Device for monitoring fluid flow
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-12-12
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-14
Smart Images
Figure CN122565548A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Federally sponsored research
[0001] This invention was made with government funding under contract number FA8626-16-C-2138 granted by the Department of Defense. The U.S. government may have certain rights in this invention. Technical Field
[0002] This disclosure relates to monitoring fluid flow, and more specifically, to systems and methods for monitoring fluid flow, such as that associated with the operation of a gas turbine engine. Background Technology
[0003] It is often necessary to monitor or otherwise measure the flow rate of fluids in certain systems in order to control and / or ensure the proper functioning of these systems. For example, accurately monitoring the flow rate of fuel delivered to a gas turbine engine is crucial for proper engine control. In this regard, many fuel flow monitoring systems rely on transceiver-based sensors (e.g., ultrasonic sensors) due to their accuracy and non-sudden operation.
[0004] In certain applications in the aviation and aerospace industry, it is important to establish redundancy in the fluid flow monitoring systems used. For example, in fuel flow monitoring systems for gas turbine engines used on aircraft, two sets of transceiver-based sensors can be used to monitor the same fuel flow to provide the desired redundancy. However, the inherent operating characteristics of transceiver-based sensors present certain challenges when using several transceiver-based sensors close to each other. Attached Figure Description
[0005] This specification sets forth the complete and enabling disclosure of the present disclosure, including its best mode, to those skilled in the art, and references the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0006] Figure 1 This is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a gas turbine engine according to various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0007] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an apparatus for monitoring fluid flow according to various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0008] Figure 3 yes Figure 2 The simplified schematic diagram of the device shown specifically illustrates an arrangement of a first transceiver-based sensor, a second transceiver-based sensor, a third transceiver-based sensor, and a fourth transceiver-based sensor.
[0009] Figure 4 yes Figure 2The simplified schematic diagram of the device shown illustrates an alternative arrangement of the first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor, and the fourth transceiver-based sensor.
[0010] Figure 5 yes Figure 2 The simplified schematic diagram of the device shown specifically illustrates the further arrangement of the first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor, and the fourth transceiver-based sensor.
[0011] Figure 6 yes Figure 2 The simplified schematic diagram of the device shown particularly illustrates another arrangement of the first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor, and the fourth transceiver-based sensor.
[0012] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of an apparatus for monitoring fluid flow according to various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0013] Figure 8 This is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of control logic for monitoring fluid flow according to various aspects of this disclosure. Detailed Implementation
[0014] Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The detailed description uses numerical and letter names to refer to features in the drawings. Similar or related names in the drawings and description have been used to refer to similar or related portions of the present disclosure.
[0015] As used herein, the term "exemplary" means "as an example, instance, or illustration." Any implementation described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as superior to or advantageous to other implementations. Furthermore, unless specifically identified otherwise, all embodiments described herein should be considered exemplary embodiments.
[0016] Unless the context otherwise specifies, the singular forms “a,” “one,” and “the” include plural references.
[0017] For example, in the context of “at least one of A, B and C”, the term “at least one” means only A, only B, only C, or any combination of A, B and C.
[0018] The terms “connection,” “fixation,” “attachment,” etc., refer to direct connection, fixation, or attachment, as well as indirect connection, fixation, or attachment through one or more intermediate parts or features, unless otherwise specified herein.
[0019] As used herein, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third” are used interchangeably to distinguish one component from another, rather than to indicate the location or importance of the components.
[0020] For the purposes described below, the terms “upper,” “lower,” “right,” “left,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” “top,” “bottom,” “lateral,” “longitudinal,” and their derivatives shall refer to embodiments oriented as shown in the drawings. However, it should be understood that various alternative variations may be taken in the embodiments, except where explicitly specified otherwise. It should also be understood that the specific devices shown in the drawings and described in the following specification are merely exemplary embodiments of this disclosure. Therefore, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered limiting.
[0021] The term "turbine" refers to a machine that includes one or more compressors, a heating section (e.g., a combustion section), and one or more turbines that together produce torque output.
[0022] The term "gas turbine engine" refers to an engine that has a turbine as its power source, either entirely or partially. Exemplary gas turbine engines include turbofan engines, turboprop engines, turbojet engines, turboshaft engines, and hybrid versions of one or more of these engines.
[0023] The term "combustion section" refers to any heat addition device for a turbine. For example, the term "combustion section" can refer to a section that includes one or more of a knock combustion assembly, a rotary detonation combustion assembly, a pulse detonation combustion assembly, or other suitable heat addition assemblies. In some exemplary embodiments, the combustion section may include an annular burner, a canister burner, an annular tube burner, a vortex burner (TVC), or other suitable combustion systems, or combinations thereof.
[0024] The terms “low” and “high,” or their respective comparatives (e.g., lower, higher, where applicable), when used with compressor, turbine, shaft, or spool components, each refer to a relative speed within the engine, unless otherwise specified. For example, “low turbine” or “low-speed turbine” defines a component configured to operate at a speed (e.g., maximum permissible speed) lower than that of the engine’s “high turbine” or “high-speed turbine.”
[0025] The terms "forward" and "rearward" refer to the relative positions within the gas turbine engine or carrier, and are based on the normal operating posture of the gas turbine engine or carrier. More specifically, "forward" and "rearward" are used here in conjunction with the direction of travel of the carrier and the direction of propulsion of the gas turbine engine.
[0026] The terms "upstream" and "downstream" refer to the relative directions of fluid flow within a fluid path. For example, "upstream" refers to the direction from which the fluid flows, and "downstream" refers to the direction from which the fluid flows.
