A harmless treatment device and process for coal-based solid waste

Abstract

The present application relates to the field of coal-based solid waste treatment, and specifically provides a harmless treatment device and process for coal-based solid waste, which comprises an outer frame, an inner frame, and a mixing device installed in the inner frame, an inner cavity is formed in the outer frame; the outer frame comprises a lifting device and an exhaust device; wherein the lifting device is composed of an electric sliding groove and an electric sliding block, the electric sliding groove is arranged at the bottom end of the outer frame on both sides of the periphery, the electric sliding block is slidably arranged on the inner wall of the electric sliding groove, a center rod is installed between the two electric sliding blocks, and a support rod is fixedly installed on the upper surface of the center rod; a rotating table is arranged at the top end of the upper surface of the support rod, a first rubber pad is arranged on the rotating table, an air pump is arranged below the air cavity for inflating the air cavity to make the air cavity stand up; three-dimensional collaborative mixing completely solves the problem of heavy material layering; fully-closed dust removal realizes zero dust pollution; continuous operation greatly improves the processing efficiency; the structure is simple and reliable, and the operation cost is low.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This specification relates to the field of coal-based solid waste treatment technology, and more particularly to a harmless treatment device and process for coal-based solid waste. Background Technology

[0002] Coal-based solid waste refers to the solid waste generated during the entire process of coal mining, washing, processing and combustion, mainly including coal gangue, fly ash, boiler slag, coal slime, desulfurization gypsum, etc.

[0003] Solidification and stabilization technology is currently the most widely used and mature hazardous waste treatment technology internationally. Its principle involves adding solidifying and stabilizing agents to the waste, causing the toxic and harmful substances to be physically encapsulated or chemically fixed, transforming them into stable substances with low solubility, low migration, and low toxicity, thereby achieving the goal of harmless disposal. However, existing coal-based solid waste solidification and stabilization treatment devices generally suffer from the following insurmountable technical defects: 1. Extremely poor mixing uniformity and unstable treatment effect: Most existing mixing devices adopt horizontal twin-shaft mixing or vertical planetary mixing structures, relying on the shearing and pushing action of the mixing blades to achieve material mixing. However, coal-based solid waste usually contains a large amount of heavy stone materials with high density and hardness (such as sandstone and shale particles in coal gangue). These heavy stone materials are very easy to settle at the bottom of the mixing tank during the mixing process, forming a "dead material layer". The mixing blades cannot effectively lift and turn it over, resulting in the solidifying agent and stabilizer being concentrated in the upper layer of the material, while the heavy stone materials at the bottom can hardly come into contact with the agents. Ultimately, this causes the leaching concentration of harmful substances in the solidified body to exceed the standard, and the treatment effect is extremely unstable.

[0004] 2. Severe dust pollution and harsh working environment: Coal-based solid waste particles are fine, dry, and loose, generating a large amount of dust during mixing. Most existing equipment is open or semi-open in structure, lacking an effective dust collection and treatment system, resulting in seriously excessive dust concentrations at the work site. This not only pollutes the surrounding environment but also causes serious damage to the respiratory system of operators, leading to occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis.

[0005] 3. Low processing efficiency and difficulty in achieving continuous production: Most existing mixing devices operate intermittently, requiring multiple steps such as feeding, mixing, and unloading for each batch of material. This results in a long processing cycle and limited processing capacity for a single unit, making it difficult to meet the needs of large-scale harmless treatment of coal-based solid waste. Furthermore, intermittent operation leads to significant fluctuations in material processing quality, making standardized production difficult.

[0006] Therefore, developing a coal-based solid waste harmless treatment device and process that can completely solve the problem of uneven mixing of heavy stone materials, achieve zero dust pollution, and operate continuously has become an urgent technical problem to be solved in this field. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In view of this, the purpose of one or more embodiments of this specification is to provide a harmless treatment device and process for coal-based solid waste, which solves the problems of uneven mixing, serious dust pollution and low treatment efficiency in the existing coal-based solid waste solidification and stabilization treatment devices.

[0008] Based on the above objectives, one or more embodiments of this specification provide a harmless treatment device for coal-based solid waste, including an outer frame and an inner frame, and a mixing device installed in the inner frame, wherein the outer frame has an inner cavity. The external frame includes a lifting device and a ventilation device; The lifting device consists of an electric slide rail and an electric slider. The electric slide rail is located at the bottom of both sides of the outer frame. The electric slider is slidably installed on the inner wall of the electric slide rail. A central rod is installed between the two electric sliders. A support rod is fixedly installed on the upper surface of the center of the central rod. A rotating platform is provided at the top of the upper surface of the support rod. A first rubber pad is provided on the rotating platform. An air cavity is provided inside the first rubber pad. A rubber cover is attached to the top of the air cavity. An air pump is provided below the air cavity to inflate the air cavity and support it. An inner frame is provided around the rotating platform, and a central rubber sheet is provided around the inner frame. A lightweight ring is connected around the central rubber sheet. A second rubber pad is provided on the upper surface of the lightweight ring. A top cover is attached to the top of the second rubber pad. The outer sides of the top cover are fixed to the inner wall of the cavity by metal rods. The inner frame is evenly provided with material leakage ports; Two sets of fan frames are provided on both sides of the outer frame near the top for installing fans. An outer ring is provided on the outer frame corresponding to the fan frames for installing dust collection bags.

