Embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads and its preparation method

Abstract

This invention discloses an embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads and its preparation method, relating to the technical fields of cement-based supercapacitors and road functional materials. The energy storage module includes an energy storage core layer, a load-bearing protective layer, an insulating encapsulation layer, current collector terminals, and a power output interface. The energy storage core layer is composed of cement-based supercapacitor units, including a high early-strength cement-based electrolyte, a conductive hydrophilic transition layer, and structural electrodes. The high early-strength cement-based electrolyte forms an organic-inorganic composite ion transport network through the synergistic effect of acrylamide in-situ polymerization and cement hydration; a two-stage process of low-alkali internal doping and post-curing ion activation is employed. Multiple units can be connected in series and parallel to form an energy storage array. The encapsulated complete energy storage module of this invention achieves a compressive strength of 72.36 MPa and a surface capacitance of 223.32 mF / cm². 2 It retains 108.78% of its load-bearing capacity and 91.96% of its electrochemical performance, and can be embedded in road structures to power intelligent transportation systems.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of cement-based supercapacitor technology, and in particular to an embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, with the rapid development of intelligent transportation systems and smart roads, road structural materials are shifting from traditional single load-bearing materials to multifunctional material systems integrating structure and function. Cement-based supercapacitors combine the mechanical load-bearing capacity of cement-based materials with the electrochemical energy storage function of supercapacitors, and can serve as integrated energy storage units within road structures, providing energy storage support for road monitoring nodes, low-power sensors, and functional road equipment.

[0003] However, current research on cement-based supercapacitors mainly focuses on improving the electrochemical performance of electrode materials and electrolyte formulations, and several problems remain before their practical application in intelligent transportation systems. First, existing cement-based supercapacitors lack a protective load-bearing layer, an insulating encapsulation layer, and a modular design, making direct embedding into road structures difficult. Second, there is usually a trade-off between the mechanical properties and energy storage performance of cement-based supercapacitors; increasing porosity or ion transport capacity improves electrochemical response but may weaken the density and load-bearing capacity of the cement matrix. Third, the encapsulation protection is insufficient in road service environments, making them vulnerable to corrosion from rainwater, chloride salts, and wet-dry cycles. Furthermore, the limited output capacity of individual cells prevents reliable power supply to low-power intelligent transportation devices. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide an embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads and its preparation method, so as to solve the technical problems in the prior art, such as the difficulty in directly embedding cement-based supercapacitors into road structures, the difficulty in balancing mechanical performance and energy storage performance, insufficient encapsulation protection under road service environment, and limited ability to supply energy to low-power intelligent transportation equipment.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: An embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads includes an energy storage core layer, a load-bearing protective layer, an insulating encapsulation layer, current collector terminals, and a power output interface. The energy storage core layer includes at least one cement-based supercapacitor unit, which includes a high-early-strength cement-based electrolyte and structural electrodes disposed on both sides of the high-early-strength cement-based electrolyte. The load-bearing protective layer is disposed on the outer periphery of the energy storage core layer to bear the load of road vehicles and protect the energy storage core layer. The insulating encapsulation layer covers the outer side of the energy storage core layer to prevent short circuits, water loss, and the ingress of external moisture and corrosive ions. The current collector terminals are respectively connected to the positive and negative structural electrodes in the energy storage core layer and extend to the outside of the energy storage module. The power output interface is connected to the current collector terminals for outputting power to road sensors, traffic monitoring nodes, or energy management circuits.

[0006] Furthermore, the high early strength cement-based electrolyte comprises high early strength cement, a polymer network formed by in-situ polymerization, an alkaline electrolyte, and water; the polymer network is formed by in-situ polymerization of acrylamide monomers under the action of an initiator, the polymer network is distributed among the hydration products of the high early strength cement, and together with the hydration products of the high early strength cement, it constructs an organic-inorganic composite ion transport network, the organic-inorganic composite ion transport network forms a continuous pore-mesoporous network structure, thereby providing continuous ion migration channels while ensuring the mechanical strength of the cement matrix.

[0007] Furthermore, in the high early strength cement-based electrolyte, the water-cement ratio is 0.18~0.28, the acrylamide content is 4.00%~18.00% of the mass of the high early strength cement, the initiator content is 0.50%~4.00% of the mass of the high early strength cement, and the alkaline electrolyte content is 0.50%~5.00% of the mass of the high early strength cement.

[0008] Furthermore, the initiator is one or more of ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, and sodium persulfate; the alkaline electrolyte is one or more of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.

[0009] Furthermore, the structural electrode includes a conductive current-collecting framework, an energy storage active material, a conductive agent, and a binder; the conductive current-collecting framework is one of nickel foam, carbon cloth, or conductive fiber mesh; the energy storage active material is one or more of supercapacitor activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, or their composite materials; the conductive agent is one or more of superconducting carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene, or conductive graphite; and the binder is one or more of polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, or water-based polymer binders.

[0010] Furthermore, after curing, the energy storage core layer undergoes ion activation treatment. This ion activation treatment includes introducing an electrolyte solution with a concentration of 2-8 mol / L into the energy storage core layer, allowing the electrolyte solution to penetrate along the pores, microcracks, and polymer network within the high early-strength cement-based electrolyte to form continuous ion migration channels. This two-stage process first allows the high early-strength cement-based electrolyte to form a solidified framework with a certain load-bearing capacity, and then the subsequent electrolyte solution impregnation forms continuous ion migration channels, avoiding the adverse effects of direct mixing of high-concentration electrolyte on cement hydration and mechanical properties.

[0011] Furthermore, the load-bearing protective layer is disposed on the outer periphery of the energy storage core layer, and its compressive strength is higher than that of the energy storage core layer. The ionic conductivity of the energy storage core layer is higher than that of the load-bearing protective layer, thereby realizing a reasonable division of labor between mechanical load-bearing and electrochemical energy storage functions.