[0027] As used herein, the terms "axial" and "axially" refer to a direction and orientation that extends substantially parallel to the centerline of the gas turbine engine. Furthermore, the terms "radial" and "radially" refer to a direction and orientation that extends substantially perpendicular to the centerline of the gas turbine engine. Additionally, as used herein, the terms "circumferential" and "circumferentially" refer to a direction and orientation that extends in an arc around the centerline of the gas turbine engine.
[0028] Generally, this subject matter relates to an apparatus for monitoring fluid flow, such as fuel flow delivered to a gas turbine engine. As described below, the apparatus includes a fluid conduit that defines a flow path through which the fluid flows. For example, in some embodiments, the fluid conduit may be a fuel conduit or line through which fuel flows (e.g., in a gas turbine engine). Furthermore, the apparatus includes an upstream sensor assembly and a downstream sensor assembly associated with (e.g., located within) the fluid conduit. More specifically, the upstream sensor assembly includes first and second transceiver-based sensors (e.g., first and second ultrasonic sensors). Additionally, the downstream sensor assembly includes third and fourth transceiver-based sensors (e.g., third and fourth ultrasonic sensors).
[0029] In several embodiments, the first and second transceiver-based sensors are oriented relative to the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors such that the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors receive a first sensor signal transmitted by the first transceiver-based sensor and a second sensor signal transmitted by the second transceiver-based sensor. Similarly, the first and second transceiver-based sensors may be oriented relative to the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors such that the first and second transceiver-based sensors receive a third sensor signal transmitted by the third transceiver-based sensor and a fourth sensor signal transmitted by the fourth transceiver-based sensor.
[0030] In other embodiments, the first and second transceiver-based sensors are concentric, and the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors are concentric. In such embodiments, a sensor signal transmitted by the outer one of the first and second transceiver-based sensors is directed towards the inner one of the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors. Similarly, a sensor signal transmitted by the inner one of the first and second transceiver-based sensors is directed towards the outer one of the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors.
[0031] The arrangement of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors described above improves the operation of gas turbine engines. More specifically, in certain applications (e.g., aviation and aerospace applications), redundant fluid flow sensors are required. For example, the first and third transceiver-based sensors can operate together to capture data for determining a flow measurement. Similarly, the second and fourth transceiver-based sensors can operate together to capture data for determining other flow measurements (e.g., redundant flow measurements). However, flow conditions within a fluid conduit may be non-uniform throughout the flow path. For example, bends or curves in the fluid conduit may cause one pair of transceiver-based sensors to capture data indicating one flow condition, while another pair of transceiver-based sensors captures data indicating a different flow condition. As described above, in several embodiments of the disclosed apparatus, both the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors receive first and second sensor signals transmitted by the first and second transceiver-based sensors. Similarly, in these embodiments, both the first and second transceiver-based sensors receive third and fourth sensor signals transmitted by the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors. Furthermore, as described above, in other embodiments, the first and second transceiver-based sensors are concentric, as are the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors. These arrangements ensure that the signals from the first, second, third, and fourth sensors all experience the same flow conditions. In this respect, changes in redundant flow condition measurements are caused by variations in the sensors themselves rather than by the flow conditions. Therefore, the disclosed apparatus is able to determine more accurately than conventional systems when the operation of redundant transceiver-based sensors used for fluid flow monitoring changes.
[0032] Now refer to the accompanying drawings, where the same numbers denote the same elements throughout the drawings. Figure 1 This is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the gas turbine engine 10. More specifically, in the illustrated embodiment, the gas turbine engine 10 is a high-bypass turbofan jet engine, sometimes also referred to as a "turbofan engine." Figure 1 As shown, the gas turbine engine 10 defines an axial direction A (extending parallel to the longitudinal centerline 12 provided for reference), a radial direction R, and a circumferential direction C extending about the longitudinal centerline 12. Typically, the gas turbine engine 10 includes a fan section 14 and a turbine 16 disposed downstream of the fan section 14.
[0033] Turbine 16 typically includes a generally tubular outer casing 18 defining an annular inlet 20. The casing 18 surrounds, in a series flow relationship, a compressor section including a turbocharger or low-pressure (LP) compressor 22 and a high-pressure (HP) compressor 24; a combustion section 26; a turbine section including a high-pressure (HP) turbine 28 and a low-pressure (LP) turbine 30; and an exhaust nozzle section 32. A high-pressure (HP) shaft 34 (which may additionally or alternatively be a spool) drives the HP turbine 28 to the HP compressor 24. A low-pressure (LP) shaft 36 (which may additionally or alternatively be a spool) drives the LP turbine 30 to the LP compressor 22. The compressor section, combustion section 26, turbine section, and exhaust nozzle section 32 together define a working gas flow path 37.
[0034] In the illustrated embodiment, fan section 14 includes a fan 38 having a plurality of fan blades 40 spaced apart and coupled to disk 42. As shown, the fan blades 40 generally extend outward from disk 42 along a radial direction R. The fan blades 40 are operatively coupled to a suitable pitch-changing mechanism 44, each fan blade 40 being rotatable relative to disk 42 about a pitch axis P. The suitable pitch-changing mechanism is configured to collectively change the pitch of the fan blades 40, e.g., uniformly. The gas turbine engine 10 also includes a power gearbox 46, through which the fan blades 40, disk 42, and pitch-changing mechanism 44 are rotatable about a longitudinal centerline 12 via an LP shaft 36 across the power gearbox 46. The power gearbox 46 includes a plurality of gears for adjusting the rotational speed of the fan 38 relative to the LP shaft 36, allowing the fan 38 to rotate at a more efficient fan speed.
[0035] Still referencing Figure 1 The disc 42 is covered by a rotatable front hub 48 (sometimes referred to as a "rotor") of the fan section 14. The front hub 48 has an aerodynamic profile to facilitate airflow through the multiple fan blades 40.
