Network-Assisted Frequency Offset Estimation and Correction in AIoT Deployment

Abstract

Methods, systems, and apparatus for conducting wireless communication are described. A network entity can transmit a frequency-hopping synchronization signal according to a frequency-hopping mode. The transmission of such a synchronization signal enables frequency error estimation by an ambient device. In some examples, the network entity can send control signaling to the ambient device, which may include an indication of a frequency-hopping offset value, an indication of a frequency-hopping mode, or both. The ambient device can monitor the synchronization signal via a first frequency resource and can detect the synchronization signal during the first symbol period. Based on the frequency-hopping mode, the ambient device can determine and correct any frequency offset error.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The following content relates to wireless communications, including network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in the deployment of AIoT (Ambient Internet of Things) in the environment. Background Technology

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, message sending and receiving, broadcasting, and so on. These systems can support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple access systems include fourth-generation (4G) systems (such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-A Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems) and fifth-generation (5G) systems (which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems). These systems may employ technologies such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or Discrete Fourier Transform Extended Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple access communication system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication of communication devices, which may be referred to as User Equipment (UE). Summary of the Invention

[0003] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses for supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in ambient Internet of Things (AIOT) deployments. According to the techniques described herein, network entities can transmit frequency-hopping synchronization signals (e.g., narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulated synchronization signals) based on a frequency-hopping pattern (e.g., a mapping between frequency resources and corresponding symbols, such that the frequency-hopping pattern indicates which frequency resources to transmit synchronization signals during which symbols). The transmission of such synchronization signals enables frequency error estimation performed by ambient devices. In some examples, the network entity can send control signaling to the ambient device, which may include an indication of a frequency-hopping offset value, an indication of a frequency-hopping pattern, or both. The ambient device can monitor the synchronization signal via a first frequency resource and can detect the synchronization signal during the first symbol. Based on the frequency-hopping pattern, the ambient device can determine and correct any frequency offset errors.

[0004] A method for wireless communication by a wireless device is described. The method may include: receiving control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; monitoring the synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources corresponding to a set of multiple symbols, based on the frequency hopping offset value; detecting the synchronization signal via the first frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources during at least a first symbol period in the set of multiple symbols based on the monitoring; and transmitting uplink signaling via a low-complexity active radio component at the wireless device according to frequency error estimation and correction operations based on a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping from each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols, and detecting the synchronization signal during at least the first symbol period in the set of multiple symbols.

[0005] A wireless device for wireless communication is described. The wireless device may include: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be able to operate individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the wireless device to: receive control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; monitor the synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources corresponding to a set of multiple symbols, based on the frequency hopping offset value; detect the synchronization signal via the first frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources during at least a first symbol in the set of multiple symbols, based on the monitoring; and transmit uplink signaling via a low-complexity active radio component at the wireless device according to frequency error estimation and correction operations, the frequency error estimation and correction operations being based on a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols, and the detection of the synchronization signal during at least the first symbol in the set of multiple symbols.

[0006] Another wireless device for wireless communication is described. The wireless device may include: means for receiving control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; means for monitoring the synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources corresponding to a set of multiple symbols, based on the frequency hopping offset value; means for detecting the synchronization signal via the first frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources during at least a first symbol period in the set of multiple symbols, based on the monitoring; and means for transmitting uplink signaling via a low-complexity active radio component at the wireless device according to frequency error estimation and correction operations based on a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping from each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols, and detecting the synchronization signal during at least the first symbol period in the set of multiple symbols.

[0007] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors (e.g., directly, indirectly, after preprocessing, or without preprocessing) to: receive control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; monitor the synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources corresponding to a set of multiple symbols, based on the frequency hopping offset value; detect the synchronization signal via the first frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources during at least a first symbol in the set of multiple symbols, based on the monitoring; and transmit uplink signaling via a low-complexity active radio component at the wireless device according to frequency error estimation and correction operations based on a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping from each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols, and detect the synchronization signal during at least the first symbol in the set of multiple symbols.

[0008] Some examples of the methods, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for receiving a second control signaling that includes an indication of a frequency hopping mode, wherein receiving a synchronization signal may be based on receiving the second control signaling.

[0009] In some examples of the methods, wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, frequency error estimation and correction operations may be based, at least in part, on the relationship between a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping mode and a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources.

[0010] In some examples of the methods, wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the synchronization signal includes a narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulated signal, and according to a frequency hopping mode, a first portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols, and a second portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a second frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during a second symbol in a set of multiple symbols.

[0011] In some examples of the methods, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the synchronization signal includes a jointly modulated time-domain waveform comprising an on / off keying (OOK) signal and a frequency shift keying (FSK) signal, and the frequency hopping mode includes a mapping between the time-domain waveform and frequency resources in a set of multiple frequency resources.

[0012] Some examples of the methods, wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for determining a mapping between a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols in which a synchronization signal can be received and a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources, based on a frequency hopping mode, wherein frequency error estimation and correction operations may be performed based on the determination, and wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operations include determining a frequency offset between the first frequency resource and a second frequency resource based on the frequency hopping mode.

[0013] Some examples of the methods, wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for: detecting a synchronization signal via a first frequency resource during two consecutive symbols in a set of multiple symbols, including a first symbol and a second symbol in a set of multiple symbols, based on monitoring; determining a first mapping between the first symbol and the first frequency resource and a second mapping between the second symbol and a second frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources, wherein performing frequency error estimation and correction operations may be based on the first and second mappings, and wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operations include determining a first frequency offset between the first frequency resource and a third frequency resource according to a frequency hopping mode, and determining a second frequency offset between the second frequency resource and the third frequency resource.

[0014] In some examples of the methods, wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, each frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources may be defined by a multiple of the frequency hopping offset value from the first frequency resource.

[0015] Some examples of the methods, wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for: performing frequency error estimation and correction operations during a first frequency error estimation phase based on a received synchronization signal; receiving a second synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a second set of multiple symbols based on a second frequency hopping offset value; and performing a second frequency error estimation and correction operation during a second frequency error estimation phase prior to receiving uplink signaling.

[0016] Some examples of the methods, wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for: receiving an indication of a residual frequency error value based on transmitting uplink signaling; performing a frequency error adjustment operation based on the frequency error value; and transmitting a second uplink signaling based on the frequency error adjustment operation.

[0017] A method for wireless communication by a network entity is described. The method may include: transmitting control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; transmitting the synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping pattern, the frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols; and receiving uplink signaling from an energy-efficient user equipment based on the transmission of the synchronization signal.

[0018] A network entity for wireless communication is described. The network entity may include: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be able to operate individually or jointly to execute the code to enable the network entity to: transmit control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; transmit the synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping pattern, the frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols; and receive uplink signaling from an energy-efficient user equipment based on the transmission of the synchronization signal.

[0019] Another network entity for wireless communication is described. This network entity may include: components for transmitting control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; components for transmitting the synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols; and components for receiving uplink signaling from an energy-efficient user equipment based on the transmission of the synchronization signal.

[0020] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors (e.g., directly, indirectly, after preprocessing, or without preprocessing) to perform the following operations: transmitting control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; transmitting the synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols; and receiving uplink signaling from an energy-efficient user equipment based on the transmission of the synchronization signal.

[0021] Some examples of the methods, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for transmitting a second control signaling including an indication of a frequency hopping mode, wherein transmitting a synchronization signal may be based on transmitting the second control signaling.

[0022] In some examples of the methods, network entities, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the synchronization signal includes a narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulated signal, and according to the frequency hopping mode, a first portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols, and a second portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a second frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during a second symbol in a set of multiple symbols.

[0023] In some examples of the methods, network entities, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, each frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources may be defined by a multiple of the frequency hopping offset value of a first frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources.

[0024] In some examples of the methods, network entities, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the synchronization signal includes a jointly modulated time-domain waveform comprising an on / off keying (OOK) signal and a frequency shift keying (FSK) signal, and the frequency hopping mode includes a mapping between the time-domain waveform and frequency resources in a set of multiple frequency resources.

[0025] Some examples of the methods, network entities, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for transmitting a second synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a second set of multiple symbols based on a second frequency hopping offset value, wherein the transmission of the synchronization signal occurs during a first frequency error estimation phase, and the transmission of the second synchronization signal occurs during a second frequency error estimation phase prior to receiving uplink signaling.

[0026] Some examples of the methods, network entities, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for: estimating a residual frequency error value based on received uplink signaling; sending an indication of the residual frequency error value; and receiving a second uplink signaling based on the residual frequency error value. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1 An example of a wireless communication system for network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an environment supporting Internet of Things (AIOT) deployment according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0028] Figure 2 An example of a wireless communication system supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0029] Figure 3 An example of a timeline for network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an AIoT deployment, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0030] Figure 4 An example of a timeline for network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an AIoT deployment, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0031] Figure 5 An example of a timeline for network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an AIoT deployment, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0032] Figure 6 An example of a process flow for network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0033] Figure 7 and Figure 8 A block diagram of a device supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0034] Figure 9 A block diagram of a communication manager supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0035] Figure 10 A diagram is shown of a system including a device supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0036] Figure 11 and Figure 12 A block diagram of a device supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0037] Figure 13 A block diagram of a communication manager supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0038] Figure 14 A diagram is shown of a system including a device supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0039] Figures 15 to 18 A flowchart illustrating a method for network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0040] In some examples, Internet of Things (IoT) deployments (e.g., Ambient IoT (AIoT) deployments) can support low-power or low-complexity user equipment (UEs). Some such UEs (e.g., which may be referred to as ambient devices or AIoT UEs) may have active transmitters and be able to transmit uplink signaling. However, such ambient devices may experience frequency offset errors in both downlink and uplink signaling. Some UEs can use downlink signaling (such as synchronization signal blocks (SSBs)) to determine such frequency offset errors and correct them for uplink signaling. However, such downlink signaling is not available for ambient devices in IoT deployments. Some alternative techniques for estimating frequency offset errors may rely on additional signaling overhead or additional envelope detection at the ambient device. Such costly techniques may increase complexity at the ambient device, increase signaling overhead, increase system latency, or may not be supported by the ambient device.

[0041] According to the techniques described herein, network entities can transmit frequency-hopping synchronization signals (e.g., narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulated synchronization signals) based on frequency-hopping patterns (e.g., a mapping between frequency resources and corresponding symbols, such that the frequency-hopping pattern indicates which frequency resources to transmit synchronization signals during which symbols). The transmission of such synchronization signals can enable frequency error estimation by environmental devices (e.g., using a downlink receiver based on a simple incoherent envelope detector). For example, the environmental device can use an envelope detector for reception, which can perform frequency offset error estimation without relying on extracting phase information. In some examples, the network entity can send control signaling to the environmental device, which may include an indication of a frequency-hopping offset value, an indication of a frequency-hopping pattern, or both.

[0042] An environmental device can monitor a synchronization signal via a first frequency resource and can detect the synchronization signal during the first symbol. Based on the frequency hopping mode, the environmental device can determine and correct any frequency offset error. For example, a network entity can transmit a first portion of a frequency-hopping synchronization signal via the first frequency resource during the first symbol. The environmental device can monitor the first frequency resource across multiple symbols. In some examples, the environmental device may not tune its frequency across symbols based on the frequency hopping mode. Instead, the environmental device can select a frequency resource for receiving the frequency-hopping synchronization signal (e.g., the center frequency, a frequency resource indicated by the frequency hopping mode or the network entity, or a self-selected frequency resource from the set of frequency resources corresponding to the frequency hopping mode). If the environmental device detects a synchronization signal via the first frequency resource during the first symbol (e.g., as expected according to the frequency hopping mode), the environmental device can determine that there is no frequency offset error (e.g., or the frequency offset error is small or meets a threshold). If the environmental device detects a synchronization signal via the first frequency resource during the second symbol (e.g., this is not expected according to the frequency hopping mode), the environmental device can determine a frequency offset error.

[0043] The aspects of this disclosure are first described in the context of a wireless communication system. The aspects of this disclosure are further illustrated by wireless communication systems, timelines, and process flows, and are described with reference to these wireless communication systems, timelines, and process flows. The aspects of this disclosure are further illustrated by apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts relating to network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, and are described with reference to these.

[0044] Figure 1 An example of a wireless communication system 100 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. The wireless communication system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entity 105), one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an Advanced LTE (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating under other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0045] Network entity 105 may be distributed across a geographical area to form wireless communication system 100, and may include devices employing different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, mobility element, radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, etc. In some examples, network entity 105 and UE 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link). For example, network entity 105 may support coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographical coverage area) within which UE 115 and network entity 105 may establish communication link 125. Coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographical area within which network entity 105 and UE 115 may support the transmission of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs).

[0046] UE 115 can be distributed throughout the coverage area 110 of wireless communication system 100, and each UE 115 can be stationary or mobile, or stationary and mobile at different times. UE 115 can be devices in different forms or with different capabilities. Figure 1 Examples of UE 115 are illustrated herein. The UE 115 described herein may be able to support communication with various types of devices in the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UE 115 or network entity 105), such as... Figure 1 As shown.

[0047] As described herein, nodes of the wireless communication system 100 (which may be referred to as network nodes or wireless nodes) may be network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein), UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein), network controller, apparatus, device, computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be UE 115. Alternatively, a node may be network entity 105. Furthermore, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second or third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be UE 115, the second node may be network entity 105, and the third node may be UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be UE 115, the second node may be network entity 105, and the third node may be network entity 105. In other aspects of this example, the first node, the second node, and the third node may be different from these examples. Similarly, references to UE 115, network entity 105, device, equipment, computing system, etc., may include disclosures of UE 115, network entity 105, device, equipment, computing system, etc., as nodes. For example, a disclosure that UE 115 is configured to receive information from network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.

[0048] In some examples, network entity 105 may communicate with core network 130, communicate with each other, or both. For example, network entity 105 may communicate with core network 130 via backhaul communication link 120 (e.g., according to S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocols). In some examples, network entity 105 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via core network 130) via backhaul communication link 120 (e.g., according to X2, Xn, or other interface protocols). In some examples, network entity 105 may communicate with each other via midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., according to midhaul interface protocol) or fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., according to fronthaul interface protocol) or any combination thereof. Backhaul communication link 120, midhaul communication link 162, or fronthaul communication link 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., electrical links, fiber optic links) or one or more wireless links (e.g., radio links, wireless optical links), etc., or various combinations thereof. UE 115 can communicate with core network 130 via communication link 155.

