Multistage coupling explosion-proof slow-release capsule type hydrogen storage device and method

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of multistage coupling explosion-proof slow-release capsule type hydrogen storage devices and methods, it is related to hydrogen storage device technical field;To solve the problem that existing hydrogen storage technology is difficult to give consideration to high hydrogen storage density and safety explosion-proof, the following technical scheme is proposed: the present application includes high-pressure hydrogen storage tank, medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank, low-pressure hydrogen storage tank and hydrogen storage capsule, each level hydrogen storage tank is connected in series by pressure reducing valve, and the coupling structure of pressure gradually decreasing is formed;Hydrogen storage capsule is located in high-pressure hydrogen storage tank, spring diaphragm device is installed in wall, when the pressure difference inside and outside hydrogen storage capsule is in preset range, diaphragm and micropore keep gap to slowly release hydrogen gas.The present application encapsulates liquid hydrogen by hydrogen storage capsule and slowly releases hydrogen gas, forms internal high density, external low density safety gradient, uses spring diaphragm device to automatically close in extreme working condition, from the root, to eliminate secondary explosion, while three-stage hydrogen storage tank gradually coupled to realize stable hydrogen supply, with compact structure, intrinsic safety, strong adaptability and other advantages.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of hydrogen storage device technology, specifically to a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device and method. Background Technology

[0002] Hydrogen is highly susceptible to leakage through the microscopic pores of materials, potentially triggering hydrogen embrittlement in metallic materials and severely threatening the structural integrity of containers. Currently, mainstream physical hydrogen storage technologies mainly include high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage, cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage, and material-based solid / chemical hydrogen storage, but each has significant technical bottlenecks.

[0003] High-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage is currently the most mature technology, but its volumetric hydrogen storage density is extremely low, only 40-45 g / L at room temperature and 70 MPa. Even with ultra-high pressure of 100 MPa, the hydrogen storage density is only about 60 g / L, far from meeting the needs of space-constrained scenarios such as vehicles. In addition, the high-pressure compression process consumes a huge amount of energy, accounting for about 10%-15% of the total energy of the stored hydrogen, and the risks of hydrogen leakage and container hydrogen embrittlement failure persist under long-term high-pressure conditions.

[0004] Cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage achieves a high volumetric hydrogen storage density of approximately 70.8 g / L by liquefying hydrogen gas at temperatures below -253°C. The volume of liquid hydrogen is about 1 / 800th that of gaseous hydrogen, significantly improving transportation efficiency. However, its fatal weakness lies in the extremely high energy consumption required to maintain the cryogenic environment and the extremely stringent requirements for the insulation conditions of the device. If the insulation layer fails or temperature fluctuations cause the liquid hydrogen to rise to its boiling point, a large amount of liquid hydrogen will instantly vaporize, causing a rapid increase in internal pressure and potentially triggering a catastrophic physical explosion.

[0005] For hydrogen storage technology based on materials, solid-state adsorption hydrogen storage suffers from low mass hydrogen storage density at room temperature and high cost of high-performance hydrogen storage materials; while chemical hydride hydrogen storage generally faces technical obstacles such as high hydrogen release reaction temperature, slow kinetics, difficulty in handling by-products and poor cycle stability, and is still far from large-scale commercial application.

[0006] In summary, current hydrogen storage technologies have long faced a core "impossible triangle" dilemma: it is difficult to simultaneously achieve high hydrogen storage density, intrinsic safety and explosion prevention, and stable and controllable hydrogen supply. Especially when hydrogen storage systems encounter extreme conditions such as external fires, impacts, or internal runaway, the rupture of high-pressure or cryogenic containers can instantly release large amounts of hydrogen, which can easily form an explosive mixture with air and be ignited, causing catastrophic secondary explosions. Current technologies lack a hydrogen storage solution that can proactively suppress this chain reaction of failures at the system structure level, achieving safe, slow-release, and explosion-proof performance.

[0007] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a new type of hydrogen storage device that can overcome the inherent limitations of traditional technical routes, maintain a high hydrogen storage density in the core area, and fundamentally prevent or delay large-scale hydrogen leakage under dangerous operating conditions, thereby achieving passive intrinsic safety protection and ensuring a continuous and stable supply of hydrogen to hydrogen-using equipment. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The purpose of this invention is to provide a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage device and method, in order to solve the problem in the prior art that high-pressure or liquid hydrogen storage methods cannot ensure high volumetric hydrogen storage density while also having safe explosion-proof and stable and controllable hydrogen supply performance through three-stage hydrogen storage tanks coupled step by step through pressure reducing valves.