[0036] Furthermore, the exemplary fan section 14 includes an annular fan housing or outer nacelle 50 that circumferentially surrounds at least a portion of the fan 38 and / or turbine 16. It should be understood that, in the described embodiment, the nacelle 50 is supported relative to the turbine 16 by a plurality of circumferentially spaced outlet guide blades 52. Additionally, a downstream section 54 of the nacelle 50 extends above the exterior of the turbine 16 to define a bypass airflow passage 56 therebetween.
[0037] During the operation of the gas turbine engine 10, a volume of air 58 enters the gas turbine engine 10 through the associated inlet 60 of the nacelle 50 and the fan section 14. As the volume of air 58 passes through the fan blades 40, a first portion 62 of the air is directed or routed into the bypass airflow passage 56, while a second portion 64 of the air, indicated by arrow 64, is directed or routed into the working gas flow path 37, or more specifically, into the LP compressor 22. The ratio between the first portion 62 and the second portion 64 of the air is commonly referred to as the bypass ratio.
[0038] Then, as the second portion 64 of air is directed through the HP compressor 24 and into the combustion section 26 for the combustion process, the pressure of the second portion 64 of air increases. More specifically, fuel may be supplied from one or more fuel tanks 82 to one or more fuel nozzles 80 within the combustion section 26 via one or more fuel lines or conduits 84, pumps 85, and valves 87. The fuel delivered to the combustion section 26 by the fuel nozzles 80 is mixed with the second portion 64 of air. This air-fuel mixture is then burned or otherwise combusted to produce combustion gases 66. For example, as described below, a device 100 for monitoring fluid flow may be located downstream of pumps 85 and / or valves 87. Device 100 may also serve as part of a closed-loop feedback control system for pumps 85 and / or valves 87.
[0039] Subsequently, the combustion gas 66 is guided through the HP turbine 28, in which a portion of the thermal and / or kinetic energy from the combustion gas 66 is extracted through a sequential stage of HP turbine stator blades 68 connected to the housing 18 and HP turbine rotor blades 70 connected to the HP shaft 34, thereby causing the HP shaft 34 to rotate and supporting the operation of the HP compressor 24. Then, the combustion gas 66 is guided through the LP turbine 30, in which a second portion of the thermal and kinetic energy is extracted from the combustion gas 66 through a sequential stage of LP turbine stator blades 72 connected to the housing 18 and LP turbine rotor blades 74 connected to the LP shaft 36, thereby causing the LP shaft 36 to rotate and supporting the operation of the LP compressor 22 and / or the rotation of the fan 38.
[0040] Combustion gas 66 is then directed through the injection exhaust nozzle section 32 of turbine 16 to provide propulsive thrust. Simultaneously, the pressure of the first portion of air 62 increases significantly as it is directed through bypass airflow passage 56 before exiting from the fan nozzle exhaust section 76 of gas turbine engine 10, also providing propulsive thrust. HP turbine 28, LP turbine 30, and injection exhaust nozzle section 32 at least partially define the hot gas path 78 for directing combustion gas 66 through turbine 16.
[0041] Figure 1The gas turbine engine 10 shown is merely an example; in other embodiments, the gas turbine engine 10 may have any other suitable configuration. For example, although the described gas turbine engine 10 is configured as a ducted gas turbine engine (i.e., including the outer nacelle 50), in other embodiments, the gas turbine engine 10 may be a non-ducted gas turbine engine (such that the fan 38 is a non-ducted fan, and the outlet guide vane 52 cantilevered from the housing 18). Additionally, or alternatively, although the described gas turbine engine 10 is configured as a geared gas turbine engine (i.e., including a power gearbox 46) and a variable pitch gas turbine engine (i.e., including a fan 38 configured as a variable pitch fan), in other embodiments, the gas turbine engine 10 may additionally or alternatively be configured as a direct-drive gas turbine engine (such that the LP shaft 36 rotates at the same speed as the fan 38), a fixed-pitch gas turbine engine (such that the fan 38 includes fan blades 40 that cannot rotate about the pitch axis P), or both. Furthermore, in yet another exemplary embodiment, aspects of this disclosure may be incorporated into any other suitable gas turbine engine. For example, in other exemplary embodiments, aspects of this disclosure may (as the case may) be incorporated, for example, a turboprop gas turbine engine, a turboshaft gas turbine engine, or a turbojet gas turbine engine.
[0042] For reference Figure 2 This diagram illustrates a schematic representation of one embodiment of a device 100 for monitoring fluid flow according to various aspects of this subject matter. Generally, the foregoing will be discussed in conjunction with these aspects. Figure 1 The device 100 is described in light of the gas turbine engine 10. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the disclosed device 100 can generally be used with gas turbine engines having any other suitable engine configuration, as well as with any other suitable application besides gas turbine engines.
[0043] like Figure 2 As shown, the device 100 includes a fluid conduit 102 that defines a flow passage 106 through which fluid flows in a flow direction 108. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the fluid conduit 102 may be one of the fuel conduits 84 that supply fuel to the gas turbine engine 10. In such an embodiment, fuel is supplied from a fuel tank 82 ( Figure 1 The fuel flows in the flow direction 108 through the flow channel 106 to the fuel nozzle 80. Figure 1 However, in an alternative embodiment, the fluid conduit 102 can be used to deliver any other suitable type of fluid, such as oil, coolant, sCO2, etc.
[0044] The fluid flowing through the fluid conduit 102 can be a liquid, a gas, or a mixture thereof.
