Method and apparatus for scrambling data bits for security purposes in environmental Internet of Things (IoT) systems.

Abstract

Embodiments of this disclosure relate to methods and apparatus for supporting physical layer security and data scrambling in IoT communications. A first communication device may: generate a first scrambling sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; scramble a first plurality of data bits using the first scrambling sequence; and transmit the scrambled first plurality of data bits to a second communication device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The embodiments of this disclosure generally relate to wireless communication technologies, and more specifically, to Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Background Technology

[0002] A wireless communication system may include one or more network communication devices, such as base stations, which can support wireless communication with one or more user communication devices (which may also be referred to as user equipment (UE) or other suitable terms). The wireless communication system can support wireless communication with one or more user communication devices by utilizing the resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, time slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like)). Furthermore, the wireless communication system can support wireless communication across various radio access technologies, including third-generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth-generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth-generation (5G) (also known as New Radio (NR)) radio access technology, and other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth-generation (6G)). Summary of the Invention

[0003] The article “a” preceding an element is unrestricted and should be understood to refer to “at least one” or “one or more” of these elements. As used herein, the terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” are interchangeable. As used herein (including in the claims), the word “or” used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items beginning with phrases such as “at least one of…”, “one or more of…”, or “one or both of…”) indicates an inclusive list, such that (e.g.) a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Furthermore, as used herein, the phrase “based on” should not be construed as referring to a closed set of conditions. For example, without departing from the scope of this disclosure, an exemplary step described as “based on condition A” may be based on both condition A and condition B. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase “at least partially based on.” Furthermore, as used herein (included in the claims), a “group” may comprise one or more elements.

[0004] Some embodiments of this disclosure provide a first communication device. The first communication device may include: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to cause the first communication device to: generate a first scrambling sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; scramble a first plurality of data bits using the first scrambling sequence; and transmit the scrambled first plurality of data bits to a second communication device.

[0005] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes one or more of the following: the device ID of the first communication device, the ID of the cell associated with the second communication device, the temporary ID of the first communication device, the ID of the second communication device, the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bit for scheduling downlink control information (DCI) of the first plurality of data bits, a predefined value, a parameter indicated by the DCI for scheduling the first plurality of data bits, and a parameter related to the preamble associated with the first plurality of data bits.

[0006] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: receive a second plurality of data bits from the second communication device; generate a second scrambling sequence using the sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a second set of parameters; and descramble the second plurality of data bits based on the second scrambling sequence.

[0007] In some embodiments, the second set of parameters includes one or more of the following: the device ID of the first communication device, the ID of the cell associated with the second communication device, the temporary ID of the first communication device, the ID of the second communication device, the CRC bit of the DCI used to schedule the second plurality of data bits, a predefined value, a parameter indicated by the random access response (RAR) associated with the second plurality of data bits, and a parameter indicated by the DCI used to schedule the second plurality of data bits.

[0008] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to enable the first communication device to receive the ID of the second communication device from the second communication device.

[0009] In some embodiments, the ID of the second communication device uniquely identifies the second communication device in the network or uniquely identifies the second communication device in the cell associated with the second communication device. In some embodiments, the ID of the second communication device is assigned by the network or a base station (BS) associated with the second communication device.

[0010] In some embodiments, the temporary ID of the first communication device is assigned by the network, the BS associated with the second communication device, or the second communication device itself.

[0011] In some embodiments, in order to scramble the first plurality of data bits, the processor is configured to cause the first communication device to scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the first plurality of data bits with the corresponding bit of the first scrambling sequence.

[0012] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes a first seed. The processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: receive a second plurality of data bits from the second communication device; select a second seed for initializing the sequence generator; generate a second scrambling sequence using the sequence generator initialized with at least the second seed; and descramble the second plurality of data bits based on the second scrambling sequence.

[0013] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to allow the first communication device to select the first seed from a seed list based on one of the following: a frame number in which the scrambled first plurality of data bits are transmitted; a frame number in which the DCI of the first plurality of data bits is received; a timeslot number in which the timeslot of the scrambled first plurality of data bits is transmitted; a timeslot number in which the timeslot of the DCI of the first plurality of data bits is received; a timeslot index of a timeslot ...

[0014] In some embodiments, the second seed is selected from the seed list based on one of the following: the frame number of the frame in which the second plurality of data bits are received; the frame number of the frame in which the DCI scheduling the second plurality of data bits is received; the time slot number of the time slot in which the time slot scheduling the DCI scheduling the second plurality of data bits is received; the time unit index of the time unit in which the second plurality of data bits are received; the time unit index of the time unit in which the DCI scheduling the second plurality of data bits is received; and an indication indicated by the DCI scheduling the second plurality of data bits.

[0015] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes a first seed. The processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: generate the first seed; transmit a first signaling indicating the first seed to the second communication device; and receive a second signaling indicating the first seed or acknowledging receipt of the first seed from the second communication device.

[0016] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: receive from the second communication device a third signaling indicating a second seed for initializing the sequence generator; transmit to the second communication device a fourth signaling indicating the second seed or acknowledging receipt of the second seed; generate a second scrambling sequence using the sequence generator initialized with at least the second seed; receive a second plurality of data bits from the second communication device; and descramble the second plurality of data bits based on the second scrambling sequence.

[0017] In some embodiments, each of the first seed and the second seed has a seed value ranging from a first value to a second value, wherein the first value is less than the second value. In some embodiments, the first value is predefined or configured by the BS or depends on the implementation of the first communication device or the second communication device. In some embodiments, the second value is based on one of the following: the device ID of the first communication device; the ID of the second communication device; the number of bits of the first plurality of data bits or the number of bits of the second plurality of data bits; the configuration from the BS; the CRC bit for scheduling the DCI of the first plurality of data bits or the CRC bit for scheduling the DCI of the second plurality of data bits; and the implementation of the first communication device or the second communication device.

[0018] In some embodiments, the first seed is updated for each transmission, periodically, or when triggered by the second communication device. In some embodiments, the second seed is updated for each transmission, periodically, or when triggered by the first communication device.

[0019] In some embodiments, in order to scramble the first plurality of data bits, the processor is configured to cause the first communication device to scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the first plurality of data bits with the corresponding bit of the first scrambling sequence.

[0020] In some embodiments, in order to descramble the second plurality of data bits, the processor is configured to cause the first communication device to descramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the second plurality of data bits using the corresponding bit of the second scrambling sequence.

[0021] In some embodiments, the first signaling, the second signaling, the third signaling, and the fourth signaling are physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling.

[0022] In some embodiments, the first communication device is an environmental IoT device.

[0023] Some embodiments of this disclosure provide a second communication device. The second communication device may include: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to cause the second communication device to: generate a first scrambling sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; receive a first plurality of data bits from a first communication device; and descramble the first plurality of data bits using the first scrambling sequence.

[0024] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes one or more of the following: the device ID of the first communication device, the ID of the cell associated with the second communication device, the temporary ID of the first communication device, the ID of the second communication device, the CRC bit of the DCI used to schedule the first plurality of data bits, a predefined value, a parameter indicated by the DCI used to schedule the first plurality of data bits, and a parameter related to the preamble associated with the first plurality of data bits.

[0025] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to: generate a second scrambling sequence using the sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a second set of parameters; scramble a second plurality of data bits using the second scrambling sequence; and transmit the scrambled second plurality of data bits to the first communication device.

[0026] In some embodiments, the second set of parameters includes one or more of the following: the device ID of the first communication device, the ID of the cell associated with the second communication device, the temporary ID of the first communication device, the ID of the second communication device, the CRC bit of the DCI used for scheduling the second plurality of data bits, a predefined value, a parameter indicated by the RAR associated with the second plurality of data bits, and a parameter indicated by the DCI used for scheduling the second plurality of data bits.

[0027] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to transmit the ID of the second communication device to the first communication device.

[0028] In some embodiments, the ID of the second communication device uniquely identifies the second communication device in the network or uniquely identifies the second communication device in the cell associated with the second communication device. In some embodiments, the ID of the second communication device is assigned by the network or the BS associated with the second communication device.

[0029] In some embodiments, the temporary ID of the first communication device is assigned by the network, the BS associated with the second communication device, or the second communication device itself.

[0030] In some embodiments, in order to scramble the second plurality of data bits, the processor is configured to cause the second communication device to scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the second plurality of data bits with the corresponding bit of the second scrambling sequence.

[0031] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes a first seed, and the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to: select a second seed for initializing the sequence generator; generate a second scrambling sequence using the sequence generator initialized with at least the second seed; scramble a second plurality of data bits using the second scrambling sequence; and transmit the scrambled second plurality of data bits to the first communication device.

[0032] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to select the first seed from a seed list based on one of the following: a frame number of a frame in which the first plurality of data bits are received; a frame number of a frame in which a DCI is scheduled to be transmitted for the first plurality of data bits; a timeslot number of a timeslot in which the first plurality of data bits are received; a timeslot number of a timeslot in which the DCI is scheduled to be transmitted for the first plurality of data bits; a timeslot index of a timeslot in which the ...

[0033] In some embodiments, the second seed is selected from the seed list based on one of the following: the frame number of the frame in which the scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted; the frame number of the frame in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled is transmitted; the time slot number of the time slot in which the scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted; the time slot number of the time slot in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled is transmitted; the time unit index of the time unit in which the scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted; the time unit index of the time unit in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled is transmitted; and an indication indicated by the DCI of the second plurality of data bits.

[0034] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes a first seed, and the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to: receive from the first communication device a first signaling instruction for initializing the first seed of the sequence generator; and transmit to the first communication device a second signaling instruction for indicating the first seed or acknowledging the receipt of the first seed.

[0035] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to: generate a second seed for initializing the sequence generator; transmit a third signaling indicating the second seed to the first communication device; receive a fourth signaling from the first communication device indicating or acknowledging the reception of the second seed; generate a second scrambling sequence using the sequence generator initialized with at least the second seed; scramble a second plurality of data bits using the second scrambling sequence; and transmit the scrambled second plurality of data bits to the first communication device.

[0036] In some embodiments, each of the first seed and the second seed has a seed value ranging from a first value to a second value, wherein the first value is less than the second value. In some embodiments, the first value is predefined or configured by the BS or depends on the implementation of the first communication device or the second communication device. In some embodiments, the second value is based on one of the following: the device ID of the first communication device; the ID of the second communication device; the number of bits of the first plurality of data bits or the number of bits of the second plurality of data bits; the configuration from the BS; and the CRC bit for scheduling the DCI of the first plurality of data bits or the CRC bit for scheduling the DCI of the second plurality of data bits; the implementation of the first communication device or the second communication device.

[0037] In some embodiments, the first seed is updated for each transmission, periodically, or when triggered by the second communication device. In some embodiments, the second seed is updated for each transmission, periodically, or when triggered by the first communication device.

[0038] In some embodiments, in order to scramble the second plurality of data bits, the processor is configured to cause the second communication device to scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the second plurality of data bits with the corresponding bit of the second scrambling sequence.

[0039] In some embodiments, in order to descramble the first plurality of data bits, the processor is configured to cause the second communication device to descramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the first plurality of data bits using the corresponding bit of the first scrambling sequence.

[0040] In some embodiments, the first signaling, the second signaling, the third signaling, and the fourth signaling are physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling.

[0041] In some embodiments, the second communication device is a BS, UE, relay node, integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, wireless access backhaul (WAB) network, repeater, or UE-type reader.

[0042] Some embodiments of this disclosure provide a processor. The processor may include: at least one controller coupled to at least one memory and configured to: generate a first scrambling sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; scramble a first plurality of data bits using the first scrambling sequence; and transmit the scrambled first plurality of data bits to a second communication device.

[0043] Some embodiments of this disclosure provide a processor. The processor may include: at least one controller coupled to at least one memory and configured to: generate a first scrambling sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; receive a first plurality of data bits from a first communication device; and descramble the first plurality of data bits using the first scrambling sequence.

[0044] Some embodiments of this disclosure provide a method for wireless communication. The method may include: generating a first scrambling sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; scrambling a first plurality of data bits using the first scrambling sequence; and transmitting the scrambled first plurality of data bits to a second communication device.

[0045] Some embodiments of this disclosure provide a method for wireless communication. The method may include: generating a first scrambling sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; receiving a first plurality of data bits from a first communication device; and descrambling the first plurality of data bits using the first scrambling sequence.

[0046] Some embodiments of this disclosure provide an apparatus. According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the apparatus may include: at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions stored thereon; at least one receiving circuitry system; at least one transmitting circuitry system; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium, the at least one receiving circuitry system, and the at least one transmitting circuitry system, wherein the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium and the computer-executable instructions are configured to cause the apparatus to perform a method according to some embodiments of this disclosure using the at least one processor. Attached Figure Description

[0047] To illustrate the advantages and features of this disclosure, the description of the disclosure is presented with reference to specific embodiments of the disclosure illustrated in the accompanying drawings. These drawings depict only exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and should therefore not be construed as limiting its scope.