[0049] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or be referred to as base station 140 (e.g., transceiver base station, radio base station, NR base station, access point, radio transceiver, NodeB, eNodeB (eNB), next-generation NodeB or gigabit NodeB (any of which may be referred to as gNB), 5G NB, next-generation eNB (ng-eNB), home NodeB, home eNodeB or other suitable terms). In some examples, network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture that may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically integrated within a single network entity (e.g., network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as base station 140).

[0050] In some examples, network entity 105 may be implemented in a decomposed architecture (e.g., a decomposed base station architecture, a decomposed RAN architecture) that can be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network entity 105) (such as an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) network, an Open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance), or a Virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a Cloud RAN (C-RAN))). For example, network entity 105 may include one or more of the following: a Central Unit (CU) (such as CU 160), a Distributed Unit (DU) (such as DU 165), a Radio Unit (RU) (such as RU 170), a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (such as RIC 175) (e.g., a near real-time RIC, a non-real-time RIC), a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system (such as SMO system 180), or any combination thereof. RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio headend, intelligent radio headend, remote radio headend (RRH), remote radio unit (RRU), or transmit / receive point (TRP). One or more components of network entity 105 in a decomposed RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of network entity 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations). In some examples, one or more network entities in network entity 105 of a decomposed RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., virtual CU (VCU), virtual DU (VDU), virtual RU (VRU)).

[0051] The functional splitting among CU 160, DU 165, and RU 170 is flexible and can support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combination thereof) are performed at CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170. For example, a protocol stack functional splitting can be used between CU 160 and DU 165, allowing CU 160 to support one or more layers of the protocol stack, and DU 165 to support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, CU 160 can host higher protocol layer (e.g., Layer 3 (L3), Layer 2 (L2)) functionalities and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC), Serving Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)). CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) can connect to DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs) or some combination thereof, and DU 165, RU 170, or both can host lower protocol layers, such as Layer 1 (L1) (e.g., Physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, Medium Access Control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and can each be at least partially controlled by CU 160. Additionally or alternatively, a protocol stack functional split may be employed between DU 165 and RU 170, such that DU 165 can support one or more layers of the protocol stack, and RU 170 can support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. DU 165 can (e.g., via one or more different RUs, such as RU 170) support one or more different cells. In some cases, functional decomposition between CU 160 and DU 165, or between DU 165 and RU 170, can be performed within the protocol layer (e.g., some functions of the protocol layer can be performed by one of CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer can be performed by another of CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170). CU 160 can be further functionally decomposed into CU control plane (CU-CP) functions and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. CU 160 can be connected to DU 165 via midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u), and DU 165 can be connected to RU 170 via fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface). In some examples, the midhaul communication link 162 or the fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented based on the interfaces (e.g., channels) between the layers of the protocol stack, each layer of which is supported by a corresponding network entity (e.g., one or more network entities in network entity 105) communicating via such a communication link.

[0052] In some wireless communication systems (e.g., wireless communication system 100), the infrastructure and spectrum resources for radio access can support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, thereby providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to core network 130). In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more network entities in network entity 105 (e.g., network entity 105 or IAB node 104) can be partially controlled by each other. IAB node 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or IAB donor. DU 165 or RU 170 may be partially controlled by CU 160 associated with network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or donor base station). One or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) can communicate with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link 120). IAB node 104 may include an IAB mobile terminal (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DU 165) of a coupled IAB donor. The IAB-MT may be equipped with a separate set of antennas for relaying communication with UE 115, or may share the same antennas (e.g., those of RU 170) for access to IAB node 104 via DU 165 of IAB node 104. (e.g., referred to as a virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT)). In some examples, IAB node 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DU 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node 104, UE 115) within a relay chain or configuration (e.g., downstream) of the access network. In such cases, one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture (e.g., IAB node 104 or components of IAB node 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.

[0053] For example, the access network (AN) or RAN may include communication between an access node (e.g., an IAB donor), IAB node 104, and one or more UEs 115. The IAB donor may facilitate connectivity between the core network 130 and the AN (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130). That is, an IAB donor may refer to a RAN node having a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130. The IAB donor may include one or more of CU 160, DU 165, and RU 170, in which case CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface (e.g., a backhaul link). The IAB donor and IAB node 104 may communicate via an F1 interface according to a protocol defining the signaling messages (e.g., the F1 AP protocol). Additionally or alternatively, CU 160 may communicate with core network 130 via an interface (which may be part of a backhaul link) and may communicate with other CUs (e.g., including CU 160 associated with an alternative IAB donor) via an Xn-C interface (which may be another part of a backhaul link).

[0054] IAB node 104 may refer to a RAN node that provides IAB functionality (e.g., access for UE 115, radio self-backhaul capability, etc.). DU 165 may act as a distributed scheduling node toward child nodes associated with IAB node 104, and IAB-MT may act as a scheduled node toward a parent node associated with IAB node 104. That is, an IAB donor may be referred to as a parent node communicating with one or more child nodes (e.g., an IAB donor may be relayed by other IAB nodes 104 for UE transmission). Additionally or alternatively, IAB node 104 may also be referred to as a parent or child node of other IAB nodes 104, depending on the AN's relay chain or configuration. The IAB-MT entity of IAB node 104 can provide a Uu interface for child IAB nodes (e.g., IAB node 104) to receive signaling from parent IAB nodes (e.g., IAB node 104), and the DU interface (e.g., DU 165) can provide a Uu interface for parent IAB nodes to send signals to child IAB nodes or UE 115.

[0055] For example, IAB node 104 may be referred to as a parent node supporting communication to child IAB nodes, or as a child IAB node associated with an IAB donor, or both. An IAB donor may include a CU 160 having a wired or wireless connection to core network 130 (e.g., backhaul communication link 120) and may act as a parent node of IAB node 104. For example, an IAB donor's DU 165 may relay transmissions to UE 115 via IAB node 104, or may signal transmissions directly to UE 115, or both. An IAB donor's CU 160 may signal the establishment of a communication link to IAB node 104 via an F1 interface, and IAB node 104 may schedule transmissions (e.g., transmissions relayed from the IAB donor to UE 115) via one or more DUs (e.g., DU 165). In other words, data can be relayed to and from IAB node 104 via signaling through the NR Uu interface of the MT to IAB node 104 (e.g., other IAB nodes). Communication with IAB node 104 can be scheduled by the DU 165 of the IAB donor or the DU 165 of IAB node 104.

[0056] When the techniques described herein are applied in the context of a decomposed RAN architecture, one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture can be configured to support the tests described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by UE 115 or network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140) may additionally or alternatively be performed by one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture (e.g., components such as IAB node, DU 165, CU 160, RU 170, RIC 175, SMO system 180).

[0057] UE 115 may include or be referred to as a mobile device, wireless device, remote device, handheld device, or subscriber device, or any other suitable term, wherein "device" may also be referred to as a cell, station, terminal, or client, etc. UE 115 may also include or be referred to as a personal electronic device, such as a cellular phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet computer, laptop computer, or personal computer. In some examples, UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, Internet of Things (IoT) device, Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, etc., which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, etc.

[0058] The UE 115 described herein can communicate with various types of devices, such as the UE 115 which sometimes operates as a relay, and network entity 105 and network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, etc. Figure 1 As shown.

[0059] UE 115 and network entity 105 can wirelessly communicate with each other via communication link 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term "carrier" can refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting communication link 125. For example, a carrier for communication link 125 may include a portion of the RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth portion (BWP)) operating according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling coordinating operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. Wireless communication system 100 may support communication with UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. Depending on the carrier aggregation configuration, UE 115 may be configured to utilize multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers. Carrier aggregation can be used in conjunction with both frequency division duplex (FDD) component carriers and time division duplex (TDD) component carriers. Communication between network entity 105 and other devices can refer to communication between these devices and any part of network entity 105 (e.g., entity, sub-entity). For example, the terms “transmit,” “receive,” or “communicate” when referring to network entity 105 can refer to any part of the RAN’s network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, CU160, DU 165, RU 170) communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more network entities in network entity 105).

[0060] In some examples, such as in carrier aggregation configurations, carriers may have acquisition or control signaling that coordinates operation against other carriers. Carriers may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) Absolute RF Channel Number (EARFCN)) and may be identified according to a channel grating used for discovery by UE 115. Carriers may operate in standalone mode, in which case initial acquisition and connection can be performed by UE 115 via that carrier, or carriers may operate in non-standalone mode, in which case different carriers (e.g., of the same or different RATs) are used to anchor the connection.

[0061] The communication link 125 of the wireless communication system 100 may include downlink transmission (e.g., forward link transmission) from network entity 105 to UE 115, uplink transmission (e.g., return link transmission) from UE 115 to network entity 105, or both, as well as other transmission configurations. The carrier may carry downlink communication or uplink communication (e.g., in FDD mode), or may be configured to carry both downlink and uplink communication (e.g., in TDD mode).

[0062] A carrier may be associated with a specific bandwidth of the RF spectrum, and in some examples, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as the carrier or the “system bandwidth” of the wireless communication system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a set of bandwidths for a carrier for a specific RAT (e.g., 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, or 80 MHz). Devices of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., network entity 105, UE 115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communication using a specific carrier bandwidth, or may be configured to support communication using one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may include network entity 105 or UE 115 that supports concurrent communication using carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 may be configured to operate using a portion (e.g., subband, BWP) or all of the carrier bandwidth.

[0063] The signal waveform transmitted via a carrier may include multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform extended OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCM, a resource element may refer to a resource of one symbol period (e.g., the duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, where the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The number of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the decoding rate of the modulation scheme, or both), such that a relatively high number of resource elements (e.g., in the transmission duration) and a relatively high modulation scheme order correspond to a relatively high communication rate. Wireless communication resources may refer to a combination of RF spectrum resources, temporal resources, and spatial resources (e.g., spatial layers or beams), and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity used for communication with UE 115.

[0064] It can support one or more sets of parameters for a carrier, and the set of parameters may include subcarrier spacing ( (and cyclic prefix). A carrier can be divided into one or more BWPs with the same or different sets of parameters. In some examples, UE 115 can be configured to utilize multiple BWPs. In some examples, a single BWP of a carrier can be active at a given time, and communication for UE 115 can be constrained to one or more active BWPs.

[0065] The time interval for network entity 105 or UE 115 can be expressed as a multiple of a basic time unit, such as the sampling period. seconds, in response This can represent the supported subcarrier spacing, while This can represent the supported Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) size. The time interval for organizing communication resources can be based on radio frames, each with a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame can be identified by a System Frame Number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0066] Each frame may include multiple consecutively numbered subframes or time slots, and each subframe or time slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may (e.g., in the time domain) be divided into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a number of time slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable number of time slots, and the number of time slots may depend on the subcarrier spacing. Each time slot may include a number of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix appended to each symbol period). In some wireless communication systems, such as wireless communication system 100, time slots may be further divided into multiple micro-time slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., The duration of a symbol period is associated with a (number) sampling period. The duration of a symbol period can depend on the subcarrier spacing or the operating frequency band.

[0067] A subframe, time slot, micro-time slot, or symbol can be the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., in the time domain) and can be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the duration of the TTI (e.g., the number of symbol periods in the TTI) can be variable. Additionally or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 can be dynamically selected (e.g., in a burst of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

[0068] Depending on the technology, carriers can be used to multiplex physical channels for communication. One or more of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques can be used, for example, to multiplex physical control channels and physical data channels for signaling via a downlink carrier. The control region (e.g., control resource set (CORESET)) of the physical control channel can be defined by a set of symbol periods and can extend across the system bandwidth of the carrier or a subset of that bandwidth. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESET) can be configured for a set of UEs 115. For example, one or more UEs in UE 115 can monitor or search for control regions to obtain control information based on one or more search space sets, and each search space set can include one or more control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a concatenated manner. The aggregation level of control channel candidates can refer to the amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with coded information for a control information format having a given payload size. The search space set may include a public search space set configured to transmit control information to UE115 (e.g., one or more UEs), or it may include a UE-specific search space set configured to transmit control information to UE115 (e.g., a particular UE).

[0069] Network entity 105 may provide communication coverage via one or more cells (e.g., macro cells, small cells, hotspots, or other types of cells, or any combination thereof). The term "cell" may refer to a logical communication entity used (e.g., using a carrier) to communicate with network entity 105 and may be associated with an identifier used to distinguish adjacent cells (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCID), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCID)). In some examples, a cell may also refer to a coverage area 110 or a portion of coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) in which a logical communication entity operates. Depending on various factors such as the capabilities of network entity 105, the range of such cells may be from smaller areas (e.g., structures, subsets of structures) to larger areas. For example, a cell may be a building, a subset of buildings, or external space between or overlapping coverage areas 110, or may include buildings, subsets of buildings, or external space between or overlapping coverage areas.

[0070] Macro cells typically cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., a radius of several kilometers) and allow unrestricted access to UE 115 that has a service subscription with a network provider supporting the macro cell. Small cells may be associated with network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140 operating at lower power) that operate relative to macro cells, and small cells may operate using the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands as macro cells. Small cells may provide unrestricted access to UE 115 that has a service subscription with a network provider, or restricted access to UE 115 associated with a small cell (e.g., UE 115 in a closed subscriber group (CSG), UE 115 associated with a user in a home or office). Network entity 105 may support one or more cells and may also use one or more component carriers to support communication via one or more cells.

[0071] In some examples, a carrier can support multiple cells and can be configured with different cells based on different protocol types that can provide access for different types of devices (e.g., MTC, Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)).

[0072] In some examples, network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) may be mobile, and thus provide communication coverage to mobile coverage areas (such as coverage area 110). In some examples, coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies (e.g., different coverage areas) may overlap, but coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., network entity 105). In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas (such as coverage area 110) associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., network entity 105). The wireless communication system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of network entities 105 use the same or different RATs to support communication for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas).

[0073] The wireless communication system 100 can support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, network entities 105 (e.g., base station 140) can have similar frame timing, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different network entities within network entity 105) can be roughly aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, network entities 105 can have different frame timing, and in some examples, transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different network entities within network entity 105) may not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein can be used for both synchronous and asynchronous operation.

[0074] Some UE 115 devices (such as MTC or IoT devices) can be relatively low-cost or low-complexity devices and can provide automated communication between machines (e.g., via machine-to-machine (M2M) communication). M2M communication or MTC can refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with each other or with network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140) without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communication from devices with integrated sensors or instruments to measure or acquire information and relay such information to a central server or application that uses the information or presents it to people interacting with the application. Some UE 115 devices may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.

[0075] Some UE 115s can be configured to operate in a power-saving mode, such as half-duplex communication (e.g., a mode that supports unidirectional communication via transmission or reception but does not transmit and receive concurrently). In some examples, half-duplex communication can be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power-saving techniques for UE 115 may include entering a power-saving deep sleep mode when not engaged in active communication, operating with limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communication), or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UE 115s can be configured to operate using a narrowband protocol type associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., a set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs)) within a carrier, within a carrier's guard band, or outside a carrier.