[0009] The technical solution of the present invention to solve the above-mentioned technical problems is as follows: A multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device includes: a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank, a medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank, a low-pressure hydrogen storage tank, a pressure reducing valve, and a spring diaphragm device. A medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank is fitted outside the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank, and a low-pressure hydrogen storage tank is fitted outside the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank. The outlet of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank is connected to the inlet of the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank through a pressure reducing valve, and the outlet of the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank is connected to the inlet of the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank through a pressure reducing valve. The high-pressure hydrogen storage tank has at least one hydrogen storage capsule inside, and the hydrogen storage capsule has micropores with spring diaphragm devices installed at the micropores. The spring-diaphragm device includes a spring and a diaphragm. The spring deforms according to the pressure difference inside and outside the hydrogen storage capsule, thereby driving the diaphragm to move relative to the micropores. When the pressure difference is within the preset pressure difference range, a gap is formed between the diaphragm and the micropores, allowing the hydrogen gas in the hydrogen storage capsule to be slowly released into the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank through the gap; when the pressure difference exceeds the preset pressure difference range, the deformation of the spring drives the diaphragm to close the micropores.

[0010] Furthermore, the hydrogen storage capsule includes an inner insulation layer and an outer metal layer, with micropores penetrating the insulation layer and the metal layer, and a spring diaphragm device installed in the cavity between the insulation layer and the metal layer.

[0011] Furthermore, the insulation layer is made of porous thermal insulation material or foam insulation material; the metal layer is made of high-strength metal material resistant to hydrogen embrittlement.

[0012] Furthermore, the spring in the spring-diaphragm device is a spring with high elastic limit, high fatigue strength and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement, and the diaphragm is a diaphragm made of a polymer with liquid tightness, flexibility, aging resistance and chemical resistance; the diaphragm has micro-flanges or soft coatings on the surface that contacts the micropores.

[0013] Furthermore, the shells of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank, the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank, and the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank are all made of carbon fiber composite material or lightweight aluminum alloy. Safety valves are installed on the top of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank, the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank, and the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank, and pressure reducing valves are installed on the bottom.

[0014] Furthermore, the design pressure of high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks is 50-70 MPa, the design pressure of medium-pressure hydrogen storage tanks is 20-40 MPa, and the design pressure of low-pressure hydrogen storage tanks is 10-15 MPa.

[0015] Furthermore, it also includes a venting pipeline and a hydrogen filling system. The hydrogen filling system is connected to the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank through the venting pipeline and is used to fill the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank and hydrogen storage capsule with liquid hydrogen.

[0016] Furthermore, it also includes hydrogen-using equipment, which is connected to the outlet end of the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank.

[0017] A multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage method includes the following steps: S1: Hydrogen charging stage. Liquid hydrogen is charged into the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank through the hydrogen charging system and the venting pipeline. The liquid hydrogen is in a state of pressure of 10-15MPa and temperature of 50-70K during charging. During the charging process, the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the hydrogen storage capsule is within the preset pressure difference range. The diaphragm of the spring diaphragm device maintains a gap with the micropores, and the liquid hydrogen flows into the inner cavity of the hydrogen storage capsule through this gap. When the inner cavity of the hydrogen storage capsule is full of liquid hydrogen, the venting pipeline is closed, and the hydrogen charging stage ends. S2: Hydrogen Utilization Stage. After S1 is completed, the liquid hydrogen stored in the hydrogen storage capsule or the hydrogen gas generated by its self-evaporation is slowly released into the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank through the gap between the diaphragm and the micropores of the spring diaphragm device, maintaining the pressure in the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank within the design pressure range of 50-70 MPa. The hydrogen gas in the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank is depressurized by its bottom pressure reducing valve and then enters the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank, maintaining the pressure in the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank within the design pressure range of 20-40 MPa. The hydrogen gas in the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank is depressurized a second time by its bottom pressure reducing valve and then enters the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank, maintaining the pressure in the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank within the design pressure range of 10-15 MPa. The hydrogen gas in the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank is output to the hydrogen utilization equipment through its outlet.