[0048] Figure 1 Illustrated schematic diagrams of wireless communication systems according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0049] Figures 2A to 2E This invention describes exemplary topologies for IoT networks and devices according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0050] Figure 3 and 4 A flowchart illustrating a wireless communication method according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0051] Figure 5 A block diagram illustrating an exemplary device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0052] Figure 6 Examples of UEs according to some embodiments of this disclosure are described;

[0053] Figure 7 Examples of processors according to some embodiments of this disclosure; and

[0054] Figure 8 Examples of network equipment (NE) according to some embodiments of this disclosure are described. Detailed Implementation

[0055] The detailed description of the accompanying drawings is intended to describe preferred embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only form in which the present disclosure can be practiced. It should be understood that the same or equivalent functionality may be accomplished through different embodiments that are intended to be covered within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

[0056] Reference will now be made in detail to some embodiments of this disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. To facilitate understanding, embodiments are provided under specific network architectures and new service scenarios (e.g., 3GPP 5G NR or 6G, 3GPP LTE, etc.). It has been considered that all embodiments in this disclosure are applicable to similar technical problems as network architectures and new service scenarios evolve; furthermore, the terminology cited in this disclosure may be changed without affecting the principles of this disclosure.

[0057] In recent years, IoT has received widespread attention in the field of wireless communication. Further reductions in the size, complexity, and power consumption of IoT devices are expected to enable the deployment of tens or even hundreds of billions of IoT devices for various applications, providing added value across the entire value chain. However, existing technologies cannot meet all the requirements of target use cases.

[0058] As used herein, the terms "Ambient IoT device" or "AIoT device" can refer to a device without a battery or with limited energy storage capacity. For AIoT devices, energy can be provided by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other suitable source. AIoT devices may also be referred to as zero-power terminals, near-zero-power terminals, passive IoT devices, ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) devices, tags, etc. Compared to low-power and wide-coverage services such as narrowband (NB) IoT and enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC), AIoT will be designed with ultra-low complexity and ultra-low power consumption, several orders of magnitude lower than existing 3GPP technologies. Therefore, it is suitable for a wider range of application scenarios.

[0059] This disclosure provides various methods and apparatuses for environmental IoT communication. The proposed methods and apparatuses can solve use cases and scenarios that were previously impossible to implement based on existing 3GPP technologies, and can achieve ultra-low complexity and ultra-low power consumption in environmental IoT. For example, embodiments of this disclosure provide solutions for supporting physical layer security in environmental IoT communication. The proposed solutions can protect transmitted data at the physical layer from eavesdropping and can simplify the complexity of known security mechanisms processed by higher layers. For example, embodiments of this disclosure provide solutions for data scrambling in environmental IoT communication. The proposed solutions can randomize interference between adjacent cells and prevent the transmission of multiple consecutive data bits '0' or '1'.

[0060] Figure 1 A schematic diagram illustrating a wireless communication system 100 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0061] The wireless communication system 100 may include one or more NEs 102 (e.g., one or more BSs), one or more UEs 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communication system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some embodiments, the wireless communication system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-A network. In some other embodiments, the wireless communication system 100 may be an NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-A network, or a 5G Ultra Wideband (5G-UWB) network. In other embodiments, the wireless communication system 100 may be a combination of 4G and 5G networks or other suitable radio access technologies, including IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), and IEEE 802.20. The wireless communication system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, such as 6G. In addition, the wireless communication system 100 can support technologies such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

[0062] One or more NEs 102 may be distributed throughout a geographic area to form a wireless communication system 100. One or more of the NEs 102 described herein may be, include, or be referred to as a network node, base station, network element, network function, network entity, wireless access network (RAN), NodeB, eNodeB (eNB), next-generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terms. NEs 102 and UEs 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be wireless or wired. For example, NEs 102 and UEs 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receiving signaling, transmitting signaling) via a Uu interface.

[0063] NE 102 can provide a geographic coverage area for which NE 102 can support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, NE 102 and UE 104 can support wireless communication of signals associated with services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcasting, etc.) using one or more radio access technologies. In some embodiments, NE 102 can be mobile, such as a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN). In some embodiments, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies can overlap, but different geographic coverage areas can be associated with different NEs 102.

[0064] One or more UEs 104 may be distributed throughout the geographic area of ​​the wireless communication system 100. UE 104 may include or be referred to as a remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, remote device, subscriber device, transmitter device, receiver device, or some other suitable term. In some embodiments, UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, station, terminal, or client, and other instances thereof. Alternatively or additionally, UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet of Things (IoT) device, Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or Machine-Type Communication (MTC) device, and other instances thereof.

[0065] UE 104 may be able to support direct wireless communication with other UE 104 via a communication link. For example, UE 104 may support direct wireless communication with another UE 104 via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, UE 104 may support direct wireless communication with another UE 104 via a PC5 interface.

[0066] NE 102 may support communication with CN 106 or another NE 102, or both. For example, NE 102 may interface with another NE 102 or CN 106 via one or more backhaul links (e.g., S1, N2, N3, or another network interface). In some implementations, NE 102 may communicate directly with each other. In some other implementations, NE 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via CN 106). In some implementations, one or more NE 102 may include sub-components, such as access network entities, which may be instances of Access Node Controllers (ANCs). The ANC may communicate with one or more UE 104s via one or more other access network transmitting entities, which may be referred to as radio headends, smart radio headends, or transmit-receive points (TRPs).

[0067] CN 106 can support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. CN 106 can be an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC), which may include control plane entities that manage access and mobility functions (e.g., Mobility Management Entity (MME), Access and Mobility Management (AMF)) and user plane entities that route packets to or interconnect to external networks (e.g., Serving Gateway (S-GW), Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW), or User Plane Function (UPF)). In some implementations, the control plane entities may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signaling bearers, etc.) of one or more UEs 104 served by one or more NEs 102 associated with CN 106.

[0068] CN 106 can communicate with a packet data network (e.g., via S1, N2, N3, or another network interface) through one or more backhaul links. The packet data network may contain an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 can communicate with the application server. UE 104 can establish a session (e.g., a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session or the like) with CN 106 via NE 102. CN 106 can use the established session (e.g., an established PDU session) to route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between UE 104 and the application server. A PDU session may be an instance of a logical connection between UE 104 and CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of CN 106).

[0069] In the wireless communication system 100, NE 102 and UE 104 can use the resources of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, time slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communication). In some embodiments, NE 102 and UE 104 may support different resource structures. For example, NE 102 and UE 104 may support different frame structures. In some embodiments, such as in 4G, NE 102 and UE 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other embodiments, such as in 5G and other suitable radio access technologies, NE 102 and UE 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures). NE 102 and UE 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more sets of parameters.

[0070] In some embodiments, NE 102 may include one or more relay nodes, integrated access and backhaul (IAB) nodes, or radio access backhaul (WAB) nodes that can provide radio access services to UE 104. A relay node (or IAB node or WAB node) may be directly connected to the BS or may skip one or more relay nodes (or one or more IAB or WAB nodes) before reaching the BS.

[0071] The wireless communication system 100 may support one or more parameter sets, and the parameter sets may include subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefixes. A first parameter set (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a regular cyclic prefix. In some embodiments, the first parameter set (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one time slot per subframe. A second parameter set (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a regular cyclic prefix. A third parameter set (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a regular or extended cyclic prefix. A fourth parameter set (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a regular cyclic prefix. A fifth parameter set (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a regular cyclic prefix. A sixth parameter set (e.g., μ=5) may be associated with a sixth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 480 kHz) and a regular cyclic prefix. The seventh parameter set (e.g., μ=6) can be associated with the seventh subcarrier spacing (e.g., 960 kHz) and the regular cyclic prefix. For environmental IoT communication, additional parameter sets (e.g., μ=-1 or μ=-2) corresponding to 7.5 kHz or 3.75 kHz can be introduced respectively.

[0072] Time intervals for resources (such as communication resources) can be organized according to frames (also known as radio frames). Each frame may have a duration, for example, 10 milliseconds (ms). In some implementations, each frame may contain multiple subframes. For example, each frame may contain 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, 1 ms. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.

[0073] Alternatively or concurrently, the time intervals of resources (e.g., communication resources) can be organized according to time slots. For example, a subframe may contain a certain number (e.g., a set of parameters). The number of time slots in each subframe may also depend on one or more parameter sets supported in the wireless communication system 100. For example, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth parameter sets (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with corresponding subcarrier intervals of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz can respectively utilize one time slot per subframe, two time slots per subframe, four time slots per subframe, eight time slots per subframe, and 16 time slots per subframe. Each time slot may contain a certain number (e.g., a set of parameters) of symbols (e.g., Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols). In some embodiments, the number (e.g., quantity) of time slots in a subframe may depend on the parameter set. For a conventional cyclic prefix, a time slot may contain 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable to a 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), a time slot may contain 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per time slot, the number of time slots per subframe, and the number of time slots per frame for the regular and extended cyclic prefixes may depend on the parameter set. It should be understood that references to the first parameter set (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) can be used interchangeably between subframes and time slots.

[0074] In the wireless communication system 100, the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum can be divided into various categories, bands, channels, etc., based on frequency or wavelength. For example, the wireless communication system 100 may support one or more operating frequency bands, such as frequency ranges represented as FR1 (410 MHz to 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz to 114.25 GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). In some embodiments, NE 102 and UE 104 may perform wireless communication on one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some embodiments, FR1 may be used by NE 102 and UE 104, as well as other equipment or devices, for cellular communication services (e.g., control information, data). In some implementations, FR2 can be used by NE 102 and UE 104, as well as other equipment or devices, for short-range, high data rate capabilities.

[0075] FR1 can be associated with one or more parameter sets (e.g., at least three parameter sets). For example, FR1 can be associated with: a first parameter set (e.g., μ=0) containing a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second parameter set (e.g., μ=1) containing a 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third parameter set (e.g., μ=2) containing a 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 can be associated with one or more parameter sets (e.g., at least two parameter sets). For example, FR2 can be associated with: a third parameter set (e.g., μ=2) containing a 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth parameter set (e.g., μ=3) containing a 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.

[0076] UE 104 may include computing devices such as desktop computers, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablet computers, smart TVs (e.g., TVs connected to the Internet), set-top boxes, game consoles, security systems (including security cameras), in-vehicle computers, network devices (e.g., routers, switches, and modems), or the like. According to some embodiments of this disclosure, UE 104 may include portable wireless communication devices, smartphones, cellular phones, flip phones, devices with a user identity module, personal computers, selective call receivers, or any other devices capable of transmitting and receiving communication signals on a wireless network. In some embodiments of this disclosure, UE 104 includes wearable devices such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, optical head-mounted displays, or the like. Furthermore, UE 104 may be referred to as a user unit, mobile device, mobile station, user, terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, fixed terminal, user station, user terminal, or device, or described using other terms used in the art. UE 104 may communicate with NE 102 (e.g., BS) via uplink (UL) communication signals. NE 102 can communicate with UE 104 via downlink (DL) communication signals.

[0077] In some embodiments of this disclosure, NE 102 and UE 104 can communicate via licensed spectrum, while in other embodiments, NE 102 and UE 104 can communicate via unlicensed spectrum. This disclosure is not intended to limit it to the implementation of any particular wireless communication system architecture or protocol. Those skilled in the art will understand that the terminology described in this disclosure may change as technology develops and advances, but this should not affect or limit the principles and spirit of this disclosure.

[0078] In recent years, IoT has received widespread attention in the field of wireless communication. It is anticipated that more "things" will be interconnected to improve productivity and enhance quality of life. Further reductions in the size, complexity, and power consumption of IoT devices are expected to enable the deployment of tens or even hundreds of billions of IoT devices for various applications, providing added value across the entire value chain. However, it is impossible to power all IoT devices with batteries that require manual replacement or recharging, leading to high maintenance costs, serious environmental problems, and even security risks in some use cases, such as wireless sensors in the power and oil industries.

[0079] Most existing wireless communication devices are powered by batteries that require manual replacement or recharging. Automation and digitalization across industries will open up numerous new markets, necessitating new IoT technologies that support battery-free devices without energy storage capabilities or energy storage devices that do not require manual replacement or recharging. Such devices must have a reasonably small form factor to ensure effectiveness in the target use cases. In some embodiments of this disclosure, as described later, it is suggested that capacitors may be used to support limited energy storage capabilities, and that the energy for such IoT devices may be provided by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, and / or any other power source that can be considered suitable.

[0080] Considering the limited size and complexity required for practical applications of battery-free devices without energy storage capacity or devices with limited energy storage that do not require manual replacement or recharging, the output power of energy harvesters typically ranges from 1 µW to several hundred µW. Existing cellular devices may not work well with energy harvesting due to their peak power consumption exceeding 10 mW.

[0081] The example application is asset identification, which currently relies primarily on barcodes and RFID in most industries. The main advantages of these two technologies are their extremely low complexity and the small shape factor of such tags. However, the limited reading range of a few meters often requires handheld scanning, making the operation both laborious and time-consuming, or RFID channels / gates, resulting in high deployment costs. Furthermore, the lack of interference management solutions leads to severe interference between RFID readers, causing capacity issues, especially in dense deployments. It is difficult to support large-scale networks with seamless RFID coverage.