[0076] Wireless communication system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communication or low-latency communication, or various combinations thereof. For example, wireless communication system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). UE 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communication may include private or group communication and may be supported by one or more services, such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritizing services, and such services may be used for public safety or general business applications. The terms “ultra-reliable,” “low-latency,” and “ultra-reliable low-latency” are used interchangeably herein.

[0077] In some examples, UE 115 may be configured to support direct communication with other UEs (e.g., one or more UEs in UE 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link (such as D2D communication link 135) (e.g., according to a peer-to-peer (P2P), D2D, or sidelink protocol). In some examples, one or more UEs 115 in a group performing D2D communication may be within the coverage area 110 of network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170), which may support aspects of such D2D communication configured (e.g., scheduled by network entity 105). In some examples, one or more UEs 115 in such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of network entity 105, or may otherwise be unable or not configured to receive transmissions from network entity 105. In some examples, a group of UEs 115 communicating via D2D communication can support a one-to-many (1:M) system, in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more UEs within the group. In some examples, network entity 105 can facilitate the scheduling of resources used for D2D communication. In some other examples, D2D communication can be performed between UEs 115 without involving network entity 105.

[0078] In some systems, the D2D communication link 135 may be an example of a communication channel (such as a sidelink communication channel) between vehicles (e.g., UE 115). In some examples, vehicles may communicate using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2X) communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, or some combination of these. Vehicles may signal information related to traffic conditions, signaling, weather, safety, emergencies, or any other information relevant to the V2X system. In some examples, vehicles in a V2X system may communicate with roadside infrastructure (such as roadside units), or communicate with the network via one or more network nodes (e.g., network entity 105, base station 140, RU 170) using vehicle-to-network (V2N) communication, or both.

[0079] Core network 130 provides user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. Core network 130 can be an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC), which may include at least one control plane entity (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), access and mobility management function (AMF)) for managing access and mobility, and at least one user plane entity (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or user plane function (UPF)) for routing packets or interconnecting to external networks. The control plane entity manages non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management of UE 115 served by network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140) associated with core network 130. User IP packets can be transferred through user plane entities, which provide IP address allocation and other functions. User plane entities can connect to one or more network operator IP services 150. IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, intranets, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or packet-switched streaming services.

[0080] Wireless communication system 100 can operate using one or more frequency bands in the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Generally, the area from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is referred to as the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band or decimeter band because the wavelength range is approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features (which may be referred to as clusters), but these waves are sufficient to penetrate structures so that macrocells can provide service to UE 115 located indoors. Compared to communication using smaller frequencies and longer wavelengths in the High Frequency (HF) or Very High Frequency (VHF) portions of the spectrum below 300 MHz, communication using UHF waves can be associated with smaller antennas and shorter distances (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers).

[0081] The wireless communication system 100 can also operate in the ultra-high frequency (SHF) region (also known as the centimeter band) in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz or in the extremely high frequency (EHF) region (e.g., 30 GHz to 300 GHz) (also known as the millimeter band) using the spectrum. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 can support millimeter-wave (mmW) communication between the UE 115 and network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170), and the EHF antennas of the corresponding devices can be smaller and closer together than UHF antennas. In some examples, such techniques facilitate the use of antenna arrays within the device. However, compared to SHF or UHF transmission, EHF transmission may experience even greater attenuation and shorter distances. The techniques disclosed herein can be adopted for transmission across one or more different frequency regions, and the frequency band usage specified across these frequency regions may vary by country or regulatory authority.

[0082] Wireless communication system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, wireless communication system 100 may employ licensed assisted access (LAA), LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using unlicensed frequency bands (such as the 5 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band). When operating using unlicensed RF spectrum, devices such as network entity 105 and UE 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operation using unlicensed frequency bands may be based on carrier aggregation configurations combined with component carriers used in operation using licensed frequency bands (e.g., LAA). Operation using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmission, uplink transmission, P2P transmission, or D2D transmission, etc.

[0083] Network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) or UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas that can be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication, or beamforming. The antennas of network entity 105 or UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which can support MIMO operation or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly (such as an antenna tower). In some examples, the antennas or antenna arrays associated with network entity 105 may be located at different geographical locations. Network entity 105 may include an antenna array having a collection of multiple rows and columns of antenna ports that network entity 105 can use to support beamforming for communication with UE 115. Similarly, UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that can support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally or alternatively, the antenna panel may support RF beamforming for signals transmitted via the antenna ports.

[0084] Network entity 105 or UE 115 can use MIMO communication to leverage multipath signal propagation and improve spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers. This technique is known as spatial multiplexing. The multiple signals can be transmitted, for example, by a transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Similarly, the multiple signals can be received by a receiving device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals can be referred to as a separate spatial stream and can carry information associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., different codewords). Different spatial layers can be associated with different antenna ports used for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO techniques include: single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), where multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receiving device; and multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), where multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple devices.

[0085] Beamforming (also known as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception) is a signal processing technique that can be used at a transmitting or receiving device (e.g., network entity 105, UE 115) to shape or guide an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting and receiving devices. Beamforming can be achieved by combining signals transmitted via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along a specific orientation relative to the antenna array experience constructive interference, while other signals experience destructive interference. Adjustments to the signals transmitted via the antenna elements may include applying amplitude shifts, phase shifts, or both to the signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of these antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a specific orientation (e.g., relative to the antenna array of the transmitting or receiving device or relative to some other orientation).

[0086] Network entity 105 or UE 115 may use beam scanning technology as part of beamforming operations. For example, network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to perform beamforming operations for directional communication with UE 115. Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted multiple times by network entity 105 in different directions. For example, network entity 105 may transmit signals according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different transmission directions. Beam directions may be identified (e.g., by a transmitting device (such as network entity 105) or by a receiving device (such as UE 115)) by transmission along different beam directions for later transmission or reception by network entity 105.

[0087] Some signals (such as data signals associated with a specific receiving device) may be transmitted by a transmitting device (e.g., network entity 105 or UE 115) along a single beam direction (e.g., the direction associated with a receiving device (such as another network entity 105 or UE 115). In some examples, the beam direction associated with transmission along a single beam direction may be determined based on the signals transmitted along one or more beam directions. For example, UE 115 may receive one or more signals transmitted by network entity 105 in different directions and may report to network entity 105 an indication of signals received by UE 115 with the highest signal quality or other acceptable signal quality.

[0088] In some examples, transmissions performed by a device (e.g., network entity 105 or UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital pre-decoding or beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from network entity 105 to UE 115). UE 115 may report feedback indicating pre-decoding weights for one or more beam directions, and this feedback may correspond to a configured set of beams across the system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. Network entity 105 may transmit reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS)) that may or may not be pre-decoded. UE 115 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a pre-decoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., multi-panel codebook, linear combination codebook, port selection codebook). Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted by network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) along one or more directions, UE 115 may use similar techniques to transmit signals multiple times along different directions (e.g., to identify the beam direction used by UE 115 for subsequent transmission or reception), or to transmit signals along a single direction (e.g., to transmit data to a receiving device).

[0089] A receiving device (e.g., UE 115) may perform reception operations according to multiple reception configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals (such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) from a transmitting device (e.g., network entity 105). For example, the receiving device may perform reception according to multiple reception directions by: receiving via different antenna subarrays; processing the received signal according to different antenna subarrays; receiving according to different sets of reception beamforming weights applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of the antenna array (e.g., different directional listening weight sets); or processing the received signal according to different sets of reception beamforming weights applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of the antenna array. Any of these operations may be referred to as “listening” according to different reception configurations or reception directions. In some examples, the receiving device may use a single reception configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when a data signal is received). A single receiver configuration can be aligned along a beam direction determined by listening according to different receiver configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have the highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or other acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions).

[0090] The wireless communication system 100 can be a packet-based network operating according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communication at the bearer or PDCP layer can be IP-based. The RLC layer performs packet segmentation and reassembly for transmission via logical channels. The MAC layer performs priority processing and multiplexing of logical channels to transport channels. The MAC layer can also implement error detection, error correction, or both to support retransmission and improve link efficiency. In the control plane, the RRC layer can provide the establishment, configuration, and maintenance of RRC connections between the UE 115 and network entity 105 or core network 130 supporting user plane data radio bearers. The PHY layer maps transport channels to physical channels.

[0091] UE 115 and network entity 105 can support data retransmission to increase the likelihood of successful data reception. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) feedback is a technique used to increase the likelihood of correctly receiving data via communication links (e.g., communication link 125, D2D communication link 135). HARQ may include a combination of error detection (e.g., using Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)), forward error correction (FEC), and retransmission (e.g., Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)). HARQ can improve throughput at the MAC layer under relatively poor radio conditions (e.g., low signal-to-noise ratio conditions). In some examples, the device may support same-slot HARQ feedback, in which case the device can provide HARQ feedback in a specific time slot for data received via a previous symbol in that time slot. In some other examples, the device may provide HARQ feedback in subsequent time slots or according to a different time interval.

[0092] Some UEs 115 (e.g., NR UEs) can perform frequency offset estimation and correction as part of the downlink process. For example, when UE 115 searches for a synchronization signal (e.g., a primary synchronization signal (PSS)), UE 115 can frequency-shift the received waveform using candidate frequency offsets (e.g., candidate offsets can be spaced half-carriers) before correlating the received waveform with the local PSS sequence. Frequency offsets smaller than half-carriers can be estimated by correlating the cyclic prefix of each OFDM symbol in the SSB with the corresponding portion of the OFDM symbol. The phase of such correlation can be proportional to the frequency offset. When UE 115 is synchronized to network entity 105, UE 115 can monitor periodic transmissions (e.g., synchronization signal blocks (SSBs)) for time and frequency tracking (e.g., to avoid or resolve frequency offset errors). In some cases, the residual frequency offset error after such downlink synchronization procedures may be small.

[0093] However, the methods used by such UEs (e.g., NR UEs) may not be suitable for environmental device 205. For example, the downlink receiver at environmental device 205 may be an incoherent envelope detector to support reduced complexity. For example, the receiver at environmental device 205 may not be able to extract phase offset information from the received waveform to estimate frequency offset error information. In some examples, frequency shifting the received waveform using candidate frequency offsets before envelope detection for frequency offset estimation may result in increased receiver complexity (e.g., it may not be supported by environmental device 205).

[0094] In some examples, the UE 115 (e.g., environmental devices such as those in AIoT deployments) can support a parallel envelope detector with two branches for frequency error correction. A reference signal can be transmitted using sufficient guard bands to accommodate a large initial frequency offset of the local oscillator (LO). The detector envelopes from the two branches can be compared, and the comparison result can be used to adjust the LO frequency. If a negative frequency offset exists, the output amplitude of the upper branch can be higher than that of the lower branch. The opposite is true if a positive frequency offset exists. The receiver of the UE 115 can then be able to estimate the polarity of the frequency offset and adjust the LO accordingly (e.g., in steps). However, such an approach can lead to one or more limitations. For example, a parallel envelope detector with two branches can increase receiver complexity and power consumption at the device. Such techniques can also support polarity detection, and the LO adjustment can be based on a predefined step size. However, this process can be repeated several times until convergence is determined. Due to the frequency drift of the LO, such a process can be performed periodically. Additionally or alternatively, the output amplitude of one of the two branches may be affected by the frequency-selective fading of the channel, and the estimated frequency offset may be incorrect when the channel gains of the two frequency bands are different.

[0095] According to the techniques described herein, network entity 105 can transmit frequency-hopping synchronization signals (e.g., narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulated synchronization signals) based on a frequency-hopping pattern (e.g., a mapping between frequency resources and corresponding symbols, such that the frequency-hopping pattern indicates which frequency resources to transmit synchronization signals during which symbols). The transmission of such synchronization signals can enable frequency error estimation performed by environmental devices. In some examples, the network entity can send control signaling to environmental devices, which may include an indication of a frequency-hopping offset value, an indication of a frequency-hopping pattern, or both.

[0096] UE 115 can monitor the synchronization signal via the first frequency resource and can detect the synchronization signal during the first symbol. Based on the frequency hopping mode, the environmental device can determine and correct any frequency offset error. For example, network entity 105 can transmit a first portion of the frequency hopping synchronization signal via the first frequency resource during the first symbol. UE 115 can monitor the first frequency resource across multiple symbols. If the environmental device detects the synchronization signal via the first frequency resource during the first symbol (e.g., as expected according to the frequency hopping mode), UE 115 can determine that there is no frequency offset error (e.g., or the frequency offset error is small or meets a threshold). If UE 115 detects the synchronization signal via the first frequency resource during the second symbol (e.g., this is not expected according to the frequency hopping mode), UE 115 can determine a frequency offset error.

[0097] Figure 2An example of a wireless communication system 200 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. This wireless communication system may implement, or be implemented by, aspects of the wireless communication system 100. For example, the wireless communication system 200 may include a network entity 105-a and an environmental device 205 (e.g., which may be an example of a UE 115 or another wireless device), which may be references... Figure 1 Examples of the corresponding devices described.

[0098] In some examples, the wireless communication system 200 may support an AIoT system. An AIoT system may support wireless communication based on harvested energy, where wireless devices (e.g., environmental device 205) can support limited operational complexity and energy budgets. The AIoT system can be implemented for inventory, location, tracking, sensors, and more. Environmental device 205 may be an NB-IoT device, an enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) device, a redcap device, and so on.

[0099] Different types of wireless devices can support varying methods of transmitting signal generation and energy storage. In some examples, environmental device 205 may be a battery-free device without energy storage capabilities and may depend on the availability of an ambient energy source for energy harvesting. In some examples, environmental device 205 may be a semi-passive device with limited energy storage capabilities (e.g., storage capacity) and may perform backscatter wireless communication by modulating the incoming radio frequency (RF) signal (e.g., it may not be equipped with active RF components). In some examples, environmental device 205 may be capable of active transmission (e.g., it may be a primarily non-backscattering device, or it may include active radio components capable of uplink transmissions that do not rely entirely on or do not rely on backscattering of the incoming RF signal). Environmental device 205 may be a low-complexity or low-cost device. In some examples, the instantaneous power consumption of environmental device 205 may be below a threshold (e.g., 1mW or 10mW).