[0009] Furthermore, a gap is left between the edge of the rotary table and the inner wall of the inner frame, which allows the rotary table to rotate freely relative to the inner frame and prevents material from leaking out from the gap.

[0010] Furthermore, the air chamber has a ring structure and is arranged around the central bearing area of ​​the rotating platform. The inflation pressure of the air chamber can be steplessly adjusted according to the density, particle size and mixing requirements of the material being processed.

[0011] Furthermore, both the central rubber sheet and the second rubber pad are made of wear-resistant, aging-resistant, and highly elastic industrial rubber material, which can generate synchronous elastic deformation with the up-and-down reciprocating movement of the inner frame, providing unobstructed expansion and contraction space for the inner frame.

[0012] Furthermore, the material discharge ports are evenly distributed on the entire side wall of the inner frame, and the size of the material discharge ports is adapted to the maximum particle size of the pretreated coal-based solid waste, ensuring that the uniformly mixed material can pass through smoothly, while preventing large particles of material that are not uniformly mixed from being discharged prematurely.

[0013] Furthermore, the two sets of fan frames are symmetrically distributed on the upper part of the two side walls of the outer frame, and the outer ring is coaxially set with the fan frame. The dust collection bag is detachably fixed to the outer ring by a quick clamp structure.

[0014] The present invention provides a harmless treatment process for coal-based solid waste, which uses the above-mentioned apparatus for treatment and includes the following steps: S1. Pretreatment: The coal-based solid waste is crushed and screened to obtain uniform particles that meet the particle size requirements. S2. Batching: The pretreated coal-based solid waste is initially mixed with solidifying agent and stabilizer according to a preset mass ratio to obtain a mixture. S3, Three-dimensional collaborative mixing process: The mixture is added to the inner frame, and the lifting device, rotating table and air pump are started simultaneously to make the mixture fully mixed under the three-dimensional collaborative action of reciprocating motion, circular rotation and vertical vibration. S4. Curing and Stabilization: The uniformly mixed material is continuously discharged through the discharge port and enters the curing chamber for constant temperature and humidity curing and stabilization treatment. S5. Testing and Disposal: The solidified product shall be subjected to leaching toxicity testing. If the test is qualified, it shall be safely landfilled or recycled.

[0015] Further, in step S2, the curing agent is one or more of cement, lime, and fly ash in any proportion, and the stabilizer is one or more of sodium sulfide, sodium phosphate, and calcium hydroxide in any proportion.

[0016] Furthermore, in step S3, the lifting speed and lifting height of the lifting device, the rotation speed of the rotating table, the inflation frequency of the air chamber, and the inflation and deflation time are all adjusted according to the type and characteristics of the material being processed.

[0017] Furthermore, in step S3, throughout the entire process of three-dimensional collaborative mixing, the exhaust device is continuously activated to extract all dust generated during the mixing process through the fan frame and collect it through the dust collection bag on the outer ring.

[0018] Compared with the prior art, the technical solution provided by this invention has the following significant advantages: Three-dimensional synergistic mixing completely solves the problem of heavy material stratification: This invention innovatively combines reciprocating motion, circular rotation, and vertical vibration to construct a three-dimensional synergistic mixing field. The lifting device drives the material to generate strong vertical convection, breaking down vertical stratification; the rotation of the rotating platform causes the material to generate circular motion and radial diffusion, achieving uniform mixing in the horizontal direction; the periodic inflation and deflation of the air chamber generates high-frequency vertical vibration, which continuously throws the heavy stone material deposited at the bottom upwards, suspending it in the material and allowing it to fully contact the surrounding solidifying agent and stabilizer. The synergistic effect of these three elements achieves all-round, dead-angle-free mixing of materials in three-dimensional space, improving the mixing uniformity by more than 80% compared to traditional mixing devices, and completely solving the industry problem of the difficulty in uniformly mixing heavy stone materials in coal-based solid waste.

[0019] Fully enclosed dust collection achieves zero dust pollution: This invention adopts a fully enclosed structural design, with the mixing process taking place entirely within a sealed inner cavity. Simultaneously, through symmetrically arranged high-efficiency exhaust devices and high-precision dust collection bags, all dust generated during the mixing process can be promptly extracted and collected for treatment, achieving a dust collection rate of over 80%. The dust concentration at the work site is far below national occupational health standards, thoroughly improving the working environment and protecting the health of operators.

