Preparation and optimization method of self-absorbing heat superhydrophobic anti-icing coating and its application in transmission tower steel structure

Abstract

This invention discloses a method for preparing and optimizing a self-heating superhydrophobic anti-icing coating and its application in transmission tower steel structures. The coating uses room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber as the matrix material, and incorporates self-heating material CuFeMnO₄, superhydrophobic modifier FAS-17, nano-SiO₂, silane coupling agent KH-550, and fillers. CuFeMnO₄ is prepared via dynamic pH-controlled co-precipitation, and the coating is prepared using ultrasonic-microwave synergistic dispersion, multi-stage stirring, low-temperature pretreatment, and vacuum degassing processes. The formulation is optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and the correlation between photothermal conversion efficiency, contact angle, roll-off angle, and icing amount is evaluated using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). The process parameters are also optimized. The resulting coating possesses self-heating and superhydrophobic properties, actively melting ice using the photothermal effect, supplemented by a surface water-repellent structure for passive anti-icing, significantly improving anti-icing efficiency and extending service life. This solves the technical problem of easy icing on transmission tower steel structures in low-temperature and high-humidity environments.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of functional coating technology, specifically relating to a self-absorbing, superhydrophobic, anti-icing coating for transmission tower steel structures, its preparation and optimization methods, and its applications. The resulting coating possesses both highly efficient self-absorbing heat and superhydrophobic properties. During the day, it absorbs and stores heat through photothermal conversion to maintain a higher surface temperature in low-temperature environments at night, preventing ice formation. Simultaneously, its superhydrophobic surface significantly reduces the contact and adhesion of rainwater and water vapor, decreasing the likelihood of ice formation, thereby achieving highly efficient anti-icing protection for transmission tower steel structures in low-temperature, high-humidity environments. Background Technology

[0002] Transmission towers are core components of power transmission systems, exposed to complex climatic environments for extended periods. Especially in cold regions, icing poses a serious threat to the stability and safety of steel structures. Under conditions of ambient temperatures ranging from -40°C to 0°C and relative humidity exceeding 90%, icing significantly increases structural load, potentially leading to mechanical fatigue, component fracture, or power line outages, resulting in substantial economic losses and increased safety risks.

[0003] Currently, anti-icing technologies mainly include mechanical de-icing, thermal de-icing, and surface coating protection. Surface coatings have become a research focus due to their advantages such as convenient construction, low cost, and sustainability. However, existing anti-icing coatings have significant technical limitations in practical applications. Traditional coatings are insufficient in terms of heat absorption and insulation performance, usually relying on external heat sources or ambient light and heat, lacking efficient photothermal conversion and heat storage capabilities, and unable to maintain the surface temperature of steel structures above the freezing point (0°C) under low-temperature conditions at night. For example, the light energy absorption rate of some heat-absorbing coatings is usually less than 60%, and they lack heat storage mechanisms, resulting in a high risk of icing at night. In addition, the hydrophobic properties of existing coatings are generally limited, with static contact angles usually below 140° and roll-off angles above 10°, making it difficult to effectively prevent rainwater and water vapor from adhering to and condensing on the surface of steel structures. In high-humidity environments, water vapor easily penetrates the coating surface, leading to rapid ice formation. More importantly, existing anti-icing coatings are mostly focused on single functions, such as heat absorption or hydrophobicity, lacking a system design that combines efficient self-heat absorption with superhydrophobic properties. Single-function coatings are insufficient to comprehensively address the complex environments of cold regions with large diurnal temperature variations and high humidity. For example, while heat-absorbing coatings can increase surface temperature during the day, their heat retention capacity is insufficient at night. Hydrophobic coatings can reduce water droplet adhesion but lack the ability to effectively remove existing ice layers. The lack of a synergistic mechanism limits their anti-icing effect. Furthermore, transmission tower steel structures are exposed to extreme environments such as low temperatures, high humidity, ultraviolet radiation, and sandstorms for extended periods, making traditional coatings prone to aging, peeling, or performance degradation. For instance, in ultraviolet aging tests, conventional coatings can experience performance degradation of over 20%, with adhesion decreasing to below 3 MPa, making it difficult to meet the long-term protection requirements of steel structures for more than 10 years.

[0004] In recent years, heat-absorbing materials and superhydrophobic technologies have made some progress in the field of anti-icing, such as increasing surface temperature through photothermal conversion materials or reducing water droplet adhesion through micro-nano rough structures. However, for the anti-icing requirements of transmission tower steel structures in low-temperature and high-humidity environments, especially under low-temperature conditions at night, existing technologies have not yet developed coatings that combine daytime heat absorption and nighttime insulation with superhydrophobic water repellency, and the preparation process is complex with insufficient systematic optimization of material formulations and process parameters.

[0005] Therefore, developing an anti-icing coating that integrates high efficiency, self-heating properties, superhydrophobicity, and long-term durability, and is optimized for the steel structure of transmission towers, as well as its preparation and optimization methods, has significant engineering application value and practical significance. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a self-absorbing superhydrophobic anti-icing coating, its preparation and optimization method, and its application in transmission tower steel structures. This addresses the shortcomings of existing technologies, such as insufficient heat absorption, limited hydrophobicity, poor nighttime insulation, short failure time, and complex preparation processes, which fail to address the icing problem of transmission tower steel structures in extreme environments (-40℃ to 0℃, humidity ≥90%). The coating provided by this invention is an innovative nanocomposite heat-absorbing material with a superhydrophobic micro / nano structure obtained based on a multi-objective optimization algorithm. It is prepared using a geometrically adaptive coating process, significantly improving the coating's anti-icing performance, reducing maintenance costs, and providing a reliable solution for power grid safety in cold, humid, and windy regions.

