; n' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the active group, and n' is any integer from 1 to 6; m' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, where m' is any integer from 1 to 8.

41. The method of manufacturing according to any one of claims 38 to 40, wherein, The second active group includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol groups, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted silicate groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, halogen groups, and substituted or unsubstituted azide groups.

42. The method of making according to any one of claims 38 to 41, wherein, The first active group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; and / or the second active group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group.

43. The method of manufacturing according to claim 42, wherein, The crosslinking agent includes one or more compounds represented by formula D'. In formula D', E includes substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted acidic groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, or quaternary ammonium salt groups; When the above groups are substituted, the substituents include one or more of alkenyl, halogen, hydroxyl, amide, amino, or acid-containing groups.

44. A photovoltaic module comprising one or more solar cells as described in any one of claims 1 to 37 or solar cells prepared by the preparation method as described in any one of claims 38 to 43.

45. A power generation device comprising a photovoltaic module as described in claim 44.

46. ​​An electrical device comprising a photovoltaic module as described in claim 44.

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