[0082] Because existing technologies cannot meet all the requirements of the target use cases, this disclosure provides a new IoT technology to open up new markets, for example, within the 3GPP system, with a connection count and / or device density that can be several orders of magnitude higher than existing IoT technologies. The new IoT technology offers several orders of magnitude lower complexity and power consumption than existing 3GPP low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies (such as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC)), and can address use cases and scenarios that were previously impossible to implement based on existing 3GPP LPWA IoT technologies.

[0083] For convenience, some embodiments of this disclosure may be described with respect to environmental IoT or environmental IoT devices (e.g., environmental IoT tags), and those skilled in the art should understand that these embodiments may also be applied to other IoT devices.

[0084] Figures 2A to 2E Exemplary topologies for IoT networks and devices according to some embodiments of this disclosure are described. In these exemplary topologies, environmental IoT devices can be provided with carriers from another node inside or outside the topology. Links in each topology can be bidirectional or unidirectional.

[0085] Although elements in each topology (e.g., BS, UE, auxiliary nodes, or intermediate nodes) are described in the singular, pluralities are also considered. The mix of indoor and outdoor placement of such nodes is considered a network implementation choice. The potential impact on device or node complexity needs to be considered. In a connected topology, this does not imply the presence of multi-hop auxiliary or intermediate nodes.

[0086] exist Figure 2A In this topology, environmental IoT devices can communicate directly and bidirectionally with the BS. Communication between the BS and the environmental IoT device includes environmental IoT data and / or signaling. This topology allows for the possibility that the BS transmitting to the environmental IoT device may be different from the BS receiving from the environmental IoT device.

[0087] exist Figure 2B In this system, environmental IoT devices can communicate bidirectionally with intermediate nodes between the IoT devices and the BS. These intermediate nodes can be relays, IAB nodes, WAB nodes, UEs, repeaters, UE-type readers, etc., all with environmental IoT functionality. The intermediate nodes can transmit environmental IoT data and / or signaling between the BS and the environmental IoT devices.

[0088] exist Figure 2C In this topology, the environmental IoT device can transmit data / signaling to the BS and receive data / signaling from the auxiliary node (i.e., for DL ​​assistance). The auxiliary node can receive data / signaling from the BS. In this topology, the auxiliary node can be a relay with environmental IoT functionality, an IAB node, a WAB node, a UE, a repeater, a UE-type reader, etc.

[0089] exist Figure 2D In this topology, the environmental IoT device can receive data / signaling from the BS and can transmit data / signaling to auxiliary nodes (i.e., for UL assistance). The auxiliary node can transmit data / signaling to the BS. In this topology, the auxiliary node can be a relay with environmental IoT functionality, an IAB node, a WAB node, a UE, a repeater, a UE-type reader, etc.

[0090] exist Figure 2E In this system, the environmental IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with the UE. The communication between the UE and the environmental IoT device includes environmental IoT data and / or signaling.

[0091] For convenience, in the context of this disclosure, an IoT device (e.g., a tag) and its connected BS, intermediate node (e.g., IAB node, WAB node, relay node, UE, or repeater), auxiliary node (e.g., IAB node, WAB node, relay node, UE, or repeater), or UE-type reader may be referred to as a "synchronization source". Additionally, for convenience, in the context of this disclosure, DL transmission in IoT communication refers to transmission from the synchronization source to the IoT device (e.g., the tag); and UL transmission in IoT communication refers to transmission from the IoT device (e.g., the tag) to the synchronization source.

[0092] Embodiments of this disclosure provide various methods for (environmental) IoT communications. For example, considering the ultra-low complexity and ultra-low power consumption of environmental IoT, physical layer security is proposed in environmental IoT communications. Embodiments of this disclosure provide solutions for implementing this physical layer security to protect transmitted data at the physical layer from eavesdropping and simplify the complexity of known security mechanisms handled by higher layers. For example, a solution for data scrambling of DL and UL transmissions in environmental IoT communications is proposed. The proposed solution can randomize interference between adjacent cells and prevent the transmission of multiple consecutive data bits '0' or '1'. Further details regarding embodiments of this disclosure will be described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0093] In some embodiments of this disclosure, an IoT device (e.g., an environmental IoT tag) can be identified by a device ID (e.g., a tag ID) assigned by, for example, a manufacturer, factory, supplier, or network operator. In some instances, the IoT device ID can be a unique ID within a given operator's cellular network. The IoT device ID can be stored in the device's memory and cannot be changed during future use. When the network intends to page the IoT device or trigger the IoT device to respond with its data, location, or other messages (which may be stored in memory), the network can, for example, indicate the IoT device ID in the paging or triggering signaling to uniquely identify the IoT device. In some instances, the IoT device ID can contain 16 bits, 24 bits, or 32 bits, or other numbers of bits. In some instances, where, for example, tag ID collisions are rare, the IoT device ID can be shortened to, for example, 8, 10, 12, or 16 bits to reduce overhead. As described later, this IoT device ID can be used for IoT communications.

[0094] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the IoT device may be assigned a temporary ID (e.g., a Cell Radio Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI)) by a synchronization source, network, or BS. The IoT device may receive the temporary ID via the synchronization source.

[0095] In some embodiments of this disclosure, a synchronization source may indicate its ID to IoT devices within its coverage area. The synchronization source ID may be assigned by the network or the BS associated with the synchronization source. In some instances, the synchronization source ID may uniquely identify a synchronization source within the network. In this case, the synchronization source ID may have a relatively large number of bits to distinguish various synchronization sources within the network. For example, the synchronization source ID may contain 10, 12, or 16 bits. For example, if the synchronization source is a BS, the synchronization source ID may be the cell ID of the BS to which the IoT device is located. For example, if the synchronization source is an intermediate node, an auxiliary node, or a UE-type reader, the synchronization source ID may be assigned by the network or a BS serving or communicating with the synchronization source. In some instances, the synchronization source ID may uniquely identify a synchronization source within a cell associated with the synchronization source. In this case, the synchronization source ID may have a relatively small number of bits to distinguish various synchronization sources within the cell. For example, the synchronization source ID may contain 4 or 8 bits. For example, the ID of a synchronization source can be assigned by a BS that serves or communicates with the synchronization source.

[0096] In the context of this disclosure, the BS in expressions such as "configured or assigned by the BS" or "BS associated with the synchronization source" may refer to the synchronization source when the synchronization source is a BS (e.g., in...). Figure 2A (In the topology shown) or otherwise refers to a BS that serves or communicates with a synchronization source (e.g., in the topology shown). Figures 2B to 2E(As shown in the topology). Similarly, the cell associated with the synchronization source can refer to the cell of the aforementioned BS located by the synchronization source.

[0097] In some embodiments of this disclosure, physical layer security is introduced for environmental IoT communications. This physical layer security can be achieved by using a sequence generator to generate a scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) and then using this sequence to scramble data bits that will be transmitted between the transmitter and receiver (e.g., between an IoT device and a synchronization source) according to predefined rules or procedures. In some embodiments, for security purposes, a variable seed for initializing the sequence generator is introduced here for DL ​​and UL transmissions. For example, in some embodiments, the seed for initializing the sequence generator can be selected from a seed list. In some embodiments, the seed for initializing the sequence generator can be generated as a random value. Instance methods for determining or generating said seed will be described in detail below.

[0098] In some embodiments, the seed used to initialize the sequence generator may be updated for each transmission, periodically, or when triggered by a peer device (e.g., triggered by a synchronization source for UL transmissions or by an IoT device for DL ​​transmissions). In some embodiments, the periodicity of seed updates may depend on the service security level. For example, higher security levels result in shorter periodicity (i.e., more frequent updates). For instance, for low-security services, the seed may not be updated for relatively long periods; and for high-security services, the seed may be updated for each transmission.

[0099] For DL ​​transmissions from a synchronization source (e.g., BS, intermediate node, auxiliary node, or UE-type reader) to an IoT device, various embodiments can be used for data scrambling while supporting physical layer security.

[0100] In some embodiments, the DL data bits to be transmitted can be scrambled using a scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) generated using a sequence generator. The sequence generator can be initialized using a specific seed (denoted as seed #A) from a seed list. The seed list can be configured by the BS via, for example, RRC signaling. The synchronization source can then transmit the scrambled DL data bits to the target IoT device. In response to receiving the DL data bits, the IoT device can determine seed #A using the same method and generate a scrambling sequence based on the determined seed #A, and then descramble the received DL data bits.

[0101] Various methods are available for selecting seed #A from the seed list.

[0102] For example, from the perspective of the synchronization source, the seed used to initialize the sequence generator can be selected from the seed list based on one of the following: the frame number of the frame in which DL data bits are transmitted; the frame number of the frame in which the DCI scheduling DL data bits is transmitted; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which DL data bits are transmitted; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which the DCI scheduling DL data bits is transmitted; the timeslot index of the timeslot in which DL data bits are transmitted; the timeslot index of the timeslot in which the DCI scheduling DL data bits is transmitted; and the indication indicated by the DCI scheduling DL data bits.

[0103] On the other hand, from the perspective of the IoT device, the seed used to initialize the sequence generator can be selected from the seed list based on one of the following: the frame number of the frame in which DL data bits are received; the frame number of the frame in which the DCI scheduling DL data bits are received; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which the DCI scheduling DL data bits are received; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which the DCI scheduling DL data bits are received; the timeslot index of the timeslot in which the DL data bits are received; the timeslot index of the timeslot in which the DCI scheduling DL data bits are received; and the indication indicated by the DCI scheduling DL data bits.

[0104] For example, suppose there are N seeds in the seed list, denoted as S0, S1, ..., S2. N-1 And if the DL data bits are transmitted by the synchronization source or received by the IoT device in frame M1, then the seed S in the seed list... K (K=M1 mod N) can be determined as the seed used to initialize the sequence generator for generating the scrambling sequence of the current DL data bits. In this example, the same seed can be used for one or more data transmissions within a frame.

[0105] For example, suppose there are N seeds in the seed list, denoted as S0, S1, ..., S2. N-1 And if the DL data bits are transmitted by the synchronization source or received by the IoT device in time slot M2, then the seed S in the seed list... K (K = M² mod N) can be determined as the seed used to initialize the sequence generator for generating the scrambling sequence of the current DL data bits. In this example, the same seed can be used for one or more data transmissions within a time slot.

[0106] For example, suppose there are N seeds in the seed list, denoted as S0, S1, ..., S2. N-1 And if the DL data bits are transmitted by the synchronization source or received by the IoT device in the time unit with time unit index M3, then the seed S in the seed list... K(K = M3 mod N) can be determined as the seed used to initialize the sequence generator for generating the scrambling sequence of the current DL data bits. In this example, the same seed can be used for one or more data transmissions within a time unit.

[0107] For example, the DCI for scheduling DL data bits may include an indicator pointing to the index of a seed from a seed list. A synchronization source can scramble the scheduled DL data bits by generating a sequence based on the indicated seed. In response to receiving the DCI, the IoT device can select a corresponding seed from the seed list based on the DCI, generate a scrambling sequence based on the selected seed, and descramble the received DL data bits based on the generated scrambling sequence.

[0108] The methods for generating pseudo-random sequences and for scrambling data bits will be described in detail below.

[0109] In some embodiments, the scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) may be defined by a Gold sequence. In some embodiments, in addition to a determined seed (e.g., seed #A), one or more of the following parameters may also be used to initialize the sequence generator: the cell ID associated with the synchronization source, the device ID of the IoT device (e.g., tag ID), the temporary ID of the IoT device (e.g., C-RNTI), the ID of the synchronization source, the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bit of the DCI scheduling the DL data bits, a predefined value, a parameter indicated by the Random Access Response (RAR) associated with the DL data bits, and a parameter indicated by the DCI scheduling the DL data bits. Specific methods for generating scrambling sequences using the sequence generator can be found, for example, in 3GPP specifications.

[0110] For example, a sequence generator can be initialized using the following methods:

[0111] ,or

[0112] ,or

[0113] ,or

[0114] ,

[0115] Where s is the value of a determined seed (e.g., seed #A); It is the value of the synchronization source ID, which is the case where the synchronization source is a BS (e.g., in...). Figure 2A In the topology shown, it can be set to 0 or otherwise assumed to have 4 bits (e.g., in...). Figures 2B to 2E (in the topology shown in the image); This is the value of the cell ID serving the BS, which is assumed to have 10 bits; is the value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits; is the value of the temporary ID (e.g., C-RNTI) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits configured by the BS; and is the decimal value of the CRC bit of the DCI that schedules the DL data bits; Y is a predefined value; and X is a parameter indicated by the RAR associated with the DL data bits or a parameter indicated by the DCI that schedules the DL data bits.

[0116] In some embodiments, to scramble the DL data bits, the synchronization source may use the generated scrambling sequence to scramble each bit in the DL data bits. For example, the synchronization source may scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the DL data bits with the corresponding bit of the generated scrambling sequence. For example, the scrambling operation may use the XOR operation between the DL data bits and the scrambling sequence.