[0007] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0008] A highly efficient self-absorbing heat coating for room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber (RTV, chemical formula: [–Si(CH3)2O–)). n Using CuFeMnO4 composite metal oxide powder (chemical formula: CuFeMnO4, particle size 15-35 nm, mass ratio 0.08-0.11) as the main endothermic material, with a molecular weight of 50,000-150,000 g / mol and a viscosity of 2,000-3,500 mPa·s as the matrix, and fumed silica (SiO2, particle size 8-15 nm, mass ratio 0.03-0.06) as the auxiliary material, it is supplemented with fumed silica (SiO2, particle size 8-15 nm, mass ratio 0.03-0.06) to enhance thermal stability and mechanical strength, and tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (V4, chemical formula: C8H) is added. 24 O4Si4 (mass ratio 0.01-0.02) is used as a crosslinking agent to improve the crosslinking density and weather resistance of the coating. CuFeMnO4 exhibits excellent photothermal conversion performance in the 0.3-2.5 μm wavelength range (covering the peak of solar radiation) through dd electronic transitions and lattice vibration mechanisms. Light energy absorption rate α sCalculated using the following integral formula:

[0009]

[0010] Where ρ(λ) is the spectral reflectance (%), E s (λ) represents the solar radiation intensity (W / m²) 2 (Based on AM1.5 standard), λ is the wavelength (μm). Experiments show that when the mass ratio of CuFeMnO4 is 0.09, α s ≥88%, compared to traditional heat-absorbing coatings (such as Fe3O4-based, α-type) s <60%) increased by 47%. Coating heat capacity C p Quantified using the following formula:

[0011]

[0012] Where Q is the heat absorbed (J), m is the coating mass (kg), and ΔT is the temperature rise (K). Measured C p With a heat capacity of ≥2.0 kJ / (kg·K), the surface temperature remains above 0℃ for 10 hours at -25℃, representing a 55% improvement over traditional coatings (temperature drop >6℃). This measure ensures that the coating efficiently absorbs heat during the day and effectively retains heat at night, preventing ice formation.

[0013] Furthermore, to optimize heat absorption performance, this invention analyzes the thermal diffusion behavior of the coating using a thermal conduction model. The thermal diffusivity α is calculated using the following equation:

[0014]

[0015] Where T is the coating temperature (K), t is time (s), and α = 0.13 mm² / s. After optimization, the coating exhibits a temperature drop of <2℃ within 10 hours at -30℃ and 92% RH, and its nighttime insulation performance is improved by 48% (compared to a temperature drop of >6℃ for traditional coatings). To ensure the thermal stability of CuFeMnO4, it was prepared using a high-temperature co-precipitation method (calcination at 850℃ for 2.5 hours, atmosphere: N2). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed its spinel structure (space group Fd-3m, cell parameter a = 8.397 Å, grain size 20-30 nm), with a thermal decomposition temperature >1200℃, superior to traditional endothermic materials (such as Fe3O4, decomposition temperature <800℃). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) testing showed that CuFeMnO4 has a melting point >900℃ and an enthalpy ΔH >200 J / g, indicating its structural stability at high temperatures.

[0016] Furthermore, this invention uses a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer to test the optical properties of the coating, specifically the emissivity e. s≤0.10 (wavelength 0.3-2.5 μm), heat radiation loss reduced by 65% ​​(compared to traditional coatings). s ≈0.3). To further analyze the endothermic mechanism, this invention proposes a photothermal conversion efficiency model to quantify the efficiency η of CuFeMnO4. t :

[0017]

[0018] Among them, I s =1000 W / m 2 (AM1.5 standard), Q loss Heat loss (W / m) 2 Including convection loss Q conv and radiation loss Q rad Convection losses are calculated using Newton's law of cooling:

[0019]

[0020] Among them, h c =10 W / (m 2 ·K) is the convective heat transfer coefficient, T s T represents the surface temperature of the coating (K). a The ambient temperature is K. Radiation loss is calculated using the Stefan-Boltzmann law:

[0021]

[0022] Where, σ = 5.67 × 10 -8 W / (m 2 ·K 4 η is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. After optimizing the CuFeMnO4 particle size (15-35 nm) and dispersion process (ultrasonic dispersion, 45 kHz, 400 W), η t ≥82%, a 64% improvement over traditional heat-absorbing materials (<50%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the chemical bonding (Si-O-Fe bond, wavenumber 1050 cm⁻¹) between CuFeMnO₄ and the RTV matrix. -1 Si-O-Si bond, wavenumber 1080 cm⁻¹ -1 This enhances interface stability and reduces thermal stress.

[0023] Preferably, this invention supplements the method with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermomechanical analysis (TMA) to evaluate the thermal stability of the coating. TGA results show that the coating exhibits a mass loss of <1.8% at 200°C and <5% at 500°C, demonstrating its excellent stability under high-temperature conditions. TMA testing quantifies the coefficient of thermal expansion α. th :

[0024]

[0025] Where L0 is the initial length (m), ΔL is the length change (m), and ΔT is the temperature change (K). Measured α th =180×10 -6 / ℃, compared to traditional RTV coatings (≈250×10 -6 / ℃) 28% lower, thermal stress σ t Calculated using the following formula:

[0026]

[0027] Where E = 2.0 GPa is the elastic modulus, ΔT = 50℃, and σ t <0.9 MPa ensures the coating has no risk of cracking within the temperature range of -40℃ to 100℃, improving durability by 40%. Thermal conductivity κ was determined by the steady-state heat flow method.

[0028]

[0029] Where Q is the heat flux (W), d is the coating thickness (0.08 mm), and A is the surface area (m²). 2 The measured κ = 0.25 W / (m·K), which is 29% lower than that of traditional coatings (≈0.35 W / (m·K)), reducing heat transfer to the substrate and enhancing the insulation effect.

[0030] Furthermore, this invention uses a heat flow meter to test the temperature rise characteristics of the coating under simulated solar radiation. The temperature rise ΔT on the coating surface is ≥15℃ within 10 minutes, which is 50% higher than that of traditional coatings. Dynamic thermal performance is evaluated through thermal transient analysis, and the coating's thermal response time τ is calculated using the following formula:

[0031]

[0032] Where ρ = 1.2 g / cm³ is the coating density, and c p =2.0 kJ / (kg·K), d=0.08 mm, κ=0.25 W / (m·K). The calculated τ≈0.8 s indicates that the coating responds rapidly to solar radiation and is suitable for environments with large diurnal temperature variations. The coating hardness ≥4.5H, volatile organic compound (VOC) content ≤22 g / L, and temperature resistance range -40℃ to 100℃, meeting the long-term exposure requirements of transmission tower steel structures.

[0033] Furthermore, this invention develops a thermal fatigue model to evaluate the performance degradation of the coating under cyclic temperature changes (-30°C to 30°C, 4°C / min, 30 cycles). Thermal fatigue stress is quantified using the following formula:

[0034]

[0035] Where N represents the number of cycles, and β=100 is the fatigue parameter. Experiments show that after 30 cycles, the coating performance decays by less than 3%, and the hydrophobic angle retention rate is ≥95%, which is 70% higher than that of traditional coatings (decay >10%). In addition, the nighttime heat preservation performance was tested using an infrared thermal imager (accuracy ±0.1℃). Under conditions of -30℃ and no light, the coating temperature drops by less than 2℃ within 8 hours, and the surface temperature remains above 0℃, effectively preventing the formation of ice.

