Preparation method and application of a Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface

Abstract

The application discloses a preparation method of a Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface and application thereof, and the preparation method is based on a heat-induced dynamic trapping mechanism, uses supramolecular micelles, zwitterionic monomers and functional adhesive monomers as raw materials, and utilizes the Ludwig-Soret effect to drive directional migration of large-size micelles to a cold end and passively traps the large-size micelles under a non-equilibrium thermodynamic temperature gradient field, so that the Janus hydrogel with a continuous structure gradient is constructed through in-situ polymerization in one step, and the bioelectronic interface is obtained after a patterned polypyrrole conductive network is integrated in-situ on the adhesive surface of the Janus hydrogel. The bioelectronic interface constructed by the application has high conductivity, long-term biological stability and excellent wet adhesion, can realize high-fidelity electrophysiological signal acquisition and precise electric stimulation treatment through stable electromechanical coupling, and is especially suitable for flexible bioelectronic fields such as closed-loop muscle atrophy diagnosis and treatment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of biomaterials technology, specifically to a method for preparing a Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface and its application. Background Technology

[0002] Implantable bioelectronics redefines the boundaries of human-computer interaction by bridging the fundamental "bio-non-bio mismatch" between rigid electronic devices and soft biological tissues. This fusion is crucial for achieving seamless device fit and advancing precision medicine. Among numerous candidate materials, hydrogels, due to their tissue-like modulus and excellent biocompatibility, effectively mitigate the mechanical damage and motion artifacts caused by traditional rigid electrodes, making them the preferred bioelectronic interface material. However, their long-term in vivo efficacy remains limited by contradictory interface properties. Specifically, functional interfaces require strong wet adhesion to achieve high-fidelity signal transduction, while the outer surface should remain bioinert to prevent accidental adhesion-induced fibrotic capsule formation and signal attenuation. Traditional homogeneous hydrogels cannot simultaneously address this functional asymmetry; more importantly, their sensitivity to physiological swelling often leads to interfacial stress and delamination, ultimately inevitably resulting in monitoring failure.

[0003] Janus hydrogels offer a promising solution by synergistically integrating opposite functions (hydrophilic / adhesive on one side, hydrophobic / anti-adhesive on the other) within a single asymmetric structure. Designing Janus hydrogels with unique heterostructures and dual-functionality has become a key breakthrough in addressing the aforementioned challenges of traditional bioelectronic interfaces. However, most existing Janus hydrogels suffer from inherent structural discontinuities or weak interfacial bonding, leading to uncontrolled swelling under physiological conditions and fundamentally compromising their biostability. Utilizing supramolecular micelles as stabilizing and gradient structure building blocks provides an effective strategy for addressing these issues. The hydrophobic core, dense physical entanglement, and efficient energy dissipation properties of micelles endow hydrogels with excellent biostability and structural integrity. By spatially controlling the micelle distribution to form a gradient, both overall anti-swelling stability and interfacial Janus asymmetry can be simultaneously achieved. Therefore, this invention utilizes a thermally induced kinetic trapping mechanism to construct a non-swelling Janus hydrogel, thereby resolving the trade-off between biostability and functional asymmetry. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for preparing a Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface and its application. The prepared Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface has the advantages of excellent biocompatibility, significant asymmetric adhesion, ultra-low swelling ratio, good electrochemical performance and high signal-to-noise ratio. It can be widely used in fields such as electrophysiological signal acquisition, electrostimulation therapy and closed-loop disease management, effectively broadening the practical application performance of flexible bioelectronic devices.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, this invention provides a method for preparing a Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface, wherein the Janus hydrogel has a dual gradient in structure and composition, and the method for preparing the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface includes the following steps:

[0006] S1. Preparation of dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate: 1,3-propane sulfonate lactone, 4-vinylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylamine and dibutylhydroxytoluene were dissolved in the organic solvent acetonitrile. Under nitrogen protection, the mixture was stirred and reacted at 40-60 °C for 10-14 h. After the reaction was completed, the reaction product was filtered, washed, and vacuum dried to obtain dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate as a white powder.