[0012] Furthermore, a conductive hydrophilic transition layer is provided between the structural electrode and the high early strength cement-based electrolyte. The conductive hydrophilic transition layer is formed by one or more of conductive carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, graphene, carbon nanotubes, hydrophilic polymers or cement-based conductive slurry, and has a thickness of 0.05~1.00 mm. It is used to improve the interfacial wettability between the structural electrode and the high early strength cement-based electrolyte and reduce the interfacial contact resistance.

[0013] Furthermore, the load-bearing protective layer is a high early strength cement mortar layer, an ultra-high performance concrete layer, a fiber-reinforced cement-based composite material layer, a polymer cement mortar layer, an epoxy mortar layer, or a composite layer thereof, formed on the outside of the insulating encapsulation layer by casting, spraying, pressing, or prefabrication assembly, and a roughened interface structure is provided between the load-bearing protective layer and the insulating encapsulation layer to improve the bonding performance.

[0014] Furthermore, the insulating encapsulation layer is an epoxy resin layer, a polyurethane layer, an asphalt-based waterproof layer, a cement-based waterproof layer, or a composite layer thereof; the insulating encapsulation layer at least covers the sides and bottom of the energy storage core layer, and exposes the connection end of the current collector terminal. The current collector terminal is a nickel sheet, a stainless steel sheet, a conductive fiber tape, or a conductive cable, and the current collector terminal is electrically connected to the structural electrode by welding, crimping, mechanical clamping, conductive adhesive bonding, or conductive slurry fixing.

[0015] Furthermore, the energy storage module is set in a reserved groove between the road surface layer and the base layer, in the road monitoring node installation area, or inside the precast road slab, so as to realize the integrated embedding of the energy storage unit and the road structure.

[0016] Furthermore, the energy storage core layer includes multiple cement-based supercapacitor units, which are connected in series, in parallel, or in a mixed series-parallel connection via conductive connectors; insulating partitions or insulating spacers are provided between adjacent cement-based supercapacitor units to adjust the output voltage, output current, and energy storage capacity of the energy storage module.

[0017] Furthermore, multiple energy storage modules are arranged longitudinally, laterally, or in a grid pattern along the road, and form a road-embedded energy storage array through conductive connectors to expand the energy storage capacity and energy supply range.

[0018] Furthermore, the power output interface is connected to one or more of the following: road temperature and humidity sensor, strain sensor, vehicle load sensor, traffic flow monitoring node, low-power lighting module, energy management circuit, triboelectric nanogenerator or piezoelectric generator, to form an integrated road energy harvesting-storage-supply system.

[0019] This invention also provides a method for preparing an embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads as described in the preceding claims, comprising the following steps: preparing a structural electrode by mixing an energy storage active material, a conductive agent, and a binder to prepare an electrode slurry, coating the electrode slurry onto a conductive current collector frame, and obtaining the structural electrode after drying and pressing; preparing a high early-strength cement-based electrolyte slurry by mixing an alkaline electrolyte, an initiator, an acrylamide monomer, water, and high early-strength cement, and obtaining the high early-strength cement-based electrolyte slurry after stirring; and preparing an energy storage core layer by casting the high early-strength cement-based electrolyte slurry into a mold in which the structural electrode is provided, such that the structural electrode is located on the high early-strength cement... After curing, cement-based supercapacitor units are obtained by curing both sides of the base electrolyte slurry. The energy storage core layer is subjected to ion activation treatment, which allows the electrolyte solution to penetrate into the interior of the high early strength cement-based electrolyte and form a continuous ion migration channel. The positive and negative current collectors are connected to the structural electrodes and led out to the outside of the energy storage core layer. An insulating encapsulation layer is set on the outside of the energy storage core layer, and at least the connection end of the current collector is retained. A load-bearing protective layer is formed on the outside of the insulating encapsulation layer to obtain an embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module. The energy storage module is embedded in a reserved position in the road structure, and the power output interface is connected to a road sensor, traffic monitoring node, or energy management circuit.

[0020] Furthermore, in the preparation step of the high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry, the alkaline electrolyte is first dissolved in water and cooled to room temperature, then an initiator solution and acrylamide monomer are added, followed by the addition of high early strength cement powder and stirring; the amount of alkaline electrolyte added is 0.50%~5.00% of the mass of the high early strength cement; the stirring includes two stages: low-speed premixing and high-speed homogenization, so that the acrylamide monomer polymerizes in situ under the action of the initiator and proceeds in synergy with cement hydration.

[0021] Furthermore, the ion activation treatment is carried out after the energy storage core layer has been cured for 1 to 28 days. The electrolyte solution is a 2 to 8 mol / L potassium hydroxide solution or sodium hydroxide solution. The activation method is dropwise addition, soaking, vacuum impregnation or negative pressure suction, so that the electrolyte solution penetrates along the pores, microcracks and polymer network inside the high early strength cement-based electrolyte to form continuous ion migration channels.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. This invention, through the combined design of an energy storage core layer, a load-bearing protective layer, an insulating encapsulation layer, current collector terminals, and an energy output interface, expands the cement-based supercapacitor from a laboratory-scale energy storage specimen into an embedded energy storage module suitable for intelligent transportation roads. It achieves the integration of road structure load-bearing, energy storage, protection, connection, and power supply, solving the problem that existing cement-based supercapacitors are difficult to directly embed into road structures.

[0023] 2. The energy storage core layer of this invention utilizes in-situ polymerization of acrylamide monomers in a high early-strength cement system. This allows the polymer network and cement hydration products to jointly construct an organic-inorganic composite ion transport network. Through a two-stage process of low-alkali internal doping and post-curing ion activation, a solidified framework with high mechanical strength is first formed. Then, a high-concentration electrolyte solution is introduced to activate the ion migration channels, thus balancing mechanical properties and energy storage performance. This achieves a compressive strength of 66.52 MPa and a sheet capacitance of 242.85 mF / cm². 2 The combination of superior performance characteristics results in a fully packaged energy storage module with a compressive strength of 72.36 MPa and a surface capacitance of 223.32 mF / cm². 2 The load-bearing capacity retention rate is 108.78%, and the electrochemical performance retention rate is 91.96%.