[0036] Preferably, the present invention also achieves a highly efficient superhydrophobic coating using room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV, chemical formula: Si(CH3)2O). n Using a matrix of heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (FAS-17, chemical formula: C10 ... 13 H 13 F 17 SiO3 (mass ratio 0.09-0.13) was used as a low surface energy modifier, and silica nanoparticles (SiO2, particle size 10-20 nm, mass ratio 0.12-0.16) were used to construct a micro-nano rough structure, supplemented by tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (V4, chemical formula: C8H). 24 O4Si4 (mass ratio 0.01-0.02) is used as a crosslinking agent to improve the crosslinking density and weather resistance of the coating. FAS-17 forms Si-O-Si bonds with the RTV matrix through a hydrolysis-condensation reaction (catalyst: 0.1% HCl, pH 3.5, reaction temperature 25℃, 2 hours), significantly reducing the surface energy; SiO2 nanoparticles form a micron-scale rough structure through van der Waals forces, enhancing the Cassie-Baxter wetting state. The static contact angle θ of the coating... c and roll angle θ r satisfy:

[0037]

[0038] The contact angle is modeled using the Young-Laplace equation:

[0039]

[0040] Where, γ SG γ SL γ LG These represent the interfacial tensions at the solid-gas, solid-liquid, and liquid-gas interfaces, respectively. After optimizing the ratio of FAS-17 to SiO2, γ SLThe water droplet concentration is reduced to ≤8 mJ / m², and the water droplet forms a near-spherical shape on the coating surface with a rolling time of <0.3 s (92% RH, -30℃), which is 85% better than traditional hydrophobic coatings (rolling time >2 s, contact angle <140°). This method ensures that the coating effectively prevents water vapor adhesion in high humidity environments and reduces the risk of icing.

[0041] Furthermore, the superhydrophobic properties were quantified using the Cassie-Baxter model to describe the complex wetting state of the coating surface:

[0042]

[0043] Where f1≈0.15 (solid surface integral), f2≈0.85 (air surface integral), and θ0≈105° (RTV smooth surface contact angle). θ is calculated as follows. c ≥165°, consistent with measured values. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the SiO2 nanoparticles formed uniformly distributed micro- and nano-protrusions (height 0.3-0.7 μm, spacing 0.7-1.2 μm, surface coverage approximately 20%), constructing a stable air layer and enhancing the Cassie-Baxter state. Surface roughness Ra was quantified using the following formula:

[0044]

[0045] Where z(x) is the surface profile height and L is the measurement length. After optimization, Ra≈1.4±0.04 μm, which is 44% lower than that of traditional hydrophobic coatings (Ra>2.5 μm), and the hydrophobic performance is improved by 30%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis shows that the coating surface has a fluorine content ≥25%, a silicon content ≥32%, and a CF bond content >20%, ensuring the chemical stability of the superhydrophobic properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) further confirms the chemical bonding between FAS-17 and the RTV matrix (Si-O-Si bond, wavenumber 1080 cm⁻¹; CF bond, wavenumber 1200 cm⁻¹), enhancing interfacial compatibility.

[0046] Furthermore, this invention proposes a theoretical model based on surface energy gradient and dynamic wetting behavior to quantify the dynamic behavior of water droplets on the coating surface:

[0047]

[0048] Among them, E surface For the total surface energy (mJ / m²), γ LG For the liquid-gas interfacial tension, ΔE rough≈0.5 mJ / m². This was achieved by optimizing the SiO2 particle size (10-20 nm) and the FAS-17 bond density (CF bonds > 1.5 × 10¹). 8 / m²), ΔE rough It reduces the roll-off angle by 35% to 3°, a 70% improvement over traditional superhydrophobic coatings (roll-off angle > 10°). Dynamic wetting behavior is verified through sliding angle and hysteresis angle tests, with the hysteresis angle θ... h The difference between the advance angle and the retreat angle is <5°, indicating that the coating has extremely low adhesion. Water droplets roll in a -30℃, 95% RH environment for <0.3 s, and the ice accumulation is reduced to 10 g / m² (compared to 50-100 g / m² for traditional coatings). The coating passed the cyclic freeze-thaw test (30 times, -30℃ to 30℃, temperature change rate 4℃ / min), with a hydrophobic angle retention rate ≥94%, a 30% improvement in wear resistance, and an adhesion ≥5B.

[0049] Preferably, to further evaluate the long-term stability of the superhydrophobic properties, this invention supplements the invention with a chemical aging test, simulating the chemical corrosion of transmission tower steel structures under complex environments such as high humidity, acid rain, and salt spray. The chemical aging test is conducted under the following conditions:

[0050] Acidic solution immersion: The coating was immersed in an H2SO4 solution with a pH of 4.0 (simulating acid rain, 25°C, 720 hours), and the contact angle and roll-off angle were measured every 24 hours. The results showed that after 720 hours, θ... c Maintain ≥160°, θ r ≤4°, hydrophobic performance degradation <3%, which is better than traditional hydrophobic coatings (degradation >15%).

[0051] Salt spray test (GB / T 10125, 5% NaCl, 35℃, 1000 hours): The coating surface showed no obvious corrosion marks, the fluorine content (XPS) remained at ≥23%, and the contact angle decreased by <4°, indicating that the coating has excellent resistance to salt spray erosion.

[0052] UV aging test (UVA-340, irradiation intensity 0.68 W / m², 60℃, 50% RH, 1000 hours): the coating hydrophobic angle retention rate is ≥93%, the roll-off angle is ≤4.5°, and the CF bond strength (FTIR, 1200 cm⁻¹) decreases by <5%, proving its resistance to UV aging.

[0053] Furthermore, the chemical aging mechanism was revealed through surface chemical composition and microstructure analysis. XPS testing showed that the F 1s peak intensity decreased by <2% after immersion in acidic solution, indicating high CF bond stability in FAS-17. SEM analysis confirmed that the micro / nano protrusion structure remained intact after aging (height change <0.05 μm, spacing change <0.1 μm), with a porosity of <1.5%. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that the surface oxygen content increased by <3%, with no significant oxidative degradation. Chemical aging stress was quantified using an interfacial shear model.

[0054]

[0055] Where τ is the shear stress, μ = 0.05 is the friction coefficient, and σ n This represents the normal stress. The optimized micro / nano structure and chemical bonding reduce μ, decreasing the risk of aging-induced interface failure by 40%. Furthermore, this invention evaluates the impact of chemical aging on hydrophobic properties using a contact angle decay kinetic model.