[0007] S2. Preparation of supramolecular micelle solution: Add cationic surfactant to deionized water and dissolve it by sonication or stirring under heating conditions. Then add hydrophobic monomer and sonicate at 50-60 °C for 0.5-2 hours until the solution is clear and transparent to obtain supramolecular micelle solution.

[0008] S3. Preparation of hydrogel precursor solution: The hydrogel precursor solution contains the supramolecular micelle solution prepared in step S2, vinyl zwitterionic monomer, functional adhesion monomer, crosslinking agent and photoinitiator; the preparation process is carried out under heating conditions to prevent micelle aggregation; wherein, the vinyl zwitterionic monomer includes methacrylate sulfobetaine and dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate prepared in step S1;

[0009] S4. The hydrogel precursor solution prepared in step S3 is kept at a certain temperature and, after deoxygenation treatment, is transferred to a special mold with a pre-cooled bottom to establish a vertical temperature gradient. The micelles are driven to migrate in a directional manner by using a thermally induced kinetic trapping mechanism. Then, the mold is vertically irradiated with 365 nm ultraviolet light for a certain period of time to obtain Janus hydrogel with dual gradients in structure and composition.

[0010] S5. A hollow patterned waterproof mask is used to cover the adhesion surface of the Janus hydrogel prepared in step S4. The Janus hydrogel adhesion surface covered with the hollow patterned waterproof mask is immersed in a pyrrole solution. Then, ferric chloride solution is added to the solution to initiate a pyrrole polymerization reaction at room temperature, constructing a polypyrrole electronic conduction pathway to obtain a Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface.

[0011] Preferably, in step S1, the molar ratio of 1,3-propanesulfonate lactone to 4-vinylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylamine is 1:1 to 1.3:1; and the molar ratio of 1,3-propanesulfonate lactone to dibutylhydroxytoluene is 30:1 to 50:1.

[0012] Preferably, in step S2, the cationic surfactant is hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and the ratio of deionized water to hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide is 5-10 mL : 0.5-1.0 g; the hydrophobic monomer is octadecyl methacrylate, and the mass ratio of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide to octadecyl methacrylate is 30:1-45:1.

[0013] Preferably, in step S3, the functional adhesive monomer includes acrylic acid and N-hydroxysuccinimide acrylate.

[0014] Preferably, in step S3, the ratio of the supramolecular micelle solution to sulfonated betaine methacrylate is 5 mL: 0.8–1.2 g; the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate is 4:1–10:1; the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to N-hydroxysuccinimide acrylate is 8:1–10:1; the ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to acrylic acid is 1 g: 1.5–2.5 mL; the crosslinking agent is N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, and the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide is 150:1–400:1; the photoinitiator is 2-hydroxy-4'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylphenylacetone, and the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to the photoinitiator is 30:1–60:1.

[0015] Preferably, in step S3, the ratio of the supramolecular micelle solution to sulfonated betaine methacrylate is 5 mL: 1 g; the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate is 5:1; the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to N-hydroxysuccinimide acrylate is 8.3:1; the ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to acrylic acid is 1 g: 2 mL; the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide is 285:1; and the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to photoinitiator is 50:1.

[0016] Preferably, in step S4, the temperature of the hydrogel precursor solution is maintained at 50–60 °C; the bottom pre-cooling temperature of the single-sided transparent mold is -5–5 °C; and the ultraviolet irradiation time is 3–10 min.

[0017] Preferably, in step S5, the concentration of the pyrrole solution is 1 wt% to 10 wt%; and the concentration of the ferric chloride solution is 0.3 to 0.8 mmol·L⁻¹. -1 The polymerization reaction time is 20–40 min.

[0018] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention also provides a Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared by the above preparation method.

