Methods, devices, vehicles, and media for detecting liquid water in vehicle fuel cells

Abstract

This invention discloses a method, device, vehicle, and medium for detecting liquid water in a vehicle fuel cell, comprising: acquiring sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle, and determining a set of water state characteristic parameters based on the sensor data; performing state discrimination based on the set of water state characteristic parameters to obtain the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell; determining the location result of the water accumulation area based on the liquid water detection result and sensor location information; and generating a graded drainage control command based on the liquid water detection result and the location result of the water accumulation area. Based on the above technical solution, by integrating multi-source sensor signals such as microwave dielectric, humidity, and conductivity, accurate judgment and dynamic response to the distribution of liquid water inside the fuel cell are achieved in multiple dimensions. Automatic early warning is triggered based on the water state signal, achieving faster and more intelligent risk response, thereby improving the overall control efficiency and safety performance of the fuel cell.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of vehicle safety technology, and in particular to a method, apparatus, vehicle, and medium for detecting liquid water in a vehicle fuel cell. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have become the mainstream technology for automotive fuel cells due to their high energy density, low operating temperature, and zero emissions. Especially in passenger cars, commercial vehicles, heavy trucks, and stationary power generation, PEMFCs are being gradually and extensively industrialized.

[0003] During PEMFC operation, the electrochemical reaction on the cathode side continuously generates moisture, some of which remains as liquid water in the gas diffusion layer, catalyst layer, or flow channels. While moderate humidification is beneficial for ion conduction in the proton exchange membrane, excessive water accumulation can cause a "flooding" phenomenon. This not only hinders oxygen diffusion within the electrode structure and reduces reaction efficiency but may also lead to uneven reactions in the stack, increased pressure differential, and disrupted thermal management, ultimately accelerating stack degradation or even causing localized failure.

[0004] However, existing technical solutions rely on data from a single type of sensor to detect flooding, such as relying solely on temperature or voltage changes. This leads to problems such as insufficient accuracy in liquid water identification, high false alarm and false negative rates, delayed flooding prediction, and inflexible early warning mechanisms. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention provides a method, device, vehicle, and medium for detecting liquid water in a vehicle fuel cell. By integrating signals from multiple sources such as microwave dielectric, humidity, and conductivity sensors, it achieves accurate judgment and dynamic response to the distribution of liquid water inside the fuel cell from multiple dimensions, thereby significantly improving the accuracy and spatial resolution of liquid water detection and effectively reducing false alarms and missed alarms. Through composite analysis of multi-indicator trends, it can identify early signs of flooding, enhancing predictive capabilities and operational stability. Furthermore, it automatically triggers early warnings based on water state signals, achieving faster and more intelligent risk response, thus improving the overall control efficiency and safety performance of the fuel cell.

[0006] According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for detecting liquid water in a vehicle fuel cell is provided, comprising:

[0007] Acquire sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle, and determine a set of water state characteristic parameters based on the sensor data. The set of water state characteristic parameters includes humidity parameters, dielectric constant parameters, and conductivity parameters.

[0008] State discrimination is performed based on the set of water state characteristic parameters to obtain the liquid water detection results of the fuel cell;

[0009] Based on the liquid water detection results and sensor location information, the location of the water accumulation area is determined, and a graded drainage control command is generated according to the liquid water detection results and the location of the water accumulation area.

[0010] According to another aspect of the present invention, a liquid water detection device for a vehicle fuel cell is provided, comprising:

[0011] The data acquisition module is used to acquire sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle and determine the set of water state characteristic parameters based on the sensor data. The set of water state characteristic parameters includes humidity parameters, dielectric constant parameters, and conductivity parameters.

[0012] The detection result determination module is used to determine the state based on the set of water state characteristic parameters and obtain the detection result of liquid water in the fuel cell.

[0013] The fault handling module is used to determine the location of the water accumulation area based on the liquid water detection results and sensor location information, and to generate graded drainage control instructions based on the liquid water detection results and the location of the water accumulation area.

[0014] According to another aspect of the present invention, a vehicle is provided, characterized in that a fuel cell and electronic devices are disposed within the vehicle, the electronic devices comprising:

[0015] At least one processor; and

[0016] A memory that is communicatively connected to at least one processor; wherein,

[0017] The memory stores a computer program that can be executed by at least one processor, such that the at least one processor is able to perform the liquid water detection method for a vehicle fuel cell according to any embodiment of the present invention.

[0018] According to another aspect of the present invention, a computer-readable storage medium is provided, the computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions for causing a processor to execute and implement the liquid water detection method for a vehicle fuel cell according to any embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] The technical solution of this invention acquires sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle and determines a set of water state characteristic parameters based on the sensor data; performs state discrimination based on the set of water state characteristic parameters to obtain the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell; determines the location result of the water accumulation area based on the liquid water detection result and sensor location information; and generates graded drainage control commands based on the liquid water detection result and the location result of the water accumulation area. Based on the above technical solution, by integrating multi-source sensor signals such as microwave dielectric, humidity, and conductivity, accurate judgment and dynamic response to the distribution of liquid water inside the fuel cell are achieved in multiple dimensions, thereby significantly improving the accuracy and spatial resolution of liquid water detection and effectively reducing false alarms and missed alarms; through composite analysis of multi-indicator trends, early signs of flooding are identified, enhancing predictive ability and operational stability; and automatic early warning is triggered based on water state signals, achieving faster and more intelligent risk response, thereby improving the overall control efficiency and safety performance of the fuel cell.

[0020] It should be understood that the description in this section is not intended to identify key or essential features of the embodiments of the present invention, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the invention. Other features of the invention will become readily apparent from the following description. Attached Figure Description

[0021] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a liquid water detection method for a vehicle fuel cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 2 This is a flowchart of a liquid water detection method for a vehicle fuel cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the sensor layout for detecting liquid water in a fuel cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a liquid water detection device for a vehicle fuel cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0027] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0028] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc., in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this invention are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments of the invention described herein can be implemented in orders other than those illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion; for example, a process, method, product, or apparatus that comprises a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units not explicitly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products, or apparatus.