[0020] Continuous operation significantly improves processing efficiency: This invention enables continuous feeding and discharging, and the residence time of materials within the device can be flexibly adjusted according to mixing requirements. The processing capacity of a single unit is 3-5 times that of traditional intermittent mixing devices, meeting the needs of large-scale harmless treatment of coal-based solid waste. Simultaneously, continuous operation ensures the stability of material processing quality and achieves standardized production.

[0021] Simple and reliable structure, low operating cost: The device of this invention has a simple structure, few moving parts, no easily damaged stirring blades, convenient maintenance, and low operating cost. At the same time, the device is highly adaptable to materials and can process various types, particle sizes, and densities of coal-based solid waste, and has broad application prospects. Attached Figure Description

[0022] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in one or more embodiments of this specification or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only one or more embodiments of this specification. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the harmless treatment device for coal-based solid waste according to the present invention. Figure 2This is a cross-sectional structural schematic diagram of the harmless treatment device for coal-based solid waste according to the present invention. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the mixing device in this invention.

[0024] In the diagram, 1 is the outer frame; 11 is the inner cavity; 12 is the electric slide rail; 13 is the center rod; 14 is the electric slider; 15 is the support rod; 16 is the outer ring; 17 is the fan frame; 2 is the inner frame; 21 is the rotary table; 22 is the center rubber sheet; 23 is the second rubber pad; 24 is the top cover; 25 is the material discharge port; 26 is the air chamber; and 27 is the rubber cover. Detailed Implementation

[0025] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this disclosure clearer, the following detailed description is provided in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0026] It should be noted that, unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in one or more embodiments of this specification should have the ordinary meaning understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. The terms "first," "second," and similar words used in one or more embodiments of this specification do not indicate any order, quantity, or importance, but are merely used to distinguish different components. Terms such as "comprising" or "including" mean that the element or object preceding the word encompasses the elements or objects listed following the word and their equivalents, without excluding other elements or objects. Terms such as "connected" or "linked" are not limited to physical or mechanical connections, but can include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. Terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," and "right" are used only to indicate relative positional relationships; when the absolute position of the described object changes, the relative positional relationship may also change accordingly.

[0027] Example 1: like Figure 1-3 As shown, this embodiment provides a harmless treatment device for coal-based solid waste, including an outer frame 1 and an inner frame 2, as well as a mixing device installed in the inner frame 2. The outer frame 1 has an inner cavity 11. The outer frame 1 is welded from high-strength stainless steel, which has excellent corrosion resistance and structural strength, and can adapt to the harsh working conditions in the coal-based solid waste treatment process. The inner cavity 11 is a sealed space, which can effectively prevent dust from overflowing, while providing sufficient movement space for the mixing device.

[0028] The outer frame includes a lifting device and a ventilation device. The lifting device consists of an electric slide rail 12 and an electric slider 14. The electric slide rail 12 is symmetrically arranged at the bottom of both sides of the outer frame 1. The electric slide rail 12 adopts a high-precision linear guide rail structure, ensuring smooth operation and strong load-bearing capacity. The electric slider 14 is slidably mounted on the inner wall of the electric slide rail 12. The electric slider 14 has a built-in drive motor and braking device, enabling precise position control and speed adjustment. A central rod 13 is fixedly installed between the two electric sliders 14. The central rod 13 is made of high-strength alloy steel and can withstand large vertical and impact loads. A support rod 15 is vertically fixedly installed on the upper surface of the center of the central rod 13. The support rod 15 is a hollow tubular structure, internally used to house the air pump's air delivery pipes and the power supply lines for the rotating table. The top of the support rod 15 supports the rotating table 21 and the entire mixing device.

[0029] A rotating platform 21 is provided at the top of the upper surface of the support rod 15. The rotating platform 21 is a disc-shaped structure made of wear-resistant stainless steel. The rotating platform 21 is connected to the support rod 15 through a high-precision thrust bearing and can rotate smoothly under the drive of a built-in drive motor. The rotation direction can be automatically switched between forward and reverse. A first rubber pad is fixedly installed on the upper surface of the rotating platform 21. The first rubber pad can buffer and absorb shock, and reduce the wear of materials on the surface of the rotating platform. An air cavity 26 is embedded inside the first rubber pad. The air cavity 26 has a ring structure and is arranged around the central bearing area of ​​the rotating platform 21. It can bulge upward evenly when inflated. A rubber cover 27 is attached to the top of the air cavity 26. The rubber cover 27 is made of a special rubber with high wear resistance and high elasticity, which can significantly increase the wear resistance and service life of the air cavity 26 and prevent sharp coal-based solid waste particles from puncturing the air cavity. A high-pressure air pump is installed below the corresponding air chamber 26. The high-pressure air pump is connected to the air chamber 26 through an air supply pipe, which can periodically inflate and deflate the air chamber 26, causing the air chamber 26 to generate high-frequency vertical vibration.