[0019] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention also provides the application of the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface in bioelectronics. The specific application process is as follows: the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface is applied to the skin or tissue surface as a wearable electrode or implantable device to construct a stable human-computer interaction interface, which is used for high-precision monitoring of human electrophysiological signals or for electrical stimulation therapy.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0021] This invention constructs a Janus hydrogel with dual gradients in structure and composition in one step: utilizing a thermo-induced kinetic trapping mechanism, under a non-equilibrium thermodynamic field, the Solette effect drives large-sized supramolecular micelles to migrate directionally towards the cold end and be kinetically trapped, while small-molecule monomers maintain a relatively uniform distribution. This gradient distribution is further fixed through in-situ photopolymerization, forming a continuous structure from a micelle-rich hydrophobic framework to a micelle-poor hydrophilic adhesion surface. This unique structure forms a hierarchical electrophysiological interlocking network within the polymer network, significantly inhibiting water permeation (swelling rate <0.77%), fundamentally solving the problems of weak interfacial bonding, easy interlayer slippage, and easy swelling in traditional Janus hydrogels; simultaneously, the gradient structure imparts significant differences in wettability and adhesion forces up to 26 times greater. After the self-assembly of a patterned polypyrrole conductive permeation network on the viscous surface of the hydrogel, the constructed Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface can achieve efficient bidirectional bioelectric signal transduction through stable electromechanical coupling, thus enabling high-precision electrophysiological signal acquisition and closed-loop disease diagnosis and treatment.

[0022] This invention provides a simple and novel method for preparing bio-adaptive Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interfaces.

[0023] The Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface obtained by this invention can be further applied to the high-precision acquisition of human electromyography, electrocardiography and electrooculography signals, especially in many application fields such as health status assessment, human-computer interaction and closed-loop muscle atrophy management. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 The energy scattering spectrum of the Janus hydrogel prepared in Example 1;

[0025] Figure 2 This is a confocal microscope image of micelle labels in the Janus hydrogel network prepared in Example 1;

[0026] Figure 3 Swelling test of Janus hydrogel prepared in Example 1;

[0027] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram showing the adhesion test results of the Janus hydrogel prepared in Example 1.

[0028] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the tensile cycle test results of the Janus hydrogel prepared in Example 1.

[0029] Figure 6 A schematic diagram showing the rheological results of the Janus hydrogel prepared in Example 1 at different temperatures;

[0030] Figure 7The image shows the monitoring of electromyographic signals by the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface and commercial electrodes prepared in Example 1.

[0031] Figure 8 The images show the monitoring of electrocardiogram signals by the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface and commercial silver / silver chloride electrode prepared in Example 1. (i, iii) are under resting state, and (ii, iv) are under water impact state.

[0032] Figure 9 The image shows the monitoring of electrooculography signals by the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared in Example 1 and the commercial silver / silver chloride electrode. (i, iii) represent looking to the left, and (ii, iv) represent looking to the right. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. Unless otherwise specified, the raw materials and reagents used in the following embodiments are all commercially available.

[0034] Example 1

[0035] A method for preparing a Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface includes the following steps:

[0036] S1. Dissolve 10.2 g of 1,3-propanesulfonate lactone, 11.0 g of 4-vinylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylamine, and 0.5 g of dibutylhydroxytoluene in 500 mL of acetonitrile. Under nitrogen protection, stir the mixture at 50 °C for 12 hours. After the reaction is complete, filter the reaction mixture, wash the filter cake with tetrahydrofuran to remove impurities, and dry under vacuum for 12 hours to obtain a white solid powder, DVBAPS.

[0037] S2. Add 0.75 g of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to 5 mL of deionized water, heat to 55 °C and sonicate to dissolve; then add 0.02 g of stearyl methacrylate (SMA), sonicate at 55 °C for 1 hour until the solution becomes clear and transparent, to obtain SMA / CTAB supramolecular micelle solution.

[0038] S3. Preparation of hydrogel precursor solution: Under the condition of maintaining 55 °C, 1 g sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), 0.2 g DVBAPS, 0.12 g N-hydroxysuccinimide acrylate (AA-NHS), 2 mL acrylic acid (AA), 3.5 mg N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and 0.02 g photoinitiator Irgacure 2959 were added sequentially to the micelle solution obtained in step S2. The solution was dissolved by sonication and degassed to obtain the hydrogel precursor solution.