[0056]

[0057] Where, θ c0 =165° is the initial contact angle, t is the aging time (h), τ deg =2000 h is the decay time constant. θ is calculated after 720 hours. c The temperature was ≥160°, which is consistent with the experimental data, indicating that the chemical stability of the coating is superior to that of traditional coatings.

[0058] Furthermore, this invention incorporates electrochemical corrosion testing (electrochemical workstation, 3.5% NaCl solution, 25°C) to evaluate the stability of the coating under electrochemical conditions. Corrosion potential E corr ≥-0.2 V (vs. SCE), corrosion current density I corr ≤10⁻ 8 The A / cm² ratio is two orders of magnitude lower than that of traditional coatings, indicating a 100-fold improvement in protection against electrochemical corrosion. Tafel curve analysis shows that both the anodic and cathodic reaction rates of the coating are significantly reduced, attributed to the low surface energy of FAS-17 and the inert protection of SiO2. The coating passed salt spray cycling tests (1000 hours, 5% NaCl, 35°C, alternating spray / drying), maintaining a hydrophobic angle retention of ≥92%, with no peeling or cracks on the surface.

[0059] Under conditions of 95% RH and -30℃, the coating extends the water vapor condensation time to 15 hours, the ice accumulation is ≤10 g / m², and the de-icing efficiency η d Calculated using the following formula:

[0060]

[0061] Preferably, this invention employs a multi-objective optimization method to systematically optimize the ratio of self-heating and superhydrophobic materials, ensuring synergistic optimization of light energy absorption rate, static contact angle, coating hardness, durability, and process cost. The coating uses room-temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber as the matrix, doped CuFeMnO4 composite metal oxide powder as the heat-absorbing material, heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxysilane and silica nanoparticles as superhydrophobic functional components, and tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane to enhance crosslinking density. The optimization objective is to maximize α... s (≥88%), θ c Minimize icing amount M (≥165°) and hardness (≥4.5H). i (≤10 g / m²) and process cost C. This invention employs response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box-Behnken design (BBD) to establish a proportioning optimization model:

[0062]

[0063] Where Y is the comprehensive performance index (α) s θ c The weighted sum of hardness and durability (with weights of 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1 respectively), x1, x2, x3, and x4 represent the mass ratio of CuFeMnO4, FAS-17, and SiO2, and the ultrasonic dispersion time, respectively. β i α is the regression coefficient, and ε is the random error. Through 35 experiments (BBD design, 4 factors, 3 levels), the optimal ratio was determined: CuFeMnO4 (0.09), FAS-17 (0.11), SiO2 (0.14), and ultrasonic time 16 min. After optimization, α... s =88.5%, θ c =165.2°, hardness=4.6H, standard deviation≤0.05H, formula stability improved by 38%.

[0064] Furthermore, to analyze the interaction effects of CuFeMnO4, FAS-17, and SiO2, this invention employs multifactor analysis of variance to quantify the influence of each factor on performance:

[0065]

[0066] Where μ is the population mean, α i β j γ k The effects of CuFeMnO4, FAS-17, and SiO2 are respectively, with ij, ik, and jk representing the interaction effects of two factors, and ε representing the error. ANOVA results (p<0.01) show that the interaction between CuFeMnO4 and SiO2 affects θ. cThe interaction between FAS-17 and SiO2 has a significant impact (contribution rate of 38%) on α. s The impact is relatively small (contribution rate 15%). Specifically, high CuFeMnO4 content (>0.12) increases coating viscosity (>5000 mPa·s), leading to increased spraying difficulty and excessively high surface roughness (Ra>2.2 μm); high FAS-17 content (>0.15) increases θ c However, this increases costs (>60 yuan / m²). With optimized formulation, the coating's ice accumulation M_i ≤ 10 g / m² at -30℃, 92% RH, and 12m / s wind speed is 80% lower than that of traditional coatings (50-100 g / m²), and the de-icing efficiency η d ≥98%.

[0067] Furthermore, the failure time is predicted using the Weibull distribution:

[0068]

[0069] Furthermore, to enhance the scientific rigor of the optimization method, this invention introduces a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the ratio, overcoming the limitations of RSM in high-dimensional nonlinear problems. The GA model uses the comprehensive performance index Y as the fitness function:

[0070]

[0071] Where H represents hardness, C represents cost, and weights w1=0.4, w2=0.3, w3=0.2, w4=0.1. GA parameters were set as follows: population size 150, crossover probability 0.8, mutation probability 0.1, and 400 iterations. Constraints included: 0.08≤x1≤0.11 (CuFeMnO4), 0.09≤x2≤0.13 (FAS-17), 0.12≤x3≤0.16 (SiO2), and 12≤x4≤20 min (ultrasonic time). The GA optimization results were: CuFeMnO4 (0.092), FAS-17 (0.108), SiO2 (0.142), ultrasonic time 15.8 min, and Y value improved by 5% (α) compared to RSM. s =88.7%, θ c =165.5°, hardness=4.7H). GA avoids local optima through global search, improving optimization efficiency by 20%. Experimental verification shows that the icing amount M under GA-optimized ratio is... i ≤9.8 g / m², η d ≥98.5%.

[0072] Preferably, to further improve the robustness of multi-objective optimization, this invention introduces a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) while optimizing α. s θc Hardness and cost. The objective function of NSGA-II is:

[0073]

[0074] The weights were w1=0.4, w2=0.3, w3=0.2, and w4=0.1. The NSGA-II parameters were: population size 200, crossover probability 0.85, mutation probability 0.05, 500 iterations, and Pareto front solution set. Ten non-dominated solutions were generated, with the optimal ratio being: CuFeMnO4 (0.091), FAS-17 (0.11), SiO2 (0.141), ultrasonic time 16.2 min, and overall performance Y=0.92 (normalized value). s =88.8%, θ c =165.7°, hardness=4.7H, cost≈47 yuan / m². Pareto frontier analysis shows that there is a trade-off between α_s and cost (correlation coefficient -0.65), θ c It is positively correlated with hardness (correlation coefficient 0.72). After optimization, NSGA-II improves overall performance by 8% compared to RSM, reduces cost by 12%, and improves formulation stability by 40%.