[0045] Furthermore, the device 100 includes an upstream sensor assembly 110 positioned within a flow channel 106. In some embodiments, the upstream sensor assembly 110 may be positioned within the flow channel 106 such that it is in direct contact with the fluid flowing through the flow channel 106. Alternatively, the upstream sensor assembly 110 may be buffered from the fluid flowing through the flow channel 106 by a buffer rod (not shown) or other suitable mechanism. As shown, the upstream sensor assembly 110 includes a first transceiver-based sensor 112 and a second transceiver-based sensor 114. In some embodiments, the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114 may be positioned within a housing 116. That is, in these embodiments, the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114 may be positioned within the same housing. However, in other embodiments, the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114 may be positioned in different housings. Separate housings may increase the weight and volume of the upstream sensor assembly 110.
[0046] Furthermore, the device 100 includes a downstream sensor assembly 118 positioned downstream of the upstream sensor assembly 110 within the flow channel 106 relative to the flow direction 108 of the fluid flowing through the flow channel 106. In some embodiments, the downstream sensor assembly 118 may be positioned within the flow channel 106 such that the downstream sensor assembly 118 is in direct contact with the fluid flowing through the flow channel 106. Alternatively, the downstream sensor assembly 118 may be buffered from the fluid flowing through the flow channel 106 by a buffer rod (not shown) or other suitable mechanism. As shown, the downstream sensor assembly 118 includes a third transceiver-based sensor 120 and a fourth transceiver-based sensor 122. For example, the first and third transceiver-based sensors 112, 120 may operate together to capture data for determining a first value (e.g., flow rate) of a flow parameter associated with the fluid flowing through the flow channel 106. Similarly, the second and fourth transceiver-based sensors 114, 122 may operate together to capture data for determining a second value (e.g., redundancy value) of the flow parameter. In some embodiments, the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 may be located within the housing 124. That is, in these embodiments, the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 may be located within the same housing. However, in other embodiments, the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 may be located in different housings. Separate housings may increase the weight and volume of the downstream sensor assembly 118.
[0047] Typically, first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 are configured to transmit sensor signals through the fluid. The time-of-flight (TOF) of these signals is used to determine the value of redundant flow measurements. As used herein, "time of flight" or TOF is the amount of time elapsed between the transmission of a signal from one transceiver-based sensor and its reception by another of the transceiver-based sensors. More specifically, in several embodiments, the first transceiver-based sensor 112 is configured to transmit a first sensor signal 126. For example, the TOF of the first sensor signal 126 can be the time between when the first transceiver-based sensor 112 transmits the first sensor signal 126 and when the third transceiver-based sensor 120 receives the first sensor signal 126. Furthermore, the second transceiver-based sensor 114 is configured to transmit a second sensor signal 128. For example, the TOF of the second sensor signal 128 can be the time between when the second transceiver-based sensor 114 transmits the second sensor signal 128 and when the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 receives the second sensor signal 128. Additionally, a third transceiver-based sensor 120 is configured to transmit a third sensor signal 130. For example, the Time-of-Flight (TOF) of the third sensor signal 130 can be the time between when the third transceiver-based sensor 120 transmits the third sensor signal 130 and when the first transceiver-based sensor 112 receives the third sensor signal 130. Further, a fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 is configured to transmit a fourth sensor signal 132. For example, the TOF of the fourth sensor signal 132 can be the time between when the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 transmits the fourth sensor signal 132 and when the second transceiver-based sensor 114 receives the fourth sensor signal 132.
[0048] The positioning of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 improves the operation of the device 100 (and the associated gas turbine engine 10). More specifically, in several embodiments, the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114 are oriented relative to the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 such that the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 receive a first sensor signal 126 transmitted by the first transceiver-based sensor 112 and a second sensor signal 128 transmitted by the second transceiver-based sensor 114. Similarly, the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112 and 114 may be oriented relative to the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120 and 122 such that the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112 and 114 receive a third sensor signal 130 transmitted by the third transceiver-based sensor 120 and a fourth sensor signal 132 transmitted by the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122. Various arrangements of this sensor positioning will be described in detail below. These arrangements ensure that the first, second, third, and fourth sensor signals 126, 128, 130, and 132 all experience the same flow conditions within the flow channel 106. In this respect, changes in redundant flow condition measurements are caused by variations in the sensors themselves (e.g., the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122), rather than by the flow conditions within the flow channel 106. Therefore, compared to conventional systems, device 100 is able to more accurately determine when the operation of the redundant transceiver-based sensors used for fluid flow monitoring changes.
[0049] In some instances, only two of the transceiver-based sensors may be used at a given time (e.g., one of the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114 and one of the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122). In this case, the other two transceiver-based sensors (e.g., the other of the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114 and the other of the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122) may be in standby mode. Sensor signals are still directed to the transceiver-based sensors in standby mode, but these transceiver-based sensors may not be able to read or otherwise process the signals. For example, in some instances, the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 may be in standby mode. In this case, the first transceiver-based sensor 112 may transmit a first sensor signal 126 directed to the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122. However, in this case, the third transceiver-based sensor 120 receives and processes the first sensor signal 126, while the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 simply ignores the first sensor signal 126.
[0050] The first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 can be configured as any suitable type of sensor or sensing device that operates as described above. For example, in several embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 can be configured as first, second, third, and fourth ultrasonic sensors 134, 136, 138, and 140, respectively. In these embodiments, the first ultrasonic sensor 134 is configured to transmit a first ultrasonic signal, the second ultrasonic sensor 136 is configured to transmit a second ultrasonic signal, the third ultrasonic sensor 138 is configured to transmit a third ultrasonic signal, and the fourth ultrasonic sensor 140 is configured to transmit a fourth ultrasonic signal.