[0029] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating a method for detecting liquid water in a vehicle fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment is applicable to situations where, during the operation of a vehicle fuel cell, the system detects whether the fuel cell is in a flooded state based on data collected from multiple types of sensors. This method can be executed by a liquid water detection device for the vehicle fuel cell, which can be implemented in hardware and / or software and can be configured in an electronic device. Figure 1 As shown, the method specifically includes the following steps:

[0030] S110. Acquire sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle, and determine the set of water state characteristic parameters based on the sensor data.

[0031] The water state characteristic parameter set includes humidity, dielectric constant, and electrical conductivity parameters. The sensor data acquired are detection signals collected and converted by sensors deployed at key locations within the fuel cell, reflecting the distribution and operating status of liquid water inside the fuel cell. The water state characteristic parameter set is a standardized combination of multi-dimensional water-related parameters. The humidity parameter reflects the water vapor content in the gas, characterizing the humidity within the fuel cell's gas path and gas diffusion layer. The dielectric constant parameter reflects the polarization characteristics of the medium, characterizing the amount of liquid water accumulated at the interface between the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion layer. The electrical conductivity parameter reflects the liquid's conductivity, characterizing the water-containing electrical conductivity between the bipolar plates and the gas diffusion layer.

[0032] Specifically, multiple types of sensors are deployed on the structure of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The core of the fuel cell consists of a central proton exchange membrane, two catalytic layers and gas diffusion layers on both sides, and outer electrode channels. Electrochemical reactions on the cathode side continuously generate moisture, which migrates and distributes within the pores and channels of the gas diffusion layer. During fuel cell operation, detection signals from sensors deployed at key locations are collected, and corresponding physical quantity values ​​are extracted. In the gas phase dimension, a humidity sensor collects the water vapor content at different locations; in the interface dimension, a microwave sensor detects changes in the dielectric properties of the solid-liquid interface; and in the liquid phase dimension, a conductivity sensor monitors changes in the conductivity between the bipolar plates and the gas diffusion layer. The collected raw signals undergo standardized processing and are categorized into humidity parameters, dielectric constant parameters, and conductivity parameters, then aligned and combined according to timestamps to form a set of water state characteristic parameters.

[0033] Based on the above technical solution, sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle is acquired, including: acquiring relative humidity values ​​through humidity sensing units located in the gas diffusion layer and the cathode outlet to form humidity parameters; acquiring relative permittivity values ​​through microwave sensing units located in the interface region between the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion layer to form permittivity parameters; acquiring liquid conductivity values ​​through conductivity sensors located between the electrode plate and the gas diffusion layer to form conductivity parameters; and constructing sensor data based on humidity parameters, permittivity parameters, and conductivity parameters.

[0034] The fuel cell comprises three sensor units: a humidity sensing unit located on the surface of the gas diffusion layer, at the cathode gas inlet, and at the cathode gas outlet; a microwave sensing unit located at the interface between the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion layer; and a conductivity sensing unit located between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer. The humidity sensing unit converts water vapor content into an electrical signal to collect the relative humidity value at the corresponding location. The microwave sensing unit detects the dielectric properties of the medium based on the microwave resonance principle and is used for non-invasive detection of the liquid water content inside the membrane electrode assembly. The conductivity sensing unit detects the conductivity of the liquid and is used to monitor the conductivity changes between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer in real time.

[0035] Specifically, sensors are deployed at key water migration points in the fuel cell to monitor the water state throughout the entire process. Humidity sensing units are deployed in three locations: the first is embedded in the surface of the gas diffusion layer, close to the catalyst layer, to directly detect the gas phase humidity within the diffusion layer pores; the second is installed in the inlet gas pipe of the cathode gas path to detect the initial humidity of the reactant gas entering the stack; and the third is installed in the outlet exhaust pipe of the cathode gas path to detect the water vapor content carried by the exhaust gas, reflecting the stack's drainage status. Microwave sensing units are embedded at the interface between the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion layer. Since there are significant differences in the dielectric constants of liquid water, gaseous water, and dry membrane electrodes, the change in dielectric constant directly corresponds to the amount of liquid water accumulated in the interface region. The conductivity sensing unit is located between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer to monitor whether there is a change in conductivity between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer. It should be noted that the dry conductivity of the membrane in the fuel cell is extremely low, the conductivity in the hydrated state is moderate, and the conductivity increases in the flooded state. That is, the dielectric constant of water is 20-40 times that of dry membrane / dry carbon paper. Therefore, even a small change in moisture will cause a significant change in capacitance signal. The more water, the greater the dielectric constant. Thus, by determining the conductivity and dielectric constant parameters in the fuel cell, it can be determined whether the fuel cell is in a flooded condition.

[0036] The technical solution of this invention achieves full-dimensional, multi-point detection from the gas phase to the interface phase and then to the liquid phase by differentially deploying three types of sensors along the critical path of water migration in fuel cells. Spatially, it covers the inlet, diffusion layer, boundary area, outlet and the area between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer, and can accurately capture changes in liquid water at different locations and in different forms, providing sufficient spatial dimension data support for subsequent state discrimination and water accumulation location.

[0037] Based on the above technical solution, the set of water state characteristic parameters is determined according to the sensor data, including: obtaining a preset data sampling period and controlling the sensor to collect raw sensor data according to the preset data sampling period; and performing data preprocessing on the raw sensor data to obtain the sensor data.

[0038] Data preprocessing includes filtering, amplification, and analog-to-digital conversion. The preset data sampling period is the time interval between two consecutive data acquisitions, used to control the time resolution and response speed of liquid water detection. Data preprocessing is a standardization and correction process for the raw sensor output signal, used to remove interference and improve signal quality to suit subsequent computational requirements. Filtering is a signal processing operation to remove noise interference from the raw signal. Amplification is an amplitude gain operation for weak sensor signals, used to increase the signal amplitude to suit the range requirements of subsequent conversions. Analog-to-digital conversion is a process that converts continuous analog electrical signals into discrete digital signals, enabling the main control unit to perform calculations and analysis.

