A waterproof tunnel cladding structure and its construction method

Abstract

This invention belongs to the field of tunnel construction technology and discloses a waterproof structure for tunnel exteriors and its construction method. The waterproof structure includes a top waterproof unit, side waterproof units, and a bottom waterproof unit. The top waterproof unit includes a top waterproof layer and a top protective layer; the side waterproof units include side waterproof layers and side protective layers; and the bottom waterproof unit includes a bottom waterproof layer and a bottom protective layer. It adopts a zoned waterproof design to address the problem of varying waterproofing requirements in different parts of the tunnel. Simultaneously, the waterproof layers are made of professional waterproof materials, ensuring stable and reliable performance. Even if concrete cracks occur in the tunnel structure, the waterproof layer's effectiveness will not be affected. Furthermore, the protective layer prevents damage to the waterproof layer and delays its aging, ensuring the waterproof structure's overall waterproofing effect.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of tunnel construction technology, and in particular to a waterproof tunnel cladding structure and its construction method. Background Technology

[0002] Waterproofing is a crucial part of tunnel construction, especially for open-cut tunnels, where the quality of waterproofing directly affects the safety and lifespan of the entire project.

[0003] In conventional tunnel waterproofing construction, the tunnel structure itself is generally considered the primary waterproofing element. Therefore, increasing the density and impermeability of concrete is used to resist water pressure and prevent leakage, with additional waterproofing layers seen as a form of "insurance" or supplementary measure. However, existing conventional waterproofing designs rely heavily on the properties of the materials themselves, and their reliability and durability are relatively weak under complex geological conditions and long-term use. Furthermore, concrete is a brittle material, easily cracking under load, temperature, and shrinkage. Once cracked, water can seep in along the cracks, rendering the waterproofing ineffective. For mountain tunnels or deeply buried tunnels, laying a complete and undamaged waterproofing layer on uneven rock surfaces is extremely difficult, and effective inspection and repair are impossible. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a waterproof structure for tunnel exterior and its construction method, which has good waterproof performance.

[0005] To achieve this objective, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: On the one hand, a waterproof tunnel cladding structure is provided, comprising: The top waterproofing unit includes a top waterproofing layer and a top protective layer. The top waterproofing layer is disposed on the outside of the tunnel roof, and the top protective layer is disposed between the top waterproofing layer and the outer soil. A side waterproofing unit includes a side waterproofing layer and a side protective layer. The side waterproofing layer is disposed on the outside of the tunnel sidewall, and the side protective layer is disposed on the outside of the side waterproofing layer. The bottom waterproofing unit includes a bottom waterproofing layer and a bottom protective layer. The bottom waterproofing layer is disposed on the bottom side of the tunnel floor slab, and the bottom protective layer is disposed between the bottom waterproofing layer and the tunnel floor slab.

[0006] As an optional solution for the tunnel's external waterproofing structure, the top waterproofing unit also includes a root-penetration-resistant layer, which is disposed between the top waterproofing layer and the top protective layer.

[0007] As an optional solution for the tunnel's external waterproofing structure, the root-penetration-resistant layer is made of PVC.

[0008] As an optional solution for the tunnel's external waterproofing structure, the top waterproofing layer includes a top waterproofing coating layer and a top waterproofing membrane layer; the side waterproofing layer includes a side waterproofing coating layer and a side waterproofing membrane layer; and the bottom waterproofing layer includes a bottom waterproofing coating layer and a bottom waterproofing membrane layer.

[0009] As an optional solution for the tunnel's external waterproofing structure, both the top waterproof membrane layer and the side waterproof membrane layer are self-adhesive waterproof membranes.

[0010] As an optional solution for the tunnel's external waterproofing structure, the thickness of the top waterproof coating layer, the side waterproof coating layer, and the bottom waterproof coating layer is 2mm, and the thickness of the top waterproof membrane layer, the side waterproof membrane layer, and the bottom waterproof membrane layer is 1.5mm.

[0011] As an optional solution for the tunnel's external waterproofing structure, the top waterproof coating layer, the side waterproof coating layer, and the bottom waterproof coating layer are all sprayed quick-setting rubber asphalt waterproof coatings.

[0012] As an optional solution for the tunnel's external waterproofing structure, both the top protective layer and the bottom protective layer are fine aggregate concrete layers.