[0039] S4. After deoxygenation treatment (maintained at 55 °C), the precursor solution was transferred to a special mold pre-cooled to 0 °C at the bottom to establish a vertical temperature gradient. The mold was vertically irradiated with 365 nm ultraviolet light for 5 min. Janus hydrogel with dual gradients of structure and composition was obtained by using thermally induced kinetics trapping mechanism and in-situ photopolymerization.

[0040] S5. A specially designed hollow patterned waterproof mask was used to customize a personalized bioelectronic interface based on Janus hydrogel. The adhesion surface (hot end side) of the Janus hydrogel covered with the waterproof mask was immersed in a 3 wt% pyrrole solution, and then 0.5 mmol·L⁻¹ was added to the solution. -1 Ferric chloride solution was used to initiate pyrrole polymerization at room temperature for 30 min, thereby constructing a polypyrrole electron conduction pathway and obtaining a Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface.

[0041] Energy scattering spectral analysis of the Janus hydrogel prepared in this example at different depths is shown in [reference needed]. Figure 1 See laser confocal microscopy imaging Figure 2 It can be seen that the Janus hydrogel forms a continuous structure and composition gradient from the micelle-rich side to the micelle-poor side, with micelles mainly enriched at the cold end.

[0042] from Figure 3 As can be seen, the Janus hydrogel prepared in this example exhibits excellent anti-swelling properties. After immersion in water for 30 days, its swelling rate is less than 0.77%, which is significantly better than the control group without micelles, demonstrating the stability of the hierarchical electro-physical interlocking network.

[0043] from Figure 4 As can be seen, the Janus hydrogel prepared in this example has significant asymmetric adhesion properties. Its adhesive side (hot end) has extremely high adhesion strength to skin tissue, while the hydrophobic side (cold end) has almost no adhesion, with the difference in adhesion strength between the two sides reaching as high as 26 times.

[0044] from Figure 5 and Figure 6 As can be seen, the Janus hydrogel prepared in this embodiment exhibits excellent mechanical stability and durability, maintaining stable performance under prolonged high-intensity strain. Furthermore, it maintains stable performance within the range of room temperature and body temperature.

[0045] from Figure 7 As can be seen, compared with commercial silver / silver chloride electrodes, the electromyographic signals monitored by the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared in this embodiment exhibit a higher signal-to-noise ratio.

[0046] from Figure 8As can be seen, compared with commercial silver / silver chloride electrodes, the electrocardiogram signals monitored by the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared in this embodiment exhibit a higher signal-to-noise ratio.

[0047] from Figure 9 As can be seen, compared with commercial silver / silver chloride electrodes, the electrooculography signals monitored by the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared in this embodiment exhibit a higher signal-to-noise ratio.

[0048] Example 2

[0049] In this embodiment, except for step S3 which differs from that in Embodiment 1, all other steps remain the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0050] S3. Preparation of hydrogel precursor solution: Under the condition of maintaining 55 °C, add 1.2 g sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), 0.15 g DVBAPS, 0.12 g N-hydroxysuccinimide acrylate (AA-NHS), 2 mL acrylic acid (AA), 3.5 mg N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and 0.02 g photoinitiator Irgacure 2959 to the micelle solution obtained in step S2 in sequence.

[0051] The performance evaluation method for the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared in this embodiment is the same as that in Example 1, and both can achieve similar performance as in Example 1.

[0052] Example 3

[0053] In this embodiment, except for step S3 which differs from that in Embodiment 1, all other steps remain the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0054] S3. Preparation of hydrogel precursor solution: Under the condition of maintaining 55 °C, add 1 g sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), 0.2 g DVBAPS, 0.10 g N-hydroxysuccinimide acrylate (AA-NHS), 2.5 mL acrylic acid (AA), 3.5 mg N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and 0.02 g photoinitiator Irgacure 2959 to the micelle solution obtained in step S2 in sequence.

[0055] The performance evaluation method for the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared in this embodiment is the same as that in Example 1, and both can achieve similar performance as in Example 1.