[0039] Specifically, the system calls upon internally stored preset sampling period parameters and sends synchronous acquisition trigger signals to all sensors at fixed time intervals. The raw signals output by the sensors are mostly weak analog voltage or current signals, and mechanical vibrations and the onboard electromagnetic environment during vehicle operation add a large amount of noise to the signals. The raw analog signals are filtered, using a low-pass filter to remove high-frequency electromagnetic interference noise and an adaptive filtering algorithm to cancel low-frequency drift noise caused by vehicle vibration, retaining only the slowly varying effective signal components related to changes in liquid water. After filtering, the signal is amplified by using a high-precision operational amplifier to linearly gain the weak analog signal to the standard range. The amplified analog signal is then input into an analog-to-digital converter channel to convert the continuous analog quantity into a discrete digital quantity, resulting in a standardized digital signal, thus completing the preprocessing of the sensor acquisition data.

[0040] The technical solution of this invention effectively removes various interference noises in the vehicle environment through a three-level preprocessing process of filtering, amplification and analog-to-digital conversion, improves the quality and resolution of the original signal, converts the analog signal that cannot be directly calculated into a standardized digital signal, ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data used for subsequent state discrimination, and lays a data foundation for high-precision liquid water detection.

[0041] S120. Based on the set of water state characteristic parameters, state discrimination is performed to obtain the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell.

[0042] Among them, the liquid water detection results are the classification and judgment conclusions of the liquid water accumulation state inside the fuel cell, which are used to characterize the health status and risk level of the current fuel cell water management.

[0043] Specifically, the set of water state characteristic parameters generated in real time is input into a preset multi-parameter combination discrimination logic. Using the real-time absolute values and continuous change trends of each parameter as the dual discrimination basis, the liquid water state of the fuel cell is classified and determined. During the discrimination process, according to the operating conditions such as the output power and working temperature of the current fuel cell, the normal reference interval of each parameter is dynamically adjusted. The current values and the change slopes in the recent few sampling periods of the humidity parameter, dielectric constant parameter, and conductivity parameter are respectively extracted. The parameter change characteristics in three dimensions are combined and matched, and compared with various preset state characteristic templates. The state with the highest matching degree is the current liquid water detection result.

[0044] Based on the above technical solution, state discrimination is performed based on the set of water state characteristic parameters to obtain the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell, including: when it is detected that the humidity parameter in the stack increases, the conductivity parameter increases, and the dielectric constant parameter remains stable, and the voltage standard deviation is less than the first voltage difference threshold, it is determined that the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell is the normal drainage state; when it is detected that the humidity parameter in the stack increases, the dielectric constant parameter increases, and the conductivity parameter remains stable, and the voltage standard deviation is less than the second voltage difference threshold, it is determined that the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell is the initial water accumulation state in the flow channel; when it is detected that the humidity parameter in the stack increases, the dielectric constant parameter increases, the conductivity parameter increases, and the output power decreases, and the voltage standard deviation is less than the third voltage difference threshold, it is determined that the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell is the waterlogging risk state; when it is detected that the difference between the cathode outlet humidity parameter and the inlet humidity parameter exceeds the preset humidity threshold, it is determined that the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell is the water accumulation state at the end of the flow channel.

[0045] Among them, the first voltage difference threshold is less than the second voltage difference threshold. The second voltage difference threshold is less than the third voltage difference threshold. The first voltage difference threshold, the second voltage difference threshold, and the third voltage difference threshold can be understood as the preset difference thresholds. The first voltage threshold, the second voltage threshold, and the third voltage threshold are respectively represented by a, b, and c, where 0 < a < b < c < 1. a can be 0.2, b can be 0.4, and c can be 0.6.

[0046] Specifically, the judgment process can be determined by combining the voltage standard deviation of the fuel cell. When the fuel cell is in normal drainage state, most of the water generated by the cathode electrochemical reaction is smoothly discharged with the exhaust gas flow, so the outlet humidity parameter continues to rise. A small amount of liquid water seeps into the space between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer through the sealed structure, causing a slight increase in the conductivity parameter. When the voltage standard deviation is less than the first voltage difference threshold, there is no large accumulation of liquid water at the interface between the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion layer, and the dielectric constant parameter remains stable within the normal range. When this characteristic is matched, it is judged as normal drainage state, and the original control strategy is maintained. When initial water accumulation occurs in the flow channel, the evaporation of liquid water retained on the flow channel wall leads to an increase in the gas phase humidity parameter. The water accumulation in the flow channel causes refraction loss to the microwave signal, causing a slight decrease in the detected dielectric constant parameter. When the voltage standard deviation is less than the third voltage difference threshold, the water accumulation has not yet diffused to the space between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer, so the conductivity parameter remains stable. When this characteristic is matched, it is judged as initial water accumulation in the flow channel. When water accumulation further develops into a flood risk, a large amount of liquid water seeps into the gas diffusion layer and reaches the interface region of the catalyst layer, causing a significant increase in the dielectric constant parameter, and the voltage standard deviation is less than the third voltage difference threshold. Simultaneously, the water vapor carried by the exhaust continues to increase, further raising the humidity parameter. Liquid water clogs the pores of the diffusion layer, hindering oxygen transport and causing a decrease in fuel cell output power. Matching this characteristic indicates a flood risk state. When liquid water accumulates at the end of the flow channel, a large amount of liquid water is vaporized as the airflow passes through the end, causing a significant increase in outlet humidity. The humidity difference between the inlet and outlet exceeds the normal range. Matching this characteristic indicates a water accumulation state at the end of the flow channel.

[0047] The technical solution of this invention uses parameter combination features of four typical states to make judgments, which can accurately distinguish different degrees of severity of liquid water accumulation, and realize graded identification from normal drainage to initial water accumulation, terminal water accumulation and then to flood risk, providing clear state basis for subsequent graded response and precise drainage.