[0024] 3. The insulating encapsulation layer of this invention effectively prevents short circuits, water loss, and the entry of external moisture and corrosive ions into the energy storage core layer. The load-bearing protective layer bears the load of road vehicles and protects the internal energy storage core layer, enabling the energy storage module to work stably in road service environments. After 5,000 charge-discharge cycles, the capacitance retention rate still reaches 88.61%, solving the problem of insufficient encapsulation protection in road service environments.

[0025] 4. This invention uses multiple cement-based supercapacitor units or multiple energy storage modules connected in series, parallel, or series-parallel to flexibly adjust the output voltage, output current, and energy storage capacity. It can also be coupled with triboelectric nanogenerators, piezoelectric generators, and energy management circuits to form an integrated road energy harvesting-storage-supply system, solving the problem of limited single-unit output capacity and inability to reliably supply energy to low-power intelligent transportation equipment. Attached Figure Description

[0026] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads according to the present invention.

[0027] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the cement-based supercapacitor unit of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram showing the connection of multiple cement-based supercapacitor units in series, parallel, or series-parallel configurations according to the present invention.

[0029] Figure 4 This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the high early strength cement-based electrolyte of the present invention.

[0030] Figure 5 This is a diagram showing the compressive strength of the cement-based supercapacitor unit at different curing ages according to the present invention.

[0031] Figure 6 This is a cyclic voltammetry test curve of the cement-based supercapacitor unit of the present invention.

[0032] Figure 7 This is a constant current charge-discharge test curve of the cement-based supercapacitor unit of the present invention.

[0033] Figure 8 This is the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the cement-based supercapacitor unit of the present invention.

[0034] Figure 9 The image shows the cyclic stability of the supercapacitor prepared in Example 1.

[0035] In the figure, the energy storage core layer (10), high early strength cement-based electrolyte (101), conductive hydrophilic transition layer (102), structural electrode (103), load-bearing protective layer (20), insulating encapsulation layer (30), current collector terminal (40), power output interface (50), road surface layer (60), road base layer (70), reserved groove (80), road sensor (90), and energy management circuit (100) are shown. Detailed Implementation

[0036] In this invention, the term "high early strength cement" refers to cement with rapid early strength development and short setting and hardening time, including but not limited to sulfoaluminate cement, aluminate cement, and rapid-hardening silicate cement.

[0037] In the following examples, all raw materials used were commercially available and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. All solvents used were of analytical grade unless otherwise specified. All instruments and equipment used were conventional commercial equipment unless otherwise specified.

[0038] Example 1: Preparation of energy storage core layer of cement-based supercapacitor This embodiment describes the fabrication of a cement-based supercapacitor energy storage core layer for embedded energy storage modules. The energy storage core layer includes a high early-strength cement-based electrolyte and structural electrodes disposed on both sides thereof.

[0039] In this embodiment, the high early strength cement-based electrolyte uses high early strength cement as the matrix, acrylamide as the polymer monomer, ammonium persulfate as the initiator, potassium hydroxide as the alkaline electrolyte component, and deionized water as the mixing water. The dosages of acrylamide, ammonium persulfate, and potassium hydroxide are all based on the mass of the high early strength cement.

[0040] I. Preparation of High Early Strength Cement-Based Electrolytes To determine the optimal proportion of high early strength cement-based electrolytes, this embodiment adopts an L16(4³) orthogonal experimental design, with water-cement ratio, acrylamide content and ammonium persulfate content as the main factors to be investigated, and mechanical properties and electrochemical properties as comprehensive evaluation indicators, to optimize the proportions of 16 high early strength cement-based electrolytes.

[0041] The water-cement ratio was set at four levels: 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, and 0.23; the acrylamide content was set at 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14% of the high early strength cement mass; the ammonium persulfate content was set at 1.20%, 1.60%, 2.00%, and 2.40% of the high early strength cement mass; and the potassium hydroxide content was fixed at 1.50% of the high early strength cement mass.

[0042] Through orthogonal experimental optimization analysis, the optimal formulation of the high early strength cement-based electrolyte was determined to be: water-cement ratio 0.21, acrylamide content 8.00%, ammonium persulfate content 2.40%, and potassium hydroxide content 1.50%. This formulation is used to form an energy storage core layer with both high mechanical strength and good ion transport capability.

[0043] The preparation steps are as follows: S1. Weigh out high early strength cement, deionized water, acrylamide, ammonium persulfate and potassium hydroxide; S2. Dissolve ammonium persulfate in a portion of deionized water to prepare a 10 wt% ammonium persulfate solution for later use. S3. Dissolve potassium hydroxide in the remaining deionized water. After the potassium hydroxide is completely dissolved, cool to room temperature to obtain a potassium hydroxide solution. S4. Slowly add the ammonium persulfate solution obtained in step S2 to the potassium hydroxide solution obtained in step S3 to obtain a mixed solution containing initiator and alkaline electrolyte components; S5. Add acrylamide monomer to the mixed solution obtained in step S4 and stir for 2-3 seconds to initially disperse the acrylamide monomer. S6. Immediately add the high early strength cement powder to the mixed solution obtained in step S5 and perform two-stage stirring treatment; wherein, the first stage uses low-speed stirring for 5 min and the second stage uses high-speed stirring for 5 min, until a uniform high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry is obtained.

[0044] In the above preparation process, acrylamide monomers polymerize in situ under the action of an initiator to form a polyacrylamide network; simultaneously, high early strength cement undergoes a hydration reaction and generates hydrated calcium silicate gel, calcium hydroxide, and other hydration products. The polyacrylamide network is distributed among the cement hydration products and together with them constructs an organic-inorganic composite structure, thereby improving the internal continuity of the electrolyte and ion migration channels.

[0045] II. Fabrication of Structural Electrodes In this embodiment, the structural electrode adopts a supercapacitor activated carbon / superconducting carbon black / foamed nickel electrode. Foamed nickel serves as the conductive current collector framework, supercapacitor activated carbon serves as the energy storage active material, superconducting carbon black serves as the conductive agent, polyvinylidene fluoride serves as the binder, and N-methylpyrrolidone serves as the dispersion solvent.