[0056] Example 4

[0057] In this embodiment, except for step S2 which differs from that in Embodiment 1, all other steps remain the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0058] S2. Preparation of supramolecular micelle solution: Add 0.8 g of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to 5 mL of deionized water, heat to 55 °C and sonicate to dissolve; then add 0.025 g of stearyl methacrylate (SMA), sonicate at 55 °C for 1 hour until the solution becomes clear and transparent, to obtain SMA / CTAB supramolecular micelle solution.

[0059] This embodiment further enhances the hydrophobic framework density at the cold end by increasing the micelle content. The performance evaluation method for the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared in this embodiment is the same as that in Example 1, and both achieve similar performance to Example 1.

[0060] Example 5

[0061] In this embodiment, except for step S3 which differs from that in Embodiment 1, all other steps remain the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0062] S3. Preparation of hydrogel precursor solution: Under the condition of maintaining 55 °C, add 1 g sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), 0.2 g DVBAPS, 0.12 g N-hydroxysuccinimide acrylate (AA-NHS), 2 mL acrylic acid (AA), 5 mg N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and 0.02 g photoinitiator Irgacure 2959 to the micelle solution obtained in step S2 in sequence.

[0063] The performance evaluation method for the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared in this embodiment is the same as that in Example 1, and both can achieve similar performance as in Example 1.

[0064] Example 6

[0065] In this embodiment, except for step S3 which differs from that in Embodiment 1, all other steps remain the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0066] S3. Preparation of hydrogel precursor solution: Under the condition of maintaining 55 °C, add 1 g sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), 0.2 g DVBAPS, 0.12 g N-hydroxysuccinimide acrylate (AA-NHS), 2 mL acrylic acid (AA), 3.5 mg N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and 0.03 g photoinitiator Irgacure 2959 to the micelle solution obtained in step S2 in sequence.

[0067] The performance evaluation method for the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared in this embodiment is the same as that in Example 1, and both can achieve similar performance as in Example 1.

[0068] Example 7

[0069] In this embodiment, except for step S5 which differs from that in Embodiment 1, all other steps remain the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0070] S5. A specially designed hollow patterned waterproof mask was used to customize a personalized bioelectronic interface based on Janus hydrogel. The adhesion surface of the Janus hydrogel covered with the waterproof mask was immersed in a 2 wt% pyrrole solution at a controlled temperature of 4°C; subsequently, 0.5 mmol·L⁻¹ of pyrrole was added to the solution. -1 Ferric chloride solution initiates pyrrole polymerization at room temperature, thereby constructing a polypyrrole electron conduction pathway.

[0071] The performance evaluation method for the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared in this embodiment is the same as that in Example 1, and both can achieve similar performance as in Example 1.

[0072] Example 8

[0073] In this embodiment, except for step S5 which differs from that in Embodiment 1, all other steps remain the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0074] S5. A specially designed hollow patterned waterproof mask was used to customize a personalized bioelectronic interface based on Janus hydrogel. The adhesion surface of the Janus hydrogel covered with the waterproof mask was immersed in a 5 wt% pyrrole solution at a controlled temperature of 4 ℃; subsequently, 0.8 mmol·L⁻¹ of pyrrole was added to the solution. -1 Ferric chloride solution initiates pyrrole polymerization at room temperature, thereby constructing a polypyrrole electron conduction pathway.

[0075] The performance evaluation method for the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared in this embodiment is the same as that in Example 1, and both can achieve similar performance as in Example 1.