[0117] For example, the DL data bits are represented as a(0), a(1), a(2),..., the generated pseudo-random sequence is represented as s(0), s(1), s(2),..., the DL data bits after the scrambling operation are represented as c(0), c(1), c(2),..., and the number of bits in the DL data bits is represented as A1. The DL scrambling operation may be performed as follows:

[0118] .

[0119] In some embodiments, the IoT device may perform a corresponding inverse operation to descramble the DL data bits (e.g., c(i), 0 <= i < A1) received from the synchronization source. For example, the IoT device may determine a corresponding seed (e.g., seed #A) and use a sequence generator to generate a scrambling sequence. The above methods for determining the seed, for initializing the sequence generator, and for generating the scrambling sequence are applicable here. The IoT device may descramble the received DL data bits based on the generated scrambling sequence (e.g., using the XOR operation between the received DL data bits and the generated pseudo-random sequence starting from the first (start) bit of the received DL data bits). For example, the IoT device may descramble each bit from the start (first) bit to the last bit of the received DL data bits with the corresponding bit of the scrambling sequence.

[0120] In some embodiments, the DL data bits to be transmitted can be scrambled using a scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) generated using a sequence generator. A seed (denoted as seed #B) used to initialize the sequence generator can be randomly generated within a window by a synchronization source. The generated random seed #B can then be indicated to the target IoT device via signaling. This signaling can be physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI) or higher-layer signaling (e.g., MAC CE or RRC signaling).

[0121] The values ​​in the window range from a minimum value (denoted as P) to a maximum value (denoted as Q). In some embodiments, the value P may be predefined in a standard (e.g., 0 or another predefined value), configured by the BS (e.g., via RRC signaling), or depend on the implementation of the synchronization source. In some embodiments, the value Q may be based on one of the following: the device ID of the IoT device; the ID of the synchronization source; the number of DL data bits to be transmitted; the configuration from the BS (e.g., via RRC signaling); the CRC bit of the DCI used to schedule the DL data bits to be transmitted; or the implementation of the synchronization source.

[0122] For example, the value Q could be the decimal value corresponding to the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device. For example, the value Q could be the decimal value corresponding to the ID of the synchronization source. For example, the value Q could be based on the number of bits of DL data to be transmitted. For example, the value Q could be the Transport Block Size (TBS), which can be predefined in the standard (e.g., in the standard itself), configured by the BS (e.g., via RRC signaling), or dynamically indicated by the DCI that schedules DL data transmission. For example, the value Q could be the decimal value of the CRC bits of the DCI that schedules DL data transmission.

[0123] In some embodiments, in response to receiving a random seed #B, the IoT device may transmit a signaling message. This signaling may be physical layer signaling (e.g., uplink control information (UCI)) or higher-layer signaling (e.g., MAC CE or RRC signaling). For example, the IoT device may transmit the received seed to the synchronization source. For example, the IoT device may transmit an acknowledgment message to the synchronization source. For example, the IoT device may acknowledge receipt of the seed, i.e., the IoT device has successfully received the seed. For example, the IoT device may deny receiving the seed (i.e., a negative acknowledgment). In response to a negative acknowledgment, the synchronization source may retransmit the seed to the IoT device. Alternatively, the synchronization source may regenerate the seed and transmit a new seed to the IoT device.

[0124] In some embodiments, in response to receiving a seed or confirmation from an IoT device, a synchronization source may use the seed to initialize a sequence generator, which generates a scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) for scrambling the DL data bits to be transmitted. For example, the scrambling operation may use an XOR operation between the DL data bits and the scrambling sequence. The synchronization source may then transmit the scrambled DL data bits to the IoT device. The IoT device may perform the corresponding inverse operation. For example, the IoT device may use the same method to initialize a sequence generator with a seed received from the synchronization source and use the sequence generator to generate a scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence), and then descramble the received DL data bits based on the pseudo-random sequence (e.g., using an XOR operation between the received DL data bits and the generated pseudo-random sequence, starting from the first (start) bit of the received DL data bits). The methods for generating the scrambling sequence and for scrambling the data bits will be described in detail below.

[0125] In some embodiments, the scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) may be defined by a Gold sequence. In some embodiments, in addition to a random seed (e.g., seed #B), one or more of the following parameters may also be used to initialize the sequence generator: the cell ID associated with the synchronization source, the device ID of the IoT device (e.g., tag ID), the temporary ID of the IoT device (e.g., C-RNTI), the ID of the synchronization source, the CRC bit of the DCI that schedules the DL data bits, a predefined value, a parameter indicated by the RAR associated with the DL data bits, and a parameter indicated by the DCI that schedules the DL data bits. Specific methods for generating scrambling sequences using the sequence generator can be found, for example, in 3GPP specifications.

[0126] For example, a sequence generator can be initialized using the following methods:

[0127] ,or

[0128] ,or

[0129] ,or

[0130] ,

[0131] Where s is the value of a determined seed (e.g., seed #B); It is the value of the synchronization source ID, which is the case where the synchronization source is a BS (e.g., in...). Figure 2A In the topology shown, it can be set to 0 or otherwise assumed to have 4 bits (e.g., in...). Figures 2B to 2E (in the topology shown in the image); This is the value of the cell ID serving the BS, which is assumed to have 10 bits; is the value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits; is the value of the temporary ID (e.g., C-RNTI) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits configured by the BS; and is the decimal value of the CRC bit of the DCI that schedules the DL data bits; Y is a predefined value; and X is a parameter indicated by the RAR associated with the DL data bits or a parameter indicated by the DCI that schedules the DL data bits.

[0132] In some embodiments, to scramble the DL data bits, the synchronization source may use the generated scrambling sequence to scramble each bit in the DL data bits. For example, the synchronization source may scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the DL data bits with the corresponding bit of the generated scrambling sequence. For example, the scrambling operation may use the XOR operation between the DL data bits and the scrambling sequence.

[0133] For example, the DL data bits are represented as a(0), a(1), a(2),..., the generated pseudo-random sequence is represented as s(0), s(1), s(2),..., and the DL data bits after the scrambling operation are represented as c'(0), c'(1), c'(2),..., and the number of bits in the DL data bits is represented as A2. The DL scrambling operation may be performed as follows:

[0134] .

[0135] In some embodiments, the IoT device may perform the corresponding inverse operation to descramble the DL data bits (e.g., c'(i), 0 <= i < A2) received from the synchronization source. For example, the IoT device may use a sequence generator to generate the scrambling sequence. The above methods for initializing the sequence generator and for generating the scrambling sequence are applicable here. The IoT device may descramble the received DL data bits based on the generated scrambling sequence. For example, the IoT device may descramble each bit from the start (first) bit to the last bit of the received DL data bits with the corresponding bit of the scrambling sequence.

[0136] For UL transmissions from the IoT device to the synchronization source (e.g., BS, intermediate node, auxiliary node, or UE-type reader), various embodiments may be used for data scrambling while supporting physical layer security.

[0137] In some embodiments, the UL data bits to be transmitted can be scrambled using a scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) generated using a sequence generator. The sequence generator can be initialized with a specific seed (denoted as seed #C) from a seed list. The seed list can be configured by the BS via, for example, RRC signaling. The IoT device can then transmit the scrambled UL data bits to a synchronization source. In response to receiving the UL data bits, the synchronization source can determine seed #C using the same method and generate a scrambling sequence based on the determined seed #C, and then descramble the received UL data bits.

[0138] The methods mentioned earlier for selecting a specific seed from the seed list are applicable here.

[0139] For example, from the perspective of an IoT device, the seed used to initialize the sequence generator can be selected from the seed list based on one of the following: the frame number of the frame in which UL data bits are transmitted; the frame number of the frame in which the DCI scheduling UL data bits are received; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which UL data bits are transmitted; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which the DCI scheduling UL data bits are received; the timeslot index of the timeslot in which UL data bits are transmitted; the timeslot index of the timeslot in which the DCI scheduling UL data bits are received; and the indication indicated by the DCI scheduling UL data bits.

[0140] On the other hand, from the perspective of the synchronization source, the seed used to initialize the sequence generator can be selected from the seed list based on one of the following: the frame number of the frame in which UL data bits are received; the frame number of the frame in which the DCI scheduling UL data bits is transmitted; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which UL data bits are received; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which the DCI scheduling UL data bits is transmitted; the timeslot index of the timeslot in which UL data bits are received; the timeslot index of the timeslot in which the DCI scheduling UL data bits is transmitted; and the indication indicated by the DCI scheduling UL data bits.

[0141] For example, suppose there are N seeds in the seed list, denoted as S0, S1, ..., S2. N-1 And if the UL data bits are transmitted by the IoT device or received by the synchronization source in frame M1', then the seed S in the seed list... K' (K'=M1' mod N) can be determined as the seed used to initialize the sequence generator for generating the scrambling sequence of the current UL data bits. In this example, the same seed can be used for one or more data transmissions within a frame.

[0142] For example, suppose there are N seeds in the seed list, denoted as S0, S1, ..., S2. N-1And if the UL data bit is transmitted by the IoT device or received by the synchronization source in time slot M2', then the seed S in the seed list... K' (K'=M2' modN) can be determined as the seed used to initialize the sequence generator for generating the scrambling sequence of the current UL data bits. In this example, the same seed can be used for one or more data transmissions within a time slot.

[0143] For example, suppose there are N seeds in the seed list, denoted as S0, S1, ..., S2. N-1 And if the UL data bit is transmitted by the IoT device or received by the synchronization source in the time unit with time unit index M3', then the seed S in the seed list K' (K'=M3' mod N) can be determined as the seed used to initialize the sequence generator for generating the scrambling sequence of the current UL data bits. In this example, the same seed can be used for one or more data transmissions within a time unit.

[0144] For example, the DCI for scheduling UL data bits may include an indicator pointing to the index of a seed from a seed list. In response to receiving the DCI, the IoT device may select the corresponding seed from the seed list based on the DCI. The IoT device may scramble the scheduled UL data bits by generating a sequence based on the seed. The synchronization source may generate a scrambling sequence based on the indicated seed and descramble the received UL data bits based on the generated scrambling sequence.

[0145] The methods mentioned above for generating scrambling sequences and for scrambling data bits are applicable here.

[0146] For example, in some embodiments, the scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) may be defined by a Gold sequence. In some embodiments, in addition to a seed (e.g., seed #C), one or more of the following parameters may also be used to initialize the sequence generator: the ID of the cell associated with the synchronization source, the device ID of the IoT device (e.g., tag ID), the temporary ID of the IoT device (e.g., C-RNTI), the ID of the synchronization source, the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bit of the DCI that schedules the UL data bits, a predefined value, a parameter indicated by the DCI that schedules the UL data bits, and a parameter related to the preamble associated with the UL data bits (e.g., preamble index). Specific methods for generating scrambling sequences using the sequence generator can be found, for example, in 3GPP specifications.

[0147] For example, a sequence generator can be initialized using the following methods:

[0148] ,or

[0149] ,or

[0150] ,or

[0151] ,

[0152] Where s is the value of a determined seed (e.g., seed #C); It is the value of the synchronization source ID, which is the case where the synchronization source is a BS (e.g., in...). Figure 2A In the topology shown, it can be set to 0 or otherwise assumed to have 4 bits (e.g., in...). Figures 2B to 2E (in the topology shown in the image); This is the value of the cell ID serving the BS, which is assumed to have 10 bits; This is the value of the IoT device's device ID (e.g., tag ID), which is assumed to have 16 bits; It is the value of the IoT device's temporary ID (e.g., C-RNTI), which is assumed to have 16 bits configured by the BS; and Y' is the decimal value of the CRC bit of the DCI that schedules the UL data bits; Y' is a predefined value; and X' is a parameter associated with the preamble (e.g., preamble index) or indicated by the DCI that schedules the UL data bits.

[0153] In some embodiments, to scramble UL data bits, the IoT device can use a generated scrambling sequence to scramble each bit in the UL data bits. For example, the IoT device can use the corresponding bits of the generated scrambling sequence to scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the UL data bits. For example, the scrambling operation can use an XOR operation between the UL data bits and the scrambling sequence.

[0154] For example, the UL data bits are represented as b(0), b(1), b(2), ..., the generated pseudo-random sequence is represented as s(0), s(1), s(2), ..., the UL data bits after scrambling are represented as c''(0), c''(1), c''(2), ..., and the number of bits in the UL data bits is represented as A3. The UL scrambling operation can be performed as follows:

[0155] .

[0156] In some embodiments, the synchronization source may perform a corresponding inverse operation to descramble the UL data bits (e.g., c''(i), 0 <= i < A3) received from the IoT device. For example, the synchronization source may determine a corresponding seed (e.g., seed #C) and use a sequence generator to generate a scrambling sequence. The above methods for determining the seed, for initializing the sequence generator, and for generating the scrambling sequence are applicable here. The synchronization source may descramble the received UL data bits based on the generated scrambling sequence (e.g., using an XOR operation between the received UL data bits and the generated pseudo-random sequence starting from the first (beginning) bit of the received UL data bits). For example, the synchronization source may descramble each bit of the received UL data bits from the start (first) bit to the last bit of the received UL data bits with the corresponding bit of the scrambling sequence.