[0046] The preparation steps are as follows: S1. Cut the nickel foam to a size that matches the effective contact area of ​​the energy storage core layer, and then place it in a mixture of hydrochloric acid and deionized water, anhydrous ethanol and deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning to remove the oxide layer, oil and impurities on the surface of the nickel foam. S2. Dry the cleaned nickel foam at 65°C and store it in a sealed container to obtain a clean nickel foam substrate. S3. Weigh out supercapacitor activated carbon, superconducting carbon black and polyvinylidene fluoride in a mass ratio of 8:1:1, add N-methylpyrrolidone for dispersion and grinding to obtain a uniform electrode slurry. S4. The electrode slurry is quantitatively coated onto the surface of the nickel foam substrate using a scraper coating method, and the coating area is controlled to match the effective contact area of ​​the high early strength cement-based electrolyte. S5. The coated nickel foam is vacuum dried to remove N-methylpyrrolidone solvent, and then cold-pressed to make the electrode active material tightly bonded to the nickel foam substrate to obtain the structural electrode. S6. Weigh the electrodes before and after nickel foam coating, and calculate the electrode active material loading based on the mass difference. In this embodiment, the average active material loading of the structural electrode is approximately 15 mg / cm².

[0047] III. Preparation of the Conductive Hydrophilic Transition Layer Conductive carbon black and activated carbon are mixed at a mass ratio of 7:3, polyvinylidene fluoride binder (10 wt% of the total mass of the mixture) and N-methylpyrrolidone solvent are added, and the mixture is ground evenly to obtain a conductive hydrophilic slurry.

[0048] A conductive hydrophilic slurry was uniformly coated onto the surface of the structural electrode using a doctor blade coating method, with the coating thickness controlled to be 0.05–0.50 mm. After vacuum drying at 60°C, a structural electrode with a conductive hydrophilic transition layer was obtained.

[0049] The conductive hydrophilic transition layer is used to improve the interfacial wettability between the structural electrode and the high early strength cement-based electrolyte, and reduce the interfacial contact resistance.

[0050] IV. Assembly of the Energy Storage Core Layer like Figure 2 As shown, the high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry prepared above is poured into a mold, and a conductive hydrophilic transition layer (102) and a structural electrode (103) are pre-arranged on both sides of the slurry to ensure that the structural electrode is in full contact with the high early strength cement-based electrolyte (101) slurry. After curing, a cement-based structural supercapacitor unit, i.e., the energy storage core layer, is obtained. Figure 2 The five-layer symmetrical cross-sectional structure of a cement-based supercapacitor unit is shown. As clearly observed in the figure, the central layer is a high-early-strength cement-based electrolyte (101), with conductive hydrophilic transition layers (102) symmetrically distributed on both sides, and structural electrodes (103) symmetrically distributed on the outermost sides. The layers are tightly bonded together without interfacial gaps, forming a stable interfacial bond through physical contact and chemical bonding. Current collectors (40) extend from both ends of the structural electrodes (103), passing through the insulating encapsulation layer and the load-bearing protective layer to the outside of the energy storage module, forming a complete energy storage unit. This five-layer symmetrical structure ensures the symmetry of charge storage and the balance of ion migration, which is the key structural basis for achieving high specific capacitance and good cycle stability.

[0051] In the basic laboratory embodiment, a cement-based supercapacitor unit can be prepared using a 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm cubic mold; in the modular road application, the size of the energy storage core layer can be adjusted according to the size of the reserved slot, the size of the road component, the location of the sensor node, and the target energy storage capacity.

[0052] Example 2: Low-alkali internal doping-post-curing ion activation treatment This embodiment provides an ion activation method for an energy storage core layer. The method includes two stages: low-alkali internal doping and post-curing ion activation.

[0053] The first stage is the low-alkali internal admixture stage. During the mixing process of high early-strength cement-based electrolyte, potassium hydroxide is added internally at a dosage of 0.50% to 5.00% of the mass of the high early-strength cement, preferably 1.00% to 2.00%. The low-alkali internal admixture is used to provide an initial ionic environment while avoiding the direct participation of high-concentration strong alkali in the mixing process, which could lead to cement hydration imbalance, abnormal setting, or reduced mechanical properties.

[0054] The second stage is the post-curing ion activation stage. After curing the energy storage core layer for 1–28 days, an electrolyte solution with a concentration of 2–8 mol / L is introduced into the energy storage core layer. The electrolyte solution can be a potassium hydroxide solution or a sodium hydroxide solution.

[0055] In a preferred embodiment, after the energy storage core layer has been cured for 28 days, it is subjected to ion activation treatment using a 5 mol / L potassium hydroxide solution. Specifically, the potassium hydroxide solution is dripped or impregnated onto the surface of the energy storage core layer, allowing it to gradually penetrate along the internal pores, microcracks, and polyacrylamide network of the high early strength cement-based electrolyte. After the electrolyte solution has fully entered the energy storage core layer, electrochemical performance testing or module encapsulation is performed.

[0056] In other embodiments, the post-curing ion activation treatment can also be carried out by immersion, vacuum impregnation, or negative pressure suction impregnation. For thicker road-embedded energy storage modules, vacuum impregnation is preferred to improve the uniformity of electrolyte solution penetration in the energy storage core layer.

[0057] Through the above-mentioned low-alkali internal doping-post-curing ion activation treatment, a high early strength cement-based curing skeleton with high mechanical strength and structural integrity can be formed first. Then, a high concentration of electrolyte solution is introduced in the later stage to activate ion migration channels, thereby taking into account both the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the energy storage core.

