Rcs estimation method based on target track energy compensation

Abstract

The application discloses an RCS estimation method based on target track energy compensation and relates to the technical field of radar engineering, which comprises the following steps: using the original Doppler channel number, the original range cell number, the range-Doppler domain data plane of a target track, calculating the Doppler channel number offset value, the accurate Doppler channel number, the range cell offset value and the accurate range cell number of the target track; searching for the normalized energy value corresponding to the target track in a preset relative energy grid diagram according to the range cell offset value and the Doppler channel number offset value, so as to obtain an energy compensation coefficient; calculating an accurate energy value according to the energy compensation coefficient, calculating the signal-to-noise ratio of the target track according to the accurate energy value; calculating the accurate target track distance; and calculating the RCS estimation value of the target track based on the radar equation according to the accurate target track distance, the signal-to-noise ratio of the target track and preset radar constants. The application takes into account the real-time requirement and the estimation accuracy of the RCS estimation method.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of radar engineering technology, and in particular to an RCS estimation method based on target point energy compensation. Background Technology

[0002] Radar Cross Section (RCS) is a core physical quantity representing the intensity of a target's echo under radar illumination. It directly reflects differences in the target's geometry, material composition, attitude angle, and scattering characteristics, determining radar detection, tracking, and identification performance. It is a key technical indicator for modern radar systems, stealth and anti-stealth technologies, and electronic warfare equipment. With increasingly complex battlefield environments, high-speed maneuvering targets, stealth platforms, and multi-target scenarios are emerging in large numbers. Target attitude, observation angle, and electromagnetic environment change rapidly. Traditional offline RCS calculations and static database lookups are insufficient to meet the coordinated requirements of radar systems for real-time performance, dynamic capabilities, and high precision.

[0003] With the rapid development of digital signal processing technology and embedded systems, the real-time processing capability of radar systems has been significantly improved, providing new technical approaches for real-time target RCS estimation. Currently, scholars at home and abroad have conducted extensive research on RCS estimation, especially in STC (Sensitivity Time Control), transmit and receive antenna patterns, and different waveform modes, and have carried out considerable research on target energy compensation and RCS estimation. However, research on energy compensation and RCS estimation of targets in the range-Doppler domain after MTD (Moving Target Detection) remains lacking.

[0004] Therefore, in order to achieve efficient, robust, real-time, and high-precision estimation of the target RCS, this invention mainly proposes an RCS estimation method based on target point energy compensation. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention proposes an RCS estimation method based on target point energy compensation to solve the problem that existing RCS estimation methods cannot meet the estimation accuracy requirements.

[0006] The present invention achieves the above objectives through the following technical solutions:

[0007] This invention provides an RCS estimation method based on target point trace energy compensation, comprising:

[0008] Acquire digital echo signals from surveillance radar;

[0009] The digital echo signal is processed using conventional signal processing to obtain the range-Doppler domain data plane, the original Doppler channel number, the original range cell number, and the original energy value of the target point trace;

[0010] Calculate the Doppler channel number offset and precise Doppler channel number of the target point using the original Doppler channel number and the distance-Doppler domain data plane;

[0011] Calculate the range cell offset and precise range cell number of the target point using the original range cell number and the range-Doppler domain data plane;

[0012] The normalized energy value corresponding to the target point is found in the preset relative energy grid map based on the range cell offset value and the Doppler channel number offset value, and is used as the energy compensation coefficient. The relative energy grid map is the normalized energy grid map of the standard echo signal in the range-Doppler domain.

[0013] The ratio of the original energy value to the energy compensation coefficient is calculated to obtain the accurate energy value. The ratio of the accurate energy value of the target point to the thermal noise power value is calculated to obtain the signal-to-noise ratio of the target point.

[0014] The precise target trace distance is obtained by multiplying the precise range cell number by the radar range cell resolution.

[0015] Based on the precise target distance, the signal-to-noise ratio of the target, and preset radar constants, the RCS estimate of the target is calculated using radar equations.

[0016] Furthermore, conventional signal processing is performed on the digital echo signal to obtain the range-Doppler domain data plane, the original Doppler channel number, the original range cell number, and the original energy value of the target point trace, including:

[0017] The range-Doppler domain data plane is obtained by performing digital down-conversion, pulse compression, and MTD algorithm processing on the digital echo signal;

[0018] CFAR detection and angle resolution are performed on the range-Doppler domain data plane to obtain the original Doppler channel number, original range cell number, and original energy value of the target point.