[0013] As an optional solution for the tunnel's external waterproofing structure, the side protective layer is either a foam board or a sprayed concrete layer.

[0014] On the other hand, a construction method for a tunnel external waterproofing structure is provided, applicable to the aforementioned tunnel external waterproofing structure, comprising the following steps: S1: Foundation surface construction treatment; Pour the foundation layer at the bottom of the tunnel and treat the top slab of the tunnel; S2: Construction of the bottom waterproof unit; The bottom waterproof layer is placed on the padding layer, and the bottom protective layer is placed on the bottom waterproof layer; S3: Side waterproofing unit construction; The side waterproofing layer is installed on the tunnel sidewall, and the side protective layer is installed on the side waterproofing layer; S4: Construction of the top waterproofing unit; The top waterproof layer is placed on the tunnel roof, and the top protective layer is placed on top of the top waterproof layer.

[0015] The beneficial effects of this invention are: This invention provides a tunnel external waterproofing structure and its construction method, including a top waterproofing unit, side waterproofing units, and a bottom waterproofing unit. The top waterproofing unit includes a top waterproofing layer and a top protective layer. The top waterproofing layer is disposed on the outer side of the tunnel roof slab, and the top protective layer is disposed between the top waterproofing layer and the outer soil. The side waterproofing unit includes a side waterproofing layer and a side protective layer. The side waterproofing layer is disposed on the outer side of the tunnel sidewall, and the side waterproofing layer is disposed outside the side waterproofing layer. The bottom waterproofing unit includes a bottom waterproofing layer and a bottom protective layer. The bottom waterproofing layer is disposed on the bottom side of the tunnel floor slab, and the bottom protective layer is disposed between the bottom waterproofing layer and the tunnel floor slab. This waterproofing structure adopts a zoned waterproofing design to address the problem of varying waterproofing requirements in different parts of the tunnel. Simultaneously, the waterproofing layer is made of professional waterproofing materials, ensuring stable and reliable performance. Even if concrete cracks occur in the tunnel structure, the waterproofing effect of the waterproofing layer will not be affected. The protective layer prevents damage to the waterproofing layer and delays its aging, ensuring the waterproofing effect of the waterproofing structure. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a cross-sectional view of the tunnel waterproofing structure without an outer enclosure structure on the outside of the tunnel sidewall, provided in a specific embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional view of a tunnel waterproofing structure with SMW piles protecting the outer sidewall of the tunnel, provided in a specific embodiment of the present invention. Figure 3 This is a cross-sectional view of a tunnel waterproofing structure with bored piles or underground continuous walls on the outer sidewalls, provided in a specific embodiment of the present invention.

[0017] In the picture: 100. Top slab; 200. Side walls; 201. SMW pile retaining wall; 202. Diaphragm wall; 300. Bottom slab; 400. Subbase; 1. Top waterproof unit; 11. Top waterproof layer; 111. Top waterproof coating layer; 112. Top waterproof membrane layer; 12. Top protective layer; 2. Side waterproofing unit; 21. Side waterproofing layer; 211. Side waterproofing coating layer; 212. Side waterproofing membrane layer; 22. Side protective layer; 3. Bottom waterproof unit; 31. Bottom waterproof layer; 311. Bottom waterproof coating layer; 312. Bottom waterproof membrane layer; 32. Bottom protective layer. Detailed Implementation

[0018] Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below. Examples of these embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar components or components having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and intended to explain the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0019] In the description of this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "connected," "linked," and "fixed" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection or a detachable connection; a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; or the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0020] In the description of this invention, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, "above" or "below" the second feature can include direct contact between the first and second features, or contact between the first and second features through another feature between them. Furthermore, "above," "over," and "on top" of the second feature includes the first feature being directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply indicates that the first feature is at a higher horizontal level than the second feature. "Below," "below," and "under" the second feature includes the first feature being directly below or diagonally below the second feature, or simply indicates that the first feature is at a lower horizontal level than the second feature.