[0058] Example 3: Fabrication of an Embedded Cement-Based Supercapacitor Energy Storage Module like Figure 1 As shown, this embodiment further prepares an embedded energy storage module suitable for intelligent transportation roads based on the energy storage core layer prepared in Example 1. Figure 1The cross-sectional embedding position and overall structure of the energy storage module in the road structure are shown. As can be seen from the figure, the road surface layer (60) is above, the road base layer (70) is below, and a reserved groove (80) is set between the two, in which the energy storage module is embedded. The energy storage module consists of an energy storage core layer (10), an insulating encapsulation layer (30), and a load-bearing protection layer (20) from the inside out, forming a three-layer encapsulation structure. The energy storage core layer (10) is the core energy storage unit. The insulating encapsulation layer (30) tightly covers the outside of the energy storage core layer and is used for waterproofing, preventing water loss, preventing short circuits, and resisting external ion intrusion. The load-bearing protection layer (20) is located on the outermost layer and is used to bear the load of road vehicles and disperse external forces. The energy storage module has current collector terminals (40) and power output interfaces (50) on both sides, which are connected to the road sensor (90) and the energy management circuit (100) respectively through connecting lines, forming an integrated system of road structure load-bearing-energy storage-power supply. This embedded design achieves the organic integration of energy storage units and road structures, providing reliable energy storage support for low-power sensing and monitoring systems for intelligent transportation roads.

[0059] The preparation steps are as follows: S1. Prepare the structural electrode by mixing energy storage active material, conductive agent and binder to prepare electrode slurry, coating the electrode slurry on conductive current collector frame, and obtaining the structural electrode after drying and pressing. S2. Preparation of high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry: Alkaline electrolyte, initiator, acrylamide monomer, water and high early strength cement are mixed and stirred to obtain high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry; S3. Prepare the energy storage core layer (10). The high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry is poured into a mold with the structural electrodes, so that the structural electrodes are located on both sides of the high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry. After curing, the cement-based structural supercapacitor unit is obtained. S4. The energy storage core layer is subjected to ion activation treatment, so that the electrolyte solution penetrates into the interior of the high early strength cement-based electrolyte and forms a continuous ion migration channel. S5. Connect the positive and negative current collector terminals (40) to the structure electrode respectively, and lead them out to the outside of the energy storage core layer; S6. An insulating encapsulation layer (30) is provided on the outside of the energy storage core layer. An epoxy resin insulating encapsulation layer is applied to the outside of the energy storage core layer by brushing or spraying, in 2-3 layers. Each layer is cured at room temperature for 12-24 hours before the next layer is applied. The total thickness of the insulating encapsulation layer is not less than 2 mm. The connection end of the current collector terminal is temporarily protected with tape. After encapsulation is completed, the tape is removed to expose the connection end. S7. A load-bearing protective layer (20) is formed on the outside of the insulating encapsulation layer. High early strength cement mortar is poured on the outside of the insulating encapsulation layer as a load-bearing protective layer. The cement mortar mix ratio is cement:sand:water = 1:1.5:0.35 (mass ratio). After pouring, it is cured under standard curing conditions (temperature 20±2℃, relative humidity ≥95%) for 7 to 28 days. The thickness of the load-bearing protective layer is not less than 20 mm, thus obtaining an embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module. S8. Embed the energy storage module into the reserved position (80) of the road structure, and connect the power output interface (50) to the road sensor (90), traffic monitoring node or energy management circuit (100). The energy storage module is set in the reserved groove between the road surface layer (60) and the road base layer (70).

[0060] Example 4: Construction method for embedding energy storage modules in road structures This embodiment provides a method for embedding energy storage modules in intelligent transportation roads.

[0061] S1. Reserved slots or prefabricated installation cavities are set in the road surface layer, bridge deck pavement layer, prefabricated road components, curb components, or road monitoring node installation area. The size of the reserved slots is determined according to the size of the energy storage module, the thickness of the road structure layer, and the sensor node layout requirements.

[0062] S2. Clean the reserved groove or prefabricated installation cavity to remove laitance, loose particles, accumulated water and oil stains, and roughen the groove wall.

[0063] S3. Apply an interface bonding layer into the reserved groove or prefabricated installation cavity. The interface bonding layer can be a cement-based bonding layer, an epoxy mortar layer, a polymer mortar layer, or an asphalt-based bonding layer.

[0064] S4. Place the energy storage module into the reserved slot or prefabricated installation cavity, so that the embedded connection part on the outer surface of the energy storage module is in full contact with the interface adhesive layer.

[0065] S5. The perimeter of the energy storage module is sealed. The sealing material can be epoxy mortar, polymer cement mortar, silicone rubber, waterproof sealant, asphalt-based sealant, or cement-based repair material.

[0066] S6. Connect the power output interface of the energy storage module to the road sensor or energy management circuit, and perform waterproof sealing treatment.

[0067] S7. Level the top of the energy storage module so that the top of the energy storage module is flush with or lower than the road surface. If necessary, install a protective cover, load-bearing protective layer or functional surface layer on top of the energy storage module.

[0068] Example 5: Basic Performance Test of Energy Storage Core Layer To verify the feasibility of using high early strength cement-based electrolyte as energy storage core layer, a cement-based structural supercapacitor unit was assembled using high early strength cement-based electrolyte and structural electrodes, and its mechanical and electrochemical performance was tested.

[0069] Mechanical performance testing includes compressive strength and flexural strength testing. Electrochemical performance testing includes cyclic voltammetry, constant current charge-discharge testing, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Based on the cyclic voltammetry curves, constant current charge-discharge curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, specific capacitance, surface capacitance, ionic conductivity, energy density, and power density can be calculated.

[0070] High early strength cement-based supercapacitor specific capacitance (C) m ), surface capacitance (C) A ), ionic conductivity (σ), energy density (E) m ), power density (P) m The values ​​of ) are calculated using formulas (1)-(5): C m = ∫I(V)dV / (2×v×m×ΔV) (1) C A = I×Δt / (S×ΔV) (2) σ = L / (Rs×A) (3) E m = Cm×ΔV² / (2×3.6) (4) P m = Em×3600 / Δt (5) In the formula, C m C represents the specific capacitance (F / g). A The areal capacitance (mF / cm²) is represented by σ, the ionic conductivity (mS / cm), and E m P represents energy density (Wh / kg). m The power density is expressed in W / kg. I is the discharge current (A), and I(V) is the current response in the CV curve. ∫I(V)dV represents the integral area of ​​the region enclosed by the CV curve, corresponding to the total charge (C). v is the scan rate (V / s), m is the mass of the active material in a single electrode (g), ΔV is the voltage window during the discharge process (V), and Δt is the discharge time (s) obtained from the GCD curve. S represents the effective working area of ​​the electrode (cm²), i.e., the effective exposed area of ​​the electrode. L is the electrolyte thickness (cm), Rs is the equivalent series resistance, defined as the intercept of the EIS spectrum in the high-frequency region with the real axis (Z' axis) (Ω); A represents the contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte (cm²).