[0157] In some embodiments, the UL data bits to be transmitted may be scrambled by a scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) that can be generated using a sequence generator. The seed for initializing the sequence generator (denoted as seed #D) may be randomly generated by the IoT device within a window. The generated random seed #D may then be indicated to the synchronization source via signaling. This signaling may be physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI) or higher layer signaling (e.g., MAC CE or RRC signaling).

[0158] The methods for determining the window mentioned above are applicable here. For example, the range of values in the window may be from a minimum value (denoted as P') to a maximum value (denoted as Q'). In some embodiments, the value P' may be predefined (e.g., 0 or another predefined value), configured by the BS (e.g., via RRC signaling), or depend on the implementation of the IoT device. In some embodiments, the value Q' may be based on one of the following: the device ID of the IoT device; the ID of the synchronization source; the number of bits of the UL data bits to be transmitted; the configuration from the BS (e.g., via RRC signaling); the CRC bit of the DCI for scheduling the UL data bits to be transmitted; or the implementation of the IoT device.

[0159] For example, the value Q' may be the corresponding decimal value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device. For example, the value Q' may be the corresponding decimal value of the ID of the synchronization source. For example, the value Q' may be based on the number of bits of the UL data bits to be transmitted. For example, the value Q' may be the TBS, which may be predefined (e.g., in the standard), configured by the BS (e.g., via RRC signaling), or dynamically indicated by the DCI scheduling the UL data transmission. For example, the value Q' may be the decimal value of the CRC bit of the DCI scheduling the UL data transmission.

[0160] In some embodiments, in response to receiving a random seed #D, the synchronization source may transmit a signaling message. This signaling may be physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI) or higher-layer signaling (e.g., MAC CE or RRC signaling). For example, the synchronization source may transmit the received seed to the IoT device. For example, the synchronization source may transmit an acknowledgment message to the IoT device. For example, the synchronization source may acknowledge the receipt of the seed, i.e., the synchronization source has successfully received the seed. For example, the synchronization source may deny receiving the seed (i.e., a negative acknowledgment). In response to a negative acknowledgment, the IoT device may retransmit the seed to the synchronization source. Alternatively, the IoT device may regenerate the seed and transmit a new seed to the synchronization source.

[0161] In some embodiments, in response to receiving a seed or receiving confirmation from a synchronization source, the IoT device can use the seed to initialize a sequence generator, which generates a scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) for scrambling the UL data bits to be transmitted. For example, the scrambling operation can use an XOR operation between the UL data bits and the scrambling sequence. The IoT device can then transmit the scrambled UL data bits to the synchronization source. The synchronization source can perform the corresponding inverse operation. For example, the synchronization source can use the same method to initialize the sequence generator with the seed received from the IoT device and use the sequence generator to generate a scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence), and then descramble the received UL data bits based on the pseudo-random sequence (e.g., using an XOR operation between the received UL data bits and the generated pseudo-random sequence starting from the first (start) bit of the received UL data bits).

[0162] The methods mentioned above for generating scrambling sequences based on random seeds and for scrambling data bits are applicable here.

[0163] For example, in some embodiments, the scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) may be defined by a Gold sequence. In some embodiments, in addition to a random seed (e.g., seed #D), one or more of the following parameters may also be used to initialize the sequence generator: the ID of the cell associated with the synchronization source, the device ID of the IoT device (e.g., tag ID), the temporary ID of the IoT device (e.g., C-RNTI), the ID of the synchronization source, the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bit of the DCI that schedules the UL data bits, a predefined value, a parameter indicated by the DCI that schedules the UL data bits, and a parameter related to the preamble associated with the UL data bits (e.g., preamble index). Specific methods for generating scrambling sequences using the sequence generator can be found, for example, in 3GPP specifications.

[0164] For example, a sequence generator can be initialized using the following methods:

[0165] ,or

[0166] ,or

[0167] ,or

[0168] ,

[0169] Where s is the value of the determined seed (e.g., seed #D); It is the value of the synchronization source ID, which is the case where the synchronization source is a BS (e.g., in...). Figure 2A In the topology shown, it can be set to 0 or otherwise assumed to have 4 bits (e.g., in...). Figures 2B to 2E (in the topology shown in the image); This is the value of the cell ID serving the BS, which is assumed to have 10 bits; This is the value of the IoT device's device ID (e.g., tag ID), which is assumed to have 16 bits; It is the value of the IoT device's temporary ID (e.g., C-RNTI), which is assumed to have 16 bits configured by the BS; and Y' is the decimal value of the CRC bit of the DCI that schedules the UL data bits; Y' is a predefined value; and X' is a parameter associated with the preamble (e.g., preamble index) or indicated by the DCI that schedules the UL data bits.

[0170] In some embodiments, to scramble UL data bits, the IoT device can use a generated scrambling sequence to scramble each bit in the UL data bits. For example, the IoT device can use the corresponding bits of the generated scrambling sequence to scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the UL data bits. For example, the scrambling operation can use an XOR operation between the UL data bits and the scrambling sequence.

[0171] For example, the UL data bits are represented as b(0), b(1), b(2), ..., the generated pseudo-random sequence is represented as s(0), s(1), s(2), ..., and the UL data bits after scrambling are represented as c'''(0), c'''(1), c'''(2), ..., and the number of bits in the UL data bits is represented as A4. The UL scrambling operation can be performed as follows:

[0172]

[0173] In some embodiments, the synchronization source may perform the corresponding inverse operation to descramble the UL data bits (e.g., c'''(i), 0 <= i < A4) received from the IoT device. For example, the synchronization source may use a sequence generator to generate a scrambling sequence. The above methods for initializing the sequence generator and for generating the scrambling sequence are applicable here. The synchronization source may descramble the received UL data bits based on the generated scrambling sequence. For example, the synchronization source may use the corresponding bits of the scrambling sequence to descramble each bit from the start (first) bit to the last bit of the received UL data bits.

[0174] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a data scrambling operation is introduced for ambient IoT communication. The proposed operation can randomize interference between adjacent cells and prevent the transmission of multiple consecutive data bits '0' or '1'. Example methods for performing the data scrambling operation will be described in detail below.

[0175] For DL transmissions from a synchronization source (e.g., BS, intermediate node, auxiliary node, or UE-type reader) to an IoT device, various embodiments can be used for data scrambling.

[0176] In some embodiments, the DL data bits to be transmitted may be scrambled by a scrambling sequence (e.g., a pseudo-random sequence) that can be generated using a sequence generator. The sequence generator can be initialized by one or more parameters (denoted as parameter set #A). The synchronization source may then transmit the scrambled DL data bits to the target IoT device. In response to receiving the DL data bits, the IoT device may use the same method to generate the scrambling sequence and descramble the received DL data bits.

[0177] In some embodiments, parameter set #A may include one or more of the following parameters: the ID of the cell associated with the synchronization source, the device ID of the IoT device (e.g., tag ID), the temporary ID of the IoT device (e.g., C-RNTI), the ID of the synchronization source, the CRC bits of the DCI that schedules the DL data bits, a predefined value, the parameters indicated by the RAR associated with the DL data bits, and the parameters indicated by the DCI that schedules the DL data bits. A specific method for generating a scrambling sequence using a sequence generator can be found, for example, in 3GPP specifications.

[0178] In some instances, the scrambling sequence may be generated based on the device ID of the IoT device (e.g., tag ID). For example, the scrambling sequence may be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized by the device ID of the IoT device (e.g., tag ID). For example, the sequence generator can be initialized by:

[0179] ,

[0180] where It is the value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits.

[0181] In some instances, the scrambled sequence can be generated based on the ID of the synchronization source. For example, the scrambled sequence can be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized using the ID of the synchronization source. For example, the sequence generator can be initialized using:

[0182]

[0183] in It is the value of the synchronization source ID, which is assumed to have 10 bits.

[0184] In some instances, the scrambling sequence can be used where the synchronization source is a BS (e.g., in...). Figure 2A In the topology shown, the cell ID is generated based on (i) the BS or additionally based on (ii) the ID of the synchronization source and (iii) the ID of the cell associated with the synchronization source (e.g., in...). Figures 2B to 2E The sequence generator is generated in the topology shown in the diagram. In parameter (i), the cell ID refers to the cell ID of the BS (i.e., the synchronization source) to which the IoT device is located. In parameter (iii), the cell ID refers to the cell ID to which the synchronization source is located. For example, the scrambling sequence can be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized by parameter (i) or by both parameters (ii) and (iii). For example, in the case where the synchronization source is a BS (e.g., in...), the sequence generator can be generated in the topology shown in the diagram. Figure 2A In the topology shown, the sequence generator can be initialized using the following methods:

[0185] ,

[0186] in It is the value of parameter (i), which is assumed to have 10 bits; or in other cases, such as in Figures 2B to 2E In the topology shown, the sequence generator can be initialized using the following methods:

[0187] ,

[0188] in This is the ID value of the synchronization source, which is assumed to have 4 bits, and It is the value of parameter (iii), which is assumed to have 10 bits.

[0189] In some instances, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on the ID of the synchronization source and the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device. For example, the scrambling sequence can be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized with two IDs. For example, assuming the synchronization source ID is defined to be unique in the network, and the synchronization source ID contains 10 bits, the sequence generator can be initialized with the following (e.g., for all IoT network topologies):

[0190] ,

[0191] in It is the value of the synchronization source ID, and It is the value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits.

[0192] For example, if the synchronization source ID is defined to be unique within the cell, then in the case where the synchronization source is a BS (e.g., in...), Figure 2A In the topology shown, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on the ID of the synchronization source and the device ID of the IoT device (e.g., tag ID), otherwise (e.g., in...). Figures 2B to 2E In the topology shown, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on the cell ID associated with the synchronization source, the synchronization source ID, and the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device.

[0193] For example, for Figure 2A The topology shown in the diagram can be initialized using the following methods:

[0194] ,

[0195] in This is the value of the cell ID, which is assumed to have 10 bits, and It is the value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits.

[0196] for Figures 2B to 2E The topology shown in the diagram can be initialized using the following methods:

[0197] ,

[0198] in This is the ID value of the synchronization source, which is assumed to have 4 bits. This is the value of the cell ID, which is assumed to have 10 bits, and It is the value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits.

[0199] In some instances, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on the CRC bits of the DCI that schedules the DL data transmission. For example, the scrambling sequence can be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized using the decimal representation of the CRC bits of the DCI that schedules the DL data bits. For example, the sequence generator can be initialized using the following:

[0200] ,

[0201] in ,and Y is the decimal value of the CRC bits, which is assumed to have 16 bits, and Y is a predefined value (e.g., Y=1010). In some instances, Y is a constant value common to all IoT devices.

[0202] In some instances, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on parameters indicated by the DCI (Distributed Control Index) of the scheduled DL (Dual Link Data) bits. The number of bits required to indicate the parameters may depend on the maximum value of the parameters. For example, if the parameters are in the range [0, 255], then at least 8 bits are required. For example, the scrambling sequence can be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized by the indicated parameters. For example, the sequence generator can be initialized by:

[0203] ,

[0204] in This is the ID value of the synchronization source, which is assumed to have 4 bits. This is the value of the cell ID serving the BS, which is assumed to have 10 bits. X is the value of the IoT device's device ID (e.g., tag ID), which is assumed to have 16 bits, and X is a parameter indicated by the DCI. In one instance, X can be equal to 100. In some instances, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on parameters indicated by the RAR associated with the DL data bits. In these instances, X in the above formula can be a parameter indicated by the RAR associated with the DL data bits.

[0205] In some embodiments, to scramble the DL data bits, the synchronization source can use a generated scrambling sequence to scramble each bit in the DL data bits. For example, the synchronization source can use the corresponding bits of the generated scrambling sequence to scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the DL data bits. For example, the scrambling operation can use an XOR operation between the DL data bits and the scrambling sequence.

[0206] For example, the DL data bits are represented as a(0), a(1), a(2), …, the generated pseudo-random sequence is represented as s'(0), s'(1), s'(2), …, the DL data bits after the scrambling operation are represented as d(0), d(1), d(2), …, and the number of bits in the DL data bits is represented as B1. The DL scrambling operation can be performed as follows:

[0207] .

[0208] In some embodiments, the IoT device can perform the corresponding inverse operation to descramble the DL data bits (e.g., d(i), 0 <= i < B1) received from the synchronization source. For example, the IoT device can use a sequence generator to generate a scrambling sequence. The above methods for initializing the sequence generator and for generating the scrambling sequence are applicable here. The IoT device can descramble the received DL data bits based on the generated scrambling sequence (e.g., using the XOR operation between the received DL data bits and the generated pseudo-random sequence starting from the first (beginning) bit of the received DL data bits). For example, the IoT device can descramble each bit from the start (first) bit of the received DL data bits to the last bit of the received DL data bits with the corresponding bit of the scrambling sequence.