[0048] Based on the above technical solution, when the difference between the humidity parameter at the cathode outlet and the humidity parameter at the inlet exceeds a preset threshold, the liquid water detection result of the battery material is determined to be a water accumulation state at the end of the flow channel. This includes: calculating the inlet and outlet humidity difference between the humidity parameter at the cathode outlet and the humidity parameter at the cathode inlet; comparing the inlet and outlet humidity difference with a preset humidity difference threshold; and determining that the liquid water detection result of the battery material is a water accumulation state at the end of the flow channel when the inlet and outlet humidity difference is greater than the preset humidity difference threshold.

[0049] Specifically, the inlet humidity parameter collected by the cathode gas path inlet humidity sensing unit and the outlet humidity parameter collected by the cathode gas path outlet humidity sensing unit are extracted separately. After the two parameters are corrected for operating conditions, the difference is calculated to obtain the inlet and outlet humidity difference. The calculated inlet and outlet humidity difference is compared with a preset humidity difference threshold. The preset threshold corresponds to the maximum humidity difference range under normal drainage conditions and is obtained from the normal operating condition data during the calibration phase. When the actual inlet and outlet humidity difference is greater than the threshold, it indicates that the amount of water vapor carried by the outlet gas far exceeds the level of water produced by the normal reaction. This corresponds to the situation where liquid water accumulates at the end of the flow channel and is carried away by the airflow and evaporated. Therefore, it is judged as a water accumulation state at the end of the flow channel. If the humidity difference is within the threshold range, it is judged that the drainage at the end of the flow channel is normal and there is no water accumulation.

[0050] The technical solution of this invention uses a quantitative comparison of the humidity difference between the inlet and outlet to quickly identify water accumulation at the end of the flow channel without the need for additional detection devices. It can achieve this by using existing inlet and outlet humidity sensors. The judgment logic is simple and efficient, and it can supplement the detection capability of water accumulation at the end of the flow channel without increasing costs, thereby improving the comprehensiveness of the detection.

[0051] S130. Based on the liquid water detection results and sensor location information, determine the location of the water accumulation area, and generate graded drainage control instructions based on the liquid water detection results and the location of the water accumulation area.

[0052] The water accumulation area location result is a determination of the specific location of water accumulation inside the fuel cell, used to clarify the spatial distribution of the water. Sensor location information is the deployment location information of each sensor inside the fuel cell, used to map abnormal parameters to specific physical areas. The graded drainage control command is a differentiated control command generated based on the water accumulation risk level and location, used to drive the actuators to perform drainage operations of corresponding intensity.

[0053] Specifically, after obtaining the liquid water detection results, the system analyzes the sensor locations corresponding to abnormal parameters by combining them with pre-stored sensor deployment information. This allows for the localization of the specific area where water accumulation occurs. In other words, different combinations of sensor anomalies correspond to different water accumulation areas. By matching the abnormal locations with preset regional characteristics, the water accumulation area can be located. Based on the risk level corresponding to the liquid water detection results and the specific location of the water accumulation, a corresponding drainage control strategy is matched, determining the actuators and control amplitudes that need to be regulated, and generating corresponding tiered drainage control commands.

[0054] It should be noted that control commands are transmitted to the corresponding actuators via the vehicle bus, including the cathode intake regulating valve, back pressure valve, and vehicle load controller. Upon receiving the commands, each actuator adjusts its operating parameters accordingly to perform targeted drainage operations. For minor water accumulation, a gentle control method is used, with only minor adjustments to operating parameters to avoid affecting the normal output of the fuel cell. For severe flooding, a powerful drainage measure involving multiple mechanisms is employed to quickly reduce the risk of water accumulation. The entire positioning and command generation process is completed automatically within the main control unit, with an extremely short delay from status determination to command output, ensuring a rapid response to water accumulation issues.

[0055] Based on the above technical solution, the location of the water accumulation area is determined based on the liquid water detection results and sensor location information, including: when the humidity parameter at the front of the gas diffusion layer increases and the dielectric constant parameter at the corresponding location increases, the location of the water accumulation area is determined to be water flooding in the gas diffusion layer inlet area; when the dielectric constant parameter increases and the humidity parameter at the cathode outlet increases, the location of the water accumulation area is determined to be water flooding in the middle or outlet area of ​​the gas diffusion layer; when only the conductivity parameter increases and the other sensor parameters are within the normal range, the location of the water accumulation area is determined to be water accumulation in the electrode channel area; when every parameter in the water state characteristic parameter set is abnormal, and the output power of the fuel cell decreases and the pressure difference between the anode and cathode increases, the location of the water accumulation area is determined to be an overall water flooding state.

[0056] Specifically, when the humidity sensing unit at the gas diffusion layer inlet detects an increase in humidity, and the microwave sensing unit in the same area detects a synchronous increase in dielectric constant, it indicates that liquid water has accumulated in the pores of the gas diffusion layer at the inlet. The evaporation of liquid water leads to a local increase in gas phase humidity and also increases the dielectric constant of the interface region, thus indicating water flooding in the gas diffusion layer inlet region. When the microwave sensing unit detects an increase in dielectric constant, and the humidity sensing unit at the cathode outlet detects a significant increase in humidity, it indicates that liquid water has accumulated in the middle or outlet region of the gas diffusion layer. It migrates towards the outlet with the airflow and evaporates in large quantities at the outlet, leading to an increase in outlet humidity, thus indicating water flooding in the middle or outlet region of the gas diffusion layer. When only the conductivity between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer increases, while the humidity and dielectric constant parameters are within the normal range, it is identified as water accumulation between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer. When the humidity, dielectric constant, and conductivity parameters at all locations show abnormal changes, and the output power of the fuel cell decreases significantly while the gas pressure difference between the anode and cathode increases, it indicates that liquid water has been widely distributed in multiple regions such as the diffusion layer, flow channel, and catalyst layer. The entire fuel cell stack is flooded, and the obstructed gas transmission leads to a decrease in power and an increase in pressure difference. Therefore, it is determined to be a state of overall flooding.

[0057] The technical solution of this invention achieves precise spatial positioning of water accumulation inside the fuel cell by using anomalies in the combination of multiple sensors to correspond to different water accumulation areas. It can distinguish water accumulation problems in different locations such as the inlet, middle outlet, electrode channel and overall flooding, providing accurate location basis for subsequent targeted drainage and avoiding energy efficiency loss caused by blind control.