[0051] Furthermore, device 100 includes a computing system 142 communicatively coupled to one or more components of device 100 to allow the operation of these components to be electronically or automatically controlled by the computing system 142. For example, the computing system 142 may be communicatively coupled to first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 via a communication link 144. Therefore, the computing system 142 may be configured to receive data from the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122, the data indicating the time of flight of the first, second, third, and fourth sensor signals 126, 128, 130, and 132. Additionally, the computing system 142 may be communicatively coupled to any other suitable component of device 100.
[0052] Typically, computing system 142 may include one or more processor-based devices, such as a given controller or computing device, or any suitable combination of controllers or computing devices. Thus, in several embodiments, computing system 142 may include one or more processors 146 and associated memory devices 148 configured to perform various computer-implemented functions. As used herein, the term "processor" refers not only to an integrated circuit contained in a computer as understood in the art, but also to a controller, microcontroller, microcomputer, programmable logic circuit (PLC), application-specific integrated circuit, and other programmable circuits. Furthermore, the memory device 148 of computing system 142 may typically include memory elements, including but not limited to computer-readable media (e.g., random access memory (RAM)), computer-readable non-volatile media (e.g., flash memory), floppy disks, read-only optical disc storage (CD-ROM), magneto-optical disc (MOD), digital universal disc (DVD), and / or other suitable memory elements. These memory devices 148 may typically be configured to store suitable computer-readable instructions that, when implemented by processor 146, configure computing system 142 to perform various computer-implemented functions, such as one or more aspects of the methods and algorithms described herein. In addition, the computing system 142 may include various other suitable components, such as communication circuits or modules, one or more input / output channels, data / control buses, etc.
[0053] The various functions of the computing system 142 can be executed by a single processor-based device or distributed across any number of processor-based devices, in which case these devices can be considered as part of the computing system 142. For example, the functions of the computing system 142 can be distributed across multiple application-specific controllers or computing devices, such as a fuel system controller, an engine controller, etc.
[0054] Figure 3 yes Figure 2The simplified schematic diagram of the device 100 shown particularly illustrates an arrangement of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122. As shown, each of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 defines a circular perimeter 150. In the illustrated embodiment, the first transceiver-based sensor 112 is spaced apart from the second transceiver-based sensor 114 in a vertical direction 152 perpendicular to the flow direction 108, and is aligned with the third transceiver-based sensor 120 in the vertical direction 152. Furthermore, the second transceiver-based sensor 114 is spaced apart from the first transceiver-based sensor 112 in the vertical direction 152, and is aligned with the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 in the vertical direction 152. Furthermore, the third transceiver-based sensor 120 and the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 are spaced apart in the vertical direction 152 and aligned with the first transceiver-based sensor 112 in the vertical direction 152. Additionally, the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 and the third transceiver-based sensor 120 are spaced apart in the vertical direction 152 and aligned with the second transceiver-based sensor 114 in the vertical direction 152.
[0055] Figure 4 yes Figure 2 The simplified schematic diagram of the device 100 shown particularly illustrates an alternative arrangement of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122. As shown, each of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 defines a circular perimeter 150. In the illustrated embodiment, the first transceiver-based sensor 112 is spaced apart from the second transceiver-based sensor 114 in a lateral direction 154, which is perpendicular to the flow direction 108 (and perpendicular to the vertical direction 152), and is aligned with the third transceiver-based sensor 120 in the lateral direction 154. Furthermore, the second transceiver-based sensor 114 is spaced apart from the first transceiver-based sensor 112 in the lateral direction 154 and aligned with the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 in the lateral direction 154. Furthermore, the third transceiver-based sensor 120 and the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 are spaced apart in the lateral direction 154, and are aligned with the first transceiver-based sensor 112 in the lateral direction 154. Additionally, the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 and the third transceiver-based sensor 120 are spaced apart in the lateral direction 154, and are aligned with the second transceiver-based sensor 114 in the lateral direction 154.
[0056] Figure 5 yes Figure 2The simplified schematic diagram of the device 100 shown particularly illustrates the further arrangement of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122. As shown, each of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 defines a perimeter having a linear portion 156 and a nonlinear portion 158. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, each of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 defines a D-shaped perimeter. More specifically, as... Figure 5 As shown, the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112 and 114 are oriented in the same or substantially the same direction. Similarly, the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120 and 122 are oriented in the same or substantially the same direction. As used herein, when an angle of 0° to 10° is defined between the linear portions of the two sensors, the two sensors are oriented in “substantially the same direction.” However, as shown, substantially right angles are defined between the first transceiver-based sensor 112 and the third transceiver-based sensor 120, and between the second transceiver-based sensor 114 and the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122. As used herein, when an angle of 0° to 10° is defined between the linear portions of the two sensors, “substantially right angles” are defined between the two sensors.
[0057] Figure 6 yes Figure 2 The simplified schematic diagram of the device 100 shown particularly illustrates the further arrangement of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122. As shown, each of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 includes a first and a second wedge-shaped portion. More specifically, the first transceiver-based sensor 112 includes a first wedge-shaped portion 160 and a second wedge-shaped portion 162. Similarly, the second transceiver-based sensor 114 includes a first wedge-shaped portion 164 and a second wedge-shaped portion 166. The wedge-shaped portions of the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112 and 114 alternate. For example, the first wedge-shaped portion 160 of the first transceiver-based sensor 112 may be positioned between the first wedge-shaped portion 164 and the second wedge-shaped portion 166 of the second transceiver-based sensor 114. Furthermore, the third transceiver-based sensor 120 includes a first wedge-shaped portion 168 and a second wedge-shaped portion 170. Similarly, the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 includes a first wedge portion 172 and a second wedge portion 174. The wedge portions of the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 alternate. In other embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, 122 may have any other suitable number of wedge portions.