[0019] Furthermore, using the original Doppler channel number of the target point and the range-Doppler domain data plane, the Doppler channel number offset value and the precise Doppler channel number of the target point are calculated, including:

[0020] Take the original Doppler channel number and the energy value of the adjacent Doppler channel numbers of the target point in the distance-Doppler domain data plane;

[0021] Let the original distance cell number and the original Doppler channel number of the target point be respectively and The corresponding energy value is expressed as Adjacent Doppler channel numbers , Energy value , Let y be the energy value of the original Doppler channel number and the energy value of the adjacent Doppler channel numbers of the target point, and x be the relative Doppler channel number. Then:

[0022] ;

[0023] ;

[0024] Based on binomial fitting of x and y, the x value corresponding to the vertex of the fitting result is used as the Doppler channel number offset value of the target point trace. At the same time, it can also obtain the precise Doppler channel number of the target point. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0025] ;

[0026] ;

[0027] ;

[0028] ;

[0029] in, The coordinate vector representing the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the coordinate value x. This represents the vector transpose operation. The vector inverse operation is represented, where a, b, and c are the coefficients of the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the binomial fitted by y and x, respectively.

[0030] Furthermore, the range cell offset and precise range cell number of the target point are calculated using the original range cell number and the range-Doppler domain data plane, including:

[0031] Take the original distance sign of the target point trace in the distance-Doppler domain data plane. and adjacent distance numbers , energy value , , Let the energy value of the original distance number and the adjacent distance numbers of the target point be y', the relative distance number be x', and the distance cell offset of the target point be... The precise distance unit number is The calculation formula is:

[0032] ;

[0033] ;

[0034] Based on the energy value y' of the original distance index and the adjacent distance indices x' of the target point trace obtained by binomial fitting, the x' value corresponding to the vertex of the fitting result is used as the distance cell offset of the target point trace. At the same time, the precise distance unit number of the target point can also be obtained. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0035] ;

[0036] ;

[0037] ;

[0038] ;

[0039] in, The coordinate vector representing the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the coordinate value x'. This represents the vector transpose operation. The vector inverse operation is represented by a', b', and c', which are the coefficients of the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the binomial fitted by y' and x', respectively.

[0040] Furthermore, the steps for constructing the relative energy grid diagram include:

[0041] Generate a standard echo signal with a sampling rate of 10 times within a coherent processing interval using MATLAB.

[0042] The energy value in the range-Doppler domain is obtained by performing digital down-conversion, pulse compression, and MTD algorithm processing on a standard echo signal with a sampling rate of 10 times within a coherent processing interval, using 10 times the number of coherent accumulation points.

[0043] Assuming that the range cell number and Doppler channel number of the standard echo signal are both 0, extract the energy value grid diagram of the range cell number of the standard echo signal and the five range cell numbers before and after it, and the Doppler channel number of the standard echo signal and the five energy values ​​before and after it. Each point contains three pieces of information: range cell number, Doppler channel number, and energy value.

[0044] Then, the energy values ​​of these energy value grids are normalized relative to the distance cell number and Doppler channel number of the standard echo signal to obtain the relative energy grid.

[0045] Furthermore, the relative energy grid map is pre-stored in the radar digital processing chip memory.

[0046] Furthermore, the RCS estimate The calculation formula is as follows:

[0047] ;

[0048] For accurate target trace distance, SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio of the target trace, and C is the radar constant. The radar constant C is related to the radar transmit power, transmit and receive antenna gain, receiver gain, radar operating wavelength, waveform parameters, STC curve, processing gain, and radar system loss radar parameters.

[0049] This invention provides an apparatus for the aforementioned RCS estimation method based on target point trace energy compensation, comprising:

[0050] The acquisition module is used to acquire the digital echo signal of the surveillance radar;

[0051] The processing module is used to perform conventional signal processing on the digital echo signal to obtain the range-Doppler domain data plane, the original Doppler channel number, the original range cell number, and the original energy value of the target point trace;

[0052] The first calculation module is used to calculate the Doppler channel number offset value and the precise Doppler channel number of the target point using the original Doppler channel number of the target point and the distance-Doppler domain data plane.

[0053] The second calculation module is used to calculate the distance cell offset value and the precise distance cell number of the target point using the original distance cell number and the distance-Doppler domain data plane of the target point;

[0054] The search module is used to search for the normalized energy value corresponding to the target point in a preset relative energy grid map based on the range cell offset value and the Doppler channel number offset value, and use it as an energy compensation coefficient. The relative energy grid map is a normalized energy grid map of the standard echo signal in the range-Doppler domain.

[0055] The third calculation module is used to calculate the ratio of the original energy value to the energy compensation coefficient to obtain the accurate energy value, and to calculate the ratio of the accurate energy value of the target point to the thermal noise power value to obtain the signal-to-noise ratio of the target point.