[0030] The core innovation of this embodiment lies in the realization of three-dimensional synergistic mixing: When the device is running, the lifting device, the rotating platform, and the air pump start synchronously, and the three work together to form a three-dimensional synergistic mixing field: The combined effect of reciprocating motion: The electric slider 14 drives the central rod 13 and support rod 15 to reciprocate up and down along the electric slide 12, and the rotary table 21 moves up and down synchronously. When the rotary table 21 moves upward, the material at the bottom of the inner frame 2 is forcefully pushed upward by the rotary table 21, and the material flows upward as a whole. The material at the top slides down the inner wall of the inner frame 2 under the action of gravity, forming a strong vertical convection. This vertical convection can completely break the vertical stratification of the material, so that the heavy stone material that was originally deposited at the bottom is lifted to the upper layer of the material, while the curing agent and stabilizer that were originally in the upper layer are carried to the lower layer of the material, realizing the full exchange of materials at different levels.

[0031] The mixing effect of circular rotation: While reciprocating up and down, the rotating platform 21 rotates continuously at a certain speed. The material placed on the rotating platform 21 moves in a circular motion along with the platform under the action of friction. Under the action of centrifugal force, the material diffuses in all directions, collides with the inner wall of the inner frame 2, rebounds, and flows back to the central area, forming radial mixing. This radial mixing can make the material evenly distributed in the horizontal direction, avoiding the accumulation of curing agent and stabilizer in local areas. At the same time, the alternating forward and reverse rotation of the rotating platform 21 can generate shear force, breaking the agglomeration of the material, so that each material particle can be fully exposed in the mixing environment.

[0032] The mixing effect of vertical vibration: The high-pressure air pump periodically inflates and deflates the air chamber 26, causing high-frequency vertical vibration on the surface of the rotating platform 21. When the air chamber 26 is inflated, the surface of the rotating platform 21 bulges upward, generating an upward impact force that throws the denser, heavier stones at the bottom upward, suspending them in the material. When the air chamber 26 is deflated, the surface of the rotating platform 21 quickly falls back, and the material falls downward under gravity, colliding and mixing violently with the material below. This vertical vibration effectively overcomes the gravitational settling effect of the heavy stones, preventing them from redepositing at the bottom and ensuring that all material particles are in continuous motion, fully contacting the curing agent and stabilizer.

[0033] The three types of motion described above do not exist independently, but rather overlap and work synergistically. The reciprocating motion provides a larger effective space for vertical vibration, allowing heavy materials to be thrown higher; the circular motion makes the material movement generated by vertical vibration more uniform, preventing excessive vibration in certain areas; and the vertical vibration enhances the mixing effect of the reciprocating and circular motions, resulting in more thorough mixing. This three-dimensional synergistic mixing method can achieve uniform mixing of materials in a very short time, with mixing efficiency and uniformity far superior to traditional mixing devices.

[0034] Example 2 like Figure 2-3As shown, this embodiment further optimizes the structure of the mixing device based on embodiment one, focusing on solving the sealing and elastic compensation problems when the inner frame moves up and down, and further enhancing the mixing effect.

[0035] The rotating table 21 is surrounded by an inner frame 2, which has an inverted conical structure, wider at the top and narrower at the bottom. This design facilitates the flow and discharge of materials. The inner frame 2 is made of wear-resistant stainless steel, and its inner wall is polished to reduce material adhesion and improve material flowability. The bottom opening of the inner frame 2 is adapted to the size of the rotating table 21, allowing the rotating table 21 to rotate freely and move up and down within the bottom opening of the inner frame 2.

[0036] A central rubber sheet 22 is fixedly connected to the outer edge of the inner frame 2. The central rubber sheet 22 is an annular sheet structure made of highly elastic and wear-resistant industrial rubber. A lightweight ring body is fixedly connected to the outer edge of the central rubber sheet 22. The lightweight ring body is made of aluminum alloy, which is lightweight and high-strength, and can provide stable support for the central rubber sheet 22 and the second rubber pad 23. The second rubber pad 23 is fixedly installed on the upper surface of the lightweight ring body. The material and performance of the second rubber pad 23 are the same as those of the central rubber sheet 22. The top of the second rubber pad 23 is glued and fixed to the lower surface of the top cover 24. The top cover 24 is a square structure made of stainless steel. The outer sides of the top cover 24 are fixed to the inner wall of the inner cavity 11 by multiple metal rods, so that the top cover 24 remains fixed.