[0100] Environmental device 205 can use oscillators that are less stable than those of more expensive and complex devices (e.g., a resistor-capacitor (RC) oscillator can be used instead of a crystal oscillator). Using such oscillators reduces costs, but at the cost of increased frequency error of the clock at environmental device 205 (e.g., a threshold frequency error could be equal to 200 parts per million (200 ppm)). For example, for a clock with a threshold error of 200 ppm, the initial frequency offset when the UE powers on can be as high as 800 kHz for a 4 GHz carrier frequency. Such frequency errors can lead to failed or incomplete signaling, reduced quality or reliability of radio signaling, etc. For some types of radio signaling (e.g., on / off keying (OOK)), the performance loss due to frequency offset may be minor because the OOK receiver can perform envelope detection, and the signal envelope may be unaffected by the frequency offset. In some cases (e.g., downlink OOK signaling), OOK signals can be more robust to frequency errors and offsets than other types of signaling (e.g., frequency shift keying (FSK) signaling). For example, for a frequency error of 800 kHz, the SNR degradation can be less than 2 dB. Alternatively, if the guard band covers frequency offset errors, adjacent channel interference may not cause performance degradation.

[0101] However, such frequency errors can lead to significant performance degradation for uplink signaling. For example, FSK or PSK signaling can be used for uplink transmission (e.g., in addition to OOK), and demodulation of such uplink signaling can be based on a coherent receiver. Large frequency offset errors can lead to rapid channel changes. Accurate time-domain channel estimation with rapid channel changes may only be possible with an increase in the number of DMRS (e.g., this may lead to inefficient use of available system resources, increased system latency, etc.). Environmental equipment 205 (e.g., which may be equipped with low-complexity active radio components) can utilize multi-tone OFDM signaling to increase data rates. OFDM signaling may be particularly sensitive to frequency offset errors. When various radio devices (e.g., UE 115) are assigned adjacent frequency resources, large frequency offset errors can lead to inter-UE interference. Frequency offset errors may also be referred to as frequency error or frequency offset, etc.

[0102] The techniques described herein support frequency offset estimation and correction (e.g., for uplink transmissions by environment device 205 equipped with low-complexity active radio components). The techniques described herein can also be applied to other types of devices for uplink or downlink signaling. See references... Figure 1The method described, which correctly relies on the downlink synchronization process for error, may not be supported by the environment device 205, and other methods for using parallel envelope detectors to detect and correct frequency offset errors may increase the complexity at the environment device 205 (e.g., they may not be supported by the environment device 205, or if they are supported, they may offset the cost and complexity gains of the low complexity and low cost nature of the environment device 205 in AIoT deployments).

[0103] According to the techniques described herein, network entity 105-a can transmit synchronization signal 210. In some examples, synchronization signal 210 can be a narrowband OOK modulated synchronization signal. Network entity 105-a can transmit synchronization signal 210 according to a frequency hopping mode (e.g., via multiple frequency resources across carriers), which can enable frequency error estimation performed by environmental device 205 (e.g., which may be referred to as an A-IoT UE). In some examples, network entity 105-a can transmit control signaling 215, which may include an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. In some examples, control signaling 215 may also include an indication of a frequency hopping mode (e.g., a mapping between frequency resources and corresponding symbols, such that the frequency hopping mode indicates which frequency resources to transmit the synchronization signal via during which symbols). For example, control signaling 215 may include uplink granting (e.g., a downlink control information (DCI) message granting resources for subsequent uplink transmission). Control signaling (e.g., uplink permission) may include indications of frequency hopping offset values, frequency hopping modes, the number of frequency hoppings in a frequency hopping mode, or any combination thereof.

[0104] Environmental device 205 can monitor synchronization signal 210 via a first frequency resource and can detect synchronization signal 210 during the first symbol period. Based on the frequency hopping mode, environmental device 205 can determine and correct any frequency offset error. For example, network entity 105-a can transmit a first portion of the frequency hopping synchronization signal 210 via the first frequency resource during the first symbol period. Environmental device 205 can monitor the first frequency resource across multiple symbols. If environmental device 205 detects a synchronization signal via the first frequency resource during the first symbol period (e.g., as expected according to the frequency hopping mode), then environmental device 205 can determine that there is no frequency offset error (e.g., or the frequency offset error is small or meets a threshold). If environmental device 205 detects a synchronization signal via the first frequency resource during the second symbol period (e.g., this is not expected according to the frequency hopping mode), then environmental device 205 can determine a frequency offset error. For example, as referenced... Figures 3 to 5In more detail, the environmental device 205 can determine the symbol index of the second symbol, determine the second frequency resource corresponding to the second symbol according to the frequency hopping mode, and determine the frequency offset error based on the difference between the first frequency resource and the second frequency resource (e.g., in terms of the frequency hopping offset value).

[0105] Figure 3 An example of a timeline 300 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an AIoT deployment, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Timeline 300 may implement, or be implemented by, aspects of wireless communication system 100 and wireless communication system 200. For example, network entity 105-b and environmental device 305 (e.g., they may be as referenced) Figures 1 to 2 (The example of the corresponding device described) can communicate according to timeline 300.

[0106] Network entity 105-a can transmit synchronization signal 310. In some examples, synchronization signal 310 can be a narrowband OOK modulated synchronization signal. Network entity 105-b can transmit according to a predefined frequency hopping pattern (e.g., multiple frequencies across carriers). f The frequency hopping synchronization signal 310 is sent to the environment device 305. The transmission of this frequency hopping synchronization signal 310 enables the frequency offset error estimation performed by the environment device 305.

[0107] The frequency hopping mode can be known to the environment device 305. For example, network entity 105-b can (e.g., via control signaling 215) send an indication of the frequency hopping mode to the environment device 305, or the environment device 305 can use the frequency hopping mode for hard decoding. The frequency hopping mode can indicate the mapping of the hopping synchronization signal to the frequency position of the carrier. For example, the frequency hopping mode can indicate the mapping of the frequency resources of the hopping synchronization signal 310 to the symbol index (e.g., frequency resources). Mapped to symbol 0, frequency resource Mapped to symbol 1, frequency resources Mapping to symbol 2, etc. (See reference). Figures 4 to 5 In more detail, the environmental device 305 can determine and correct any frequency offset error based at least in part on the symbol index of the synchronization signal 310 detected on a particular frequency resource and the mapping indicated by the frequency hopping mode.

[0108] In some examples, the first portion of the OOK signal can be mapped to a first frequency resource (e.g., ),in It is the center frequency of the carrier wave. This indicates the bandwidth of the OOK signal, and It is frequency hopping offset (e.g., where and Indicates the size of the guard band. Number of frequency hopping (e.g., K A frequency hopping or K The number of symbols can be equal to the number of symbols in which the OOK signal is transmitted, and the threshold frequency offset is defined as the frequency hopping value. A multiple of ). Therefore, the first portion of the synchronization signal 310 (e.g., the first OOK signal) can be mapped to the first frequency resource in the first symbol (e.g., The second part of the synchronization signal 310 (e.g., the second OOK signal) can be mapped to the second frequency resource in the second symbol (e.g., ), and the third part of the synchronization signal 310 (e.g., the third OOK signal) can be mapped to the third frequency resource in the third symbol (e.g., ).

[0109] Network entity 105-b can generate a synchronization signal 310 (e.g., which may include an inverse fast Fourier transform and a cyclic prefix), and can transmit the synchronization signal 310 via various frequency resources according to a frequency hopping mode. For example, m Can indicate frequency resources f The location. The first part of the synchronization signal 310 can be transmitted via the first frequency resource. To send, the first frequency resource may be located in At this point, the second part of the synchronization signal 310 can be transmitted via the second frequency resource. To send, the second frequency resource can be located in Furthermore, the third part of the synchronization signal 310 can be transmitted via a third frequency resource. To send, the third frequency resource can be located in This is based on the frequency hopping mode and frequency hopping offset. of.

[0110] In some examples, network entity 105-b can transmit synchronization signal 310 as an OOK-modulated synchronization signal, and can transmit the OOK signal without frequency reuse of other signals. In some examples, network entity 105-a can transmit joint modulation of OOK and FSK signals for frequency offset error estimation. In such examples, a mapping to time-domain waveforms and frequency locations can be predefined. In some examples, a mapping from time-domain waveforms to frequency locations can be defined in a lookup table (LUT) (e.g., frequency hopping mode). For example, network entity 105-b can transmit control signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, DCI signaling, etc.) instructing the LUT, which may include multiple indices, each mapping a time-domain waveform to a frequency location. Such LUTs are illustrated in Table 1.

[0111] Table 1

[0112] For reference Figure 4 In more detail, the environmental device 305 can monitor the synchronization signal 310 and perform frequency offset error detection and correction based on it.

[0113] Figure 4 Examples of timelines 400, 401, and 402 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments according to one or more aspects of this disclosure are shown. Timelines 400, 401, and 402 may implement, or be implemented by, aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, and timeline 300. For example, network entities and environmental devices (e.g., they may be references) Figures 1 to 3 (Examples of the corresponding devices described) can communicate with each other according to one or more of timelines 400, 401 and 402.

[0114] Network entities (e.g., network entity 105) can send frequency hopping synchronization signals (e.g., as referenced). Figures 2 to 3 (More detailed description). Network entities can transmit synchronization signals across multiple frequency resources based on frequency hopping patterns. Frequency resources can be configured based on frequency hopping offset values ​​(e.g., The frequency hopping pattern can be defined by (e.g., ) frequency resources, each mapped to a symbol (e.g., 7 frequency hoppings across symbols 0 to 6). The location of each of the 7 frequency hoppings for such a pattern can be referenced to the center frequency (e.g., ). )by Frequency resources are defined as integer multiples of each other. For example, frequency resources may include... , , , , , and Each symbol can correspond to a specific frequency resource (e.g., symbol 0 corresponds to...). Symbol 1 corresponds to Network entities can send synchronization signals according to frequency hopping patterns (e.g., as referenced). Figure 4 exemplified).

[0115] Environmental devices can receive indications of frequency hopping offset values ​​(e.g., Control signaling. Environmental devices can utilize... Configure the ADC sampling rate (for example, the sampling frequency can be set to equal to...). The value is used to receive the synchronization signal and estimate the frequency offset error. For example, using Setting the ADC sampling rate can limit the receiver bandwidth at the ambient device (e.g., the receiver bandwidth can be set to be no greater than the synchronization signal bandwidth). Setting the ADC sampling rate as described herein can be equivalent to or similar to configuring a low-pass filter so that the ambient device receives only a portion of the frequency-hopping synchronization signal (e.g., via a specific frequency resource or during a specific symbol, or both).

[0116] Environmental devices can be accessed via a first frequency resource (e.g., 7) of multiple frequency resources. The environment device monitors the synchronization signal. In some examples, the frequency resources to be monitored can be indicated via control signaling (e.g., via uplink permission), or can be defined by referring to the frequency hopping mode (e.g., the first frequency resource among a plurality of frequency resources for hopping the synchronization signal), or can be indicated via a LUT (e.g., the index of the LUT can indicate to the environment device which frequency resource corresponds to the on-time of the synchronization signal, and thus indicate which frequency resource the environment device should monitor for the synchronization signal).

[0117] In some examples, the environmental device may not detect the frequency offset error (e.g., or it may determine that the frequency offset error is small or meets a threshold error). For example, the environmental device may monitor a first frequency resource for a synchronization signal (e.g., Based on the frequency hopping mode, the environmental device can anticipate the activation duration of the frequency hopping mode (e.g., time-domain waveform) via... This occurs during symbol 0. Environmental devices can use equal to... The sampling rate of the value is used to monitor If the environmental device detects a synchronization signal during symbol 0 (e.g., enable duration), the environmental device can determine that there is no frequency offset error (e.g., or there is a very small or negligible frequency error). For example, the environmental device can determine that the frequency offset error is less than... G Or greater than -G. In such examples, the environment device may suppress the performance of frequency offset error correction (e.g., for subsequent uplink transmissions).

[0118] In some examples, it is possible to obtain a quantity of N (For example, A single open symbol (e.g., the open duration of a synchronization signal) is detected in the OOK signal and transitions. The ambient device can estimate the frequency offset error based on the index of the decoded OK at the symbol time position. In some examples, the estimated frequency offset error can be given as a multiple of the frequency hopping offset value based on the index of the decoded OOK at the symbol time position. For example, according to timeline 401, the ambient device can monitor... (For example, at the environmental device), and it is expected that a synchronization signal will be received during symbol 0 (e.g., the activation duration of the synchronization signal can be expected). However, the environmental device may alternatively receive the synchronization signal during symbol 1 via... Detect the synchronization signal (e.g., the duration of the synchronization signal's activation). Depending on the frequency hopping mode, symbol 1 may correspond to a frequency resource. (For example, as illustrated in reference timeline 400). Therefore, environmental equipment can determine the presence of a large (e.g., or detectable) negative frequency offset error (e.g., ,in (This represents the estimated frequency offset error).

[0119] Similarly, based on timeline 402, a single open symbol can be detected in symbol 4. For example, environmental devices can monitor... (For example, at the environmental device), and it is expected that a synchronization signal will be received during symbol 0 (e.g., the activation duration of the synchronization signal can be expected). However, the environmental device may alternatively receive the synchronization signal during symbol 4 via... Detect the synchronization signal (e.g., the duration of the synchronization signal's activation). Depending on the frequency hopping mode, symbol 4 may correspond to a frequency resource. (For example, as illustrated in reference timeline 400). Therefore, environmental equipment can determine the presence of a large (e.g., or detectable) positive frequency offset error (e.g., ).

[0120] In some examples, it is possible to... N Two consecutive on-symbols are detected in an OOK signal and frequency hopping. In such examples, the estimated frequency offset can be determined to be between two values ​​(e.g., the average of two offsets, where the first frequency offset value corresponds to the first symbol and the second frequency offset value corresponds to the second symbol). For example, an ambient device can detect a synchronization signal during two (e.g., consecutive) symbols. In such examples, the ambient device can determine that the frequency offset error is between the frequency offsets (e.g., if the ambient device detects a synchronization signal during both symbol 2 and symbol 3). If a synchronization signal is detected, the environmental equipment can determine that the frequency offset is... ).

[0121] In some examples, such as reference Figure 5 In more detail, the synchronization signal used for frequency offset estimation and correction can be transmitted aperiodically and can be triggered by uplink permission scheduled for active transmission by environmental equipment. In some examples, the techniques described herein can be triggered periodically or aperiodically, or can be applied to downlink or uplink signaling.

[0122] Figure 5An example of a timeline 500 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an AIoT deployment according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Timeline 500 may implement, or be implemented by, aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, and timelines 300, 400, 401, and 402. For example, network entities and environmental devices (e.g., they may be references) Figures 1 to 4 (Examples of the corresponding devices described) can communicate with each other according to timeline 500.

[0123] Network entities can transmit frequency hopping synchronization signals aperiodically (e.g., for frequency offset error estimation). For example, the transmission of the synchronization signal can be triggered by an uplink grant (e.g., DCI 505) that schedules uplink transmissions (e.g., transmission 520) performed by an uplink transmitter at an environmental device. DCI 505 can schedule resources for uplink transmission 520. The uplink grant (e.g., DCI 505) can include an activation command for frequency offset error estimation and correction, an indication of the frequency hopping offset value, the number of hops for aperiodic synchronization transmission, an indication of the frequency hopping mode, or any combination thereof. The value of the frequency hopping offset can determine the residual frequency offset (e.g., as referenced). Figure 6 (More detailed description).