[0071] Taking the high early strength cement-based electrolyte prepared with the optimal ratio (water-cement ratio 0.21, acrylamide content 8.00%, ammonium persulfate content 2.40%, potassium hydroxide content 1.50%) as an example, the equivalent series resistance Rs = 0.85Ω was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the electrolyte thickness L = 1.0 cm, and the contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte A = 1.0 cm². Substituting these values ​​into formula (3), the ionic conductivity σ = L / (Rs×A) = 1.0 / (0.85×1.0) ≈ 1.18 S / m = 11.8 mS / cm. After post-curing ion activation treatment, the ionic conductivity was further increased to 21.7 mS / cm.

[0072] The compressive strength, specific capacitance, surface capacitance, and ionic conductivity of each group at different ages were calculated based on the mechanical and electrochemical test results.

[0073] Figure 4 The image shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the high early strength cement-based electrolytes prepared under different water-cement ratios and ammonium persulfate dosages in Example 1 after 28 days of curing. Figure 4 SEM sub-images of four typical mix proportion groups (L1, L5, L9, and L13) correspond to different mix proportion levels in the orthogonal experiment. The images show that with increasing water-cement ratio and ammonium persulfate content, the visible pores and microcracks within the cement matrix gradually decrease, the overall structure becomes denser, and a more continuous microporous-mesoporous network structure is formed. The images also show the interweaving of the polyacrylamide (PAM) network with hydration products such as CSH gel, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), forming an organic-inorganic composite network structure. The polyacrylamide network exhibits a flocculent or fibrous structure, distributed among the cement hydration products, forming a certain degree of physical entanglement and chemical bonding with the CSH gel matrix. The pore distribution varies with the mix proportion; more pores and microcracks are visible in group L1, while the pores are significantly reduced in group L13, resulting in a denser structure. The scale bar at the bottom of each sub-figure is 1 μm, and the magnification is 10000× (Mag = 10.00 KX), which can intuitively characterize the electrolyte microstructure and the formation mechanism of ion transport channels. Appropriately increasing the water-cement ratio is beneficial to promoting the cement hydration reaction, generating more hydration products such as CSH gel, thereby improving the continuity and density of the cement matrix skeleton and enhancing its mechanical properties. Simultaneously, acrylamide polymerizes in situ under the initiation of ammonium persulfate to form polyacrylamide. Polyacrylamide is distributed among the cement hydration products and forms a certain degree of organic-inorganic coupling structure with the CSH matrix. This structure is beneficial to improving pore connectivity and ion transport channels, thereby enhancing the ionic conductivity and electrochemical energy storage performance of high early-strength cement-based electrolytes.

[0074] Figure 5The results are the compressive strength test results of 16 groups of orthogonal test specimens in Example 1 under different curing ages. Figure 5 The graph is a bar chart, with the horizontal axis representing the 16 orthogonal test groups (Groups 1-16) and the vertical axis representing compressive strength (in MPa). The legend includes four curing ages: 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days, represented by bars of different colors. Error bars are included for each group to indicate the dispersion of the test data. The graph shows that the compressive strength of each group of high-early-strength cement-based electrolytes increases with the extension of curing age, and remains at a high level within the mixing ratio range of this invention. At 3 days, the compressive strength of each group reaches 20-35 MPa, indicating the rapid hydration characteristics of the high-early-strength cement; at 7 days, the compressive strength further increases to 35-50 MPa; at 14 days and 28 days, the compressive strength continues to increase and tends to stabilize. The figure clearly shows the strength development patterns of different mix proportions at various ages. Group 16 (the optimal mix proportion, i.e., water-cement ratio 0.21, acrylamide content 8.00%, ammonium persulfate content 2.40%, and potassium hydroxide content 1.50%) achieved a compressive strength of 66.52 MPa at 28 days, exhibiting the best overall performance among the 16 groups. These results demonstrate that the high early-strength cement-based electrolyte prepared in this invention possesses excellent mechanical load-bearing capacity and can meet the mechanical performance requirements for integrated structural-functional applications.

[0075] Figure 6 , Figure 7 and Figure 8 The figures are the cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) curves of the 16 groups of orthogonal experimental samples in Example 1. Figure 6 It consists of two parts, the upper part is the CV curve of 16 groups of samples (the horizontal axis is potential / V, and the vertical axis is current density / A·cm). - ²), the lower half is the corresponding GCD curve (horizontal axis is time / s, vertical axis is potential / V). From Figure 6 The upper part shows that the CV curves of each group of samples exhibit an approximately rectangular characteristic, indicating that the prepared high early-strength cement-based electrolyte has good capacitive response characteristics, with charge storage mainly relying on double-layer capacitance and a relatively small contribution from the Faraday reaction. The approximately rectangular CV curves suggest that double-layer energy storage is dominant, and the adsorption and desorption of charges on the electrode surface during charging and discharging are rapid and reversible. Figure 6 In the lower half, it can be observed that the GCD curves of each group of samples exhibit a basically symmetrical charge-discharge pattern. The charging and discharging curves form approximately symmetrical triangles, indicating good charge-discharge reversibility and electrochemical stability. The symmetrical triangular GCD curves suggest good charge-discharge reversibility, low internal resistance, and insignificant ohmic voltage drop. Figure 7EIS Nyquist plots for 16 groups of samples (x-axis: real impedance Z' / Ω, y-axis: imaginary impedance -Z'' / Ω). From Figure 7 It can be observed that each group of samples exhibits an intercept between the high-frequency region and the real axis, reflecting the differences in the equivalent internal resistance of the electrolyte system under different formulation conditions. The semi-circular arc in the high-frequency region corresponds to the interfacial charge transfer impedance, reflecting the charge transfer process at the electrode-electrolyte interface; the oblique line in the low-frequency region corresponds to the ion diffusion impedance, reflecting the diffusion and transport process of ions within the electrolyte. The intercept between the high-frequency region and the real axis is the equivalent series resistance Rs, which includes the electrolyte volume resistance, interfacial contact resistance, and current collector resistance. The Rs values ​​differ among different formulation groups, reflecting the influence of the water-cement ratio, acrylamide content, and ammonium persulfate content on the electrolyte ionic conductivity. Figure 8 This is a line graph (horizontal axis: cycle number, range 0–5000; vertical axis: areal capacitance retention, in %). From Figure 8 It can be observed that the capacitance retention rate of each group of samples remained at a high level during 5000 charge-discharge cycles. The optimal ratio group had a retention rate of 88.61% after 5000 cycles, indicating good cycle stability. The electrode structure and electrolyte system remained stable during long-term charge-discharge processes without significant performance degradation.