[0037] The auxiliary mixing role of the central rubber sheet and the second rubber pad during the mixing process: The central rubber sheet 22 and the second rubber pad 23 not only provide elastic expansion space for the vertical movement of the inner frame 2, ensuring the sealing of the device and preventing material leakage and dust overflow, but also generate additional elastic disturbance during the mixing process, further enhancing the mixing effect. When the lifting device drives the rotating platform 21 upward, the inner frame 2 moves upward accordingly, the central rubber sheet 22 is stretched, and the second rubber pad 23 is compressed. During the stretching process, the edge of the central rubber sheet 22 will generate an upward pulling force on the surrounding material, promoting the upward flow of the material; at the same time, the compressed second rubber pad 23 will generate a downward elastic force, acting on the lightweight ring and the inner frame 2, causing the inner frame 2 to vibrate slightly downward, compressing and disturbing the material.

[0038] When the lifting device moves the rotating table 21 downwards, the inner frame 2 moves downwards accordingly, the central rubber sheet 22 contracts, and the second rubber pad 23 returns to its original shape. During the contraction process, the central rubber sheet 22 exerts a downward pressure on the material, accelerating its downward flow; at the same time, during the return to its original shape, the second rubber pad 23 generates an upward elastic force, causing the inner frame 2 to vibrate slightly upwards, further disturbing the material.

[0039] This additional disturbance generated by elastic deformation can make the movement of materials more complex and disordered, break the stable flow state of materials, promote the collision and mixing between different particles, and thus further improve the mixing uniformity.

[0040] Multiple material discharge ports 25 are evenly distributed along the entire side wall of the inner frame 2. The size of the discharge ports 25 is adapted to the maximum particle size of the pretreated coal-based solid waste. After the material is evenly mixed, the lifting device raises the rotating table 21 to a certain height, creating a gap between the rotating table 21 and the bottom of the inner frame 2. The evenly mixed material is continuously discharged through the discharge ports 25 under gravity and enters the next solidification and stabilization process. Large particles that are not evenly mixed cannot pass through the discharge ports 25 due to their size and will continue to remain in the inner frame 2 for mixing until the mixing requirements are met. This design ensures that all discharged material is evenly mixed, guaranteeing the stability of the processing quality.

[0041] Example 3 like Figure 1-2 As shown, this embodiment optimizes the structure and performance of the exhaust device based on Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2, achieving zero dust pollution in the mixing process.

[0042] Two sets of fan frames 17 are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the outer frame 1 near the top. Each fan frame 17 has a circular through-hole structure for mounting axial flow fans. The axial flow fans are low-noise, high-efficiency industrial fans capable of generating strong suction to quickly extract dust-laden air from the inner cavity 11. Corresponding to the periphery of the fan frames 17, an outer ring 16 is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the outer frame 1. The outer ring 16 is a ring-shaped protrusion structure and is coaxially arranged with the fan frames 17. The dust collection bag is detachably fixed to the outer ring 16 using a quick-clamp structure, making installation and replacement very convenient.

[0043] The dust collection bag is made of high-precision needle-punched felt material, offering high filtration accuracy and effectively filtering fine dust particles from the air, with a dust filtration efficiency exceeding 80%. During the mixing process, an axial flow fan continuously operates, drawing air out of the inner cavity 11 to create a slightly negative pressure environment, preventing dust from escaping through any gaps in the device. As dust-laden air passes through the dust collection bag, the dust is trapped inside, while clean air is released into the atmosphere. Regularly cleaning or replacing the dust collection bag ensures the harmless treatment of the dust.

[0044] The exhaust system in this embodiment adopts a symmetrical dual-fan design, which ensures uniform airflow within the inner cavity 11 and prevents localized dust accumulation. Simultaneously, the fan frame 17 is positioned at the top of the outer frame 1, effectively collecting rising dust generated during the mixing process and improving dust removal efficiency. Through the combination of a fully enclosed structure and a high-efficiency exhaust and dust removal system, this device achieves zero dust diffusion during the mixing process, completely solving the problem of severe dust pollution in traditional coal-based solid waste treatment devices.

[0045] Example 4 This embodiment provides a harmless treatment process for coal-based solid waste with high gangue content, using the apparatus described in Embodiments 1 to 3 above, and specifically includes the following steps: S1. Pre-treatment: High-gangue coal gangue raw materials generated during mining are fed into a jaw crusher for coarse crushing, and then into a cone crusher for medium crushing. The crushed material is then screened by a vibrating screen to remove excessively large stones and impurities, obtaining uniform particles that meet the particle size requirements. The screened material is then sent to a magnetic separator for magnetic separation to remove ferromagnetic impurities and prevent damage to subsequent equipment.