[0058] Based on the above technical solution, a graded drainage control instruction is generated according to the liquid water detection results and the location results of the water accumulation area. This includes: matching the corresponding risk level according to the liquid water detection results and determining the drainage control information according to the location results of the water accumulation area; and generating a graded drainage control instruction based on the risk level and the drainage control information.

[0059] The drainage control information includes the controlled object and the control range. The graded drainage control commands include cathode inlet flow rate adjustment, back pressure valve opening adjustment, and load condition adjustment. The risk level is a risk classification based on the severity of liquid water accumulation, used to match drainage measures of corresponding intensity. The drainage control information contains specific control parameters including the controlled object and the control range, used to clarify the execution method and intensity of the drainage operation. Cathode inlet flow rate adjustment is a control operation that changes the inlet flow rate by adjusting the cathode inlet valve opening, used to remove liquid water from the flow channel and diffusion layer through airflow purging. Back pressure valve opening adjustment is a control operation that changes the gas path pressure by adjusting the cathode outlet back pressure valve, used to promote the discharge of liquid water from the diffusion layer and flow channel through pressure fluctuations. Load condition adjustment is a control operation that changes the fuel cell output load for a short period, used to assist in the discharge of accumulated water through changes in reaction rate and gas flow rate.

[0060] Specifically, normal drainage corresponds to a no-risk level, maintaining the original operating parameters; initial water accumulation in the flow channel corresponds to a low-risk level, requiring mild regulation; water accumulation at the end of the flow channel corresponds to a medium-risk level, requiring moderate regulation; flooding risk and overall flooding correspond to a high-risk level, requiring strong regulation. Drainage regulation information is determined based on the location of the water accumulation area. For water accumulation in the gas diffusion layer area, regulation focuses on the cathode inlet flow rate and back pressure valve. Increasing the inlet flow rate enhances the purging ability of the airflow, and adjusting the back pressure valve opening generates pressure fluctuations, promoting the desorption and discharge of liquid water from the diffusion layer pores. For water accumulation in the electrode channel area, regulation focuses on the flow rate and temperature between the bipolar plates and the gas diffusion layer. Increasing the coolant flow rate and temperature removes the accumulated liquid water from the channel. For overall flooding, all regulation measures are activated simultaneously. The regulation amplitude is determined based on the risk level: low-risk areas use small parameter adjustments to avoid affecting normal output; high-risk areas use large parameter adjustments to quickly drain the water and reduce safety risks.

[0061] Based on the above scheme, the control intensity corresponding to the risk level can be combined with the control object corresponding to the region to generate a structured hierarchical drainage control command. The command includes the actuator identifier, target parameter value and execution sequence, and is sent to each actuator and the vehicle controller through the vehicle bus to perform drainage operation synchronously and trigger the corresponding level of audible and visual warning to remind the driver.

[0062] The technical solution of this invention acquires sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle and determines a set of water state characteristic parameters based on the sensor data; performs state discrimination based on the set of water state characteristic parameters to obtain the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell; determines the location result of the water accumulation area based on the liquid water detection result and sensor location information; and generates graded drainage control commands based on the liquid water detection result and the location result of the water accumulation area. Based on the above technical solution, by integrating multi-source sensor signals such as microwave dielectric, humidity, and conductivity, accurate judgment and dynamic response to the distribution of liquid water inside the fuel cell are achieved in multiple dimensions, thereby significantly improving the accuracy and spatial resolution of liquid water detection and effectively reducing false alarms and missed alarms; through composite analysis of multi-indicator trends, early signs of flooding are identified, enhancing predictive ability and operational stability; and automatic early warning is triggered based on water state signals, achieving faster and more intelligent risk response, thereby improving the overall control efficiency and safety performance of the fuel cell.

[0063] In one possible implementation of the present invention Figure 2 This is a flowchart illustrating a method for detecting liquid water in a vehicle fuel cell, provided by an embodiment of the present invention. The embodiment further describes the technical solution of the method for detecting liquid water in a vehicle fuel cell, such as... Figure 2 As shown, the method includes:

[0064] It should be noted that the technical solution of this invention consists of multiple sensors, a main control unit, and actuators arranged at key locations in the fuel cell, such as... Figure 3 As shown, a humidity sensor is arranged on the surface of the gas diffusion layer and at the cathode outlet to collect relative humidity (RH, %). A microwave sensor is arranged at the interface between the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion layer to detect changes in the dielectric constant εr. A conductivity sensor is installed between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer to monitor conductivity σ (μS / cm). An outlet humidity sensor is located at the cathode exhaust end to detect residual water vapor in the exhaust. All sensors are connected to the main control unit, which controls the sampling frequency at regular intervals and performs filtering, amplification, and analog-to-digital conversion on the collected signals.

[0065] The main control unit detects and judges the water state through the following steps: collecting real-time data from each sensor; secondly, judging the state based on the combined characteristics of multi-sensor data; when RH and σ are detected to increase and the microwave dielectric signal εr remains stable, it is judged as a normal drainage state; when RH is detected to increase, εr decreases and σ remains stable, it is judged as initial water accumulation in the flow channel; when RH, εr, and σ are detected to increase and the output power decreases significantly, it is judged as a flood risk state; when the difference between the outlet humidity and the inlet humidity ΔRH > 45%, it is judged as liquid water accumulation at the end of the flow channel.