[0058] Figure 3-6 The arrangement and / or configuration of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 shown herein facilitates the operation of these sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 as described herein. More specifically, due to this arrangement, the first transceiver-based sensor 112 is configured to transmit a first sensor signal 126 directed to the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120 and 122. Additionally, the second transceiver-based sensor 114 is configured to transmit a second sensor signal 128 directed to the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120 and 122. Furthermore, the third transceiver-based sensor 120 is configured to transmit a third sensor signal 130 directed to the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112 and 114. Furthermore, the fourth transceiver-based sensor 112 is configured to transmit a fourth sensor signal 126 directed to the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120 and 122. Therefore, the first, second, third, and fourth sensor signals 126, 128, 130, and 132 all experience the same flow conditions. For example, the first, second, third, and fourth sensor signals 126, 128, 130, and 132 can perform two redundant measurements of the flow rate of the same volume of fuel within fuel line 84. Therefore, since the first, second, third, and fourth sensor signals 126, 128, 130, and 132 observe the same portion of the fuel flow, these redundant fuel flow measurements are closer to each other.
[0059] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of device 100. Figure 2 The embodiments shown are the same. Figure 7 The illustrated device 100 includes a fluid conduit 102, a first sensor assembly 110, a second sensor assembly 114, and a computing system 142. However, compared with... Figure 2 The embodiments shown are different, in Figure 7 In the illustrated device 100, the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114 are concentric with each other. Furthermore, the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 are concentric with each other. In this respect, one of the first transceiver-based sensor 112 or the second transceiver-based sensor 114 surrounds the other of the first transceiver-based sensor 112 or the second transceiver-based sensor 114. Similarly, one of the third transceiver-based sensor 120 or the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 surrounds the other of the third transceiver-based sensor 120 or the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122. For example, in Figure 7In the illustrated embodiment, a first transceiver-based sensor 112 surrounds or otherwise encloses a second transceiver-based sensor 114, and a fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 surrounds or otherwise encloses a third transceiver-based sensor 120.
[0060] Figure 7 The arrangement and / or configuration of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, 122 shown herein facilitates the operation of these sensors 112, 114, 120, 122. More specifically, due to this arrangement, the first or second sensor signals 126, 128 (e.g., transmitted by an external one of the first or second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114) are transmitted. Figure 7 In the configuration shown, the first sensor signal 126 emitted by the first transceiver-based sensor 112 points to one of the third or fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 (e.g., Figure 7 The third transceiver-based sensor 120 in the configuration shown. Conversely, the first or second sensor signal 126, 128 transmitted by the internal transmission of the first or second transceiver-based sensor 112, 114 (e.g., Figure 7 In the configuration shown, the second sensor signal 128 emitted by the second transceiver-based sensor 114 is directed to an external one of the third or fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 (e.g., Figure 7 The fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 in the configuration shown. Additionally, a third or fourth sensor signal 130, 132 transmitted by an external one of the third or fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 (e.g., Figure 7 In the configuration shown, the fourth sensor signal 132 emitted by the fourth transceiver-based sensor 122 points to one of the first or second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114 (e.g., Figure 7 The second transceiver-based sensor 114 in the configuration shown. Conversely, the third or fourth sensor signal 130, 132 transmitted by one of the internal third or fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 (e.g., Figure 7 In the configuration shown, the third sensor signal 130 transmitted by the third transceiver-based sensor 120 is directed to an external one of the first or second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114 (e.g., Figure 7 The first transceiver-based sensor 112 in the configuration shown. Therefore, the first, second, third and fourth sensor signals 126, 128, 130, 132 all experience the same flow conditions.
[0061] Now for reference Figure 8Based on various aspects of this subject matter, a flowchart of one embodiment of exemplary control logic 200 for monitoring fluid flow, which can be executed by computing system 142 (or any other suitable computing system), is shown. Specifically, Figure 8 The control logic 200 shown represents steps of one embodiment of an algorithm that can be executed to monitor fluid flow in a manner that improves the accuracy and precision of flow measurements. Specifically, control logic 200 can be advantageously used in conjunction with device 100 to allow on-site calibration of redundant transceiver-based sensors used for monitoring fluid flow. For example, in one embodiment implemented in aerospace applications, control logic 200 allows calibration of the device to enable the capture of redundant fuel flow measurements from the same volume of fuel. Therefore, flow differences along the length of the fuel line (e.g., due to bends, etc.) do not affect redundant measurements.
[0062] As shown in the figure, at (202), control logic 200 includes controlling the operation of the first or second transceiver-based sensor, such that the first or second transceiver-based sensor transmits a corresponding first or second sensor signal directed to the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors. Specifically, in several embodiments, computing system 142 is configured to control the operation of the first or second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, such that the first or second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114 transmit corresponding first or second sensor signals 126, 128 directed to the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122.
[0063] Furthermore, at (204), control logic 200 includes controlling the operation of a third or fourth transceiver-based sensor such that the third or fourth transceiver-based sensor transmits a corresponding third or fourth sensor signal directed at the first and second transceiver-based sensors. Specifically, in several embodiments, computing system 142 is configured to control the operation of the third or fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 such that the third or fourth transceiver-based sensors 120, 122 transmit corresponding third or fourth sensor signals 130, 132 directed at the first and second transceiver-based sensors 112, 114.
[0064] Furthermore, at (204), control logic 200 includes determining first and second values of a fluid flow parameter based on the flight time of a first or second sensor signal and the flight time of a third or fourth sensor signal. Specifically, in several embodiments, computing system 142 is configured to determine first and second values of a fluid flow parameter (e.g., flow rate) based on the flight time of first or second sensor signals 126, 128 and the flight time of third or fourth sensor signals 130, 132. For example, in some embodiments, computing system 142 may determine a first value of the flow parameter based on the difference between the flight times of the first sensor signal 126 and the third sensor signal 130. Similarly, in these embodiments, computing system 142 may determine a second value of the flow parameter based on the difference between the flight times of the second sensor signal 128 and the fourth sensor signal 132. In one embodiment, computing system 142 may use a lookup table stored in its memory device 148 that associates the difference in flight times with the flow parameter value.