[0046] S2. Batching: Pretreated coal gangue particles are conveyed into the batching silo via a belt conveyor, while the curing agent and stabilizer are conveyed into their respective batching silos. According to a preset mass ratio, the coal gangue, curing agent, and stabilizer are fed into a screw conveyor for preliminary mixing via an automatic weighing and batching system to obtain a mixture. The curing agent is a mixture of ordinary silicate cement and fly ash, and the stabilizer is a mixture of sodium sulfide and calcium hydroxide. Cement provides a cementing effect, binding the coal gangue particles together; fly ash fills the voids between the coal gangue particles, improving the density and strength of the solidified body; sodium sulfide reacts with heavy metal ions in the coal gangue to form insoluble sulfide precipitates; and calcium hydroxide adjusts the pH value of the mixture, providing a suitable alkaline environment for the stabilization of heavy metal ions.

[0047] S3. Three-dimensional synergistic mixing: The pre-mixed material is continuously added to the inner frame 2 via a closed conveyor. The feeding speed is adjusted according to the processing capacity of the device to maintain the material at a suitable height in the inner frame 2. The lifting device, rotary table 21, and air pump are simultaneously activated to ensure thorough mixing of the materials under three-dimensional synergistic action. Considering the high density and heavy stone content of high-gangue coal gangue, the lifting speed of the lifting device and the air filling frequency of the air chamber 26 are appropriately increased to enhance the intensity of vertical convection and vibration, ensuring that the heavy stone at the bottom is fully thrown up and evenly dispersed. Simultaneously, the rotary table 21 operates in alternating forward and reverse directions, automatically switching to reverse after a period of forward rotation to prevent directional material flow and improve mixing uniformity. Throughout the mixing process, the exhaust system is continuously activated to collect and treat all generated dust.

[0048] S4. Curing and Stabilization: The uniformly mixed material is continuously discharged through the discharge port 25 on the side wall of the inner frame 2, and then conveyed by a belt conveyor into the curing chamber for curing and stabilization treatment. The curing chamber employs a constant temperature and humidity control system to maintain the temperature within a suitable range and the relative humidity at a high level, providing optimal conditions for the cement hydration reaction and the stabilization reaction of heavy metals. The material remains in the curing chamber for a sufficient time to allow the curing agent to fully hydrate, forming a stable gel structure that firmly encapsulates the coal gangue particles and heavy metal ions.

[0049] S5. Testing and Disposal: After curing, the product is discharged from the curing chamber and sampled and tested for leaching toxicity according to national standards. Testing includes the leaching concentration of heavy metal ions such as lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, and arsenic. Products that pass the tests can be sent to secure landfills for disposal or used as building materials for resource recovery, such as in road base courses, subgrade fillers, and slope protection projects. Products that fail the tests are returned to the mixing process for reprocessing until they meet national standards.

[0050] Example 5 This embodiment provides a harmless treatment process for fly ash-based solid waste. The difference from Embodiment 4 is that the material treated in this embodiment is fly ash from a coal-fired power plant, which has finer particles and lower density. Therefore, the process parameters have been specifically optimized. The specific steps include: S1. Pretreatment: The fly ash raw material is fed into a vibrating screen for screening to remove large particles and lumps, resulting in fine particles with uniform particle size. Since the fly ash particles are relatively fine, crushing is not required. The screened fly ash is then sent to a dryer for drying to reduce its moisture content to a suitable level, preventing material agglomeration and improving subsequent mixing efficiency.

[0051] S2. Batching: Pretreated fly ash is fed into the batching silo via a pneumatic conveying system, while the curing agent and stabilizer are fed into their respective batching silos. According to a preset mass ratio, the fly ash, curing agent, and stabilizer are fed into a screw conveyor for preliminary mixing via an automatic weighing and batching system to obtain a mixture. The curing agent is a mixture of quicklime and fly ash, and the stabilizer is a mixture of sodium phosphate and calcium hydroxide. Quicklime can react with fly ash in a pozzolanic reaction to generate a hydration product with cementing properties; sodium phosphate can react with heavy metal ions in fly ash to generate phosphate precipitates with extremely low solubility, providing long-term stability.

[0052] S3. Three-dimensional collaborative mixing treatment: The pre-mixed material is continuously added to the inner frame 2 via a closed conveyor. Considering the characteristics of fly ash particles—fine, low density, and prone to agglomeration—the rotation speed of the rotary table 21 is appropriately increased to enhance radial mixing intensity and break up material agglomeration using centrifugal force. Simultaneously, the lifting speed of the lifting device and the air filling frequency of the air chamber 26 are appropriately reduced to prevent excessive material dispersion and improve dust collection efficiency. The rotary table 21 operates in a continuous forward rotation mode, ensuring that the material is evenly distributed on the side walls of the inner frame 2 under centrifugal force and continuously discharged through the discharge port 25. During the mixing process, the exhaust system operates continuously to ensure a slightly negative pressure environment within the inner cavity 11, preventing dust overflow.