[0066] Regarding flood location identification, the main control unit determines the specific water accumulation area based on the sensor location corresponding to the abnormal signal: if the RH at the front of the gas diffusion layer increases and εr also increases, it is identified as flooding in the gas diffusion layer inlet area; if εr increases and the outlet humidity increases significantly, it is identified as flooding in the middle or outlet of the gas diffusion layer; if only σ increases while other sensor signals are normal, it is identified as water accumulation in the electrode channel; if all sensors show abnormalities and power decreases and differential pressure increases, it is judged as an overall flooding state. When it is judged that liquid water accumulates at the end of the flow channel and that an overall flooding state is reached, the drainage control scheme is quickly activated to drain the water from the fuel cell stack; when it is judged that water is generated but drainage is smooth, the original operating strategy is maintained; when it is judged that initial water accumulation in the flow channel, flooding risk, flooding in the gas diffusion layer inlet area, flooding in the middle or outlet of the gas diffusion layer, or water accumulation in the electrode channel are detected, the drainage control scheme is determined in conjunction with the voltage attenuation. If at the current moment, a% of the voltage of each individual cell exceeds (average value ± voltage standard deviation), the drainage control scheme is activated. Where 70≤a≤95. When the main control unit determines that the system is in a high-risk state, it automatically triggers an early warning signal and executes corresponding control strategies, including adjusting the cathode air intake flow, increasing the back pressure valve opening, briefly increasing the load to promote drainage, and increasing the stack operating temperature.

[0067] When the main control unit determines a medium-to-high risk state, it automatically triggers a warning signal and executes corresponding control strategies, including adjusting the cathode intake airflow, increasing the back pressure valve opening, briefly increasing the load to promote drainage, and activating audible and visual alarms, to achieve rapid risk response and protection. A humidity sensor can be placed at the cathode outlet, and a flexible humidity sensor can be placed between the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer. The humidity sensor can be a microwave resonant sensor with an operating frequency of 2.45 GHz, and the conductivity sensor can be a flexible thin-film sensor. The sampling period is set to 100 milliseconds, and it communicates with the vehicle controller via a CAN bus. When the main control unit detects a flooding risk, it issues a warning within 100 milliseconds and completes the response control action within 500 milliseconds.

[0068] This invention employs a multi-sensor fusion water state detection scheme, achieving accurate identification of water distribution inside the fuel cell through a combination of multiple parameters such as RH, εr, and σ. A flooding judgment logic based on combined signals utilizes the changing trends of multi-sensor data to achieve early identification and precise location of the flooding state. A graded response control mechanism automatically triggers corresponding control strategies according to the risk level. Furthermore, a physical detection structure is formed by the specific placement and spatial relationship of each sensor inside the fuel cell. As an alternative to this invention, ultrasonic sensors, optical sensors, or pressure sensors can also be used as auxiliary detection methods. The ΔRH threshold in the judgment logic can be adjusted within the range of 10% to 20% depending on the operating conditions. The response control strategy can also integrate a thermal management module to assist in water removal by adjusting the temperature.

[0069] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a liquid water detection device for a vehicle fuel cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 As shown, the device includes: a data acquisition module 410, a detection result determination module 420, and a fault handling module 430.

[0070] The data acquisition module 410 is used to acquire sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle and determine a set of water state characteristic parameters based on the sensor data. The set of water state characteristic parameters includes humidity parameters, dielectric constant parameters, and conductivity parameters.

[0071] The detection result determination module 420 is used to perform state discrimination based on the set of water state characteristic parameters to obtain the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell;

[0072] The fault handling module 430 is used to determine the location of the water accumulation area based on the liquid water detection results and the sensor location information, and to generate graded drainage control instructions based on the liquid water detection results and the location of the water accumulation area.

[0073] Based on the above technical solution, the data acquisition module is used to acquire relative humidity values ​​through humidity sensing units located at the gas diffusion layer and the cathode outlet to form humidity parameters; acquire relative permittivity values ​​through microwave sensing units located at the interface between the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion layer to form permittivity parameters; acquire liquid conductivity values ​​through conductivity sensors located between the electrode plate and the gas diffusion layer to form conductivity parameters; and construct sensor acquisition data based on humidity parameters, permittivity parameters, and conductivity parameters.

[0074] Based on the above technical solution, the data acquisition module is used to obtain a preset data sampling period and control the sensor to acquire raw sensor data according to the preset data sampling period; the raw sensor data is preprocessed to obtain sensor acquisition data, wherein the data preprocessing includes filtering, amplification and analog-to-digital conversion processing.

[0075] Based on the above technical solution, the detection result determination module is used to determine the battery liquid water detection result as a normal drainage state when the humidity parameter, conductivity parameter, and dielectric constant parameter in the battery stack increase, and the voltage standard deviation is less than a first voltage difference threshold; to determine the battery liquid water detection result as a preliminary water accumulation state in the flow channel when the humidity parameter, dielectric constant parameter, and conductivity parameter in the battery stack increase, and the voltage standard deviation is less than a second voltage difference threshold; to determine the battery liquid water detection result as a flooding risk state when the humidity parameter, dielectric constant parameter, and conductivity parameter in the battery stack increase, and the output power decreases, and the voltage standard deviation is less than a third voltage difference threshold; wherein, the first voltage difference threshold is less than the second voltage difference threshold; the second voltage difference threshold is less than the third voltage difference threshold; and to determine the battery liquid water detection result as a water accumulation state at the end of the flow channel when the difference between the cathode outlet humidity parameter and the inlet humidity parameter exceeds a preset humidity threshold.

[0076] Based on the above technical solution, the detection result determination module is used to calculate the inlet and outlet humidity difference between the humidity parameter at the cathode outlet position and the humidity parameter at the cathode inlet position; the inlet and outlet humidity difference is compared with a preset humidity difference threshold; if the inlet and outlet humidity difference is greater than the preset humidity difference threshold, the detection result of liquid water in the battery is determined to be water accumulation at the end of the flow channel.

[0077] Based on the above technical solution, the fault handling module is used to determine the location of the water accumulation area as flooding in the gas diffusion layer inlet region when the humidity parameter at the front of the gas diffusion layer increases and the dielectric constant parameter at the corresponding location increases; to determine the location of the water accumulation area as flooding in the middle or outlet region of the gas diffusion layer when the dielectric constant parameter increases and the humidity parameter at the cathode outlet increases; to determine the location of the water accumulation area as water accumulation in the electrode channel region when only the conductivity parameter increases and all other sensing parameters are within the normal range; and to determine the location of the water accumulation area as overall flooding when every parameter in the water state characteristic parameter set is abnormal and the output power of the fuel cell decreases and the pressure difference between the anode and cathode increases.