[0209] For UL transmissions from the IoT device to the synchronization source (e.g., BS, intermediate node, auxiliary node, or UE-type reader), various embodiments can be used for data scrambling.

[0210] In some embodiments, the UL data bits to be transmitted can be scrambled by a scrambling sequence (e.g., pseudo-random sequence) that can be generated using a sequence generator. The sequence generator can be initialized by one or more parameters (represented as parameter set #B). The IoT device can then transmit the scrambled UL data bits to the synchronization source. In response to receiving the UL data bits, the synchronization source can use the same method to generate the scrambling sequence and descramble the received UL data bits.

[0211] In some embodiments, parameter set #B can include one or more of the following parameters: the ID of the cell associated with the synchronization source, the device ID of the IoT device (e.g., tag ID), the temporary ID of the IoT device (e.g., C-RNTI), the ID of the synchronization source, the CRC bits of the DCI that schedules the UL data bits, a predefined value, the parameters indicated by the DCI that schedules the UL data bits, and the parameters related to the preamble associated with the UL data bits (e.g., preamble index). The specific method for using the sequence generator to generate the scrambling sequence can be found in, for example, the 3GPP specifications.

[0212] In some instances, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on the IoT device's device ID (e.g., tag ID). For example, the scrambling sequence can be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized using the IoT device's device ID (e.g., tag ID). For example, the sequence generator can be initialized using:

[0213] ,

[0214] in It is the value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits.

[0215] In some instances, the scrambled sequence can be generated based on the ID of the synchronization source. For example, the scrambled sequence can be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized using the ID of the synchronization source. For example, the sequence generator can be initialized using:

[0216] ,

[0217] in It is the value of the synchronization source ID, which is assumed to have 10 bits.

[0218] In some instances, the scrambling sequence can be used where the synchronization source is a BS (e.g., in...). Figure 2A In the topology shown, the cell ID is generated based on (i') the BS or additionally based on (ii') the synchronization source ID and (iii') the ID of the cell associated with the synchronization source (e.g., in...). Figures 2B to 2E The sequence generator is generated in the topology shown in the diagram. In parameter (i'), the cell ID refers to the cell ID of the BS (i.e., synchronization source) to which the IoT device is located. In parameter (iii'), the cell ID refers to the cell ID to which the synchronization source is located. For example, the scrambling sequence can be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized by parameter (i') or by both parameters (ii') and (iii'). For example, in the case where the synchronization source is a BS (e.g., in...), the sequence generator can be generated in the topology shown in the diagram. Figure 2A In the topology shown, the sequence generator can be initialized using the following methods:

[0219] ,

[0220] in It is the value of the parameter (i'), which is assumed to have 10 bits; or in other cases, such as in Figures 2B to 2E In the topology shown, the sequence generator can be initialized using the following methods:

[0221] ,

[0222] in This is the ID value of the synchronization source, which is assumed to have 4 bits, and It is the value of parameter (iii'), which is assumed to have 10 bits.

[0223] In some instances, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on the ID of the synchronization source and the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device. For example, the scrambling sequence can be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized with two IDs. For example, assuming the synchronization source ID is defined to be unique in the network, and the synchronization source ID contains 10 bits, the sequence generator can be initialized with the following (e.g., for all IoT network topologies):

[0224] ,

[0225] in It is the value of the synchronization source ID, and It is the value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits.

[0226] For example, if the synchronization source ID is defined to be unique within the cell, then in the case where the synchronization source is a BS (e.g., in...), Figure 2A In the topology shown, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on the ID of the synchronization source and the device ID of the IoT device (e.g., tag ID), otherwise (e.g., in...). Figures 2B to 2E In the topology shown, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on the cell ID associated with the synchronization source, the synchronization source ID, and the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device.

[0227] For example, for Figure 2A The topology shown in the diagram can be initialized using the following methods:

[0228] ,

[0229] in This is the value of the cell ID, which is assumed to have 10 bits, and It is the value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits.

[0230] for Figures 2B to 2E The topology shown in the diagram can be initialized using the following methods:

[0231] ,

[0232] in This is the ID value of the synchronization source, which is assumed to have 4 bits. This is the value of the cell ID, which is assumed to have 10 bits, and It is the value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits.

[0233] In some instances, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on the CRC bits of the DCI that schedules the UL data transmission. For example, the scrambling sequence can be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized with the decimal representation of the CRC bits of the DCI that schedules the UL data bits. For example, the sequence generator can be initialized with the following:

[0234] ,

[0235] That In the middle, and Y' is the decimal value of the CRC bits, which is assumed to have 16 bits, and Y' is a predefined value (e.g., Y'=1010). In some instances, Y' is a constant value common to all IoT devices.

[0236] In some instances, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on parameters indicated by the DCI (Distributed Controlled Instruction) of the scheduled UL data bits. The number of bits required to indicate the parameters may depend on the maximum value of the parameters. For example, if the parameters are in the range [0, 255], then at least 8 bits are required. For example, the scrambling sequence can be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized by the indicated parameters. For example, the sequence generator can be initialized by:

[0237] ,

[0238] in This is the ID value of the synchronization source, which is assumed to have 4 bits. This is the value of the cell ID serving the BS, which is assumed to have 10 bits. X' is the value of the IoT device's device ID (e.g., tag ID), which is assumed to have 16 bits, and X' is a parameter indicated by the DCI. In one instance, X' could be equal to 100.

[0239] In some instances, the scrambling sequence can be generated based on parameters corresponding to the preamble used by the IoT device and associated with uplink transmission. For example, the parameter could be a preamble index. For example, the scrambling sequence could be defined by a Gold sequence. The sequence generator can be initialized using these parameters. For example, the sequence generator can be initialized with:

[0240] ,

[0241] in is the value of the ID of the synchronization source, which is assumed to have 4 bits, is the value of the cell ID of the serving BS, which is assumed to have 10 bits, is the value of the device ID (e.g., tag ID) of the IoT device, which is assumed to have 16 bits, and 'X'' is the value of the preamble index.

[0242] In some embodiments, to scramble the UL data bits, the IoT device may use the generated scrambling sequence to scramble each bit in the UL data bits. For example, the IoT device may scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the UL data bits with the corresponding bit of the generated scrambling sequence. For example, the scrambling operation may use an XOR operation between the UL data bits and the scrambling sequence.

[0243] For example, the UL data bits are represented as b(0), b(1), b(2),..., the generated pseudo-random sequence is represented as s'(0), s'(1), s'(2),..., the UL data bits after the scrambling operation are represented as d'(0), d'(1), d'(2),..., and the number of bits in the UL data bits is represented as B2. The UL scrambling operation may be performed as follows:

[0244] .

[0245] In some embodiments, the synchronization source may perform a corresponding inverse operation to descramble the UL data bits (e.g., d'(i), 0 <= i < B2) received from the IoT device. For example, the synchronization source may use a sequence generator to generate a scrambling sequence. The above methods for initializing the sequence generator and for generating the scrambling sequence are applicable here. The synchronization source may descramble the received UL data bits based on the generated scrambling sequence (e.g., using an XOR operation between the received UL data bits and the generated pseudo-random sequence starting from the first (start) bit of the received UL data bits). For example, the synchronization source may descramble each bit from the start (first) bit to the last bit of the received UL data bits with the corresponding bit of the scrambling sequence.

[0246] Figure 3 A flowchart illustrating a wireless communication method 300 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The details described in all the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable to Figure 3 the embodiments shown in. In some instances, the method 300 may be performed by an IoT device (e.g., an environmental IoT device, such as a tag). In some embodiments, the IoT device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the IoT device to perform the described functions or operations. In some instances, a processor or controller of the IoT device may cause the IoT device to execute the method 300.

[0247] At 311, the first communication device may use a sequence generator to generate a first scrambling sequence, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters. At 313, the first communication device may use the first scrambling sequence to scramble a first plurality of data bits. At 315, the first communication device may transmit the scrambled first plurality of data bits to the second communication device.

[0248] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes one or more of the following: device ID of the first communication device, ID of the cell associated with the second communication device, temporary ID of the first communication device, ID of the second communication device, CRC bit of the DCI used to schedule the first plurality of data bits, predefined value, parameter indicated by the DCI used to schedule the first plurality of data bits, and parameter related to the preamble associated with the first plurality of data bits.

[0249] In some embodiments, the first communication device may: receive a second plurality of data bits from a second communication device; generate a second scrambling sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a second set of parameters; and descramble the second plurality of data bits based on the second scrambling sequence.

[0250] In some embodiments, the second set of parameters includes one or more of the following: the device ID of the first communication device, the ID of the cell associated with the second communication device, the temporary ID of the first communication device, the ID of the second communication device, the CRC bit of the DCI used to schedule the second plurality of data bits, a predefined value, a parameter indicated by the RAR associated with the second plurality of data bits, and a parameter indicated by the DCI used to schedule the second plurality of data bits.

[0251] In some embodiments, the first communication device may receive the ID of the second communication device from the second communication device.

[0252] In some embodiments, the ID of the second communication device uniquely identifies the second communication device in the network or uniquely identifies the second communication device in the cell associated with the second communication device. In some embodiments, the ID of the second communication device is assigned by the network or the BS associated with the second communication device.

[0253] In some embodiments, the temporary ID of the first communication device is assigned by the network, the BS associated with the second communication device, or the second communication device itself.

[0254] In some embodiments, in order to scramble a first plurality of data bits, the first communication device may scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the first plurality of data bits using the corresponding bits of the first scrambling sequence.

[0255] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes a first seed. The first communication device may: receive a second plurality of data bits from a second communication device; select a second seed for initializing a sequence generator; generate a second scrambling sequence using the sequence generator initialized by at least the second seed; and descramble the second plurality of data bits based on the second scrambling sequence.

[0256] In some embodiments, the first communication device may select a first seed from a seed list based on one of the following: a frame number of a frame in which scrambled first plurality of data bits are transmitted; a frame number of a frame in which a DCI (Distributed Integrated Circuit) is received and scheduled for the first plurality of data bits; a timeslot number of a timeslot in which scrambled first plurality of data bits are transmitted; a timeslot number of a timeslot in which a DCI is received and scheduled for the first plurality of data bits; a timeslot index of a timeslot in which scrambled first plurality of data bits are transmitted; a timeslot index of a timeslot in which a DCI is received and scheduled for the first plurality of data bits; and an indication indicated by a DCI that schedules the first plurality of data bits.

[0257] In some embodiments, the second seed is selected from the seed list based on one of the following: the frame number of the frame in which the second plurality of data bits are received; the frame number of the frame in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which the timeslot of the second plurality of data bits is received; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled; the timeslot index of the timeslot in which the timeslot of ...

[0258] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes a first seed. The first communication device may: generate the first seed; transmit a first signaling signal indicating the first seed to the second communication device; and receive a second signaling signal indicating or confirming the receipt of the first seed from the second communication device.

[0259] In some embodiments, the first communication device may: receive from the second communication device a third signaling indicating a second seed for initializing a sequence generator; transmit to the second communication device a fourth signaling indicating or acknowledging the receipt of the second seed; generate a second scrambling sequence using the sequence generator initialized by at least the second seed; receive a second plurality of data bits from the second communication device; and descramble the second plurality of data bits based on the second scrambling sequence.

[0260] In some embodiments, each of the first seed and the second seed has a seed value ranging from a first value to a second value, wherein the first value is less than the second value. In some embodiments, the first value is predefined or configured by the BS or depends on the implementation of the first communication device or the second communication device. In some embodiments, the second value is based on one of the following: the device ID of the first communication device; the ID of the second communication device; the number of bits of the first plurality of data bits or the number of bits of the second plurality of data bits; the configuration from the BS; the CRC bit for scheduling the DCI of the first plurality of data bits or the CRC bit for scheduling the DCI of the second plurality of data bits; and the implementation of the first communication device or the second communication device.

[0261] In some embodiments, the first seed is updated for each transmission, or periodically, or when triggered by a second communication device. In some embodiments, the second seed is updated for each transmission, or periodically, or when triggered by a first communication device.

[0262] In some embodiments, in order to scramble a first plurality of data bits, the first communication device may scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the first plurality of data bits using the corresponding bits of the first scrambling sequence.

[0263] In some embodiments, in order to descramble the second plurality of data bits, the first communication device may use the corresponding bits of the second scrambling sequence to descramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the second plurality of data bits.

[0264] In some embodiments, the first signaling, the second signaling, the third signaling, and the fourth signaling are physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling.

[0265] In some embodiments, the first communication device is an environmental IoT device.

[0266] Those skilled in the art should understand that the sequence of operations in exemplary method 300 may be changed and some operations in exemplary method 300 may be omitted or modified without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure.

[0267] Figure 4 A flowchart illustrating a wireless communication method 400 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The details described in all the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable to... Figure 4 The embodiments shown are illustrated below. In some instances, method 400 may be executed by a synchronization source, such as a NE (e.g., ...). Figure 1 NE 102), BS, relay node, IAB node, WAB network, UE (e.g. Figure 1The synchronization source may be a UE 104, a repeater, or a UE-type reader. In some embodiments, the synchronization source may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the synchronization source to perform the described functions or operations. In some instances, the processor or controller of the synchronization source may cause the synchronization source to perform method 400.