[0053] S4. Solidification and Stabilization: The uniformly mixed material is discharged through the discharge port 25 and conveyed by a belt conveyor into the solidification chamber for solidification and stabilization treatment. The temperature and humidity in the solidification chamber are controlled within a suitable range to promote the pozzolanic reaction between quicklime and fly ash and the chemical reaction between sodium phosphate and heavy metal ions. The material remains in the solidification chamber for a sufficient time to allow the reaction to proceed fully and form a stable solidified body.

[0054] S5. Testing and Disposal: The cured product undergoes leaching toxicity testing. Products that pass the test can be utilized as high-performance building materials, such as in the production of non-fired bricks, blocks, and wall panels, thus realizing the high-value utilization of fly ash. Products that fail the test are returned to the mixing process for reprocessing.

[0055] Comparative Example 1 This comparative example uses a traditional horizontal twin-shaft mixer to solidify and stabilize the same high-gangue coal gangue as in Example 4. The specific process steps are as follows: S1. Pretreatment: exactly the same as in Example 4.

[0056] S2. Ingredients: exactly the same as in Example 4.

[0057] S3. Mixing process: Add the mixture to a horizontal twin-shaft mixer, start the mixer to mix, and the mixing time is the same as that in Example 4.

[0058] S4. Curing and stabilization: exactly the same as in Example 4.

[0059] S5. Detection and treatment: exactly the same as in Example 4.

[0060] The test results showed that the leaching concentrations of all heavy metal ions in the cured body of this comparative example were significantly higher than those in Example 4. Specifically, the leaching concentration of lead was 2.3 times that of Example 4, the leaching concentration of cadmium was 2.7 times that of Example 4, and the leaching concentration of chromium was 2.1 times that of Example 4. This indicates that traditional horizontal twin-shaft mixers cannot fully mix the heavy stone material with the curing agent and stabilizer, resulting in the inability to effectively fix harmful substances in the heavy stone material at the bottom, and the treatment effect is far inferior to that of the device of this invention.

[0061] Comparative Example 2 This comparative example uses the apparatus of the present invention to solidify and stabilize the same high-gangue coal gangue as in Example 4, but the air pump is turned off during the mixing process, thus eliminating the vertical vibration effect of the air chamber. The specific process steps are as follows: S1. Pretreatment: exactly the same as in Example 4.

[0062] S2. Ingredients: exactly the same as in Example 4.

[0063] S3. Mixing process: Add the mixture to the inner frame 2, start the lifting device and the rotating table 21, but do not start the air pump. The mixing time is the same as in Example 4.

[0064] S4. Curing and stabilization: exactly the same as in Example 4.

[0065] S5. Detection and treatment: exactly the same as in Example 4.

[0066] The test results show that the leaching concentrations of each heavy metal ion in the solidified body of this comparative example are all higher than those in Example 4. Specifically, the leaching concentration of lead is 1.6 times that of Example 4, the leaching concentration of cadmium is 1.8 times that of Example 4, and the leaching concentration of chromium is 1.5 times that of Example 4. This indicates that the vertical vibration of the air chamber plays a crucial role in breaking up the depositional stratification of heavy stone materials and improving the mixing uniformity, and is an indispensable component of the three-dimensional synergistic mixing technology of this invention.

[0067] In summary, the harmless treatment device and process for coal-based solid waste of the present invention, through innovative three-dimensional synergistic mixing technology, completely solves the problem of uneven mixing of heavy stone materials that traditional mixing devices cannot overcome, significantly improving mixing uniformity and treatment effect. Simultaneously, the fully enclosed exhaust and dust removal system achieves zero dust pollution, ensuring a safe working environment. The device can operate continuously, has high processing efficiency, and can meet the needs of large-scale harmless treatment of coal-based solid waste. This invention has significant application value and is of great importance for promoting the harmless treatment and resource utilization of coal-based solid waste in my country.

[0068] Those skilled in the art should understand that the discussion of any of the above embodiments is merely exemplary and is not intended to imply that the scope of this disclosure (including the claims) is limited to these examples; within the framework of this disclosure, the technical features of the above embodiments or different embodiments can also be combined, and there are many other variations of different aspects of one or more embodiments of this specification as described above, which are not provided in detail for the sake of brevity.

[0069] Although this disclosure has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, many substitutions, modifications and variations of these embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description.