[0075] Furthermore, to verify the stability of the optimized formulation, this invention uses Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the impact of random perturbations on the formulation parameters. The simulation assumes that x1, x2, x3, and x4 follow a normal distribution (standard deviation σ = 0.005), and runs for 10,000 iterations to calculate the distribution of Y. The results show that the standard deviation of Y is ≤ 0.03, indicating that the performance fluctuation of the optimized formulation is <2% under ±5% perturbation, and its stability is superior to the traditional formulation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirms that the strengths of Si-O-Si bonds (1080 cm⁻¹), CF bonds (1200 cm⁻¹), and Si-O-Fe bonds (1050 cm⁻¹) are stable under the optimized formulation, and the chemical bonding uniformity is improved by 25%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy verifies that the surface fluorine content is ≥25% and the silicon content is ≥32%, ensuring superhydrophobic properties.

[0076] Furthermore, this invention supplements the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, comparing it with GA and NSGA-II. The PSO objective function is the same as GA, with the following parameters: 150 particles, inertia weight linearly decreasing from 0.9 to 0.3, learning factors c1=c2=2.0, and 400 iterations. The PSO optimization results are: CuFeMnO4 (0.090), FAS-17 (0.109), SiO2 (0.143), ultrasonic time 16.1 min, α_s=88.6%, θ_c=165.4°, hardness=4.6H, and cost ≈48.5 yuan / m². PSO has a 15% higher computational efficiency than GA (convergence time approximately 20 s), but its global search capability is slightly lower than NSGA-II (Pareto solution set diversity reduced by 10%). In summary, NSGA-II performs best in multi-objective optimization and is suitable for the high-performance requirements of transmission tower coatings.

[0077] As a preferred option, the experimental verification of the optimized ratio was conducted in a frozen-ice environment test chamber (0.5 m × 0.4 m × 0.3 m, -40℃ to 100℃, 0-15 m / s, 10%-95% RH), simulating freezing rain icing (water droplet diameter 30±1.5 μm, spray rate 0.9 L / h, 12h). Icing amount M i and thickness h i Quantified using the following formula:

[0078]

[0079] Wherein, Δm (±0.0015 g, electronic balance), h j (±0.0015 mm, laser rangefinder), n=15. Under optimized proportions, M i ≤9.8 g / m², h i ≤0.5 mm, η d ≥98.5%. Long-term durability was evaluated using the Weibull model, with a characteristic lifespan η=1500 h, which is 114% longer than that of traditional coatings. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed that the micro-nano structure was uniform and the porosity was <1.5% under the optimized formulation. Cost analysis showed that the optimized formulation reduced material costs by 35%, making it suitable for industrial production.

[0080] Preferably, this invention addresses the complex geometric features of transmission tower steel structures (including angle steel, channel steel, steel pipes, etc.) by proposing a geometry-adaptive coating process. This process employs high-pressure airless spraying technology to form a uniform coating thickness. Surface pretreatment, combined with mechanical abrasion and plasma cleaning, ensures adhesion ≥5B. Surface roughness Ra is quantified using the following formula:

[0081]

[0082] Where z(x) is the surface profile height and L is the measurement length. After optimization, Ra≈1.5±0.06 μm, and the adhesion was improved by 32%. For rusted surfaces (rust area ≤10%), pickling with 5% HCl (pH 1.5, 25℃, 12 min) was performed, followed by neutralization with 0.5% NaOH solution (pH 7.0±0.05), and the surface cleanliness met GB / T 8923 (Sa 2.5 grade). The coating was applied by spraying to form a uniform coverage with a thickness deviation ≤2.5% and a coverage rate ≥98%, adapting to the complex geometry of the transmission tower steel structure.

[0083] Furthermore, to adapt to the complex geometry of transmission tower steel structures, this invention proposes a spraying path optimization algorithm based on finite element analysis (FEA). The goal is to minimize coating thickness deviation and spraying time, while adapting to changes in substrate curvature. The optimization objective function is:

[0084]

[0085] Where h(x,y) is the coating thickness, h0=0.08 mm is the target thickness, S is the substrate surface, κ(x,y) is the surface curvature, v(t) is the spray arm speed (0.45 m / s), T is the spraying time, and λ1=0.05 and λ2=0.02 are weighting coefficients. The FEA model uses a mesh density of 2000 nodes / m² to simulate the geometric features of angle steel, channel steel, and steel pipe, optimizing the spraying angle (38°±1°) and spraying speed (0.45±0.05 m / s). Experimental verification shows that the thickness deviation is ≤2.5%, and the coverage is improved by 22% (the coverage of the traditional process is ≈80%). The spraying path is generated by cubic spline interpolation to ensure a smooth transition of the spray arm in the curvature variation region (κ>0.2 mm⁻¹), reducing the risk of coating accumulation or missed spraying.

[0086] As a preferred embodiment, the present invention has the following significant advantages over the prior art:

[0087] 1. Excellent anti-icing performance: The synergistic effect of self-heat absorption and superhydrophobicity reduces the amount of ice formation in cold and humid environments. Water droplets slide off quickly, making it difficult for ice to form, resulting in better anti-icing performance than traditional coatings.

[0088] 2. High efficiency in heat absorption and insulation: The self-absorbing heat material efficiently absorbs solar radiation, and the superhydrophobic surface reduces heat loss. Together, they keep the coating surface warm and significantly improve the anti-icing ability at night, which is superior to traditional heat-absorbing coatings.

[0089] 3. Ultra-long durability: The optimized ratio of self-heating and superhydrophobic components enhances the coating's resistance to ultraviolet rays, salt spray, and freeze-thaw cycles, maintaining anti-icing performance for a long time, far exceeding the service life of traditional coatings.

[0090] 4. Optimized coating process: The self-heating and superhydrophobic coating is perfectly adapted to the complex structure of the transmission tower through a geometrically adaptive process, ensuring uniform coverage and strong adhesion. The process efficiency and cost are superior to traditional methods.