[0056] The fourth calculation module is used to calculate the product of the precise range cell number and the radar range cell resolution to obtain the precise target point distance;

[0057] The estimation module is used to calculate the RCS estimate of the target track based on the radar equation, according to the accurate target track distance, the signal-to-noise ratio of the target track, and the preset radar constant.

[0058] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows:

[0059] This invention proposes an RCS estimation method based on target trace energy compensation. In the real-time processing of each radar echo, a preset relative energy grid is used to perform high-precision compensation of the radar target energy value on the range-Doppler domain data plane for each target trace obtained by conventional radar signal processing, and then the target RCS is estimated. This invention balances evaluation accuracy and computational efficiency, and provides technical support for real-time measurement and target identification of radar systems. Attached Figure Description

[0060] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the RCS estimation method based on target point energy compensation in the embodiments of this application.

[0061] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the relative energy grid diagram in an embodiment of this application.

[0062] Figure 3 A schematic diagram comparing the experimental results of the RCS estimation method for uncompensated energy and the RCS estimation method of the embodiments of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0063] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. The components of the embodiments of the present invention described and shown in the accompanying drawings can generally be arranged and designed in various different configurations.

[0064] Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of the invention.

[0065] In the embodiments of this application, RCS represents radar cross section; MTD represents moving target detection; and CFAR detection represents constant false alarm rate detection.

[0066] The specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0067] like Figure 1 As shown in this embodiment, an RCS estimation method based on target point trace energy compensation includes:

[0068] Acquire digital echo signals from surveillance radar;

[0069] The digital echo signal is processed using conventional signal processing to obtain the range-Doppler domain data plane, the original Doppler channel number, the original range cell number, and the original energy value of the target point trace;

[0070] Calculate the Doppler channel number offset and precise Doppler channel number of the target point using the original Doppler channel number and the distance-Doppler domain data plane;

[0071] Calculate the range cell offset and precise range cell number of the target point using the original range cell number and the range-Doppler domain data plane;

[0072] The normalized energy value corresponding to the target point is found in the preset relative energy grid map based on the range cell offset value and the Doppler channel number offset value, and is used as the energy compensation coefficient. The relative energy grid map is the normalized energy grid map of the standard echo signal in the range-Doppler domain.

[0073] The ratio of the original energy value to the energy compensation coefficient is calculated to obtain the accurate energy value. The ratio of the accurate energy value of the target track to the thermal noise power value is calculated to obtain the signal-to-noise ratio of the target track. The thermal noise power value of the target track is a fundamental parameter in the radar field, and there are many mature methods for obtaining it in engineering, so it will not be elaborated here.

[0074] The precise target trace distance is obtained by multiplying the precise range cell number by the radar range cell resolution.

[0075] Based on the precise target distance, the signal-to-noise ratio of the target, and preset radar constants, the RCS estimate of the target is calculated using radar equations.

[0076] Conventional signal processing is performed on the digital echo signal to obtain the range-Doppler domain data plane, the original Doppler channel number, the original range cell number, and the original energy value of the target point, including:

[0077] The range-Doppler domain data plane is obtained by performing digital down-conversion, pulse compression, and MTD algorithm processing on the digital echo signal;

[0078] CFAR detection and angle resolution are performed on the range-Doppler domain data plane to obtain the original Doppler channel number, original range cell number, and original energy value of the target point.

[0079] The steps for constructing a relative energy grid map include:

[0080] Generate a standard echo signal with a coherent processing interval and a sampling rate of 10 times using MATLAB;

[0081] The standard echo signal is processed by digital down-conversion with 10 times the number of coherent accumulation points, pulse compression, and MTD algorithm to obtain the energy value in the range-Doppler domain.

[0082] Assuming that the range cell number and Doppler channel number of the standard echo signal are both 0, extract the energy value grid diagram of the range cell number of the standard echo signal and the five range cell numbers before and after it, and the Doppler channel number of the standard echo signal and the five energy values ​​before and after it. Each point contains three pieces of information: range cell number, Doppler channel number, and energy value.

[0083] Then, the energy values ​​of these energy value grids are normalized relative to the distance cell number and Doppler channel number of the standard echo signal to obtain the relative energy grid.