[0078] Based on the above technical solution, the fault handling module is used to match the corresponding risk level according to the liquid water detection results and determine the drainage control information according to the water accumulation area location results. The drainage control information includes the control object and the control range. Based on the risk level and drainage control information, a graded drainage control command is generated. The graded drainage control command includes cathode air intake flow adjustment, back pressure valve opening adjustment and load condition adjustment.

[0079] The technical solution of this invention acquires sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle and determines a set of water state characteristic parameters based on the sensor data; performs state discrimination based on the set of water state characteristic parameters to obtain the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell; determines the location result of the water accumulation area based on the liquid water detection result and sensor location information; and generates graded drainage control commands based on the liquid water detection result and the location result of the water accumulation area. Based on the above technical solution, by integrating multi-source sensor signals such as microwave dielectric, humidity, and conductivity, accurate judgment and dynamic response to the distribution of liquid water inside the fuel cell are achieved in multiple dimensions, thereby significantly improving the accuracy and spatial resolution of liquid water detection and effectively reducing false alarms and missed alarms; through composite analysis of multi-indicator trends, early signs of flooding are identified, enhancing predictive ability and operational stability; and automatic early warning is triggered based on water state signals, achieving faster and more intelligent risk response, thereby improving the overall control efficiency and safety performance of the fuel cell.

[0080] The liquid water detection device for vehicle fuel cells provided in this embodiment of the invention can execute the liquid water detection method for vehicle fuel cells provided in any embodiment of the invention, and has the corresponding functional modules and beneficial effects of executing the method.

[0081] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of an electronic device 10, which can be used to implement embodiments of the present invention, is shown. The electronic device is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such as laptop computers, desktop computers, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframe computers, and other suitable computers. The electronic device can also represent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital processors, cellular phones, smartphones, wearable devices (e.g., helmets, glasses, watches, etc.), and other similar computing devices. The components shown herein, their connections and relationships, and their functions are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the implementation of the invention described and / or claimed herein.

[0082] like Figure 5As shown, the electronic device 10 includes at least one processor 11 and a memory, such as a read-only memory (ROM) 12 or a random access memory (RAM) 13, communicatively connected to the at least one processor 11. The memory stores computer programs executable by the at least one processor. The processor 11 can perform various appropriate actions and processes based on the computer program stored in the ROM 12 or loaded into the RAM 13 from storage unit 18. The RAM 13 can also store various programs and data required for the operation of the electronic device 10. The processor 11, ROM 12, and RAM 13 are interconnected via a bus 14. An input / output (I / O) interface 15 is also connected to the bus 14.

[0083] Multiple components in electronic device 10 are connected to I / O interface 15, including: input unit 16, such as keyboard, mouse, etc.; output unit 17, such as various types of displays, speakers, etc.; storage unit 18, such as disk, optical disk, etc.; and communication unit 19, such as network card, modem, wireless transceiver, etc. Communication unit 19 allows electronic device 10 to exchange information / data with other devices through computer networks such as the Internet and / or various telecommunications networks.

[0084] Processor 11 can be a variety of general-purpose and / or special-purpose processing components with processing and computing capabilities. Some examples of processor 11 include, but are not limited to, a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), various special-purpose artificial intelligence (AI) computing chips, various processors running machine learning model algorithms, a digital signal processor (DSP), and any suitable processor, controller, microcontroller, etc. Processor 11 performs the various methods and processes described above, such as the liquid water detection method for a vehicle fuel cell.

[0085] In some embodiments, the liquid water detection method for a vehicle fuel cell can be implemented as a computer program tangibly contained in a computer-readable storage medium, such as storage unit 18. In some embodiments, part or all of the computer program can be loaded and / or installed on electronic device 10 via ROM 12 and / or communication unit 19. When the computer program is loaded into RAM 13 and executed by processor 11, one or more steps of the liquid water detection method for a vehicle fuel cell described above can be performed. Alternatively, in other embodiments, processor 11 can be configured to perform the liquid water detection method for a vehicle fuel cell by any other suitable means (e.g., by means of firmware).

[0086] The various embodiments of the techniques described above and applied herein can be implemented in digital electronic circuits, integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), application-specific standard products (ASSPs), system-on-a-chip (SoCs), payload-programmable logic devices (CPLDs), computer hardware, firmware, software, and / or combinations thereof. These various embodiments may include implementations in one or more computer programs that can be executed and / or interpreted on a programmable device including at least one programmable processor, which may be a dedicated or general-purpose programmable processor, capable of receiving data and instructions from memory, at least one input device, and at least one output device, and transferring data and instructions to the memory, the at least one input device, and the at least one output device.

[0087] Computer programs used to implement the methods of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These computer programs may be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing device, such that when executed by the processor, the computer programs cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be performed. The computer programs may be executed entirely on a machine, partially on a machine, or as a standalone software package, partially on a machine and partially on a remote machine, or entirely on a remote machine or server.

[0088] In the context of this invention, a computer-readable storage medium can be a tangible medium that may contain or store a computer program for use by or in conjunction with instruction execution, means or apparatus. A computer-readable storage medium may include, but is not limited to, electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor means or apparatus, or any suitable combination thereof. Alternatively, a computer-readable storage medium may be a machine-readable signal medium. More specific examples of machine-readable storage media include electrical connections based on one or more wires, portable computer disks, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), optical fibers, portable compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0089] To provide interaction with a user, the techniques described herein can be implemented on an electronic device having: a display device (e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor) for displaying information to the user; and a keyboard and pointing device (e.g., a mouse or trackball) through which the user provides input to the electronic device. Other types of devices can also be used to provide interaction with the user; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can be received in any form (including sound input, voice input, or tactile input).

[0090] The technologies described herein can be implemented in computing that includes backend components (e.g., as a data server), or middleware components (e.g., an application server), or frontend components (e.g., a user computer with a graphical user interface or web browser through which a user can interact with the embodiments of the technologies described herein), or any combination of such backend, middleware, or frontend components. The components can be interconnected via digital data communication (e.g., a communication network) of any form or medium. Examples of communication networks include local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), blockchain networks, and the Internet.