[0268] At 411, the second communication device may use a sequence generator to generate a first scrambling sequence, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters. At 413, the second communication device may receive a first plurality of data bits from the first communication device. At 415, the second communication device may use the first scrambling sequence to descramble the first plurality of data bits.

[0269] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes one or more of the following: device ID of the first communication device, ID of the cell associated with the second communication device, temporary ID of the first communication device, ID of the second communication device, CRC bit of the DCI used to schedule the first plurality of data bits, predefined value, parameter indicated by the DCI used to schedule the first plurality of data bits, and parameter related to the preamble associated with the first plurality of data bits.

[0270] In some embodiments, the second communication device may: generate a second scrambling sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a second set of parameters; scramble a second plurality of data bits using the second scrambling sequence; and transmit the scrambled second plurality of data bits to the first communication device.

[0271] In some embodiments, the second set of parameters includes one or more of the following: the device ID of the first communication device, the ID of the cell associated with the second communication device, the temporary ID of the first communication device, the ID of the second communication device, the CRC bit of the DCI used to schedule the second plurality of data bits, a predefined value, a parameter indicated by the RAR associated with the second plurality of data bits, and a parameter indicated by the DCI used to schedule the second plurality of data bits.

[0272] In some embodiments, the second communication device may transmit the ID of the second communication device to the first communication device.

[0273] In some embodiments, the ID of the second communication device uniquely identifies the second communication device in the network or uniquely identifies the second communication device in the cell associated with the second communication device. In some embodiments, the ID of the second communication device is assigned by the network or the BS associated with the second communication device.

[0274] In some embodiments, the temporary ID of the first communication device is assigned by the network, the BS associated with the second communication device, or the second communication device itself.

[0275] In some embodiments, in order to scramble the second plurality of data bits, the second communication device may use the corresponding bits of the second scrambling sequence to scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the second plurality of data bits.

[0276] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes a first seed. The second communication device may: select a second seed for initializing a sequence generator; generate a second scrambling sequence using the sequence generator initialized by at least the second seed; scramble a second plurality of data bits using the second scrambling sequence; and transmit the scrambled second plurality of data bits to the first communication device.

[0277] In some embodiments, the second communication device may select a first seed from a seed list based on one of the following: a frame number of a frame in which a first plurality of data bits are received; a frame number of a frame in which a DCI scheduling the first plurality of data bits is transmitted; a timeslot number of a timeslot in which a timeslot in which a timeslot scheduling the first plurality of data bits is received; a timeslot number of a timeslot in which a timeslot scheduling the first plurality of data bits is transmitted; a timeslot index of a timeslot in which a timeslot in which a timeslot scheduling the first plurality of data bits is received; a timeslot index of a timeslot in which a timeslot scheduling the first plurality of data bits is transmitted; and an indication indicated by a DCI scheduling the first plurality of data bits.

[0278] In some embodiments, the second seed is selected from the seed list based on one of the following: the frame number of the frame in which the scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted; the frame number of the frame in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled is transmitted; the time slot number of the time slot in which the scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted; the time slot number of the time slot in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled is transmitted; the time unit index of the time unit in which the scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted; the time unit index of the time unit in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled is transmitted; and the indication of the DCI of the second plurality of data bits.

[0279] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes a first seed. The second communication device may: receive from the first communication device a first signaling instruction indicating the first seed for initializing the sequence generator; and transmit to the first communication device a second signaling instruction indicating the first seed or acknowledging the receipt of the first seed.

[0280] In some embodiments, the second communication device may: generate a second seed for initializing a sequence generator; transmit a third signaling indicating the second seed to the first communication device; receive a fourth signaling indicating or acknowledging the receipt of the second seed from the first communication device; generate a second scrambling sequence using the sequence generator initialized by at least the second seed; scramble a second plurality of data bits using the second scrambling sequence; and transmit the scrambled second plurality of data bits to the first communication device.

[0281] In some embodiments, each of the first seed and the second seed has a seed value ranging from a first value to a second value, wherein the first value is less than the second value. In some embodiments, the first value is predefined or configured by the BS or depends on the implementation of the first communication device or the second communication device. In some embodiments, the second value is based on one of the following: the device ID of the first communication device; the ID of the second communication device; the number of bits of the first plurality of data bits or the number of bits of the second plurality of data bits; the configuration from the BS; and the CRC bit for scheduling the DCI of the first plurality of data bits or the CRC bit for scheduling the DCI of the second plurality of data bits; or the implementation of the first communication device or the second communication device.

[0282] In some embodiments, the first seed is updated for each transmission, or periodically, or when triggered by a second communication device. In some embodiments, the second seed is updated for each transmission, or periodically, or when triggered by a first communication device.

[0283] In some embodiments, in order to scramble the second plurality of data bits, the second communication device may use the corresponding bits of the second scrambling sequence to scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the second plurality of data bits.

[0284] In some embodiments, in order to descramble the first plurality of data bits, the second communication device may use the corresponding bits of the first scrambling sequence to descramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the first plurality of data bits.

[0285] In some embodiments, the first signaling, the second signaling, the third signaling, and the fourth signaling are physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling.

[0286] In some embodiments, the second communication device is a BS, UE, relay node, IAB node, WAB network, repeater, or UE-type reader.

[0287] Those skilled in the art should understand that the sequence of operations in exemplary method 400 may be changed and some operations in exemplary method 400 may be omitted or modified without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure.

[0288] Figure 5 A block diagram illustrating an exemplary device 500 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. (See diagram below.) Figure 5 As shown, device 500 may include at least one processor 506 and at least one transceiver 502 coupled to processor 506. Device 500 may be an IoT device (e.g., an environmental IoT tag) or a synchronization source (e.g., NE, BS, IAB node, WAB node, relay node, UE, repeater, or UE-type reader).

[0289] Although elements, such as at least one transceiver 502 and processor 506, are described in the singular in this figure, the plural form is considered unless explicitly stated to be limited to the singular. In some embodiments of this disclosure, transceiver 502 may be divided into two devices, such as a receiving circuitry system and a transmitting circuitry system. In some embodiments of this disclosure, device 500 may further include input devices, memory, and / or other components.

[0290] In some embodiments of this disclosure, device 500 may be an IoT device. Transceiver 502 and processor 506 may interact with each other to perform the foregoing embodiments (e.g., Figure 3 and 4 The operation of the IoT device or the first communication device described in [the document] is described in [the document]. In some embodiments of this disclosure, device 500 may be a synchronization source. Transceiver 502 and processor 506 may interact with each other to perform the foregoing embodiments (e.g., [the document]). Figure 3 and 4 The operation of the synchronization source or the second communication device is described in ().

[0291] In some embodiments of this disclosure, device 500 may further include at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium.

[0292] For example, in some embodiments of this disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store computer-executable instructions thereon to cause processor 506 to implement the methods described above regarding an IoT device or a first communication device. For example, the computer-executable instructions, when executed, cause processor 506 to interact with transceiver 502 to perform... Figure 3 and 4 The operation of the first communication device is described in the text.

[0293] In some embodiments of this disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store thereon computer-executable instructions that cause processor 506 to perform the methods described above regarding a synchronization source or a second communication device. For example, the computer-executable instructions, when executed, cause processor 506 to interact with transceiver 502 to perform... Figure 3 and 4 The operation of the second communication device is described in the text.

[0294] Figure 6 An example of a UE 600 according to aspects of this disclosure is described. UE 600 may include a processor 602, a memory 604, a controller 606, and a transceiver 608. The processor 602, memory 604, controller 606, or transceiver 608, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of components for performing the aspects of this disclosure described herein. These components may be coupled via one or more interfaces (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, or electrically).

[0295] Processor 602, memory 604, controller 606, or transceiver 608, or various combinations or components thereof, may be implemented in hardware (e.g., a circuit system). The hardware may include processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or other programmable logic devices, or any combination thereof configured or otherwise supporting components for performing the functions described in this disclosure.

[0296] Processor 602 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., general-purpose processors, DSPs, CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, processor 602 may be configured to operate memory 604. In some other embodiments, memory 604 may be integrated into processor 602. Processor 602 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory 604 to cause UE 600 to perform various functions of this disclosure.

[0297] Memory 604 may comprise volatile or non-volatile memory. Memory 604 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code containing instructions that, when executed by processor 602, cause UE 600 to perform the various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as memory 604 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media, including any media that facilitates the transfer of computer programs from one place to another. Non-transitory storage media may be any available media accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0298] In some implementations, processor 602 and memory 604 coupled to processor 602 may be configured to cause UE 600 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., instructions stored in memory 604 are executed by processor 602). For example, processor 602 may support wireless communication at UE 600 according to the examples disclosed herein. For example, UE 600 may be configured to support the execution of instructions regarding... Figure 4 The component describing the operation.

[0299] For example, UE 600 may be configured to support: a component for generating a first scrambling sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; a component for receiving a first plurality of data bits from a first communication device; and a component for descrambling the first plurality of data bits using the first scrambling sequence.

[0300] Controller 606 manages the input and output signals of UE 600. Controller 606 can also manage peripheral devices not integrated into UE 600. In some embodiments, controller 606 may utilize an operating system, such as iOS®, Android®, Windows®, or other operating systems. In some embodiments, controller 606 may be implemented as part of processor 602.

[0301] In some embodiments, UE 600 may include at least one transceiver 608. In other embodiments, UE 600 may have more than one transceiver 608. Transceiver 608 may represent a wireless transceiver. Transceiver 608 may include one or more receiver chains 610, one or more transmitter chains 612, or a combination thereof.

[0302] Receiver chain 610 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) via wireless media. For example, receiver chain 610 may include one or more antennas for receiving signals over the air or wireless media. Receiver chain 610 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. Receiver chain 610 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during signal transmission. Receiver chain 610 may include at least one decoder for decoding and processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0303] Transmitter chain 612 can be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets). Transmitter chain 612 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal in preparation for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques, such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Transmitter chain 612 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over a wireless medium. Transmitter chain 612 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0304] Those skilled in the art will understand that components in the exemplary UE 600 can be changed; for example, some components in the exemplary UE 600 can be omitted or modified, or new components can be added to the exemplary UE 600 without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. For instance, in some embodiments, the UE 600 may not include the controller 606.

[0305] Figure 7An example of a processor 700 according to aspects of this disclosure is described. Processor 700 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations according to the examples described herein. Processor 700 may include a controller 702 configured to perform various operations according to the examples described herein. Processor 700 may optionally include at least one memory 704, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally or alternatively, processor 700 may optionally include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs) 706. One or more of these components may be electronically communicated or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0306] Processor 700 may be a processor chipset and includes a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receive, acquire, retrieve, transmit, output, forward, store, determine, identify, access, write, read) according to the examples described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to the processor chipset (e.g., processor 700) or included in the processor chipset) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase-change memory (PCM), and others).

[0307] Controller 702 can be configured to manage and coordinate various operations of processor 700 (e.g., signaling, receiving, acquiring, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, and reading) to enable processor 700 to support various operations according to the examples described herein. For example, controller 702 can operate as a control unit of processor 700, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of processor 700. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating operation timing.

[0308] Controller 702 may be configured to fetch (e.g., fetch, retrieve, receive) instructions from memory 704 and determine subsequent instructions to be executed to enable processor 700 to support various operations according to the examples described herein. Controller 702 may be configured to track the memory addresses of instructions associated with memory 704. Controller 702 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operations to be performed and the operands involved. For example, controller 702 may be configured to interpret instructions and determine control signals to be output to other components of processor 700 to enable processor 700 to support various operations according to the examples described herein. Alternatively or additionally, controller 702 may be configured to manage data flow within processor 700. Controller 702 may be configured to control data transfers between registers, ALU, and other functional units of processor 700.

[0309] Memory 704 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in processor 700) or other memories, such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some embodiments, memory 704 may reside within or on the processor chipset (e.g., locally to processor 700). In some other embodiments, memory 704 may reside outside the processor chipset (e.g., remotely from processor 700).

[0310] Memory 704 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code containing instructions that, when executed by processor 700, cause processor 700 to perform the various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. Controller 702 and / or processor 700 may be configured to execute the computer-readable instructions stored in memory 704 to cause processor 700 to perform various functions. For example, processor 700 and / or controller 702 may be coupled to or coupled to memory 704, and processor 700, controller 702, and memory 704 may be configured to perform the various functions described herein. In some instances, processor 700 may include multiple processors, and memory 704 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may be individually or jointly configured to perform the various functions described herein.

[0311] One or more ALU 706s can be configured to support various operations according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, one or more ALU 706s may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., processor 700). In some other embodiments, one or more ALU 706s may reside outside the processor chipset (e.g., processor 700). One or more ALU 706s can perform one or more calculations on data, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. For example, one or more ALU 706s can receive input operands and opcodes, which determine the operation to be performed. One or more ALU 706s are configured with various logic and arithmetic circuitry, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate data according to the operation. Alternatively, one or more ALU 706s may support logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR, NOR, and NAND, enabling one or more ALU 706s to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[0312] The processor 700 can support wireless communication according to the examples disclosed herein.