[0124] The timing relationship between DCI 505 (e.g., carrying an activation command for frequency offset error estimation), aperiodic synchronization signal 510, and uplink transmission 520 can be predefined (e.g., indicated via control signaling, included in DCI 505, defined in one or more standard documents, or otherwise indicated to or known by the environment device). For example, a network entity can transmit DCI 505 and can initiate the transmission of frequency hopping synchronization signal 510 after time offset 525. The environment device can transmit uplink transmission 520 at least a time gap 535 after receiving the synchronization signal. Time gap 535 can have a duration sufficient for the environment device to estimate and correct the frequency offset error before transmission.

[0125] In some examples, the uplink allows scheduling multiple steps 515 (e.g., stages) of an aperiodic synchronization signal 510, with a decreasing frequency hopping offset value for each step 515. Then, after each step 515, the environment device can use the estimated frequency offset error to tune its LO. For example, at the end of time offset 525, the network entity can transmit a first synchronization signal based on a first frequency hopping offset value during a first step 515-a (e.g., including multiple frequency hopping across multiple symbols, such as synchronization signal 510-a via a first frequency resource and synchronization signal 510-b via a second frequency resource). The network entity can also transmit a second synchronization signal based on a second frequency hopping offset value during a second step 515-b, or can transmit the same synchronization signal again (e.g., including multiple frequency hopping across multiple symbols, such as synchronization signal 510-c via a third frequency resource and synchronization signal 510-d via a fourth frequency resource). In some examples, the second step 515-b can occur after time gap 530. In some examples, time offset 525, time gap 530, time gap 535, or any combination thereof may be indicated via DCI 505, via other control signaling (e.g., RRC signaling), may be defined in one or more standards, or any combination thereof.

[0126] Environmental devices may include one or more components, as illustrated in reference device 540. Device 540 may include a channel estimator 545, a filter 550, an envelope detector 555, an ADC 560, and a baseband processor 565, as well as other components. In some examples, the channel estimator 545 may receive or detect an aperiodic frequency hopping synchronization signal. The channel estimator may direct the signal to the filter 550 (e.g., which may be located on a first frequency resource such as a center frequency). A low-pass filter at a certain location provides an output (e.g., an estimated channel). Filter 550 can provide a filtered output to envelope detector 555. ADC 560 can receive the output from envelope detector (e.g., the envelope detected on the filtered channel) and can further receive sampling frequency 570 (e.g., based on or equal to a first frequency hopping value for first step 515-a, or based on or equal to a second frequency hopping value for second step 515-b). The output of ADC 560 can be provided to baseband processor 565, which can output a frequency offset error estimate (e.g., according to the techniques described herein).

[0127] Figure 6An example of a process flow 600 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an AIoT deployment according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Process flow 600 may implement, or be implemented by, aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, and timelines 300, 400, 401, 402, and 500. For example, network entity 105-c and environmental device 605 (e.g., they may be references) Figures 1 to 5 The examples of the corresponding devices described can communicate with each other according to process flow 600.

[0128] At 610, network entity 105-c can send control signaling (e.g., control signaling that environment device 605 can receive). Control signaling may include uplink grants (e.g., DCI messages) sent for uplink transmission (e.g., at 625, 645, or both). Control signaling may include activation messages for synchronization signals used for frequency error estimation, indications of frequency hopping offset values, indications of frequency hopping modes, or any combination thereof. In some examples, environment device 605 may receive a second control signaling indicating a frequency hopping mode (e.g., at 610 or via separate control signaling). In some examples, the synchronization signal may be a narrowband OOK modulated signal, wherein, according to the frequency hopping mode, a first portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a first frequency resource during the first symbol, and a second portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a second frequency resource during the second symbol (e.g., as referenced). Figures 3 to 4 (As illustrated). In some examples, the synchronization signal may be a jointly modulated time-domain waveform including both the OOK and FSK signals, and the frequency hopping mode may include a mapping between the time-domain waveform and frequency resources.

[0129] At 615, network entity 105-c can transmit a synchronization signal. Network entity 105-c can transmit the synchronization signal over multiple frequency resources during multiple symbols, depending on the frequency hopping mode. The frequency hopping mode may include a mapping of each frequency resource to a corresponding symbol (e.g., as referenced). Figures 3 to 4 (More detailed description). In some examples, each of the multiple frequency resources may be defined by a multiple of the frequency hopping offset value from the first frequency resource (e.g., from the center frequency of the reference frequency resource, such as the carrier).

[0130] Environmental device 605 can monitor the synchronization signal via a first frequency resource among multiple frequency resources (e.g., the center frequency or any other frequency resource, which may be defined in a standard, indicated by network entity 105-c, or defined by frequency hopping mode, etc.). Based on this monitoring, environmental device 605 can detect the synchronization signal via the monitored frequency resource during one symbol of a symbol.

[0131] At 620, environmental device 605 can perform frequency offset error estimation and correction (e.g., based on a frequency mapping mode and symbols of a synchronization signal detected by environmental device 605 during its operation). For example, the frequency hopping mode may include a mapping between each frequency resource and each corresponding symbol, and the frequency error estimation and correction operation may be based at least in part on the relationship between a first symbol among a plurality of symbols according to the frequency hopping mode and a first frequency resource among a plurality of frequency resources (e.g., as referenced). Figures 2 to 3 (More detailed description). For example, environmental device 605 may determine, based on the frequency hopping mode, the mapping between a first symbol in which a synchronization signal is received at 615 and a first frequency resource, and frequency error estimation and correction operations may include determining the frequency offset between the first frequency resource and a second frequency resource based on the frequency hopping mode.

[0132] In some examples, environmental device 605 may detect a synchronization signal via a first frequency resource during two consecutive symbols, at least in part, based on monitoring. In such examples, environmental device 605 may determine a first mapping between the first symbol and the first frequency resource, and a second mapping between the second symbol and the second frequency resource. In such examples, frequency error estimation and correction operations may include determining a first frequency offset between the first and third frequency resources, and a second frequency offset between the second and third frequency resources. For example, the actual estimated frequency offset error may be between (e.g., their average) the two offsets of the two frequency resources mapped to the two consecutive symbols in which the synchronization signal was detected (e.g., or may be defined as the first frequency resource offset corresponding to the first of the two consecutive symbols plus half of the frequency offset value indicated at 610).

[0133] In some examples, environmental device 605 may perform frequency error estimation and correction operations during the first frequency error estimation phase based at least in part on (e.g., at 615) the receipt of a synchronization signal, and may receive a second synchronization signal based on a second frequency hopping offset value and perform a second frequency error estimation and correction operation during the second frequency error estimation phase (e.g., as referenced). Figure 5 (More detailed description).

[0134] At 625, environmental device 605 can transmit uplink signaling based on frequency offset error correction performed at 620 (e.g., based on uplink permission received at 610). Environmental device 605 can transmit uplink signaling via low-complexity active radio components at environmental device 605.

[0135] In some examples, network entity 105-c and environment device 605 can support a closed-loop frequency offset error correction process. In such examples, at 630, network entity 105-c can estimate the residual frequency error value based on uplink signaling received at 625.

[0136] At 635, network entity 105-c can (e.g., via control signaling) send an indication of the residual frequency error value. For example, network entity 105-c can schedule a subsequent uplink transmission at 645, and can include an adjustment command in the DCI of the scheduling of the subsequent uplink signaling. The control signaling can carry the adjustment command, which instructs environment device 605 to adjust the estimated frequency offset error (e.g., based on the residual frequency offset error estimation and correction performed at 630). The adjustment command in the uplink grant can instruct the adjustment (e.g., frequency offset correction or) of the current frequency offset value (e.g., the frequency offset error value) to a new value (e.g., via an N-bit index value). ). N Bit index values ​​can be defined as follows: ,in , Indicates the frequency offset error of the new estimate. This indicates the previous frequency offset error. S The step size can be fixed or dependent on the jump offset, such as... In some examples, network entity 105-c may instruct environment device 605 to reset frequency offset correction adjustment. In such cases, the indicated frequency offset error (e.g., indicated at 635) may be an absolute frequency offset error (e.g., rather than an adjustment to a previous frequency offset error).

[0137] At 640, environmental device 605 can perform frequency offset error adjustment (e.g., as indicated by the adjustment command received at 635). At 645, environmental device 605 can transmit active uplink signaling based on the adjusted frequency offset error and correction performed at 640.

[0138] Figure 7A block diagram 700 of an apparatus 705 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Apparatus 705 may be an example of various aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. Apparatus 705 may include a receiver 710, a transmitter 715, and a communication manager 720. Apparatus 705, or one or more components of apparatus 705 (e.g., receiver 710, transmitter 715, communication manager 720), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to individually or jointly support or implement the described techniques. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0139] Receiver 710 may provide components for receiving information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments). The information may be passed to other components of device 705. Receiver 710 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of antennas.

[0140] Transmitter 715 may provide components for transmitting signals generated by other components of device 705. For example, transmitter 715 may transmit information associated with various information channels, such as control channels, data channels, and information channels related to network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, including packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof. In some examples, transmitter 715 may be co-located with receiver 710 in a transceiver module. Transmitter 715 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0141] The communication manager 720, receiver 710, transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of components used to perform various aspects of network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments as described herein. For example, the communication manager 720, receiver 710, transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be able to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0142] In some examples, the communication manager 720, receiver 710, transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communication management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of the following: a processor, digital signal processor (DSP), central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), neural processing unit (NPU), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic component, discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof, configured as or otherwise individually or collectively to support components for performing the functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled to said at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., instructions stored in at least one memory are executed individually or collectively by one or more processors).

[0143] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 720, receiver 710, transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communication management software) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as processor executable code). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functionality of the communication manager 720, receiver 710, transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, GPU, NPU, ASIC, FPGA, microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise individually or jointly to support components for performing the functions described in this disclosure).

[0144] In some examples, the communication manager 720 may be configured to use or otherwise cooperate with the receiver 710, transmitter 715, or both to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, the communication manager 720 may receive information from the receiver 710, transmit information to the transmitter 715, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 710, transmitter 715, or both to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0145] The communication manager 720 can support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. The communication manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for monitoring the synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources corresponding to a set of multiple symbols, based on the frequency hopping offset value. The communication manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for detecting the synchronization signal via the first frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources during at least a first symbol in the set of multiple symbols, based on monitoring. The communication manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting uplink signaling via low-complexity active radio components at a wireless device according to frequency error estimation and correction operations based on a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each of the multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the multiple symbols, and the detection of a synchronization signal during at least a first symbol in the set of multiple symbols.

[0146] By including or configuring a communication manager 720 according to an example as described herein, device 705 (e.g., controlling receiver 710, transmitter 715, communication manager 720 or a combination thereof or at least one processor otherwise coupled to them) can support techniques for frequency offset error estimation and correction, thereby reducing processing, lowering power consumption, using available communication resources more efficiently, and improving the reliability of wireless communication.

[0147] Figure 8 A block diagram 800 of a device 805 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Device 805 may be an example of aspects of device 705 or UE 115 as described herein. Device 805 may include a receiver 810, a transmitter 815, and a communication manager 820. Device 805, or one or more components of device 805 (e.g., receiver 810, transmitter 815, communication manager 820), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to support the described techniques. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0148] Receiver 810 may provide components for receiving information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments). The information may be passed to other components of device 805. Receiver 810 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of antennas.

[0149] Transmitter 815 may provide components for transmitting signals generated by other components of device 805. For example, transmitter 815 may transmit information associated with various information channels, such as control channels, data channels, and information channels related to network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, including packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof. In some examples, transmitter 815 may be co-located with receiver 810 in a transceiver module. Transmitter 815 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0150] Device 805 or its various components may be examples of parts used to perform various aspects of network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments as described herein. For example, communication manager 820 may include frequency error estimation activation manager 825, synchronization signal manager 830, uplink signaling manager 835, or any combination thereof. Communication manager 820 may be examples of aspects of communication manager 720 as described herein. In some examples, communication manager 820 or its various components may be configured to use or otherwise cooperate with receiver 810, transmitter 815, or both to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, communication manager 820 may receive information from receiver 810, transmit information to transmitter 815, or be integrated in combination with receiver 810, transmitter 815, or both to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0151] Communication manager 820 can support wireless communication according to the examples disclosed herein. Frequency error estimation activation manager 825 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. Synchronization signal manager 830 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for monitoring a synchronization signal based on a frequency hopping offset value via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources corresponding to a set of multiple symbols. Synchronization signal manager 830 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for detecting a synchronization signal based on monitoring via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during at least a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols. The uplink signaling manager 835 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting uplink signaling via low-complexity active radio components at a wireless device based on frequency error estimation and correction operations, which are based on a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each of a plurality of frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in a plurality of symbols, and the detection of a synchronization signal during at least a first symbol in a set of a plurality of symbols.

[0152] Figure 9 A block diagram 900 is shown of a communication manager 920 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an AIoT deployment according to one or more aspects of this disclosure. The communication manager 920 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 720, communication manager 820, or both as described herein. The communication manager 920 or its various components may be examples of components for performing various aspects of network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an AIoT deployment as described herein. For example, the communication manager 920 may include a frequency error estimation activation manager 925, a synchronization signal manager 930, an uplink signaling manager 935, a frequency hopping mode manager 940, a frequency error estimation manager 945, an estimation stage manager 950, a residual frequency error manager 955, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or its components or sub-components (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate directly or indirectly with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0153] Communication manager 920 can support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. Frequency error estimation activation manager 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. Synchronization signal manager 930 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for monitoring a synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources corresponding to a set of multiple symbols, based on the frequency hopping offset value. In some examples, synchronization signal manager 930 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for detecting a synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during at least a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols based on monitoring. The uplink signaling manager 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting uplink signaling via low-complexity active radio components at a wireless device based on frequency error estimation and correction operations, which are based on a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each of a plurality of frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in a plurality of symbols, and the detection of a synchronization signal during at least a first symbol in a set of a plurality of symbols.

[0154] In some examples, the frequency hopping mode manager 940 is capable of, configured to, or able to operate to support components for receiving a second control signaling that includes an indication of a frequency hopping mode, wherein receiving a synchronization signal is based on receiving the second control signaling.

[0155] In some examples, the frequency error estimation and correction operations are based at least in part on the relationship between a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping mode and a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources.