[0091] 5. Green Engineering Value: Self-heating and superhydrophobicity work together to reduce maintenance frequency, reduce environmental pollution, adapt to cold and humid environments, significantly improve the safety and economy of transmission towers, and surpass traditional technologies. Detailed Implementation

[0092] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0093] Example 1

[0094] This embodiment provides a self-absorbing, superhydrophobic, and anti-icing coating for transmission tower steel structures. It is designed for metal steel structures (such as angle steel, channel steel, steel pipes, etc.) in low-temperature, high-humidity environments (-40℃ to 0℃, humidity ≥90%). The raw materials include the following parts by weight: room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber (RTV, chemical formula: [–Si(CH3)2O–)). n 40 parts of the self-absorbing heat-absorbing material CuFeMnO4 (particle size 15-35nm), 9 parts of the superhydrophobic modifier FAS-17 (chemical formula: C 13 H 13 F 17 This coating comprises 11 parts of CuFeMnO4 (SiO3), 14 parts of nano-SiO2 (particle size 10-20 nm), 60 parts of solvent (toluene and ethanol, mass ratio 1:1), 3 parts of additive (silane coupling agent KH-550), 2 parts of filler (CaCO3, particle size 50 nm), and 0.2 parts of crosslinking agent (tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane V4). Through the synergistic effect of the photothermal conversion of CuFeMnO4 (efficiency ≥82%) and the superhydrophobic properties of FAS-17 / SiO2 (contact angle ≥165°, roll-off angle ≤3°), this coating significantly reduces icing (≤9.8 g / m²), which is superior to traditional coatings (50-100 g / m²).

[0095] In this embodiment, CuFeMnO4 was prepared via an optimized co-precipitation method. FAS-17 and SiO2 were pretreated using a sol-gel method to form a low surface energy composite. The RTV matrix and solvent were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Additives and fillers enhanced interfacial bonding and mechanical strength. The preparation process innovatively combined ultrasonic dispersion, dynamic pH control, and gradient stirring to ensure the uniformity and chemical stability of the micro / nano structure. Detailed steps are as follows:

[0096] Step S1: Prepare RTV matrix solution

[0097] In this step, 40 parts RTV and 60 parts solvent (toluene and ethanol, mass ratio 1:1) were added to a 2 L stainless steel reactor (with jacketed temperature control, accuracy ±0.5℃). The mixture was stirred at 300 rpm for 1 hour at 25℃ until the solution became clear and the viscosity was controlled at 1.8±0.2 Pa·s (rotational viscometer, 25℃). The solvent ratio was optimized using RSM, with a toluene to ethanol mass ratio of 1:1 to ensure that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were ≤22 g / L, conforming to GB / T 23986 standard. During stirring, N2 (0.1 MPa) was circulated into the reactor to prevent oxidation. The stirring blades were four-bladed propellers (100 mm in diameter) to optimize shear force.

[0098] Step S2: Prepare and disperse the self-endothermic material CuFeMnO4

[0099] In this step, CuFeMnO4 was prepared by co-precipitation (Yang Kaihuai, Huang Qingya, Chen Wenzhe. Study on the process of preparing CuFeMnO4 composite metal oxide by sol-gel method. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2009, 30 (06): 769-773). First, 50% (wt) Mn(NO3)2, anhydrous Cu(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O were used as raw materials and dissolved in distilled water in proportion. The mixed solution was slowly added dropwise to an EDTA-ammonia solution with a total molar ratio of 1:1 to the metal ions, and the pH was adjusted to 6.5-7.0. The solution was heated to 80-100℃ and stirred for 2-6 hours. Finally, a DF101-S constant temperature water bath was used to control the reaction temperature and form CuFeMnO4 composite metal oxide.

[0100] Step S3: Preparation of superhydrophobic FAS-17 / SiO2 composite

[0101] In this step, 11 parts of FAS-17 and 14 parts of SiO2 (mass ratio 1:1.3, optimized by NSGA-II) were dissolved in 20 mL of ethanol (purity ≥99.8%) and stirred at 500 rpm for 30 min at 25 °C (centrifuge) to form a low surface energy composite via the sol-gel method. SEM analysis confirmed the formation of micro / nano protrusions (height 0.3-0.7 μm, spacing 0.7-1.2 μm) on the composite, with an air surface integral number f_2≈0.85 (Cassie-Baxter model). The composite was then added to the solution from step S2 and stirred at a gradient of 600 rpm (0-300 rpm for 10 min, 300-600 rpm for 20 min) to ensure uniform distribution of the micro / nano structure, a contact angle ≥165°, and a roll-off angle ≤3° (10 μL water droplet test).

[0102] Step S4: Add additives and fillers and optimize interfacial bonding

[0103] In this step, 3 parts of KH-550 (silane coupling agent, purity ≥98%), 2 parts of CaCO3 (particle size 50 nm, BET specific surface area 20 m² / g), and 0.2 parts of tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (V4) as crosslinking agents were added to the reaction solution obtained in step S3. The mixture was stirred at 400 rpm for 15 min (25℃) to promote the formation of Si-O-Si and Si-O-Fe bonds (FTIR verification, wavenumbers 1080 cm⁻¹ and 1050 cm⁻¹). After stirring, the mixture was degassed under vacuum (0.1 MPa, 10 min), and the porosity was ≤1.5% (SEM analysis). KH-550 improves the interfacial bonding force through chemical bonding, CaCO3 enhances the coating hardness (Mohs hardness increased by 10%), and crosslinking agent V4 effectively increases the crosslinking density of the coating, thereby improving the weather resistance and strength of the coating.

[0104] Step S5: Filtering, Detection, and Performance Verification

[0105] In this step, the coating is filtered through a 200-mesh stainless steel filter (74 μm pore size) to obtain the final product with a viscosity of 2.5 ± 0.2 Pa·s (25℃, rotational viscometer). Samples are taken for performance testing. The photothermal conversion efficiency is measured to be ≥82% using an infrared thermal imager (1000 W / m² illumination), the static contact angle is measured to be ≥165° using a contact angle meter, the roll-off angle is ≤3°, and the VOC concentration is confirmed to be ≤22 g / L. The coating exhibits an ice accumulation of ≤9.8 g / m² at -25℃, 92% RH, and a wind speed of 12 m / s (freezing test chamber, 0.9 L / h spray, 5.5 hours).

[0106] Table 1. Raw material ratio of self-heating superhydrophobic anti-icing coating material

[0107]

[0108] Table 2 Process Parameters for Self-Heating Superhydrophobic Anti-icing Coating Materials

[0109]

[0110] Table 3 Comparison of Performance of Self-Heating Superhydrophobic Anti-icing Coating Materials

[0111]

[0112] Example 2

[0113] This embodiment provides an optimized formulation of a self-heating, superhydrophobic, anti-icing coating for transmission tower steel structures. Unlike Embodiment 1, this embodiment further adjusts the proportions using multi-objective optimization technology to optimize the self-heating effect (photothermal conversion efficiency ≥85%), superhydrophobic effect (contact angle ≥167°, roll-off angle ≤2°), and anti-icing effect (icing amount ≤8.5 g / m²) for metal steel structures in extreme low-temperature and high-humidity environments (-40℃ to 0℃, humidity ≥90%). The optimized formulation includes the following parts by weight: room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber (RTV, chemical formula: [–Si(CH3)2O–] n 35 parts, self-absorbing heat-absorbing material CuFeMnO4 (particle size 10-30 nm) 12 parts, superhydrophobic modifier FAS-17 (chemical formula: C 13 H 13 F 17 13 parts of SiO3, 16 parts of nano SiO2 (particle size 5-15 nm), 55 parts of solvent (toluene and ethanol, mass ratio 1:2), 4 parts of additive (silane coupling agent KH-550), 3 parts of filler (CaCO3, particle size 40 nm), 0.3 parts of crosslinking agent (tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane V4), totaling 138 parts.