[0018] The present invention has the following beneficial effects: The present invention encapsulates liquid hydrogen in a hydrogen storage capsule and slowly releases hydrogen gas, forming a safety gradient of "high density in the core and low density on the outside". While maintaining a high hydrogen storage density, it eliminates the risk of a secondary explosion caused by the instantaneous release of a large amount of hydrogen gas when the hydrogen storage tank ruptures. In addition, the spring diaphragm device is passively driven entirely by the internal and external pressure difference. It can automatically and bidirectionally lock the micropores when the external pressure leaks to atmospheric pressure or explodes to the ultimate pressure. The response is instantaneous and requires no external energy, achieving intrinsic safety protection. Through the three-stage hydrogen storage tank and pressure reducing valve, the pressure decreases and stabilizes, effectively suppressing hydrogen supply fluctuations and ensuring the stable operation of hydrogen-using equipment. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the hydrogen storage capsule structure of a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a cross-sectional view of the hydrogen storage capsule structure of a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the spring diaphragm device structure of a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the pressure direction during normal operation of a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of hydrogen flow during normal operation of a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the pressure direction under the first operating condition of a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of hydrogen flow under the first operating condition of a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the pressure direction under the second operating condition of a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of hydrogen flow under the second operating condition of a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the specific use of a multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0020] Figures 1 to 11The reference numerals in the attached drawings represent: 1-ventilation pipe, 2-safety valve, 3-low-pressure hydrogen storage tank shell, 4-low-pressure hydrogen storage tank, 5-medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank shell, 6-medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank, 7-high-pressure hydrogen storage tank shell, 8-high-pressure hydrogen storage tank insulation layer, 9-high-pressure hydrogen storage tank, 10-hydrogen storage capsule, 11-pressure reducing valve, 12-metal layer, 13-insulation layer, 14-spring diaphragm device, 15-hydrogen storage capsule inner cavity, 16-hydrogen consumption equipment, 17-hydrogen filling system. Detailed Implementation

[0021] The specific embodiments of the present invention are described below to enable those skilled in the art to understand the present invention. However, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the specific embodiments. For those skilled in the art, various changes are obvious as long as they are within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined and determined by the appended claims. All inventions utilizing the concept of the present invention are protected.

[0022] Example A multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device includes: a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9, a medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank 6, a low-pressure hydrogen storage tank 4, a pressure reducing valve 11, and a spring diaphragm device 14. The high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 has a shell 7 made of carbon fiber composite material, which has the advantages of high strength and lightweight. Its inner wall is equipped with a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank insulation layer 8, which uses porous insulation materials such as polyurethane foam or polyimide foam to reduce the transfer of external heat into the tank. A safety valve 2 is installed at the top of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 for automatic pressure relief when the internal pressure exceeds the limit; a pressure reducing valve 11 is installed at the bottom as the hydrogen outlet. The structures of the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank 6 and the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank 4 are similar to those of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9, except that the shell 3 of the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank 4 can be made of lightweight aluminum alloy to reduce weight. Each level of hydrogen storage tank is equipped with a safety valve 2 at the top and a pressure reducing valve 11 at the bottom.

[0023] like Figure 1 As shown, the outlet of the pressure reducing valve 11 at the bottom of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 is connected to the inlet at the top of the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank 6 via a vent pipe; the outlet of the pressure reducing valve 11 at the bottom of the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank 6 is connected to the inlet at the top of the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank 4 via a vent pipe. Each pressure reducing valve 11 is configured to automatically close or reduce its opening when the outlet pressure reaches or exceeds a preset value, thereby maintaining a stable outlet pressure and forming a pressure gradient structure that gradually decreases from high pressure to low pressure. The outlet of the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank 4 is ultimately connected to the hydrogen-using device 16, which may be, but is not limited to, a hydrogen fuel cell or a hydrogen burner.

[0024] like Figure 11As shown, the hydrogen filling system 17 is connected to the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 through the venting pipe 1. A safety valve 2 is installed on the venting pipe 1 to ensure that the pressure inside the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 remains stable within the design pressure range during the hydrogen filling process, preventing overpressure.

[0025] like Figures 1-3 As shown, the hydrogen storage capsule 10 is disposed inside the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 and is the core component for achieving safe slow release and explosion prevention in this invention. The hydrogen storage capsule 10 has a hydrogen storage cavity 15 for storing liquid hydrogen, and a wall constituting the hydrogen storage cavity. The wall adopts a multi-layer composite structure, specifically including an inner insulation layer 13 and an outer metal layer 12. The insulation layer 13 can be made of a composite of multiple layers of reflective metal foil and polyimide foam, which provides efficient heat insulation and heat preservation for the liquid hydrogen in the hydrogen storage cavity 15, preventing it from vaporizing due to the intrusion of external heat. The metal layer 12 is made of a high-strength metal material resistant to hydrogen embrittlement, preferably austenitic stainless steel 316L, nickel-based alloy, titanium alloy, or high-strength steel, ensuring that the metal layer 12 itself will not rupture under the extreme pressure condition of an explosion in the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9, thereby sealing the liquid hydrogen and preventing leakage.