[0021] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0022] like Figures 1 to 3As shown, this invention provides a tunnel external waterproofing structure, including a top waterproofing unit 1, side waterproofing units 2, and a bottom waterproofing unit 3. The top waterproofing unit 1 includes a top waterproofing layer 11 and a top protective layer 12. The top waterproofing layer 11 is disposed on the outside of the tunnel roof slab 100, and the top protective layer 12 is disposed between the top waterproofing layer 11 and the outer soil. The side waterproofing unit 2 includes a side waterproofing layer 21 and a side protective layer 22. The side waterproofing layer 21 is disposed on the outside of the tunnel sidewall 200, and the side waterproofing layer 22 is disposed on the outside of the side waterproofing layer 21. The bottom waterproofing unit 3 includes a bottom waterproofing layer 31 and a bottom protective layer 32. The bottom waterproofing layer 31 is disposed on the bottom side of the tunnel floor slab 300, and the bottom protective layer 32 is disposed between the bottom waterproofing layer 31 and the tunnel floor slab 300. This waterproofing structure adopts a zoned waterproofing design to address the problem of varying waterproofing requirements in different parts of the tunnel. Furthermore, the waterproofing layers are made of professional waterproofing materials, ensuring stable and reliable performance. Even if concrete cracks occur in the tunnel structure, the waterproofing effect of the waterproofing layer will not be affected. The protective layer can prevent damage to the waterproof layer and delay its aging, ensuring the waterproof effect of the waterproof structure.

[0023] Optionally, the top waterproof layer 11 includes a top waterproof coating layer 111 and a top waterproof membrane layer 112. The top waterproof coating layer 111 is applied to the top slab 100, and the top waterproof membrane layer 112 is laid between the top waterproof coating layer 111 and the top protective layer 12. The side waterproof layer 21 includes a side waterproof coating layer 211 and a side waterproof membrane layer 212. The side waterproof membrane layer 212 is laid on the side protective layer 22, and the side waterproof coating layer 211 is applied to the side waterproof membrane layer 212. The bottom waterproof layer 31 includes a bottom waterproof coating layer 311 and a bottom waterproof membrane layer 312. The bottom waterproof membrane layer 312 is laid on the padding layer 400, and the bottom waterproof coating layer 311 is applied to the bottom waterproof membrane layer 312. All of the above waterproof layers adopt a composite waterproofing setup of waterproof coating and waterproof membrane, achieving a double waterproof barrier effect. Even if one layer is damaged, the other layer can still provide waterproofing, while reducing the risk of water seepage and extending the service life of the waterproof structure.

[0024] Specifically, the thickness of the top waterproof coating layer 111, the side waterproof coating layer 211, and the bottom waterproof coating layer 311 is all 2mm, ensuring the integrity and continuity of the coating layers. Furthermore, the 2mm thickness provides sufficient ductility and thickness, ensuring that even with slight surface aging, the interior remains intact, guaranteeing the waterproofing lifespan. The thickness of the top waterproof membrane layer 112, the side waterproof membrane layer 212, and the bottom waterproof membrane layer 312 is all 1.5mm, ensuring reliable durability and good structural strength of the waterproof membrane layers.

[0025] Optionally, the top waterproof coating layer 111, the side waterproof coating layer 211, and the bottom waterproof coating layer 311 are all sprayed quick-setting rubber asphalt waterproof coatings. Sprayed quick-setting rubber asphalt waterproof coatings possess extremely high adhesive strength. After spraying, they form a film instantly, creating a continuous, dense, and complete rubber waterproof layer. They also exhibit good resistance to acid, alkali, and salt corrosion, making them suitable for most harsh environments. Furthermore, sprayed quick-setting rubber asphalt waterproof coatings themselves possess a certain degree of toughness and strength, and to some extent, have self-healing capabilities for minor damage caused during construction.

[0026] Optionally, both the top waterproof membrane layer 112 and the side waterproof membrane layer 212 are self-adhesive waterproof membranes. Self-adhesive waterproof membranes are easy to install, requiring no open flame or heat fusion, making operation simple and convenient, which helps to speed up the construction process. Moreover, the construction process is safe, environmentally friendly, and pollution-free. In addition, they have strong adaptability to the construction substrate and can be applied to damp substrates.

[0027] Optionally, both the top protective layer 12 and the bottom protective layer 32 are fine aggregate concrete layers. Fine aggregate concrete has high strength and hardness, effectively preventing damage to the waterproof layer from impacts, punctures, and rolling during subsequent construction and use. Concrete has high thermal inertia, mitigating the impact of drastic external temperature changes on the waterproof layer and reducing fatigue stress caused by thermal expansion and contraction. Furthermore, fine aggregate concrete itself is a dense material with inherent waterproofing capabilities; when used in conjunction with the waterproof layer, it significantly improves the reliability of the waterproof structure.