[0156] In some examples, the synchronization signal includes a narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulated signal. In some examples, depending on the frequency hopping mode, a first portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols, and a second portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a second frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during a second symbol in a set of multiple symbols.

[0157] In some examples, the synchronization signal includes a jointly modulated time-domain waveform that includes an on / off keying (OOK) signal and a frequency shift keying (FSK) signal. In some examples, the frequency hopping mode includes a mapping between the time-domain waveform and frequency resources in a set of multiple frequency resources.

[0158] In some examples, the frequency error estimation manager 945 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for determining a mapping between a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols in which a synchronization signal is received and a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources, based on a frequency hopping mode, wherein frequency error estimation and correction operations are performed based on the determination, and wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operations include determining a frequency offset between the first frequency resource and a second frequency resource based on the frequency hopping mode.

[0159] In some examples, the synchronization signal manager 930 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for detecting a synchronization signal via a first frequency resource during two consecutive symbols in a set of multiple symbols, including the first symbol and a second symbol in the set of multiple symbols, based on monitoring. In some examples, the frequency error estimation activation manager 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for determining a first mapping between the first symbol and the first frequency resource, and a second mapping between the second symbol and a second frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources. In some examples, the frequency error estimation activation manager 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for performing frequency error estimation and correction operations based on the first and second mappings, wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operations include determining a first frequency offset between the first and third frequency resources according to a frequency hopping mode, and determining a second frequency offset between the second and third frequency resources.

[0160] In some examples, each frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources is defined by a multiple of the frequency hopping offset value from the first frequency resource.

[0161] In some examples, the estimation phase manager 950 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for performing frequency error estimation and correction operations during a first frequency error estimation phase based on a received synchronization signal. In some examples, the estimation phase manager 950 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a second synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a second set of multiple symbols based on a second frequency hopping offset value. In some examples, the estimation phase manager 950 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for performing a second frequency error estimation and correction operation during a second frequency error estimation phase prior to receiving uplink signaling.

[0162] In some examples, the residual frequency error manager 955 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving an indication of a residual frequency error value based on the transmission of uplink signaling. In some examples, the residual frequency error manager 955 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for performing frequency error adjustment operations based on the frequency error value. In some examples, the residual frequency error manager 955 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting a second uplink signaling based on the frequency error adjustment operation.

[0163] Figure 10 A diagram of a system 1000 including a device 1005 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Device 1005 may be an example of device 705, device 805, or UE 115 as described herein, or may include components thereof. Device 1005 may communicate with one or more other devices (e.g., network entity 105, UE 115, or a combination thereof) (e.g., wirelessly). Device 1005 may include components for bidirectional voice and data communication, including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communication manager 1020, an input / output (I / O) controller (e.g., I / O controller 1010), a transceiver 1015, one or more antennas 1025, at least one memory 1030, code 1035, and at least one processor 1040. These components may communicate electronically or be coupled in other ways (e.g., operational ground, communication ground, functional ground, electronic ground, electrical ground) via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1045).

[0164] I / O controller 1010 manages the input and output signals of device 1005. I / O controller 1010 can also manage peripheral devices not integrated into device 1005. In some cases, I / O controller 1010 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral device. In some cases, I / O controller 1010 may utilize an operating system such as iOS. ® ANDROID ® MS-DOS ® MS-WINDOWS ® OS / 2 ® UNIX ® LINUX ®Alternatively, the I / O controller 1010 may represent or interact with a modem, keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, or similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as at least one processor 1040. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1005 via the I / O controller 1010 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1010.

[0165] In some cases, device 1005 may include a single antenna. However, in other cases, device 1005 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. Transceiver 1015 may communicate bidirectionally via one or more antennas 1025 using a wired or wireless link as described herein. For example, transceiver 1015 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. Transceiver 1015 may also include a modem for: modulating packets; providing the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1025 for transmission; and demodulating packets received from one or more antennas 1025. Transceiver 1015, or transceiver 1015 and one or more antennas 1025, may be an example of transmitter 715, transmitter 815, receiver 710, receiver 810, or any combination thereof or components thereof as described herein.

[0166] At least one memory 1030 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). At least one memory 1030 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as code 1035. Code 1035 may include instructions that, when executed by at least one processor 1040, cause device 1005 to perform the various functions described herein. Code 1035 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, code 1035 may not be directly executable by at least one processor 1040, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein. In some cases, at least one memory 1030 may include a basic I / O system (BIOS), etc., which controls basic hardware or software operations, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0167] At least one processor 1040 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., general-purpose processors, DSPs, CPUs, microcontrollers, ASICs, FPGAs, programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, at least one processor 1040 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into at least one processor 1040. At least one processor 1040 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory (e.g., at least one memory 1030) to cause device 1005 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments). For example, device 1005 or components of device 1005 may include at least one processor 1040 and at least one memory 1030 coupled to or coupled to at least one processor 1040, wherein at least one processor 1040 and at least one memory 1030 are configured to perform the various functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor 1040 may include multiple processors, and at least one memory 1030 may include multiple memories. One or more of a plurality of processors may be coupled to one or more of a plurality of memories, which may be configured individually or collectively to perform the various functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor 1040 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a machine (such as a series of machines), circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include at least one processor 1040) and memory circuitry (which may include at least one memory 1030)) or system of components that receive or receive input and process the input to produce, generate or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, at least one processor 1040 or a processing system including at least one processor 1040 may be configured, capable of being configured, or operable to cause device 1005 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Furthermore, as described herein, “configured to,” “capable of being configured,” and “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with the ability to perform one or more of the functions described herein when executing code 1035 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in at least one memory 1030 or otherwise.

[0168] The communication manager 1020 can support wireless communication according to the examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. The communication manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for monitoring the synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources corresponding to a set of multiple symbols, based on the frequency hopping offset value. The communication manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for detecting the synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during at least a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols based on monitoring. The communication manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting uplink signaling via low-complexity active radio components at a wireless device based on frequency error estimation and correction operations, which are based on a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each of a plurality of frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in a plurality of symbols, and the detection of a synchronization signal during at least a first symbol in a set of a plurality of symbols.

[0169] By including or configuring a communication manager 1020 according to an example as described herein, device 1005 can support techniques for frequency offset error estimation and correction, thereby reducing processing, lowering power consumption, using available communication resources more efficiently, reducing system latency, improving user experience, and increasing the reliability of wireless communication.

[0170] In some examples, the communication manager 1020 may be configured to use or otherwise coordinate with the transceiver 1015, one or more antennas 1025, or any combination thereof to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting). Although the communication manager 1020 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communication manager 1020 may be supported or executed by at least one processor 1040, at least one memory 1030, code 1035, or any combination thereof. For example, code 1035 may include instructions that can be executed by at least one processor 1040 to cause the device 1005 to perform various aspects of network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments as described herein, or at least one processor 1040 and at least one memory 1030 may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations individually or jointly.

[0171] Figure 11A block diagram 1100 of a device 1105 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Device 1105 may be an example of aspects of network entity 105 as described herein. Device 1105 may include a receiver 1110, a transmitter 1115, and a communication manager 1120. Device 1105, or one or more components of device 1105 (e.g., receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, communication manager 1120), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to individually or jointly support or implement the described techniques. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0172] Receiver 1110 may provide components for acquiring (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information (such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units)) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). The information may be passed to other components of device 1105. In some examples, receiver 1110 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, receiver 1110 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0173] Transmitter 1115 may provide components for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, transmitting) information generated by other components of device 1105. For example, transmitter 1115 may output information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). In some examples, transmitter 1115 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, transmitter 1115 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, transmitter 1115 and receiver 1110 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled to a modem.

[0174] The communication manager 1120, receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of components used to perform various aspects of network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments as described herein. For example, the communication manager 1120, receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be able to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0175] In some examples, the communication manager 1120, receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communication management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, or other programmable logic device, microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic unit, discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof, configured as or otherwise individually or collectively to support components for performing the functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled to said at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., instructions stored in at least one memory are executed individually or collectively by one or more processors).

[0176] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 1120, receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communication management software) (e.g., referred to as processor executable code) executed by at least one processor. If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functionality of the communication manager 1120, receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be executed by (e.g., a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices configured, either individually or collectively, as components for performing the functions described in this disclosure).

[0177] In some examples, the communication manager 1120 may be configured to use or otherwise coordinate with the receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, or both to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, the communication manager 1120 may receive information from the receiver 1110, transmit information to the transmitter 1115, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, or both to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0178] Communication manager 1120 can support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, communication manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. Communication manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting a synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping pattern comprising a mapping of each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols. Communication manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving uplink signaling from an energy-efficient user equipment based on the transmission of a synchronization signal.

[0179] By including or configuring a communication manager 1120 according to an example as described herein, device 1105 (e.g., controlling receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, communication manager 1120 or a combination thereof, or at least one processor otherwise coupled to them) can support techniques for frequency offset error estimation and correction, thereby reducing processing, lowering power consumption, using available communication resources more efficiently, and improving the reliability of wireless communication.

[0180] Figure 12 A block diagram 1200 of a device 1205 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Device 1205 may be an example of aspects of device 1105 or network entity 105 as described herein. Device 1205 may include a receiver 1210, a transmitter 1215, and a communication manager 1220. Device 1205, or one or more components of device 1205 (e.g., receiver 1210, transmitter 1215, communication manager 1220), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to support the described techniques. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0181] Receiver 1210 may provide components for acquiring (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information (such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units)) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). The information may be passed to other components of device 1205. In some examples, receiver 1210 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, receiver 1210 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0182] Transmitter 1215 may provide components for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, transmitting) information generated by other components of device 1205. For example, transmitter 1215 may output information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). In some examples, transmitter 1215 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, transmitter 1215 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, transmitter 1215 and receiver 1210 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled to a modem.

[0183] Device 1205 or its various components may be examples of parts used to perform various aspects of network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments as described herein. For example, communication manager 1220 may include frequency error estimation activation manager 1225, synchronization signal manager 1230, uplink signaling manager 1235, or any combination thereof. Communication manager 1220 may be examples of aspects of communication manager 1120 as described herein. In some examples, communication manager 1220 or its various components may be configured to use or otherwise cooperate with receiver 1210, transmitter 1215, or both to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, communication manager 1220 may receive information from receiver 1210, transmit information to transmitter 1215, or be integrated in combination with receiver 1210, transmitter 1215, or both to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0184] Communication manager 1220 can support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. Frequency error estimation activation manager 1225 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. Synchronization signal manager 1230 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting a synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping pattern, the frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols. Uplink signaling manager 1235 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving uplink signaling from an energy-efficient user equipment based on the transmission of a synchronization signal.

[0185] Figure 13 A block diagram 1300 is shown of a communication manager 1320 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an AIoT deployment according to one or more aspects of this disclosure. The communication manager 1320 may be an example of a communication manager 1120, a communication manager 1220, or aspects thereof as described herein. The communication manager 1320 or its various components may be examples of components for performing various aspects of network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an AIoT deployment as described herein. For example, the communication manager 1320 may include a frequency error estimation activation manager 1325, a synchronization signal manager 1330, an uplink signaling manager 1335, a frequency hopping mode manager 1340, an estimation stage manager 1345, a residual frequency error manager 1350, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or its components or sub-components (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate directly or indirectly with each other (e.g., via one or more buses). Communication may include communication within a protocol layer of a protocol stack, communication associated with a logical channel of the protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of the protocol stack, within a device, component, or virtualization component associated with network entity 105, between devices, components, or virtualization components associated with network entity 105), or any combination thereof.

[0186] Communication manager 1320 can support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. Frequency error estimation activation manager 1325 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. Synchronization signal manager 1330 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting a synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping pattern, the frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols. Uplink signaling manager 1335 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving uplink signaling from an energy-efficient user equipment based on the transmission of a synchronization signal.

[0187] In some examples, the frequency hopping mode manager 1340 is capable of, configured to, or able to operate to support components for transmitting a second control signaling that includes an indication of the frequency hopping mode, wherein the transmission of the synchronization signal is based on the transmission of the second control signaling.

[0188] In some examples, the synchronization signal includes a narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulated signal, and according to the frequency hopping mode, a first portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols, and a second portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a second frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during a second symbol in a set of multiple symbols.

[0189] In some examples, each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources is defined by a multiple of the frequency hopping offset value from the first frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources.

[0190] In some examples, the synchronization signal includes a jointly modulated time-domain waveform that includes an on / off keying (OOK) signal and a frequency shift keying (FSK) signal. In some examples, the frequency hopping mode includes a mapping between the time-domain waveform and frequency resources in a set of multiple frequency resources.

[0191] In some examples, the estimation phase manager 1345 is capable of, configured to, or able to operate to support components for transmitting a second synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a second set of multiple symbols based on a second frequency hopping offset value, wherein the transmission of the synchronization signal occurs during a first frequency error estimation phase, and the transmission of the second synchronization signal occurs during a second frequency error estimation phase prior to receiving uplink signaling.

[0192] In some examples, the residual frequency error manager 1350 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for estimating residual frequency error values ​​based on received uplink signaling. In some examples, the residual frequency error manager 1350 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting an indication of the residual frequency error value. In some examples, the residual frequency error manager 1350 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving second uplink signaling based on the residual frequency error value.

[0193] Figure 14 A diagram of a system 1400 including device 1405 supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Device 1405 may be an example of device 1105, device 1205, or network entity 105 as described herein, or may include components thereof. Device 1405 may communicate with other network devices or network equipment, such as network entity 105, UE 115, or any combination thereof. Communication may include communication via one or more wired interfaces, one or more wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. Device 1405 may include components supporting output and enabling communication, such as a communication manager 1420, a transceiver 1410, one or more antennas 1415, at least one memory 1425, code 1430, and at least one processor 1435. These components may communicate electronically or otherwise (e.g., operative ground, communication ground, functional ground, electronic ground, electrical ground) via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1440).

[0194] Transceiver 1410 may support bidirectional communication via a wired link, a wireless link, or both, as described herein. In some examples, transceiver 1410 may include a wired transceiver and be capable of bidirectional communication with another wired transceiver. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, transceiver 1410 may include a wireless transceiver and be capable of bidirectional communication with another wireless transceiver. In some examples, device 1405 may include one or more antennas 1415 that are capable of (e.g., concurrently) transmitting or receiving wireless transmissions. Transceiver 1410 may also include a modem for: modulating a signal; providing the modulated signal for transmission (e.g., by one or more antennas 1415, by a wired transmitter); receiving the modulated signal (e.g., from one or more antennas 1415, from a wired receiver); and demodulating the signal. In some embodiments, transceiver 1410 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled to one or more antennas 1415 configured to support various receive or acquire operations, or one or more interfaces coupled to one or more antennas 1415 configured to support various transmit or output operations, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, transceiver 1410 may include one or more processors or one or more memory components or configured to be coupled to such processors or memory components, which are operable to perform or support operations based on received or acquired information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other output, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, transceiver 1410, or transceiver 1410 and one or more antennas 1415, or transceiver 1410 and one or more antennas 1415 and one or more processors or one or more memory components (e.g., at least one processor 1435, at least one memory 1425, or both) may be included in a chip or chip assembly mounted in device 1405. In some examples, transceiver 1410 may be able to operate to support communication via one or more communication links (e.g., communication link 125, backhaul communication link 120, midhaul communication link 162, fronthaul communication link 168).