[0114] In this embodiment, the formulation optimization employs a combination of an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and grey relational analysis (GRA). The objective functions are photothermal conversion efficiency, contact angle, roll-off angle, and ice accumulation. Low-temperature pretreatment and multi-frequency ultrasonic dispersion techniques are introduced into the preparation process to improve performance stability. Detailed steps are as follows:

[0115] Step A1: Determine the optimal ratio parameters

[0116] In this step, based on the proportions of Example 1 (40 parts RTV, 9 parts CuFeMnO4, 11 parts FAS-17, 14 parts SiO2, 60 parts solvent, 3 parts KH-550, and 2 parts CaCO3), the PSO algorithm (150 particles, inertia weights of 0.9 to 0.4, learning factors c1=c2=2.0, 500 iterations) was used for optimization. Grey relational analysis (resolution coefficient ρ=0.5) was used to evaluate the photothermal conversion efficiency (η). t ≥85%), contact angle (θ) c ≥167°), roll angle (θ) rThe correlation between ≤2° and ice accumulation (≤8.5 g / m²) was adjusted as follows: RTV was reduced to 35 parts to optimize flexibility, CuFeMnO4 was increased to 12 parts to improve photothermal performance, FAS-17 was increased to 13 parts, SiO2 was increased to 16 parts (mass ratio 1:1.23) to enhance micro-nano structures, the solvent was adjusted to toluene:ethanol = 1:2 (55 parts) to reduce VOC, KH-550 was increased to 4 parts, CaCO3 was increased to 3 parts to improve durability, and crosslinking agent V4 was increased to 0.3 parts to improve crosslinking density.

[0117] Step A2: Low-temperature pretreatment and dispersion optimization

[0118] In this step, 35 parts of RTV and 55 parts of solvent (toluene:ethanol = 1:2) were premixed at 5°C (freezing circulator, accuracy ±0.2°C), and stirred at 300 rpm for 30 min, reducing the viscosity to 1.6 ± 0.2 Pa·s and minimizing thermal degradation. Then, 12 parts of CuFeMnO4 (dynamic pH-controlled co-precipitation method, pH 10.8 ± 0.05, particle size 10-30 nm) were added, and multi-frequency ultrasonic dispersion (alternating 20 kHz and 40 kHz, power 250 W, 20 min) was used, achieving a photothermal conversion efficiency of 86%. Subsequently, 13 parts of FAS-17 and 16 parts of SiO2 were added, and the mixture was stirred at 600 rpm with dual-frequency stirring (20 kHz ultrasonic assistance, 10 min), forming micro-nano protrusions (height 0.4-0.8 μm), achieving a contact angle of 168° and reducing the roll-off angle to 1.8°.

[0119] Step A3: Addition of additives and fillers and completion of the process

[0120] In this step, 4 parts KH-550 and 3 parts CaCO3 were added, and the mixture was stirred at 400 rpm for 20 min (10℃ low-temperature water bath) to enhance Si-O-Si and Si-O-Fe bonds (FTIR wavenumbers 1080 cm⁻¹ and 1050 cm⁻¹). Vacuum degassing (0.08 MPa, 15 min) was performed, resulting in a porosity ≤1.0%. The coating was then filtered through a 200-mesh filter (74 μm pore size) to obtain an optimized coating with a viscosity of 2.4 ± 0.2 Pa·s and VOC ≤20 g / L. Performance testing showed that the ice load was reduced to 8.2 g / m², and the de-icing efficiency reached 99.5%.

[0121] The following is a comparison table of the proportions before and after optimization in this embodiment:

[0122] Table 4 Comparison of Optimized Formulations for Self-Heating Superhydrophobic Anti-icing Coatings

[0123]

[0124] Table 5 Optimization of Process Parameters for Self-Heating Superhydrophobic Anti-icing Coating

[0125]

[0126] Table 6 Comparison of Process Performance Optimization of Self-Heating Superhydrophobic Anti-icing Coatings

[0127]

Claims

1. A self-absorbing heat superhydrophobic anti-icing coating, characterized in that, Includes the following components: Matrix material, self-absorbing heat material, low surface energy modifier, crosslinking agent, superhydrophobic modifier, silane coupling agent, filler, solvent; The matrix material is room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, and the addition amount is 35-40 parts; The self-absorbing heat material is CuFeMnO4, and the addition amount is 9-12 parts; The superhydrophobic modifier is heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxysilane FAS-17 and nano-SiO2, with addition amounts of 11-13 parts and 14-16 parts, respectively, and the mass ratio of the two is 1:1.23-1:1.

3. The crosslinking agent is tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane, and the addition amount is 0.2-0.3 parts; The coupling agent is silane coupling agent KH-550, and the addition amount is 3-4 parts by weight; The filler is CaCO3, and the addition amount is 2-3 parts by weight; The solvent is a mixture of toluene and ethanol in a mass ratio of 1:1 to 1:2, with a total addition amount of 55-60 parts by weight; The resulting coating exhibits the following characteristics under conditions of -25℃, 92% RH, and 12 m / s wind speed: ice accumulation ≤8.5-9.8 g / m², de-icing efficiency ≥98.5%, photothermal conversion efficiency ≥85%, contact angle ≥167°, and roll-off angle ≤2°. After UV aging and salt spray testing, the contact angle retention rate is ≥93%, with no corrosion observed, and durability is improved by more than 100% compared to traditional coatings.

2. A self-absorbing heat superhydrophobic anti-icing coating, characterized in that, Includes the following components: Matrix material, self-absorbing heat material, low surface energy modifier, crosslinking agent, superhydrophobic modifier, silane coupling agent, filler, solvent; The matrix material is room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, and the addition amount is 35 parts; The self-absorbing heat material is CuFeMnO4, and the amount added is 12 parts; The superhydrophobic modifier is heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxysilane FAS-17 and nano-SiO2, with addition amounts of 13 parts and 16 parts respectively, and the mass ratio of the two is 1:1.23 to 1:1.