[0026] During normal hydrogen storage and utilization, such as Figure 4 As shown, the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the hydrogen storage capsule 10 is within a preset range. At this time, this pressure difference acts on the diaphragm of the spring-diaphragm device 14, causing the spring to undergo a certain amount of tensile or compressive deformation. The displacement generated by this deformation is insufficient to completely seal the micropores. Therefore, a gap is maintained between the diaphragm and the micropores, allowing the liquid hydrogen stored in the hydrogen storage cavity 15, or the high-pressure gaseous hydrogen generated by its self-evaporation, to be slowly released into the cavity of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 through this gap. This achieves a safe gradient distribution of high hydrogen storage density in the core area (within the hydrogen storage capsule 10) and relatively low hydrogen storage density in the outer area (within the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9), satisfying the high-density storage requirements while fundamentally reducing the overall leakage risk.

[0027] This invention features a bidirectional passive explosion-proof interlocking function, enabling automatic response to extreme pressure differential conditions: Under normal operating conditions, the differential pressure is within the design range, such as Figure 5 As shown, the pressure direction is indicated by the arrow, which pushes the diaphragm open, allowing hydrogen gas to flow in. Figure 6 The movement shown indicates that hydrogen gas is being released normally.

[0028] The first working condition is as follows: Figure 7 As shown, when the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 experiences an accidental rupture or leak, causing its internal pressure to drop sharply to near one atmosphere, the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the hydrogen storage capsule 10 significantly deviates from and exceeds the upper limit of the preset pressure difference range. At this time, the huge outward pressure difference generates outward stress, driving the spring to stretch to its extreme value, such as... Figure 8As shown, the spring diaphragm device 14 is subjected to maximum positive displacement, and the diaphragm is firmly pressed against the inner opening of the micropore, completely sealing the micropore. The hydrogen storage capsule no longer releases hydrogen, thereby preventing continuous leakage of liquid hydrogen.

[0029] The second working condition is as follows: Figure 9 As shown, when a hydrogen explosion occurs inside the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9, and the pressure instantly and rapidly rises to the explosion limit pressure, the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the hydrogen storage capsule 10 significantly deviates from and exceeds the lower limit of the preset pressure difference range. At this time, the huge inward pressure difference generates inward stress, driving the spring to compress to its extreme value, causing the spring diaphragm device 14 to produce a maximum negative displacement, such as... Figure 10 As shown, the membrane is pressed tightly against the outer opening of the micropore by external high pressure, thus completely sealing the micropore. This locking action is completed instantaneously before the arrival of the explosion shock wave. Combined with the high pressure resistance and high temperature resistance of the metal layer 12, it ensures the integrity of the hydrogen storage capsule 10 and eliminates the possibility of liquid hydrogen participating in a secondary explosion.

[0030] The specific workflow of this invention is as follows: like Figure 11 As shown, during the hydrogen filling stage, the hydrogen production equipment fills the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 with liquid hydrogen prepared under low-temperature and high-pressure conditions through the venting pipe 1 of the hydrogen filling system 17. The preferred preparation conditions for this liquid hydrogen are a pressure of 10-15 MPa and a temperature of 50-70 K. During hydrogen filling, the pressure difference between the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 and the inner cavity 15 of the hydrogen storage capsule is within a preset pressure difference range. The diaphragm of the spring diaphragm device 14 remains open, allowing liquid hydrogen to flow into the inner cavity 15 of the hydrogen storage capsule through this gap. Once the capsule is filled with liquid hydrogen, the venting pipe 1 of the hydrogen filling system is closed, completing the hydrogen filling process. The insulation layer 8 of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank and the insulation layer 13 of the hydrogen storage capsule work together to maintain the low-temperature environment inside the tank and prevent abnormal vaporization and pressure rise of the liquid hydrogen.

[0031] During the hydrogen utilization stage, the hydrogen storage capsule 10 slowly releases high-pressure hydrogen into the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 via the spring diaphragm device 14, maintaining the design pressure of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 (e.g., 50-70 MPa). The hydrogen in the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank 9 is depressurized by its bottom pressure reducing valve 11 and flows into the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank 6, maintaining its design pressure (e.g., 20-40 MPa). The hydrogen in the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank 6 is then depressurized a second time by its bottom pressure reducing valve 11 and flows into the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank 4, maintaining its design pressure (e.g., 10-15 MPa). Finally, the low-pressure hydrogen in the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank 4 is stably output from the outlet and supplied to the hydrogen utilization equipment 16 for electrochemical reaction or combustion, thus completing the entire multi-stage coupled slow-release hydrogen supply process.