[0065] The arrangement of the first, second, third, and fourth transceiver-based sensors 112, 114, 120, and 122 described above improves the operation of the gas turbine engine. More specifically, in certain applications (e.g., aviation and aerospace applications), redundant fluid flow sensors are required. For example, the first and third transceiver-based sensors 112 and 120 can operate together to capture data for determining a flow measurement. Similarly, the second and fourth transceiver-based sensors 114 and 122 can operate together to capture data for determining other flow measurements (e.g., redundant flow measurements). However, flow conditions within a fluid conduit may be non-uniform throughout the flow path. For example, bends or curves in the fluid conduit may cause one pair of transceiver-based sensors to capture data indicating one flow condition, while another pair of transceiver-based sensors captures data indicating a different flow condition. As described above, in several embodiments of the disclosed apparatus 100, the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120 and 122 both receive first and second sensor signals transmitted by the first and second transceiver-based sensors 110 and 112. Similarly, in these embodiments, both the first and second transceiver-based sensors 110 and 112 receive signals from the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120 and 122. Furthermore, as described above, in other embodiments, the first and second transceiver-based sensors 110 and 112 are concentric, and the third and fourth transceiver-based sensors 120 and 122 are concentric. These arrangements ensure that the first, second, third, and fourth sensor signals all experience the same flow conditions. In this respect, changes in redundant flow condition measurements are caused by changes in the sensors themselves rather than by the flow conditions. Therefore, the disclosed apparatus 100 can determine more accurately than conventional systems when the operation of redundant transceiver-based sensors for fluid flow monitoring changes.
[0066] Further aspects are provided by the following topics:
[0067] An apparatus for monitoring fluid flow, the apparatus comprising: a fluid conduit defining a flow channel through which fluid flows; an upstream sensor assembly associated with the flow channel, the upstream sensor assembly including a first transceiver-based sensor and a second transceiver-based sensor; and a downstream sensor assembly associated with the flow channel and positioned downstream of the upstream sensor assembly relative to the flow direction of the fluid through the flow channel, the downstream sensor assembly including a third transceiver-based sensor and a fourth transceiver-based sensor, wherein the first transceiver-based sensor and the second transceiver-based sensor are oriented relative to the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor such that the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor receive a first sensor signal transmitted by the first transceiver-based sensor and a second sensor signal transmitted by the second transceiver-based sensor.
[0068] According to one or more of the clauses of the apparatus, wherein the first transceiver-based sensor and the second transceiver-based sensor are further oriented relative to the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor such that the first transceiver-based sensor and the second transceiver-based sensor receive a third sensor signal transmitted by the third transceiver-based sensor and a fourth sensor signal transmitted by the fourth transceiver-based sensor.
[0069] The apparatus according to one or more clauses, wherein the first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor, and the fourth transceiver-based sensor each define a circular perimeter.
[0070] The apparatus according to one or more clauses, wherein: the first transceiver-based sensor is spaced apart from the second transceiver-based sensor in a lateral direction perpendicular to the flow direction and is aligned with the third transceiver-based sensor in the lateral direction; and the second transceiver-based sensor is aligned with the fourth transceiver-based sensor in the lateral direction.
[0071] The apparatus according to one or more clauses, wherein: the first transceiver-based sensor is spaced apart from the second transceiver-based sensor in a vertical direction perpendicular to the flow direction and aligned with the third transceiver-based sensor in the vertical direction; and the second transceiver-based sensor is aligned with the fourth transceiver-based sensor in the vertical direction.
[0072] The apparatus according to one or more clauses, wherein the first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor each define a perimeter having a linear portion and a nonlinear portion.
[0073] The apparatus according to one or more clauses, wherein the first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor, and the fourth transceiver-based sensor each define a D-shaped perimeter.
[0074] The apparatus according to one or more clauses, wherein: the first transceiver-based sensor and the second transceiver-based sensor are oriented in substantially the same direction, and the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor are oriented in substantially the same direction.
[0075] The apparatus according to one or more clauses, wherein the first transceiver-based sensor and the third transceiver-based sensor, and the second transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor, define substantially right angles.
[0076] The apparatus according to one or more clauses, wherein the first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor each include a first wedge portion and a second wedge portion.
[0077] The apparatus according to one or more clauses, wherein the first wedge portion of the first transceiver-based sensor is positioned between the first wedge portion and the second wedge portion of the second transceiver-based sensor.
[0078] The apparatus according to one or more of the clauses, wherein the first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor respectively comprise a first ultrasonic sensor, a second ultrasonic sensor, a third ultrasonic sensor and a fourth ultrasonic sensor.
[0079] The apparatus according to one or more of the clauses further includes: a computing system communicatively coupled to the first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor, and the fourth transceiver-based sensor, the computing system being configured to: control the operation of the first transceiver-based sensor or the second transceiver-based sensor such that the first transceiver-based sensor or the second transceiver-based sensor transmits a first sensor signal or a second sensor signal directed toward the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor; control the operation of the third transceiver-based sensor or the fourth transceiver-based sensor such that the third transceiver-based sensor or the fourth transceiver-based sensor transmits the third sensor signal or the fourth sensor signal directed toward the first transceiver-based sensor and the second transceiver-based sensor; and determine a first value and a second value of the flow parameters of the fluid based on the time of flight of the first sensor signal or the second sensor signal and the time of flight of the third sensor signal or the fourth sensor signal.