[0070] One or more embodiments of this specification are intended to cover all such substitutions, modifications, and variations that fall within the broad scope of the appended claims. Therefore, any omissions, modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of one or more embodiments of this specification should be included within the scope of protection of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A harmless treatment device for coal-based solid waste, comprising an outer frame (1) and an inner frame (2), and a mixing device installed in the inner frame (2), wherein the outer frame (1) has an inner cavity (11), characterized in that: The external frame (1) includes a lifting device and a ventilation device; The lifting device consists of an electric slide rail (12) and an electric slider (14). The electric slide rail (12) is located at the bottom of both sides of the outer frame (1). The electric slider (14) is slidably arranged on the inner wall of the electric slide rail (12). A central rod (13) is installed between the two electric sliders (14). A support rod (15) is fixedly installed on the upper surface of the center of the central rod (13). A rotating platform (21) is provided at the top of the upper surface of the support rod (15). A first rubber pad is provided on the rotating platform (21). An air chamber (26) is provided inside the first rubber pad. A rubber cover (27) is attached to the top of the air chamber (26). An air pump is provided below the air chamber (26) to inflate the air chamber (26) and make the air chamber support itself. The rotating platform (21) is surrounded by an inner frame (2), and the inner frame (2) is surrounded by a central rubber sheet (22). The central rubber sheet (22) is connected to a lightweight ring. The upper surface of the lightweight ring is provided with a second rubber pad (23). The top of the second rubber pad (23) is attached to a top cover (24). The two sides of the top cover (24) are fixed to the inner wall of the inner cavity (11) by metal rods. The inner frame (2) is provided with evenly spaced material outlets (25); Two sets of fan frames (17) are provided on both sides of the outer frame (1) near the top for installing fans. An outer ring (16) is provided on the outer frame (1) corresponding to the fan frame (17) for installing dust collection bags.

2. The harmless treatment device for coal-based solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that, A gap is left between the edge of the rotating platform (21) and the inner wall of the inner frame (2), the gap allowing the rotating platform (21) to rotate freely relative to the inner frame (2) and preventing material from leaking out from the gap.

3. The harmless treatment device for coal-based solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that, The air chamber (26) is a ring structure, which is arranged around the central bearing area of ​​the rotating table (21). The inflation pressure of the air chamber (26) can be steplessly adjusted according to the density, particle size and mixing requirements of the processed material.

4. The harmless treatment device for coal-based solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that, The central rubber sheet (22) and the second rubber pad (23) are both made of wear-resistant, aging-resistant, and highly elastic industrial rubber material, which can generate synchronous elastic deformation with the up-and-down reciprocating movement of the inner frame (2), providing unobstructed expansion and contraction space for the inner frame (2).

5. The harmless treatment device for coal-based solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that, The material discharge ports (25) are evenly distributed on the entire side wall of the inner frame (2). The size of the material discharge ports (25) is adapted to the maximum particle size of the pretreated coal-based solid waste, ensuring that the uniformly mixed material can pass through smoothly, while preventing large particles of material that are not uniformly mixed from being discharged prematurely.

6. The harmless treatment device for coal-based solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that, The two sets of fan frames (17) are symmetrically distributed on the upper part of the two side walls of the outer frame (1). The outer ring (16) is coaxially set with the fan frame (17). The dust collection bag is detachably fixed on the outer ring (16) by a quick clamp structure.

7. A harmless treatment process for coal-based solid waste, characterized in that, Processing using the apparatus according to any one of claims 1-6 includes the following steps: S1. Pretreatment: The coal-based solid waste is crushed and screened to obtain uniform particles that meet the particle size requirements. S2. Batching: The pretreated coal-based solid waste is initially mixed with solidifying agent and stabilizer according to a preset mass ratio to obtain a mixture. S3, Three-dimensional collaborative mixing process: Add the mixture into the inner frame (2), and simultaneously start the lifting device, the rotating table (21) and the air pump to make the mixture fully mixed under the three-dimensional collaborative action of up-and-down reciprocating motion, circular rotation motion and vertical vibration; S4. Curing and stabilization: The uniformly mixed material is continuously discharged through the discharge port (25) and enters the curing chamber for constant temperature and humidity curing and stabilization treatment. S5. Testing and Disposal: The solidified product shall be subjected to leaching toxicity testing. If the test is qualified, it shall be safely landfilled or recycled.

8. The harmless treatment process for coal-based solid waste according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step S2, the curing agent is one or more of cement, lime, and fly ash in any proportion, and the stabilizer is one or more of sodium sulfide, sodium phosphate, and calcium hydroxide in any proportion.

9. The harmless treatment process for coal-based solid waste according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step S3, the lifting speed and lifting height of the lifting device, the rotation speed of the rotating table (21), the inflation frequency of the air chamber (26), and the inflation and deflation time are all adjusted according to the type and characteristics of the material being processed.

10. The harmless treatment process for coal-based solid waste according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step S3, throughout the entire process of three-dimensional collaborative mixing, the exhaust device is continuously activated to extract all the dust generated during the mixing process through the fan frame (17) and collect it through the dust collection bag on the outer ring (16).

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