[0313] For example, processor 700 can be configured to support the execution of... Figure 3 The components of the described operation. For example, the processor 700 may be configured or operable to support: components for generating a first scrambled sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; components for scrambling a first plurality of data bits using the first scrambled sequence; and components for transmitting the scrambled first plurality of data bits to a second communication device.

[0314] For example, processor 700 can be configured to support the execution of... Figure 4 The components of the described operation. For example, the processor 700 may be configured or operable to support: components for generating a first scrambled sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; components for receiving a first plurality of data bits from a first communication device; and components for descrambling the first plurality of data bits using the first scrambled sequence.

[0315] Those skilled in the art will understand that components in the exemplary processor 700 can be changed; for example, some components in the exemplary processor 700 can be omitted or modified, or new components can be added to the exemplary processor 700, without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. For instance, in some embodiments, the processor 700 may not include an ALU 706.

[0316] Figure 8An example of NE 800 according to aspects of this disclosure is described. NE 800 may include a processor 802, a memory 804, a controller 806, and a transceiver 808. The processor 802, memory 804, controller 806, or transceiver 808, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of components for performing the aspects of this disclosure described herein. These components may be coupled via one or more interfaces (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically).

[0317] Processor 802, memory 804, controller 806, or transceiver 808, or various combinations or components thereof, may be implemented in hardware (e.g., a circuit system). The hardware may include processors, DSPs, ASICs, or other programmable logic devices, or any combination thereof configured or otherwise supporting components for performing the functions described in this disclosure.

[0318] Processor 802 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., general-purpose processors, DSPs, CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, processor 802 may be configured to operate memory 804. In some other embodiments, memory 804 may be integrated into processor 802. Processor 802 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory 804 to cause NE 800 to perform various functions of this disclosure.

[0319] Memory 804 may comprise volatile or non-volatile memory. Memory 804 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code containing instructions that, when executed by processor 802, cause NE 800 to perform the various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as memory 804 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media, encompassing any media that facilitates the transfer of computer programs from one place to another. Non-transitory storage media may be any available media accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0320] In some implementations, processor 802 and memory 804 coupled to processor 802 may be configured to cause NE 800 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., instructions stored in memory 804 are executed by processor 802). For example, processor 802 may support wireless communication at NE 800 according to the examples disclosed herein. For example, NE 800 may be configured to support the execution of instructions regarding... Figure 4 The component describing the operation.

[0321] For example, the NE 800 can be configured to support: a component for generating a first scrambling sequence using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; a component for receiving a first plurality of data bits from a first communication device; and a component for descrambling the first plurality of data bits using the first scrambling sequence.

[0322] Controller 806 manages the input and output signals of NE 800. Controller 806 can also manage peripheral devices not integrated into NE 800. In some embodiments, controller 806 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, Android®, Windows®, or other operating systems. In some embodiments, controller 806 may be implemented as part of processor 802.

[0323] In some embodiments, NE 800 may include at least one transceiver 808. In other embodiments, NE 800 may have more than one transceiver 808. Transceiver 808 may represent a wireless transceiver. Transceiver 808 may include one or more receiver chains 810, one or more transmitter chains 812, or a combination thereof.

[0324] Receiver chain 810 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) via wireless media. For example, receiver chain 810 may include one or more antennas for receiving signals over the air or wireless media. Receiver chain 810 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., an LNA) configured to amplify the received signal. Receiver chain 810 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during signal transmission. Receiver chain 810 may include at least one decoder for decoding and processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0325] Transmitter chain 812 can be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets). Transmitter chain 812 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal in preparation for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more technologies, such as AM, FM, or digital modulation schemes like PSK or QAM. Transmitter chain 812 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over a wireless medium. Transmitter chain 812 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0326] Those skilled in the art will understand that components in the exemplary NE 800 can be changed; for example, some components in the exemplary NE 800 can be omitted or modified, or new components can be added to the exemplary NE 800, without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. For instance, in some embodiments, the NE 800 may not include the controller 806.

[0327] Those skilled in the art will understand that the operations or steps of the methods described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or a combination of both. The software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, removable disk, CD-ROM, or any other form of storage media known in the art. Additionally, in some aspects, the operations or steps of the method may reside as one or any combination or set of code and / or instructions on a non-transitory computer-readable medium that may be incorporated into a computer program product.

[0328] While this disclosure has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be readily apparent. This disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. For example, various components of the embodiments may be interchanged, added, or substituted in other embodiments. Furthermore, not all elements in each figure are essential to the operation of the disclosed embodiments. For example, the teachings of this disclosure will enable those of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the disclosed embodiments by simply employing the elements of the independent claims. Therefore, the embodiments of this disclosure set forth herein are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure.

[0329] In this document, the terms “comprising,” “including,” or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but may also include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to the process, method, article, or apparatus. An element beginning with “a,” “an,” or the like does not exclude the presence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes that element, unless further constraints are imposed. Furthermore, the term “another” is defined as at least a second or more. As used herein, the term “having” or the like is defined as “comprising.” Expressions such as “A and / or B” or “at least one of A and B” may include any and all combinations of the words listed with said expression. For example, the expression “A and / or B” or “at least one of A and B” may include A, B, or both A and B. The wording “first,” “second,” or the like is used only to clearly illustrate embodiments of this disclosure and is not intended to limit the nature of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A first communication device, comprising: At least one memory; and At least one processor, coupled to the at least one memory and configured to enable the first communication device to: A first scrambled sequence is generated using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; The first scrambling sequence is used to scramble the first plurality of data bits; and The scrambled first plurality of data bits are transmitted to the second communication device.

2. The first communication device according to claim 1, wherein the first set of parameters includes one or more of the following: The device ID of the first communication device, The ID of the cell associated with the second communication device. The temporary ID of the first communication device, The ID of the second communication device, Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits used to schedule the downlink control information (DCI) of the first plurality of data bits. Predefined value The parameters indicated by the DCI used to schedule the first plurality of data bits, and Parameters associated with the preamble and the first plurality of data bits.

3. The first communication device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: Receive a second plurality of data bits from the second communication device; A second scrambled sequence is generated using the sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a second set of parameters; and The second plurality of data bits are descrambled based on the second scrambling sequence.

4. The first communication device according to claim 3, wherein the second set of parameters includes one or more of the following: The device ID of the first communication device, The ID of the cell associated with the second communication device. The temporary ID of the first communication device, The ID of the second communication device, Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits used to schedule the downlink control information (DCI) of the second plurality of data bits. Predefined value The parameters indicated by the Random Access Response (RAR) associated with the second plurality of data bits, and The parameters indicated by the DCI used to schedule the second plurality of data bits.

5. The first communication device according to claim 1, wherein the first set of parameters includes a first seed, and the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: Receive a second plurality of data bits from the second communication device; Select a second seed for initializing the sequence generator; A second scrambled sequence is generated using the sequence generator initialized with at least the second seed; and The second plurality of data bits are descrambled based on the second scrambling sequence.

6. The first communication apparatus of claim 5, wherein the processor is further configured to select the first seed from a seed list based on one of: a frame number in which the scrambled first plurality of data bits are transmitted; a frame number in which downlink control information (DCI) scheduling the first plurality of data bits is received; a time slot number in which the time slot of the scrambled first plurality of data bits is transmitted; a time slot number in which the time slot of the DCI scheduling the first plurality of data bits is received; a time unit index of a time unit in which the scrambled first plurality of data bits is transmitted; a time unit index of a time unit in which the DCI scheduling the first plurality of data bits is received; and an indication indicated by the DCI scheduling the first plurality of data bits; and The second seed is selected from the seed list based on one of the following: the frame number of the frame in which the second plurality of data bits are received; the frame number of the frame in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which the second plurality of data bits are received; the timeslot number of the timeslot in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled; the timeslot index of the timeslot in which the timeslot of ...

7. The first communication device according to claim 1, wherein the first set of parameters includes a first seed, and the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: Generate the first seed; Transmit a first signaling instruction indicating the first seed to the second communication device; and Receive a second signaling from the second communication device that indicates or confirms the receipt of the first seed.

8. The first communication device according to claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: Receive a third signaling instruction from the second communication device for initializing a second seed for the sequence generator; Transmit a fourth signaling message to the second communication device, indicating the second seed or confirming the receipt of the second seed; A second scrambled sequence is generated using the sequence generator initialized with at least the second seed; Receive a second plurality of data bits from the second communication device; and The second plurality of data bits are descrambled based on the second scrambling sequence.

9. The first communication device according to claim 8, wherein each of the first seed and the second seed has a seed value ranging from a first value to a second value, and the first value is less than the second value; and The first value is predefined or configured by the base station BS or depends on the implementation of the first communication device or the second communication device, and the second value is based on one of the following: The device ID of the first communication device; The ID of the second communication device; The number of bits in the first plurality of data bits or the number of bits in the second plurality of data bits; Configuration from the BS; Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits used for scheduling the downlink control information (DCI) of the first plurality of data bits or CRC bits used for scheduling the DCI of the second plurality of data bits; and An implementation scheme of the first communication device or the second communication device.

10. The first communication device according to any one of claims 5, 6, 8, and 9, wherein the first seed is updated for each transmission, periodically, or when triggered by the second communication device; and The second seed is updated for each transmission, periodically, or when triggered by the first communication device.

11. The first communication device according to any one of claims 3, 5, and 8, wherein, in order to scramble the first plurality of data bits, the processor is configured to cause the first communication device to scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the first plurality of data bits with corresponding bits of the first scrambling sequence; and In order to descramble the second plurality of data bits, the processor is configured such that the first communication device descrambles each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the second plurality of data bits using the corresponding bit of the second scrambling sequence.

12. A second communication device, comprising: At least one memory; and At least one processor, coupled to the at least one memory and configured to enable the second communication device to: A first scrambled sequence is generated using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; Receive a first plurality of data bits from the first communication device; and The first scrambling sequence is used to descramble the first plurality of data bits.

13. The second communication device according to claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to: The sequence generator is used to generate a second scrambled sequence, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a second set of parameters; The second scrambling sequence is used to scramble the second plurality of data bits; and The scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted to the first communication device.

14. The second communication device of claim 12, wherein the first set of parameters includes a first seed, and the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to: Select a second seed for initializing the sequence generator; A second scrambled sequence is generated using the sequence generator initialized with at least the second seed; The second scrambling sequence is used to scramble the second plurality of data bits; and The scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted to the first communication device.

15. The second communication apparatus of claim 14, wherein the processor is further configured to select the first seed from a seed list based on one of: a frame number of a frame in which the first plurality of data bits are received; a frame number of a frame in which downlink control information (DCI) scheduling the first plurality of data bits is transmitted; a timeslot number of a timeslot in which the first plurality of data bits are received; a timeslot number of a timeslot in which the DCI scheduling the first plurality of data bits is transmitted; a timeslot index of a timeslot in which the ... The second seed is selected from the seed list based on one of the following: the frame number of the frame in which the scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted; the frame number of the frame in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled is transmitted; the time slot number of the time slot in which the scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted; the time slot number of the time slot in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled is transmitted; the time unit index of the time unit in which the scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted; the time unit index of the time unit in which the DCI of the second plurality of data bits is scheduled is transmitted; and an indication indicated by the DCI of the second plurality of data bits.

16. The second communication device of claim 12, wherein the first set of parameters includes a first seed, and the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to: Receive from the first communication device a first signaling instruction for initializing the first seed of the sequence generator; and A second signaling message is transmitted to the first communication device to indicate the first seed or to confirm the receipt of the first seed.

17. The second communication device of claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to: Generate a second seed for initializing the sequence generator; Transmit a third signaling instruction indicating the second seed to the first communication device; Receive a fourth signaling from the first communication device that indicates or confirms the receipt of the second seed; A second scrambled sequence is generated using the sequence generator initialized with at least the second seed; The second scrambling sequence is used to scramble the second plurality of data bits; and The scrambled second plurality of data bits are transmitted to the first communication device.

18. The second communication device according to any one of claims 13, 14, and 17, wherein, in order to scramble the second plurality of data bits, the processor is configured to cause the second communication device to scramble each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the second plurality of data bits with corresponding bits of the second scrambling sequence; and In order to descramble the first plurality of data bits, the processor is configured such that the second communication device descrambles each bit from the start bit to the last bit of the first plurality of data bits using the corresponding bit of the first scrambling sequence.

19. A processor comprising: At least one controller, coupled to at least one memory and configured to enable the processor to: A first scrambled sequence is generated using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; The first scrambling sequence is used to scramble the first plurality of data bits; and The scrambled first plurality of data bits are transmitted to the second communication device.

20. A processor comprising: At least one controller, coupled to at least one memory and configured to enable the processor to: A first scrambled sequence is generated using a sequence generator, wherein the sequence generator is initialized according to a first set of parameters; Receive a first plurality of data bits from the first communication device; and The first scrambling sequence is used to descramble the first plurality of data bits.

Images