[0076] The high early strength cement-based supercapacitor prepared in the optimal ratio in Example 1 has both high mechanical strength (compressive strength 66.52 MPa, flexural strength 5.3 MPa) and relatively high electrochemical performance (specific capacitance 215.68 F / g, sheet capacitance 242.85 mF / cm², ionic conductivity 21.7 mS / cm, energy density 12.66 Wh / kg, power density 239.8 W / kg). Figure 9 The figure shows the cycle stability test results of the high early strength cement-based electrolyte prepared with the optimal formulation in Example 1. As can be observed from the figure, the optimal formulation maintains a high capacitance retention rate of 88.61% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles, indicating that the high early strength cement-based electrolyte has good long-term electrochemical stability and cycle durability. This result shows that by rationally controlling the water-cement ratio, acrylamide content, and ammonium persulfate content, a relatively stable organic-inorganic composite network structure can be formed within the cement matrix, thereby improving its ion transport capacity and electrochemical energy storage stability while ensuring mechanical properties. Therefore, the prepared high early strength cement-based electrolyte can be used in energy storage scenarios for transportation infrastructure such as integrated road energy storage systems, providing a material basis for realizing the integration of road structural load-bearing and energy storage functions.

[0077] To verify the module-level performance of an embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module, an energy storage core layer was prepared using an optimized ratio, and then an insulating encapsulation layer, a load-bearing protective layer, and current collector terminals were sequentially added to obtain a complete energy storage module. Mechanical and electrochemical performance tests were conducted on the energy storage core layer before encapsulation and the energy storage module after encapsulation to verify the overall load-bearing capacity and energy storage performance of the energy storage module after the addition of the load-bearing protective layer and the insulating encapsulation layer.

[0078] The load-bearing capacity and electrochemical performance retention rates are calculated according to the following formulas: Load-bearing performance retention rate = (compressive strength of the energy storage module after packaging / compressive strength of the energy storage core layer before packaging) × 100%.

[0079] Electrochemical performance retention rate = (Sheet capacitance of the energy storage module after packaging / Sheet capacitance of the energy storage core layer before packaging) × 100%. Test results are shown in Table 1.

[0080] Table 1. Mechano-electrochemical performance retention rate of embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage modules In one specific embodiment, the surface capacitance of the energy storage core layer before encapsulation is 242.85 mF / cm², and the surface capacitance of the complete energy storage module after encapsulation is 223.32 mF / cm², with an electrochemical performance retention rate of 91.96%. The 28-day compressive strength of the energy storage core layer before encapsulation is 66.52 MPa, and the 28-day compressive strength of the complete energy storage module after encapsulation is 72.36 MPa, with a load-bearing capacity retention rate of 108.78%. The above results show that after the insulating encapsulation layer, the load-bearing protective layer, and the current collector terminal are installed, the energy storage module can still maintain high electrochemical energy storage performance, while the overall load-bearing capacity is further improved, meeting the synergistic requirements of energy storage performance and structural load-bearing performance for embedded service in intelligent transportation roads. Example 6: Multi-unit series-parallel connection like Figure 3 As shown, multiple cement-based supercapacitor units can be connected in series, in parallel, or in a mixed series-parallel connection via conductive connectors to adjust the output voltage, output current, and energy storage capacity of the energy storage module. Figure 3 The electrical connection topology of multiple cement-based supercapacitor units is shown. Figure 3The diagram contains three sub-diagrams, corresponding to series, parallel, and hybrid series-parallel connection methods. Sub-diagram (a) shows a series connection topology, where multiple units are connected end-to-end. The positive terminal (red line) of one unit is sequentially connected to the negative terminal (black line) of the adjacent unit. After series connection, the total voltage is the sum of the individual unit voltages, while the capacity remains unchanged. Sub-diagram (b) shows a parallel connection topology, where multiple units share both positive and negative terminals. All positive terminals are connected together through a conductive busbar, and all negative terminals are connected together through another conductive busbar. After parallel connection, the total capacity is the sum of the individual unit capacities, while the voltage remains unchanged. Sub-diagram (c) shows a hybrid series-parallel array, with R rows of parallel connections and C columns of series connections, forming an R×C matrix connection structure. This structure can simultaneously expand voltage and capacity, and is suitable for longitudinal or transverse grid-like arrangements along roads to form energy storage arrays. By rationally designing the series-parallel combination method, the output voltage, output current, and energy storage capacity of the energy storage module can be flexibly adjusted to meet the power supply needs of different intelligent transportation road sensing nodes and low-power devices. Insulating partitions or insulating spacers are installed between adjacent cement-based supercapacitor units to prevent short circuits between units and to improve the electrical insulation reliability under humid, hot, chloride, and wet-dry cycling environments.

[0081] In series connection, the positive terminal of one cement-based supercapacitor unit is connected to the negative terminal of the adjacent unit through a conductive connector, which can increase the output voltage. In parallel connection, the positive terminals of multiple units are connected to the positive busbar together, and the negative terminals of multiple units are connected to the negative busbar together, which can increase the output current and energy storage capacity.

[0082] Insulating partitions or insulating spacers are provided between adjacent cement-based supercapacitor units to prevent short circuits between units. The insulating partitions can be epoxy resin boards, polytetrafluoroethylene boards, or rubber insulating boards, with a thickness of 0.10–5.00 mm, preferably 0.50–2.00 mm.