[0028] Optionally, the side protective layer 22 can be made of foam board or shotcrete. Foam board is soft and elastic, effectively buffering and dispersing concentrated stress to prevent punctures to the waterproof layer; it is also easy to handle, cut, and apply, improving construction efficiency. Shotcrete has extremely high bonding strength and integrity, making it suitable for complex shapes and facades. Due to the impact of the spraying, the concrete particles are tightly compacted, forming a highly dense protective layer that provides it with a certain degree of waterproofing and impermeability.

[0029] Specifically, when there are no other retaining structures on one side of the tunnel sidewall 200 (such as...) Figure 1 As shown) SMW pile retaining wall 201 is provided (e.g. Figure 2 When (as shown), the side protective layer 22 is a foam board, preferably a PE foam board; when a bored pile or a diaphragm wall 202 (as shown) is provided on one side of the tunnel sidewall 200, Figure 3 As shown in the figure, the side protective layer 22 is sprayed concrete.

[0030] Optionally, the top waterproof unit 1 also includes a root-penetration resistant layer (not shown in the figure), which is disposed between the top waterproof layer 11 and the top protective layer 12 to prevent plant roots at the top of the tunnel from penetrating the waterproof layer and to ensure the long-term effectiveness of the waterproof layer.

[0031] Furthermore, the root-penetration-resistant layer is made of PVC. PVC is tough and has high tensile strength, making it difficult for even sharp roots to penetrate. PVC also has good chemical resistance, resisting decomposition or aging by organic acids secreted by roots. In addition, the PVC root-penetration-resistant layer has good weldability, forming a seamless barrier that effectively prevents plant roots from entering through the seams.

[0032] In addition, this embodiment also provides a construction method for a tunnel external waterproofing structure, applied to the above-mentioned tunnel external waterproofing structure, including the following steps: S1: Foundation surface construction treatment; Pour the foundation layer 400 at the bottom of the tunnel and treat the top slab 100 of the tunnel; Specifically, in this embodiment, the above steps involve first pouring the foundation layer 400 at the bottom of the tunnel to provide a stable base surface for the subsequent construction of the bottom waterproof unit 3; and then treating the top slab 100 of the tunnel to provide a stable base surface for the subsequent construction of the top waterproof unit 1.

[0033] S2: Bottom unit construction; A bottom waterproof layer 31 is placed on the padding layer 400, and a bottom protective layer 32 is placed on the bottom waterproof layer 31; Specifically, in this embodiment, the above steps involve first laying the bottom waterproof membrane layer 312 on the padding layer 400, then applying a bottom waterproof coating layer 311 to the bottom waterproof membrane layer 312, and finally pouring a fine stone concrete layer as the bottom protective layer 32 on the bottom waterproof coating layer 311. Finally, the tunnel floor slab 300 is poured.

[0034] S3: Construction of side waterproofing unit 2; A side waterproof layer 21 is installed on the tunnel sidewall 200, and a side protective layer 22 is installed on the side waterproof layer 21; Specifically, in this embodiment, when there are no other retaining structures outside the tunnel sidewall 200, such as... Figure 1 As shown, first, a foam board is set as the side waterproof layer 21, then a side waterproof membrane layer 212 is set on one side of the foam board, then a side waterproof coating layer 211 is applied to one side of the side waterproof membrane layer 212, and finally the side wall 200 of the tunnel is poured.

[0035] When the outer sidewall 200 of the tunnel is protected by SMW piles 201, such as Figure 2As shown, foam board is used as a side waterproofing layer 21 on the side of the SWM pile retaining wall close to the tunnel. Then, a side waterproofing membrane layer 212 is installed on one side of the foam board. Then, a side waterproofing coating layer 211 is applied to one side of the side waterproofing membrane layer 212. Finally, the side wall 200 of the tunnel is poured.

[0036] When the outer sidewall 200 of the tunnel is a bored pile or a diaphragm wall 202, such as Figure 3 As shown, sprayed concrete is installed on the side of the bored pile or diaphragm wall 202 facing the tunnel, and the sprayed concrete is leveled. After the leveling is completed, the side waterproof membrane layer 212 is installed on the sprayed concrete, and then the side waterproof coating layer 211 is applied to one side of the side waterproof membrane layer 212. Finally, the side wall 200 of the tunnel is poured.