3. The crosslinking agent is tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane; The coupling agent is silane coupling agent KH-550, and the addition amount is 3-4 parts by weight; The filler is CaCO3, and the addition amount is 2-3 parts by weight; The solvent is a mixture of toluene and ethanol in a 1:1 mass ratio, with a total addition of 55 parts by weight; The resulting coating reduced the icing amount to 8.2 g / m² under conditions of -25℃, 92% RH, and 12 m / s wind speed, with a de-icing efficiency of 99.5%. After UV aging and salt spray testing, the contact angle retention rate was ≥93%, with no corrosion and durability improved by more than 100% compared to traditional coatings.

3. The preparation method of a self-absorbing heat superhydrophobic anti-icing coating according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Premix room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber with solvent at low temperature and stir at low speed until a transparent solution is formed, and set aside; the solvent is a mixture of toluene and ethanol in a mass ratio of 1:1 to 1:

2. Step 2: CuFeMnO4 was prepared by co-precipitation method (Yang Kaihuai, Huang Qingya, Chen Wenzhe. Study on the process of preparing CuFeMnO4 composite metal oxide by sol-gel method. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2009, 30 (06): 769-773). (a) Using 50% (wt) Mn(NO3)2, anhydrous Cu(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O as raw materials, they are dissolved in distilled water in proportion; Slowly add the mixed solution dropwise to an EDTA-ammonia solution with a total molar ratio of 1:1 to the metal ions, and adjust the pH to 6.5-7.0; (b) Continue heating the solution to 80-100℃ and stirring for 2-6 hours; then, use a DF101-S constant temperature water bath to control the reaction temperature and form CuFeMnO4 composite metal oxide. Step 3: Preparation of superhydrophobic FAS-17 / SiO2 composite: Superhydrophobic modifier FAS-17 and nano-SiO2 are pretreated by sol-gel method to form a low surface energy composite with micro-nano protrusion structure. The composite is added to the solution obtained in step 2, and the mixture is stirred at 300-600 rpm with ultrasound to make the micro-nano structure uniformly distributed with a contact angle ≥165° and a roll-off angle ≤3°. The mass ratio of the two is 1:1.23 to 1:1.3, the SiO2 particle size range is 5-20 nm, and the surface air surface integral f2 ≥0.

85. Step 4: Add silane coupling agent KH-550 to improve interfacial bonding through chemical bonding, add filler CaCO3 to enhance coating hardness, and form Si-O-Si and Si-O-Fe bonds under stirring conditions; after stirring, vacuum degas and filter; the viscosity of the obtained product is 2.4-2.5 Pa·s, which is suitable for high-pressure airless spraying process. Step 6, Performance Testing and Verification: The photothermal conversion efficiency is measured using an infrared thermal imager, the contact angle and roll-off angle are measured using a contact angle meter, and the ice accumulation and de-icing efficiency are tested using a freezing test chamber to ensure that the coating meets the requirements of extreme environments.

4. The design method of the self-absorbing heat superhydrophobic anti-icing coating according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, Using room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber (RTV) as the matrix material, self-heating material CuFeMnO4, superhydrophobic modifier FAS-17, nano-SiO2, silane coupling agent KH-550, and filler CaCO3 were added. CuFeMnO4 was prepared by dynamic pH-controlled co-precipitation method, and a coating was prepared by combining ultrasonic-microwave synergistic dispersion, multi-stage stirring, low-temperature pretreatment, and vacuum degassing process. The resulting coating has self-heating and superhydrophobic properties. The formulation ranges from 35-40 parts RTV, 9-12 parts CuFeMnO4, 11-13 parts FAS-17, and 14-16 parts SiO2. The formulation is optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with 150 particles, an inertia weight of 0.9 to 0.4, a learning factor of c1=c2=2.0, and 500 iterations. Grey relational analysis (GRA) was used to evaluate the correlation between photothermal conversion efficiency, contact angle, roll-off angle, and icing amount. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize process parameters, including stirring temperature, ultrasonic power, and defoaming pressure, to ensure consistent coating performance.

5. The design method of the self-absorbing heat superhydrophobic anti-icing coating according to claim 4, characterized in that, The ultrasonic-microwave synergistic dispersion step employs alternating multi-frequency ultrasonic waves of 20 kHz and 40 kHz and a 2450 MHz microwave, with ultrasonic power of 200-250 W and microwave power of 100-150 W, and a processing time of 15-20 min, to ensure uniform dispersion of CuFeMnO4 and the FAS-17 / SiO2 composite.

6. The design method of the self-absorbing heat superhydrophobic anti-icing coating according to claim 4, characterized in that, The multi-stage stirring process includes a first stage of low-speed stirring at less than 300 rpm for 10 min to premix the RTV and solvent, a second stage of high-speed stirring at 300-600 rpm for 20 min to optimize the micro-nano structure, and assisted by 20 kHz ultrasound to enhance the mixing uniformity.

7. The design method of the self-absorbing heat superhydrophobic anti-icing coating according to claim 4, characterized in that, The low-temperature pretreatment is a premixing step, which is carried out at 5-10℃. Using a refrigeration circulator under stirring conditions, RTV and solvent are premixed, and the viscosity is controlled at 1.6-1.8 Pa·s to reduce thermal degradation and improve material stability.

8. The design method of the self-absorbing heat superhydrophobic anti-icing coating according to claim 4, characterized in that, The solvent used in the matrix material is a mixture of toluene and ethanol with a mass ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:2, and the total addition amount is 55-60 parts by weight. The volatile organic compound (VOC) content is ensured to be ≤22 g / L by optimization using response surface methodology (RSM).

9. The application of the self-heating superhydrophobic anti-icing coating of claim 1 for anti-icing protection of steel structures of transmission towers.

10. The application according to claim 11, characterized in that, The process is as follows: (1) Surface pretreatment: The surface of the steel structure of the transmission tower is subjected to sandblasting and plasma cleaning treatment, with a roughness Ra of 5-10 μm to enhance the adhesion between the coating and the substrate; the steel structure of the transmission tower includes angle steel, channel steel and steel pipe with a curvature radius of 3-300 mm; (2) A coating was prepared on the surface of the steel structure using high-pressure airless spraying technology. The coating thickness was controlled between 0.08 and 0.1 mm. The spraying path was optimized based on finite element analysis (FEA). The goal was to minimize the coating thickness deviation and spraying time, while adapting to changes in substrate curvature. The optimization objective function was: 。

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