[0083] Multiple energy storage modules can be arranged longitudinally, laterally, or in a grid pattern along the road, forming a road-embedded energy storage array through conductive connectors to expand energy storage capacity and power supply range. This road-embedded energy storage array can be connected to road sensors, traffic monitoring nodes, energy management circuits, triboelectric nanogenerators, or piezoelectric generators to achieve energy harvesting, storage, and supply within the road structure, providing reliable power for low-power intelligent transportation equipment.

Claims

1. An embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads, characterized in that, It includes an energy storage core layer, a load-bearing protective layer, an insulating encapsulation layer, current collector terminals, and a power output interface; The energy storage core layer includes at least one cement-based structure supercapacitor unit. The cement-based structure supercapacitor unit includes a high early strength cement-based electrolyte, a conductive hydrophilic transition layer, and structural electrodes disposed on both sides of the high early strength cement-based electrolyte. The conductive hydrophilic transition layer is disposed between the structural electrodes and the high early strength cement-based electrolyte. The load-bearing protective layer is disposed on the outer periphery of the energy storage core layer and is used to bear the load of road vehicles and protect the energy storage core layer. The insulating encapsulation layer covers the outside of the energy storage core layer to prevent the energy storage core layer from short-circuiting, losing water, and allowing external moisture and corrosive ions to enter. The current collector terminals are respectively connected to the positive and negative structural electrodes in the energy storage core layer and extend to the outside of the energy storage module; The power output interface is connected to the current collection terminal and is used to output power to road sensors, traffic monitoring nodes or energy management circuits.

2. The embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads according to claim 1, characterized in that, The high early strength cement-based electrolyte includes high early strength cement, a polymer network formed by in-situ polymerization, an alkaline electrolyte, and water. The polymer network is formed by in-situ polymerization of acrylamide monomers under the action of an initiator. The polymer network is distributed among the hydration products of the high early strength cement and together with the hydration products of the high early strength cement, it forms an organic-inorganic composite ion transport network. The organic-inorganic composite ion transport network forms a continuous pore-mesoporous network structure.

3. The embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads according to claim 2, characterized in that, The high early strength cement-based electrolyte has a water-cement ratio of 0.20 to 0.23, an acrylamide content of 8.00% to 14.00% of the mass of the high early strength cement, an initiator content of 1.20% to 2.40% of the mass of the high early strength cement, and an alkaline electrolyte content of 1.00% to 2.00% of the mass of the high early strength cement.

4. The embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads according to claim 3, characterized in that, The initiator is one or more of ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, and sodium persulfate, and the alkaline electrolyte is one or more of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.

5. The embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads according to claim 1, characterized in that, After curing for 1–28 days, the energy storage core layer undergoes ion activation treatment. The ion activation treatment includes introducing a potassium hydroxide solution or sodium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 2–8 mol / L into the energy storage core layer, so that the electrolyte solution permeates along the pores, microcracks and polymer network inside the high early strength cement-based electrolyte to form continuous ion migration channels.

6. The embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads according to claim 1, characterized in that, The energy storage core layer includes multiple cement-based supercapacitor units, which are connected in series, in parallel, or in a mixed series-parallel connection via conductive connectors. Insulating partitions or insulating spacers are provided between adjacent cement-based supercapacitor units.

7. A method for preparing an embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module for intelligent transportation roads as described in any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Prepare the structural electrode by mixing energy storage active material, conductive agent and binder to prepare electrode slurry, coating the electrode slurry on conductive current collector frame, and obtaining the structural electrode after drying and pressing. S2. To prepare high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry, first dissolve alkaline electrolyte in water and cool to room temperature, then add initiator solution and acrylamide monomer, followed by high early strength cement powder. After low-speed premixing and high-speed homogenization, the high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry is obtained. S3. Prepare the energy storage core layer. Set a conductive hydrophilic transition layer between the structural electrode and the high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry. Cast the high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry into a mold with the structural electrode, so that the structural electrode is located on both sides of the high early strength cement-based electrolyte slurry. After curing, a cement-based structural supercapacitor unit is obtained. S4. The energy storage core layer is subjected to ion activation treatment. An electrolyte solution with a concentration of 2-8 mol / L is introduced into the energy storage core layer after curing for 1-28 days, so that the electrolyte solution penetrates into the pores, microcracks and polymer network inside the high early strength cement-based electrolyte to form a continuous ion migration channel. S5. Connect the positive and negative current collector terminals to the structure electrode respectively, and lead them out to the outside of the energy storage core layer; S6. An insulating encapsulation layer is provided on the outside of the energy storage core layer, and at least the connection end of the current collector terminal is retained; S7. A load-bearing protective layer is formed on the outside of the insulating encapsulation layer to obtain an embedded cement-based supercapacitor energy storage module. S8. Embed the energy storage module into the reserved position of the road structure, apply an interface adhesive layer in the reserved groove, put the energy storage module in, perform edge sealing treatment, and then perform waterproof sealing treatment after connecting the power output interface to the road sensor, traffic monitoring node or energy management circuit.

8. The preparation method according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step S4, the ion activation treatment is carried out after the energy storage core layer has been cured for 1 to 28 days. The electrolyte solution is a 2 to 8 mol / L potassium hydroxide solution or sodium hydroxide solution. The activation method is dropwise addition, soaking, vacuum impregnation or negative pressure suction, so that the electrolyte solution penetrates along the pores, microcracks and polymer network inside the high early strength cement-based electrolyte to form continuous ion migration channels.

9. The preparation method according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step S8, the energy storage module is installed in a reserved groove between the road surface layer and the base layer, in the road monitoring node installation area, or inside a precast road slab; the interface bonding layer is a cement-based bonding layer, an epoxy mortar layer, a polymer mortar layer, or an asphalt-based bonding layer; the edge sealing treatment uses epoxy mortar, polymer cement mortar, silicone rubber, waterproof sealant, asphalt-based sealing material, or cement-based repair material for edge sealing; the top of the energy storage module is leveled so that the top of the energy storage module is flush with or lower than the road surface.

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