[0091] Computation can include clients and servers. Clients and servers are generally geographically separated and typically interact via communication networks. Client-server relationships are created by computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship with each other. The server can be a cloud server, also known as a cloud computing server or cloud host, which is a hosting product within the cloud computing service system to address the shortcomings of traditional physical hosts and VPS services, such as high management difficulty and weak business scalability.

[0092] It should be understood that the various forms of processes shown above can be used, with steps reordered, added, or deleted. For example, the steps described in this invention can be executed in parallel, sequentially, or in different orders, as long as the desired result of the technical solution of this invention can be achieved, and this is not limited herein.

[0093] The specific embodiments described above do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of this invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations, and substitutions can be made according to design requirements and other factors. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of this invention should be included within the scope of protection of this invention.

Claims

1. A method for detecting liquid water in a vehicle fuel cell, characterized in that, include: Acquire sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle, and determine a set of water state characteristic parameters based on the sensor data, wherein the set of water state characteristic parameters includes humidity parameters, dielectric constant parameters, and conductivity parameters; Based on the set of water state characteristic parameters, state discrimination is performed to obtain the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell; Based on the liquid water detection results and sensor location information, the location of the water accumulation area is determined, and a graded drainage control command is generated according to the liquid water detection results and the location of the water accumulation area.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The acquisition of sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle includes: The relative humidity values ​​are collected by humidity sensing units located in the gas diffusion layer and the cathode outlet to form humidity parameters; The relative permittivity value is collected by a microwave sensing unit located at the interface between the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion layer, and the permittivity parameter is formed. The conductivity value of the liquid is collected by a conductivity sensor placed between the electrode plate and the gas diffusion layer, and the conductivity parameter is formed. The sensor data is constructed based on the humidity parameter, the dielectric constant parameter, and the conductivity parameter.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of determining the set of water state characteristic parameters based on the sensor-acquired data includes: Obtain a preset data sampling period, and control the sensor to collect raw sensor data according to the preset data sampling period; The raw sensor data is preprocessed to obtain sensor acquisition data, wherein the data preprocessing includes filtering, amplification and analog-to-digital conversion.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process of determining the state based on the set of water state characteristic parameters to obtain the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell includes: If the humidity parameter and conductivity parameter in the battery stack increase, while the dielectric constant parameter remains stable, and the voltage standard deviation is less than the first voltage difference threshold, the liquid water detection result of the battery is determined to be in a normal drainage state. If the humidity parameter, dielectric constant parameter, and conductivity parameter in the detection stack increase, and the voltage standard deviation is less than the second voltage difference threshold, the liquid water detection result of the battery is determined to be a preliminary water accumulation state in the flow channel. If an increase in humidity, dielectric constant, and conductivity parameters are detected in the battery pack, and the output power decreases, and the voltage standard deviation is less than a third voltage difference threshold, the battery pack's liquid water detection result is determined to be in a flood risk state; wherein, the first voltage difference threshold is less than the second voltage difference threshold; and the second voltage difference threshold is less than the third voltage difference threshold. If the difference between the cathode outlet humidity parameter and the inlet humidity parameter exceeds a preset humidity threshold, the liquid water detection result of the battery material is determined to be water accumulation at the end of the flow channel.

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The step of determining that the liquid water detection result of the battery material is in a state of water accumulation at the end of the flow channel when the difference between the cathode outlet humidity parameter and the inlet humidity parameter exceeds a preset humidity threshold includes: Calculate the inlet and outlet humidity difference between the humidity parameters at the cathode outlet and the humidity parameters at the cathode inlet; The inlet and outlet humidity difference is compared with a preset humidity difference threshold. If the inlet and outlet humidity difference is greater than the preset humidity difference threshold, the liquid water detection result of the battery material is determined to be water accumulation at the end of the flow channel.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The determination of the water accumulation area location result based on the liquid water detection result and sensor location information includes: When the humidity parameter in front of the gas diffusion layer increases and the dielectric constant parameter at the corresponding location also increases, the location result of the water accumulation area is determined to be water flooding in the gas diffusion layer inlet area; When the dielectric constant parameter increases and the cathode outlet humidity parameter increases, the location result of the water accumulation area is determined to be water flooding in the middle of the gas diffusion layer or the outlet area. When only the conductivity parameter increases while all other sensing parameters are within the normal range, the location of the water accumulation area is determined to be water accumulation in the electrode channel area. If every parameter in the set of water state characteristic parameters is abnormal, and the output power of the fuel cell decreases while the pressure difference between the anode and cathode increases, the location result of the water accumulation area is determined to be an overall flooded state.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of generating graded drainage control instructions based on the liquid water detection results and the water accumulation area location results includes: The corresponding risk level is matched based on the liquid water detection results, and drainage control information is determined based on the location results of the water accumulation area. The drainage control information includes the control object and the control range. Based on the risk level and the drainage regulation information, a graded drainage control command is generated, wherein the graded drainage control command includes cathode air intake flow adjustment, back pressure valve opening adjustment, and load condition adjustment.

8. A liquid water detection device for a vehicle fuel cell, characterized in that, include: The data acquisition module is used to acquire sensor data corresponding to the fuel cell in the target vehicle, and determine a set of water state characteristic parameters based on the sensor data, wherein the set of water state characteristic parameters includes humidity parameters, dielectric constant parameters, and conductivity parameters. The detection result determination module is used to perform state discrimination based on the set of water state characteristic parameters to obtain the liquid water detection result of the fuel cell; The fault handling module is used to determine the location of the water accumulation area based on the liquid water detection results and the sensor location information, and to generate a graded drainage control command based on the liquid water detection results and the location of the water accumulation area.

9. A vehicle, characterized in that, The vehicle is equipped with a fuel cell and electronic devices, the electronic devices including: At least one processor; and A memory communicatively connected to the at least one processor; wherein, The memory stores a computer program that can be executed by the at least one processor, the computer program being executed by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the liquid water detection method for a vehicle fuel cell according to any one of claims 1-7.

10. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores computer instructions that, when executed by a processor, implement the liquid water detection method for a vehicle fuel cell according to any one of claims 1-7.

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