[0080] An apparatus for monitoring fluid flow, the apparatus comprising: a fluid conduit defining a flow channel through which fluid flows; an upstream sensor assembly associated with the flow channel, the upstream sensor assembly including a first transceiver-based sensor and a second transceiver-based sensor concentrically positioned; and a downstream sensor assembly associated with the flow channel and positioned downstream of the upstream sensor assembly relative to the flow direction of the fluid through the flow channel, the downstream sensor assembly including a third transceiver-based sensor and a fourth transceiver-based sensor concentrically positioned.
[0081] The apparatus according to one or more clauses, wherein: one of the first transceiver-based sensor or the second transceiver-based sensor surrounds the other of the first transceiver-based sensor or the second transceiver-based sensor; and one of the third transceiver-based sensor or the fourth transceiver-based sensor surrounds the other of the third transceiver-based sensor or the fourth transceiver-based sensor.
[0082] The apparatus according to one or more clauses, wherein: a first sensor signal or a second sensor signal transmitted by an external one of the first transceiver-based sensor or the second transceiver-based sensor is directed toward an internal one of the third transceiver-based sensor or the fourth transceiver-based sensor; and a first sensor signal or a second sensor signal transmitted by an internal one of the first transceiver-based sensor or the second transceiver-based sensor is directed toward an external one of the third transceiver-based sensor or the fourth transceiver-based sensor.
[0083] The apparatus according to one or more of the clauses, wherein the first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor respectively comprise a first ultrasonic sensor, a second ultrasonic sensor, a third ultrasonic sensor and a fourth ultrasonic sensor.
[0084] An apparatus for monitoring fuel flow associated with a gas turbine engine, the apparatus comprising a fuel conduit defining a flow channel through which fuel flows; an upstream sensor assembly positioned within the flow channel, the upstream sensor assembly including a first ultrasonic sensor and a second ultrasonic sensor; and a downstream sensor assembly positioned within the flow channel and downstream of the upstream sensor assembly relative to the flow direction of the fuel through the fuel channel, the downstream sensor assembly including a third ultrasonic sensor and a fourth ultrasonic sensor, wherein the first ultrasonic sensor and the second ultrasonic sensor are oriented relative to the third ultrasonic sensor and the fourth ultrasonic sensor such that the third ultrasonic sensor and the fourth ultrasonic sensor receive a first ultrasonic signal emitted by the first ultrasonic sensor and a second ultrasonic signal emitted by the second ultrasonic sensor.
[0085] According to one or more of the clauses of the apparatus, wherein the first ultrasonic sensor and the second ultrasonic sensor are further oriented relative to the third ultrasonic sensor and the fourth ultrasonic sensor such that the first ultrasonic sensor and the second ultrasonic sensor receive a third ultrasonic signal emitted by the third ultrasonic sensor and a fourth ultrasonic signal emitted by the fourth ultrasonic sensor.
[0086] The apparatus according to one or more of the clauses, wherein the first ultrasonic sensor, the second ultrasonic sensor, the third ultrasonic sensor and the fourth ultrasonic sensor each define a circular perimeter.
[0087] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also enables those skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any device or system and performing any combined methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, but may include other examples as conceived by those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they include structural elements that are not different from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements that are not substantially different from the literal language of the claims.
Claims
1. A device for monitoring fluid flow, characterized in that, The device includes: A fluid conduit that defines a flow path through which fluid flows; An upstream sensor assembly, associated with the flow channel, comprising a first transceiver-based sensor and a second transceiver-based sensor; and A downstream sensor assembly, associated with the flow channel and positioned downstream of the upstream sensor assembly relative to the flow direction of the fluid through the flow channel, the downstream sensor assembly including a third transceiver-based sensor and a fourth transceiver-based sensor. The first transceiver-based sensor and the second transceiver-based sensor are oriented relative to the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor such that the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor receive a first sensor signal transmitted by the first transceiver-based sensor and a second sensor signal transmitted by the second transceiver-based sensor.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first transceiver-based sensor and the second transceiver-based sensor are further oriented relative to the third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor such that the first transceiver-based sensor and the second transceiver-based sensor receive a third sensor signal transmitted by the third transceiver-based sensor and a fourth sensor signal transmitted by the fourth transceiver-based sensor.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor, and the fourth transceiver-based sensor each define a circular perimeter.
4. The apparatus according to claim 3, characterized in that, in: The first transceiver-based sensor is spaced apart from the second transceiver-based sensor in a lateral direction perpendicular to the flow direction, and is aligned with the third transceiver-based sensor in that lateral direction; and The second transceiver-based sensor is aligned with the fourth transceiver-based sensor in the lateral direction.
5. The apparatus according to claim 3, characterized in that, in: The first transceiver-based sensor is spaced apart from the second transceiver-based sensor in a vertical direction perpendicular to the flow direction, and is aligned with the third transceiver-based sensor in that vertical direction; and The second transceiver-based sensor is aligned with the fourth transceiver-based sensor in the vertical direction.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor, and the fourth transceiver-based sensor each define a perimeter having a linear portion and a nonlinear portion.
7. The apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that, The first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor, and the fourth transceiver-based sensor each define a D-shaped perimeter.
8. The apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that, in: The first transceiver-based sensor and the second transceiver-based sensor are oriented in substantially the same direction, and The third transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor are oriented in substantially the same direction.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8, characterized in that, The first transceiver-based sensor and the third transceiver-based sensor, as well as the second transceiver-based sensor and the fourth transceiver-based sensor, are defined at substantially right angles.
10. The apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that, The first transceiver-based sensor, the second transceiver-based sensor, the third transceiver-based sensor, and the fourth transceiver-based sensor each include a first wedge-shaped portion and a second wedge-shaped portion.