[0195] At least one memory 1425 may include RAM, ROM, or any combination thereof. At least one memory 1425 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as code 1430. Code 1430 may include instructions that, when executed by one or more processors in at least one processor 1435, cause device 1405 to perform the various functions described herein. Code 1430 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, code 1430 may not be directly executable by a processor in at least one processor 1435, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein. In some cases, at least one memory 1425 may include a BIOS, etc., that controls basic hardware or software operation, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices. In some examples, at least one processor 1435 may include multiple processors, and at least one memory 1425 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may be configured individually or collectively to perform the various functions described herein (e.g., as part of a processing system).

[0196] At least one processor 1435 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., general-purpose processors, DSPs, ASICs, CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, microcontrollers, programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic units, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, at least one processor 1435 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into one or more of the at least one processor 1435. At least one processor 1435 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory (e.g., one or more memories in at least one memory 1425) to cause device 1405 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments). For example, device 1405 or components of device 1405 may include at least one processor 1435 and at least one memory 1425 coupled to one or more of the at least one processor 1435, wherein at least one processor 1435 and at least one memory 1425 are configured to perform the various functions described herein. At least one processor 1435 may be an example of a cloud computing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software such as an operating system, virtual machine, or container instance) that can (e.g., by executing code 1430) host functions for performing the functions of device 1405. At least one processor 1435 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in device 1405 (such as within one or more memories of at least one memory 1425). In some examples, at least one processor 1435 may include multiple processors, and at least one memory 1425 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may be configured individually or collectively to perform the various functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor 1435 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system of machines (such as a series of machines), circuits (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include at least one processor 1435) and memory circuitry (which may include at least one memory 1425)) or components that receive or receive input and process the input to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, at least one processor 1435 or a processing system including at least one processor 1435 may be configured, configured to, or operable to cause the device 1405 to perform one or more of the functions described herein.Furthermore, as described herein, “configured to,” “capable of being configured to,” and “capable of operating to” can be used interchangeably and can be associated with the ability to perform one or more of the functions described herein when executing code stored in at least one memory 1425 or otherwise.

[0197] In some examples, bus 1440 may support communication at protocol layers of the protocol stack (e.g., within a protocol layer). In some examples, bus 1440 may support communication associated with logical channels of the protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of the protocol stack), which may include communication performed within components of device 1405, or communication performed between different components of device 1405 that are co-addressable or may be located in different locations (e.g., where device 1405 may refer to a system in which one or more of communication manager 1420, transceiver 1410, at least one memory 1425, code 1430 and at least one processor 1435 may be located in one component of different components or partitioned between different components).

[0198] In some examples, the communication manager 1420 can manage (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links) various aspects of communication with the core network 130. For example, the communication manager 1420 can manage the delivery of data communications by client devices, such as one or more UEs 115. In some examples, the communication manager 1420 can manage communication with one or more other network entities 105 and may include a controller or scheduler for (e.g., coordinating one or more other network devices) controlling communication with UE 115. In some examples, the communication manager 1420 may support the X2 interface within LTE / LTE-A wireless communication network technology to provide communication between network entities 105.

[0199] Communication manager 1420 can support wireless communications according to examples disclosed herein. For example, communication manager 1420 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. Communication manager 1420 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting a synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping pattern comprising a mapping of each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols. Communication manager 1420 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving uplink signaling from an energy-efficient user equipment based on the transmission of a synchronization signal.

[0200] By including or configuring a communication manager 1420 according to an example as described herein, device 1405 can support techniques for frequency offset error estimation and correction, thereby reducing processing, lowering power consumption, using available communication resources more efficiently, reducing system latency, improving user experience, and increasing the reliability of wireless communication.

[0201] In some examples, the communication manager 1420 may be configured to use or otherwise coordinate with the transceiver 1410, one or more antennas 1415 (e.g., where applicable), or any combination thereof to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). Although the communication manager 1420 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communication manager 1420 may be supported or performed by the transceiver 1410, one or more processors in at least one processor 1435, one or more memories in at least one memory 1425, code 1430, or any combination thereof (e.g., by a processing system including at least a portion of at least one processor 1435, at least one memory 1425, code 1430, or any combination thereof). For example, code 1430 may include instructions that can be executed by one or more processors of at least one processor 1435 to cause device 1405 to perform various aspects of network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in an AIoT deployment as described herein, or at least one processor 1435 and at least one memory 1425 may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations individually or jointly.

[0202] Figure 15 A flowchart illustrating a method 1500 for network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Operation of method 1500 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1500 may be performed by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 10 The UE 115 described herein is used to perform this function. In some examples, the UE can execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described function. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described function.

[0203] At 1505, the method may include receiving control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. The operation of 1505 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1505 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 9 The described frequency error estimation is performed by Activation Manager 925.

[0204] At 1510, the method may include monitoring a synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources corresponding to a set of multiple symbols, based on a frequency hopping offset value. The operation of 1510 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1510 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 9 The described synchronization signal manager 930 is used to perform this.

[0205] At 1515, the method may include detecting a synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during at least a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols, based on monitoring. The operation of 1515 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1515 may be derived from references... Figure 9 The described synchronization signal manager 930 is used to perform this.

[0206] At 1520, the method may include transmitting uplink signaling via a low-complexity active radio component at a wireless device according to a frequency error estimation and correction operation based on a frequency hopping pattern comprising a mapping of each of a plurality of frequency resources to a corresponding symbol of a plurality of symbols, and detecting a synchronization signal during at least a first symbol of a set of a plurality of symbols. The operation at 1520 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1520 may be derived from references... Figure 9 The described uplink signaling manager 935 is used to execute this.

[0207] Figure 16 A flowchart illustrating a method 1600 for network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Operation of method 1600 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1600 may be performed by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 10 The UE 115 described herein is used to perform this function. In some examples, the UE can execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described function. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described function.

[0208] At 1605, the method may include receiving control signaling including an indication of a frequency hopping mode. Operation of 1605 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of operation of 1605 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 9 The frequency hopping mode manager 940 described is used to execute this.

[0209] At 1610, the method may include receiving control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. Operation of 1610 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of operation of 1610 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 9 The described frequency error estimation is performed by Activation Manager 925.

[0210] At 1615, the method may include monitoring a synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources corresponding to a set of multiple symbols, based on a frequency hopping offset value. The operation of 1615 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1615 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 9 The described synchronization signal manager 930 is used to perform this.

[0211] At 1620, the method may include detecting a synchronization signal via a first frequency resource in a set of multiple frequency resources during at least a first symbol in a set of multiple symbols, based on monitoring, wherein receiving the synchronization signal is based on control signaling including an indication of a frequency hopping mode. Operation of 1620 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of operation of 1620 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 9 The described synchronization signal manager 930 is used to perform this.

[0212] At 1625, the method may include transmitting uplink signaling via a low-complexity active radio component at a wireless device according to a frequency error estimation and correction operation based on a frequency hopping pattern comprising a mapping of each of a plurality of frequency resources to a corresponding symbol of a plurality of symbols, and detecting a synchronization signal during at least a first symbol of a set of a plurality of symbols. The operation of 1625 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1625 may be derived from references... Figure 9 The described uplink signaling manager 935 is used to execute this.

[0213] Figure 17 A flowchart illustrating a method 1700 for network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. The operation of method 1700 can be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operation of method 1700 can be implemented by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 6 as well as Figures 11 to 14 The network entity described is used to perform this function. In some examples, the network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described function. Additionally or alternatively, the network entity may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described function.

[0214] At 1705, the method may include sending control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. The operation of 1705 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1705 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 13 The frequency error estimation described is performed by the activation manager 1325.

[0215] At 1710, the method may include transmitting a synchronization signal via a set of frequency resources during a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping pattern, the frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols. The operation of 1710 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1710 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 13 The described synchronization signal manager 1330 is used to perform this.

[0216] At 1715, the method may include receiving uplink signaling from an energy-efficient user equipment based on transmitting a synchronization signal. The operation of 1715 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1715 may be derived from references... Figure 13 The described uplink signaling manager 1335 is used to execute this.

[0217] Figure 18 A flowchart illustrating a method 1800 for network-assisted frequency offset estimation and correction in AIoT deployments, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. The operation of method 1800 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operation of method 1800 may be implemented by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 6 as well as Figures 11 to 14 The network entity described is used to perform this function. In some examples, the network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described function. Additionally or alternatively, the network entity may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described function.

[0218] At 1805, the method may include sending control signaling including an indication of a frequency hopping mode. The operation of 1805 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1805 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 13 The frequency hopping mode manager 1340 described herein is used for execution.

[0219] At 1810, the method may include sending control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value. The operation of 1810 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1810 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 13 The frequency error estimation described is performed by the activation manager 1325.

[0220] At 1815, the method may include transmitting a synchronization signal via a set of multiple frequency resources during a set of multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping mode, the frequency hopping mode including a mapping of each frequency resource in the set of multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the set of multiple symbols, wherein transmitting the synchronization signal is based on transmitting control signaling including an indication of the frequency hopping mode. The operation of 1815 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1815 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 13 The described synchronization signal manager 1330 is used to perform this.

[0221] At 1820, the method may include receiving uplink signaling from an energy-efficient user equipment based on transmitting a synchronization signal. The operation of 1820 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1820 may be derived from references... Figure 13 The described uplink signaling manager 1335 is used to execute this.

[0222] The following provides an overview of the various aspects of this disclosure: Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication at a wireless device, the method comprising: receiving control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; monitoring the synchronization signal via a first frequency resource of a plurality of frequency resources corresponding to a plurality of symbols based on the frequency hopping offset value; detecting the synchronization signal via the first frequency resource of the plurality of frequency resources during at least a first symbol of the plurality of symbols based at least in part on the monitoring; and transmitting uplink signaling via a low-complexity active radio component at the wireless device according to frequency error estimation and correction operations, the frequency error estimation and correction operations being based at least in part on a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each of the plurality of frequency resources to a corresponding symbol of the plurality of symbols, and detecting the synchronization signal during at least the first symbol of the plurality of symbols.

[0223] Aspect 2: According to the method of aspect 1, the method further includes: receiving a second control signaling including an indication of the frequency hopping mode, wherein receiving the synchronization signal is at least partially based on receiving the second control signaling.

[0224] Aspect 3: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 2, wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation is based at least in part on the relationship between the first symbol among the plurality of symbols according to the frequency hopping mode and the first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources.

[0225] Aspect 4: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the synchronization signal comprises a narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulation signal, and according to the frequency hopping mode, a first portion of the OOK signal is mapped to the first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during the first symbol among the plurality of symbols, and a second portion of the OOK signal is mapped to the second frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during the second symbol among the plurality of symbols.

[0226] Aspect 5: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein the synchronization signal comprises a jointly modulated time-domain waveform, the jointly modulated time-domain waveform comprising an on / off keying (OOK) signal and a frequency shift keying (FSK) signal, and the frequency hopping mode comprises a mapping between the time-domain waveform and the frequency resources among the plurality of frequency resources.

[0227] Aspect 6: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 5, the method further comprising: determining, according to the frequency hopping mode, a mapping between the first symbol among the plurality of symbols in which the synchronization signal is received and the first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources, wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation is performed at least in part based on the determination, and wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation includes determining a frequency offset between the first frequency resource and the second frequency resource according to the frequency hopping mode.

[0228] Aspect 7: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 6, the method further comprising: detecting the synchronization signal via the first frequency resource during two consecutive symbols, including the first symbol and the second symbol among the plurality of symbols, based at least in part on the monitoring; and determining a first mapping between the first symbol and the first frequency resource and a second mapping between the second symbol and the second frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources, wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation is performed based at least in part on the first mapping and the second mapping, and wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation includes determining a first frequency offset between the first frequency resource and the third frequency resource according to the frequency hopping mode, and determining a second frequency offset between the second frequency resource and the third frequency resource.

[0229] Aspect 8: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein each of the plurality of frequency resources is defined by a multiple of the frequency hopping offset value from the first frequency resource.

[0230] Aspect 9: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 8, the method further comprising: performing the frequency error estimation and correction operation during a first frequency error estimation phase based at least in part on receiving the synchronization signal; receiving a second synchronization signal via the plurality of frequency resources during a second plurality of symbols based on a second frequency hopping offset value; and performing a second frequency error estimation and correction operation during a second frequency error estimation phase prior to receiving the uplink signaling.

[0231] Aspect 10: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 9, the method further comprising: receiving an indication of a residual frequency error value based at least in part on transmitting the uplink signaling; performing a frequency error adjustment operation based on the frequency error value; and transmitting a second uplink signaling based at least in part on the frequency error adjustment operation.

[0232] Aspect 11: A method for wireless communication at a network entity, the method comprising: transmitting control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; transmitting the synchronization signal over a plurality of frequency resources during a plurality of symbols according to a frequency hopping pattern, the frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each of the plurality of frequency resources to a corresponding symbol of the plurality of symbols; and receiving uplink signaling from an energy-efficient user equipment based at least in part on transmitting the synchronization signal.

[0233] Aspect 12: According to the method of aspect 11, the method further includes: transmitting a second control signaling including an indication of the frequency hopping mode, wherein transmitting the synchronization signal is at least partially based on transmitting the second control signaling.

[0234] Aspect 13: The method according to any one of Aspects 11 to 12, wherein the synchronization signal comprises a narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulation signal, and according to the frequency hopping mode, a first portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during a first symbol among the plurality of symbols, and a second portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a second frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during a second symbol among the plurality of symbols.

[0235] Aspect 14: The method according to any one of aspects 11 to 13, wherein each of the plurality of frequency resources is defined by a multiple of the frequency hopping offset value from the first frequency resource of the plurality of frequency resources.

[0236] Aspect 15: The method according to any one of Aspects 11 to 14, wherein the synchronization signal comprises a jointly modulated time-domain waveform, the jointly modulated time-domain waveform comprising an on / off keying (OOK) signal and a frequency shift keying (FSK) signal, and the frequency hopping mode comprises a mapping between the time-domain waveform and the frequency resources among the plurality of frequency resources.