[0032] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-stage coupling explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage device, characterized in that, include: High-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9), medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6), low-pressure hydrogen storage tank (4), pressure reducing valve (11) and spring diaphragm device (14). The high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9) is fitted with the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6) on the outside, and the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6) is fitted with the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank (4) on the outside. The outlet end of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9) is connected to the inlet end of the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6) through a pressure reducing valve (11), and the outlet end of the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6) is connected to the inlet end of the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank (4) through a pressure reducing valve (11). At least one hydrogen storage capsule (10) is provided inside the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9). The hydrogen storage capsule (10) has micropores and a spring diaphragm device (14) is installed at the micropores. The spring-diaphragm device (14) includes a spring and a diaphragm. The spring deforms according to the pressure difference inside and outside the hydrogen storage capsule (10) to drive the diaphragm to move relative to the micropore. When the pressure difference is within the preset pressure difference range, a gap is formed between the diaphragm and the micropore, allowing the hydrogen gas in the hydrogen storage capsule (10) to be slowly released into the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9) through the gap; when the pressure difference exceeds the preset pressure difference range, the deformation of the spring drives the diaphragm to close the micropore.

2. The multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The hydrogen storage capsule (10) includes an inner insulation layer (13) and an outer metal layer (12), the micropores penetrating the insulation layer (13) and the metal layer (12), and the spring diaphragm device (14) is installed in the cavity between the insulation layer (13) and the metal layer (12).

3. The multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The insulation layer (13) is made of porous insulation material or foam insulation material; the metal layer (12) is made of hydrogen embrittlement resistant high-strength metal material.

4. The multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The spring in the spring diaphragm device (14) is a spring with high elastic limit, high fatigue strength and hydrogen embrittlement resistance. The diaphragm is made of a polymer with liquid tightness, flexibility, aging resistance and chemical resistance. The diaphragm has a micro-flange or soft coating on the surface that contacts the micropore.

5. The multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The shells of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9), medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6) and low-pressure hydrogen storage tank (4) are all made of carbon fiber composite material or lightweight aluminum alloy. The top of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9), medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6) and low-pressure hydrogen storage tank (4) are all equipped with safety valves (2), and the bottom of the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9), medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6) and low-pressure hydrogen storage tank (4) are all equipped with pressure reducing valves (11).

6. The multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device according to claim 5, characterized in that, The high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9) is designed to have a pressure of 50-70 MPa, the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6) is designed to have a pressure of 20-40 MPa, and the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank (4) is designed to have a pressure of 10-15 MPa.

7. The multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes a ventilation pipe (1) and a hydrogen filling system (17), which is connected to the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9) through the ventilation pipe (1) and is used to fill the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9) and the hydrogen storage capsule (10) with liquid hydrogen.

8. The multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule-type hydrogen storage device according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes a hydrogen-using device (16), which is connected to the outlet end of the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank (4).

9. A multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage method, implemented based on the multi-stage coupled explosion-proof slow-release capsule hydrogen storage device according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: During the hydrogen filling stage, liquid hydrogen is filled into the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9) through the hydrogen filling system (17) and the ventilation pipe (1). The liquid hydrogen is in a state of pressure of 10-15MPa and temperature of 50-70K during filling. During the filling process, the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the hydrogen storage capsule (10) is within the preset pressure difference range. The diaphragm of the spring diaphragm device (14) maintains a gap with the micropore, and the liquid hydrogen flows into the inner cavity of the hydrogen storage capsule (10) through the gap. When the inner cavity of the hydrogen storage capsule (10) is filled with liquid hydrogen, the ventilation pipe (1) is closed, and the hydrogen filling stage ends. S2: Hydrogen utilization stage. After S1 is completed, the liquid hydrogen stored in the hydrogen storage capsule (10) or the hydrogen generated by its self-evaporation is slowly released into the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9) through the gap between the diaphragm and the micropore of the spring diaphragm device (14), so that the pressure in the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9) is maintained within the design pressure range of 50-70 MPa; the hydrogen in the high-pressure hydrogen storage tank (9) is depressurized by the pressure reducing valve (11) at its bottom and then enters the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6), so that the pressure in the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6) is maintained within the design pressure range of 20-40 MPa; the hydrogen in the medium-pressure hydrogen storage tank (6) is depressurized a second time by the pressure reducing valve (11) at its bottom and then enters the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank (4), so that the pressure in the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank (4) is maintained within the design pressure range of 10-15 MPa; the hydrogen in the low-pressure hydrogen storage tank (4) is output to the hydrogen utilization device (16) through its outlet end.

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