[0037] S4: Construction of top waterproofing unit 1; The top waterproof layer 11 is installed on the tunnel roof slab 100, and the bottom protective layer 32 is installed on the top waterproof layer 11.

[0038] Specifically, in this embodiment, the above steps involve first applying a top waterproof coating layer 111 to the top slab 100, then setting a top waterproof membrane layer 112 on the waterproof coating layer, and finally setting fine aggregate concrete on the top waterproof membrane layer 112 as the top waterproof layer 11. If a root-penetration resistant layer is required, it is set on the top waterproof membrane layer 112 before pouring the fine aggregate concrete layer.

[0039] Obviously, the above embodiments of the present invention are merely examples for clearly illustrating the present invention, and are not intended to limit the implementation of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can make other variations or modifications based on the above description. It is neither necessary nor possible to exhaustively describe all embodiments here. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A waterproof outer cladding structure for tunnels, characterized in that, include: The top waterproof unit (1) includes a top waterproof layer (11) and a top protective layer (12). The top waterproof layer (11) is disposed on the outside of the tunnel roof (100), and the top protective layer (12) is disposed between the top waterproof layer (11) and the outer soil. The side waterproofing unit (2) includes a side waterproofing layer (21) and a side protective layer (22). The side waterproofing layer (21) is disposed on the outside of the tunnel sidewall (200), and the side protective layer (22) is disposed on the outside of the side waterproofing layer (21). The bottom waterproof unit (3) includes a bottom waterproof layer (31) and a bottom protective layer (32). The bottom waterproof layer (31) is disposed on the bottom side of the tunnel floor slab (300), and the bottom protective layer (32) is disposed between the bottom waterproof layer (31) and the tunnel floor slab (300).

2. The tunnel external waterproof structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The top waterproof unit (1) also includes a root-penetration resistant layer, which is disposed between the top waterproof layer (11) and the top protective layer (12).

3. The tunnel external waterproof structure according to claim 2, characterized in that, The root-penetration resistant layer is made of PVC.

4. The tunnel external waterproof structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The top waterproof layer (11) includes a top waterproof coating layer (111) and a top waterproof membrane layer (112); the side waterproof layer (21) includes a side waterproof coating layer (211) and a side waterproof membrane layer (212); the bottom waterproof layer (31) includes a bottom waterproof coating layer (311) and a bottom waterproof membrane layer (312).

5. The tunnel external waterproof structure according to claim 4, characterized in that, Both the top waterproof membrane layer (112) and the side waterproof membrane layer (212) are self-adhesive waterproof membranes.

6. The tunnel external waterproof structure according to claim 4, characterized in that, The thickness of the top waterproof coating layer (111), the side waterproof coating layer (211) and the bottom waterproof coating layer (311) is 2mm, and the thickness of the top waterproof membrane layer (112), the side waterproof membrane layer (212) and the bottom waterproof membrane layer (312) is 1.5mm.

7. The tunnel external waterproof structure according to claim 4, characterized in that, The top waterproof coating layer (111), the side waterproof coating layer (211), and the bottom waterproof coating layer (311) are all sprayed quick-setting rubber asphalt waterproof coatings.

8. The tunnel external waterproof structure according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, Both the top protective layer (12) and the bottom protective layer (32) are fine stone concrete layers.

9. The tunnel external waterproof structure according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, The side protective layer (22) is a foam board or a sprayed concrete layer.

10. A construction method for a tunnel external waterproofing structure, applied to the tunnel external waterproofing structure according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: Foundation surface construction treatment; The bottom layer (400) of the tunnel is poured, and the top slab (100) of the tunnel is treated. S2: Construction of bottom waterproof unit (1); A bottom waterproof layer (31) is placed on the padding layer (400), and a bottom protective layer (32) is placed on the bottom waterproof layer (31). S3: Construction of side waterproofing unit (2); The side waterproof layer (21) is installed on the tunnel sidewall (200), and the side protective layer (22) is installed on the side waterproof layer (21). S4: Construction of the top waterproof unit (3); A top waterproof layer (11) is placed on the tunnel roof (100), and a top protective layer (12) is placed on the top waterproof layer (11).

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