[0076] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and do not constitute any limitation on the present invention. Any equivalent substitutions or modifications made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions and content disclosed in the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention shall be deemed to have remained within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface, wherein the Janus hydrogel has a dual gradient in structure and composition, characterized in that, The method for preparing the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface includes the following steps: S1. Preparation of dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate: 1,3-propane sulfonate lactone, 4-vinylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylamine and dibutylhydroxytoluene were dissolved in the organic solvent acetonitrile. Under nitrogen protection, the mixture was stirred and reacted at 40-60 °C for 10-14 h. After the reaction was completed, the reaction product was filtered, washed, and vacuum dried to obtain dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate as a white powder. S2. Preparation of supramolecular micelle solution: Add cationic surfactant to deionized water and dissolve it by sonication or stirring under heating conditions. Then add hydrophobic monomer and sonicate at 50-60 °C for 0.5-2 hours until the solution is clear and transparent to obtain supramolecular micelle solution. S3. Preparation of hydrogel precursor solution: The hydrogel precursor solution contains the supramolecular micelle solution prepared in step S2, vinyl zwitterionic monomer, functional adhesion monomer, crosslinking agent and photoinitiator; the preparation process is carried out under heating conditions to prevent micelle aggregation; wherein, the vinyl zwitterionic monomer includes methacrylate sulfobetaine and dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate prepared in step S1; S4. The hydrogel precursor solution prepared in step S3 is kept at a certain temperature and, after deoxygenation treatment, is transferred to a special mold with a pre-cooled bottom to establish a vertical temperature gradient. The micelles are driven to migrate in a directional manner by using a thermally induced kinetic trapping mechanism. Then, the mold is vertically irradiated with 365 nm ultraviolet light for a certain period of time to obtain Janus hydrogel with dual gradients in structure and composition. S5. A hollow patterned waterproof mask is used to cover the adhesion surface of the Janus hydrogel prepared in step S4. The Janus hydrogel adhesion surface covered with the hollow patterned waterproof mask is immersed in a pyrrole solution. Then, ferric chloride solution is added to the solution to initiate a pyrrole polymerization reaction at room temperature, constructing a polypyrrole electronic conduction pathway to obtain a Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface.

2. The method for preparing the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the molar ratio of 1,3-propanesulfonate lactone to 4-vinylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylamine is 1:1 to 1.3:1; the molar ratio of 1,3-propanesulfonate lactone to dibutylhydroxytoluene is 30:1 to 50:

1.

3. The method for preparing the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the cationic surfactant is hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and the ratio of deionized water to hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide is 5-10 mL : 0.5-1.0 g; the hydrophobic monomer is octadecyl methacrylate, and the mass ratio of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide to octadecyl methacrylate is 30:1-45:

1.

4. The method for preparing the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the functional adhesive monomer includes acrylic acid and N-hydroxysuccinimide acrylate.

5. The method for preparing the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step S3, the ratio of the supramolecular micelle solution to sulfonated betaine methacrylate is 5 mL : 0.8–1.2 g; the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate is 4:1–10:1; the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to N-hydroxysuccinimide acrylate is 8:1–10:1; the ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to acrylic acid is 1 g : 1.5–2.5 mL; the crosslinking agent is N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, and the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide is 150:1–400:1; the photoinitiator is 2-hydroxy-4'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylphenylacetone, and the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to the photoinitiator is 30:1–60:

1.

6. The method for preparing the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface according to claim 5, characterized in that, In step S3, the ratio of the supramolecular micelle solution to sulfonated betaine methacrylate is 5 mL : 1 g; the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate is 5:1; the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to N-hydroxysuccinimide acrylate is 8.3:1; the ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to acrylic acid is 1 g : 2 mL; the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide is 285:1; and the mass ratio of sulfonated betaine methacrylate to photoinitiator is 50:

1.

7. The method for preparing the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the temperature of the hydrogel precursor solution is maintained at 50–60 °C; the bottom pre-cooling temperature of the single-sided transparent mold is -5–5 °C; and the ultraviolet irradiation time is 3–10 min.

8. The method for preparing the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5, the concentration of the pyrrole solution is 1 wt% to 10 wt%; the concentration of the ferric chloride solution is 0.3 to 0.8 mmol·L⁻¹. -1 The polymerization reaction time is 20–40 min.

9. A Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 1-8.

10. The application of the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface as described in claim 9 in bioelectronic interfaces, characterized in that, The specific application process is as follows: the Janus hydrogel bioelectronic interface is applied to the skin or tissue surface as a wearable electrode or implantable device to build a stable human-computer interaction interface, which can be used for high-precision monitoring of human electrophysiological signals or for electrical stimulation therapy.

Images