[0237] Aspect 16: The method according to any one of Aspects 11 to 15, the method further comprising: transmitting a second synchronization signal via the plurality of frequency resources according to a second frequency hopping offset value during a second plurality of symbols, wherein transmitting the synchronization signal occurs during a first frequency error estimation phase, and transmitting the second synchronization signal occurs during a second frequency error estimation phase prior to receiving the uplink signaling.

[0238] Aspect 17: The method according to any one of Aspects 11 to 16, the method further comprising: estimating a residual frequency error value based at least in part on receiving the uplink signaling; sending an indication of the residual frequency error value; and receiving a second uplink signaling based on the residual frequency error value.

[0239] Aspect 18: A wireless device for wireless communication, the wireless device comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the wireless device to perform a method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 10.

[0240] Aspect 19: A wireless device for wireless communication, the wireless device comprising at least one component for performing the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 10.

[0241] Aspect 20: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, said code including instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 10.

[0242] Aspect 21: A network entity for wireless communication, the network entity comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the network entity to perform a method according to any one of Aspects 11 to 17.

[0243] Aspect 22: A network entity for wireless communication, the network entity comprising at least one component for performing the method according to any one of aspects 11 to 17.

[0244] Aspect 23: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, said code including instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method according to any one of aspects 11 to 17.

[0245] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible specific implementations. Operations and steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other specific implementations are possible. Furthermore, aspects from two or more of these methods may be combined.

[0246] While aspects of LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR systems may be described for illustrative purposes, and the terms LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR may be used in most of the description, the techniques described herein are also applicable to networks outside of LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the techniques described are applicable to a variety of other wireless communication systems, such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, and other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0247] The information and signals described herein can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and skills. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips mentioned throughout the description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0248] The various exemplary blocks and components described herein can be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, DSP, ASIC, CPU, FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic unit, discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in alternative embodiments, a processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors cooperating with a DSP core, or any other such configuration). Any function or operation described herein that can be performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors capable of performing the described functions or operations individually or jointly.

[0249] The functionality described herein can be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. Software should be broadly interpreted as instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subroutines, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or other terms. When implemented using software executed by a processor, the functionality can be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium or transmitted using one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and specific implementations are within the scope of this disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, the functionality described herein can be implemented using software executed by a processor, firmware, hardwired, or any combination thereof. Features implementing the functionality can also be physically located in various locations, including various portions distributed such that the functionality is implemented in different physical locations.

[0250] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media, encompassing any medium that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one location to another. Non-transitory storage media can be any available medium accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, phase-change memory, compact disc (CD) ROM or other optical disc storage devices, magnetic disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and is accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Furthermore, any connection is appropriately referred to as computer-readable media. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included within the definition of computer-readable media. As used herein, disks and optical discs include CDs, laser discs, optical discs, digital multifunction discs (DVDs), floppy disks, and Blu-ray discs. Disks can magnetically reproduce data, and optical discs can optically reproduce data using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any function or operation described herein that can be performed by memory can be performed by multiple memories capable of performing the described function or operation individually or jointly.

[0251] As used herein (including in the claims), the word "or" in an enumeration of items (e.g., including enumerations of items ending with phrases such as "at least one of..." or "one or more of...") indicates an inclusive enumeration, such that an enumeration of at least one of, for example, A, B, or C means, for example, A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Furthermore, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step described as "based on condition A" could be based on both condition A and condition B without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase "at least partially based on". As used herein, when the term "and / or" is used in a list of two or more items, it means that any one of the listed items may be used alone, or any combination of two or more of the listed items may be used. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B and / or C, the composition may contain A alone; B alone; C alone; a combination of A and B; a combination of A and C; a combination of B and C; or a combination of A, B and C.

[0252] As used herein, including in claims, the article “a” preceding a noun is open-ended and is understood to refer to “at least one” or “one or more” of those nouns. Therefore, the terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” are interchangeable. For example, where a claim enumerates “components” performing one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “component” having a characteristic or performing a function may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent references to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “the” can refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” can be understood to mean “one or more components,” and subsequent reference to “component” in a claim can be understood as equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components.” Similarly, subsequent references to a component introduced with the terms “the” or “the” as “one or more components” can refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, reference to "one or more components" in subsequent claims can be understood as equivalent to reference to "at least one of the one or more components".

[0253] The terms "determine" or "identify" encompass a variety of actions, and therefore, "determine" or "identify" can include calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, lookup (such as by searching in a table, database, or other data structure), ascertainment, etc. Additionally, "determine" or "identify" can include receiving (such as receiving information or signaling, e.g., receiving information or signaling for determination, receiving information or signaling for identification), accessing (such as accessing data in memory or accessing information), etc. Furthermore, "determine" or "identify" can include parsing, obtaining, selecting, choosing, creating, and other similar actions.

[0254] In the accompanying drawings, similar components or features may have the same reference numerals. Furthermore, various components of the same type can be distinguished by adding a dash after the reference numeral and a second reference numeral to differentiate between similar components. If only the first reference numeral is used in the description, the description applies to any of the similar components having the same first reference numeral, regardless of the second reference numeral or other subsequent reference numerals.

[0255] The description herein, illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings, describes an example configuration and does not represent all achievable examples or those within the scope of the claims. The term "example" as used herein means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration," not "preferred" or "advantageous over other examples." The detailed description includes specific details used to provide an understanding of the described techniques. However, these techniques can be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concept of the described examples.

[0256] The description herein is provided to enable those skilled in the art to implement or use this disclosure. Various modifications to this disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, this disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but should be granted the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A wireless device, the wireless device comprising: A processing system, comprising processor circuitry and memory circuitry for storing code, is configured to enable the wireless device to: Receive control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; The synchronization signal is monitored via a first frequency resource among a plurality of frequency resources corresponding to a plurality of symbols, based on the frequency hopping offset value. The synchronization signal is detected, at least in part, via the first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during at least the first symbol among the plurality of symbols, based on the monitoring. as well as Uplink signaling is transmitted via a low-complexity active radio component at the wireless device according to frequency error estimation and correction operations, the frequency error estimation and correction operations being based at least in part on a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each of the plurality of frequency resources to a corresponding symbol of the plurality of symbols and the detection of the synchronization signal during at least the first symbol of the plurality of symbols.

2. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the wireless device to: Receive a second control signaling including an indication of the frequency hopping mode, wherein receiving the synchronization signal is at least partially based on receiving the second control signaling.

3. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation is based at least in part on the relationship between the first symbol of the plurality of symbols according to the frequency hopping mode and the first frequency resource of the plurality of frequency resources.

4. The wireless device according to claim 1, wherein: The synchronization signal includes a narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulated signal, and According to the frequency hopping mode, a first portion of the OOK signal is mapped to the first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during the first symbol among the plurality of symbols, and a second portion of the OOK signal is mapped to the second frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during the second symbol among the plurality of symbols.

5. The wireless device according to claim 1, wherein: The synchronization signal includes a jointly modulated time-domain waveform, which includes an on / off keying (OOK) signal and a frequency shift keying (FSK) signal. The frequency hopping mode includes a mapping between the time-domain waveform and the frequency resources among the plurality of frequency resources.

6. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the wireless device to: The mapping between the first symbol among the plurality of symbols in which the synchronization signal is received and the first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources is determined according to the frequency hopping mode, wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation is performed at least in part based on the determination, and wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation includes determining the frequency offset between the first frequency resource and the second frequency resource according to the frequency hopping mode.

7. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the wireless device to: The synchronization signal is detected via the first frequency resource during two consecutive symbols, including the first symbol and the second symbol, of the plurality of symbols, based at least in part on the monitoring; and Determine a first mapping between the first symbol and the first frequency resource and a second mapping between the second symbol and a second frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources, wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation is performed at least in part based on the first mapping and the second mapping, and wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation includes determining a first frequency offset between the first frequency resource and a third frequency resource according to the frequency hopping mode, and determining a second frequency offset between the second frequency resource and the third frequency resource.

8. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of frequency resources is defined by a multiple of the frequency hopping offset value from the first frequency resource.

9. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the wireless device to: The frequency error estimation and correction operation is performed during the first frequency error estimation phase, based at least in part on the receipt of the synchronization signal; The second synchronization signal is received via the plurality of frequency resources during the plurality of symbols according to the second frequency hopping offset value; as well as A second frequency error estimation and correction operation is performed during the second frequency error estimation phase prior to receiving the uplink signaling.

10. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the wireless device to: The indication of the residual frequency error value is received at least in part based on the transmission of the uplink signaling; Perform frequency error adjustment operation based on the frequency error value; and The second uplink signaling is transmitted based at least in part on the frequency error adjustment operation.

11. A network entity, the network entity comprising: A processing system, comprising processor circuitry and memory circuitry for storing code, is configured to cause the network entity to: Send control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; The synchronization signal is transmitted via multiple frequency resources during multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping mode, wherein the frequency hopping mode includes a mapping of each of the multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the multiple symbols; as well as At least in part, uplink signaling is received from the energy-efficient user equipment based on sending the synchronization signal.

12. The network entity of claim 11, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the network entity to: Send a second control signaling including an indication of the frequency hopping mode, wherein the transmission of the synchronization signal is at least partially based on the transmission of the second control signaling.

13. The network entity of claim 11, wherein the synchronization signal comprises a narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulated signal, and according to the frequency hopping mode, a first portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during a first symbol among the plurality of symbols, and a second portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a second frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during a second symbol among the plurality of symbols.

14. The network entity of claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of frequency resources is defined by a multiple of the frequency hopping offset value from the first frequency resource of the plurality of frequency resources.

15. The network entity according to claim 11, wherein: The synchronization signal includes a jointly modulated time-domain waveform, which includes an on / off keying (OOK) signal and a frequency shift keying (FSK) signal. The frequency hopping mode includes a mapping between the time-domain waveform and the frequency resources among the plurality of frequency resources.

16. The network entity of claim 11, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the network entity to: A second synchronization signal is transmitted via the plurality of frequency resources during a plurality of symbols based on a second frequency hopping offset value, wherein the transmission of the synchronization signal occurs during a first frequency error estimation phase, and the transmission of the second synchronization signal occurs during a second frequency error estimation phase prior to receiving the uplink signaling.

17. The network entity of claim 11, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the network entity to: The residual frequency error value is estimated at least in part based on the received uplink signaling; Send an indication of the residual frequency error value; and The second uplink signaling is received based on the residual frequency error value.

18. A method for conducting wireless communication at a wireless device, the method comprising: Receive control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; The synchronization signal is monitored via a first frequency resource among a plurality of frequency resources corresponding to a plurality of symbols, based on the frequency hopping offset value. The synchronization signal is detected, at least in part, via the first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during at least the first symbol among the plurality of symbols, based on the monitoring. as well as Uplink signaling is transmitted via a low-complexity active radio component at the wireless device according to frequency error estimation and correction operations, the frequency error estimation and correction operations being based at least in part on a frequency hopping pattern including a mapping of each of the plurality of frequency resources to a corresponding symbol of the plurality of symbols and the detection of the synchronization signal during at least the first symbol of the plurality of symbols.

19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising: Receive a second control signaling including an indication of the frequency hopping mode, wherein receiving the synchronization signal is at least partially based on receiving the second control signaling.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation is based at least in part on the relationship between the first symbol of the plurality of symbols according to the frequency hopping mode and the first frequency resource of the plurality of frequency resources.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the synchronization signal comprises a narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulation signal, and according to the frequency hopping mode, a first portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during a first symbol among the plurality of symbols, and a second portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a second frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during a second symbol among the plurality of symbols.

22. The method of claim 18, wherein the synchronization signal comprises a jointly modulated time-domain waveform, the jointly modulated time-domain waveform comprising an on / off keying (OOK) signal and a frequency shift keying (FSK) signal, and the frequency hopping mode comprises a mapping between the time-domain waveform and the frequency resources among the plurality of frequency resources.

23. The method according to claim 18, further comprising: The mapping between the first symbol among the plurality of symbols in which the synchronization signal is received and the first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources is determined according to the frequency hopping mode, wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation is performed at least in part based on the determination, and wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation includes determining the frequency offset between the first frequency resource and the second frequency resource according to the frequency hopping mode.

24. The method according to claim 18, further comprising: The synchronization signal is detected via the first frequency resource during two consecutive symbols, including the first symbol and the second symbol, of the plurality of symbols, based at least in part on the monitoring. as well as Determine a first mapping between the first symbol and the first frequency resource and a second mapping between the second symbol and a second frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources, wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation is performed at least in part based on the first mapping and the second mapping, and wherein the frequency error estimation and correction operation includes determining a first frequency offset between the first frequency resource and a third frequency resource according to the frequency hopping mode, and determining a second frequency offset between the second frequency resource and the third frequency resource.

25. The method according to claim 18, further comprising: The frequency error estimation and correction operation is performed during the first frequency error estimation phase, based at least in part on the receipt of the synchronization signal; The second synchronization signal is received via the plurality of frequency resources during the plurality of symbols according to the second frequency hopping offset value; as well as A second frequency error estimation and correction operation is performed during the second frequency error estimation phase prior to receiving the uplink signaling.

26. The method according to claim 18, further comprising: The indication of the residual frequency error value is received at least in part based on the transmission of the uplink signaling; Perform a frequency error adjustment operation based on the frequency error value; as well as The second uplink signaling is transmitted based at least in part on the frequency error adjustment operation.

27. A method for conducting wireless communication at a network entity, the method comprising: Send control signaling including an activation message for a synchronization signal used for frequency error estimation, the activation message including an indication of a frequency hopping offset value; The synchronization signal is transmitted via multiple frequency resources during multiple symbols according to a frequency hopping mode, wherein the frequency hopping mode includes a mapping of each of the multiple frequency resources to a corresponding symbol in the multiple symbols; as well as At least in part, uplink signaling is received from the energy-efficient user equipment based on sending the synchronization signal.

28. The method of claim 27, further comprising: Send a second control signaling including an indication of the frequency hopping mode, wherein the transmission of the synchronization signal is at least partially based on the transmission of the second control signaling.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein the synchronization signal comprises a narrowband on-off keying (OOK) modulation signal, and according to the frequency hopping mode, a first portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a first frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during a first symbol among the plurality of symbols, and a second portion of the OOK signal is mapped to a second frequency resource among the plurality of frequency resources during a second symbol among the plurality of symbols.

30. The method of claim 27, wherein the synchronization signal comprises a jointly modulated time-domain waveform, the jointly modulated time-domain waveform comprising an on / off keying (OOK) signal and a frequency shift keying (FSK) signal, and the frequency hopping mode comprises a mapping between the time-domain waveform and the frequency resources among the plurality of frequency resources.

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