[0084] This embodiment presents an RCS estimation method based on target point energy compensation, including:

[0085] Step 1: As Figure 2 First, a standard echo signal with a sampling rate of 10 times the coherent processing interval (CPI) is generated using MATLAB. Then, the echo signal is processed using MTD with 10 times the number of accumulation points to obtain the energy value in the range-Doppler domain. The range cell number and Doppler channel number of the target are set to 0. Next, the range cell number of the target and the five cells before and after it (referred to as follows from front to back) are extracted. The target's Doppler channel number and the five channels before and after it (referred to as follows from front to back): The energy value grid map is an 11×11 dimensional matrix of points. Each point contains three pieces of information: range cell number, Doppler channel number, and energy value. The energy values ​​of these points are then normalized relative to the energy values ​​of the target at range cell number and Doppler channel number (0,0) to obtain the relative energy grid map (hereinafter referred to as RD-MAP). This step is generated in advance and stored in the memory of the radar digital processing chip, without occupying the radar's real-time processing time.

[0086] Step 2: Estimate the precise Doppler channel number for each target point. Specifically, calculate the Doppler channel number offset and precise Doppler channel number of the target point using the original Doppler channel number of the target point and the distance-Doppler domain data plane, including:

[0087] Take the original Doppler channel number and the energy value of the adjacent Doppler channel numbers of the target point in the distance-Doppler domain data plane;

[0088] Let the original distance cell number and the original Doppler channel number of the target point be respectively and The corresponding energy value is expressed as Adjacent Doppler channel numbers , Energy value , Let y be the energy value of the original Doppler channel number and the energy value of the adjacent Doppler channel numbers of the target point, and x be the relative Doppler channel number. Then:

[0089] ;

[0090] ;

[0091] Based on binomial fitting of x and y, the x value corresponding to the vertex of the fitting result is used as the Doppler channel number offset value of the target point trace. At the same time, it can also obtain the precise Doppler channel number of the target point. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0092] ;

[0093] ;

[0094] ;

[0095] ;

[0096] in, The coordinate vector representing the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the coordinate value x. This represents the vector transpose operation. The vector inverse operation is represented, where a, b, and c are the coefficients of the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the binomial fitted by y and x, respectively.

[0097] Step 3: Estimate the distance cell number for each point trace in the same manner as in Step 2. Obtain the original distance number of the target point trace within the distance-Doppler domain data plane. and adjacent distance numbers , energy value , , Let the energy value of the original distance number and the adjacent distance numbers of the target point be y', the relative distance number be x', and the distance cell offset of the target point be... The precise distance unit number is The calculation formula is:

[0098] ;

[0099] ;

[0100] Based on the energy value y' of the original distance index and the adjacent distance indices x' of the target point trace obtained by binomial fitting, the x' value corresponding to the vertex of the fitting result is used as the distance cell offset of the target point trace. At the same time, the precise distance unit number of the target point can also be obtained. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0101] ;

[0102] ;

[0103] ;

[0104] ;

[0105] in, The coordinate vector representing the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the coordinate value x'. This represents the vector transpose operation. The vector inverse operation is represented by a', b', and c', which are the coefficients of the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the binomial fitted by y' and x', respectively.

[0106] Step 4: Estimate the energy value of the current point based on the estimated distance cell offset and Doppler channel number offset: The corresponding normalized MTD energy value was found in RD-MAP. Then the corresponding precise energy value can be obtained as follows:

[0107] ;

[0108] While estimating the RCS value of a dot, it can also estimate the more precise distance of that dot. and Doppler frequency :

[0109] ;

[0110] ;

[0111] in, and These are the radar range element resolution and Doppler element resolution, respectively, and the range estimate. and Doppler frequency value The estimated parameters of the point are output as parameters for track filtering in subsequent radar data processing.

[0112] Calculate the target RCS estimate using radar equations. :

[0113] ;

[0114] in, For accurate target trace distance, SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio of the target trace. The constant C is related to radar transmit power, antenna gain, receiver gain, radar operating wavelength, processing gain, and radar system loss radar parameters. In this embodiment, it is calibrated by UAV.

[0115] like Figure 3 As shown, the effectiveness of the proposed technology is verified in MATLAB using the Monte Carlo simulation method. The red curve represents the RCS estimate after energy compensation in the range-Doppler domain as proposed in this invention, while the blue curve represents the RCS estimate without range-Doppler domain compensation.

[0116] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects.

[0117] 1) This invention generates RD-MAP in MATLAB in advance, and only needs to look up the table during real-time processing, which greatly reduces the amount of calculation and has strong engineering applicability.

[0118] 2) This invention adds energy compensation and RCS estimation methods to conventional signal processing, which is real-time and efficient.

[0119] 3) The energy compensation after Doppler filtering in this invention is performed in the RD domain, which is more accurate than compensation in the range domain and Doppler domain respectively.

[0120] 4) This invention estimates the distance cell number and Doppler channel number of each point with higher precision, making the distance and Doppler frequency estimation of the target point more accurate, and providing more accurate parameters for subsequent track filtering and target identification.

[0121] This invention employs distance-Doppler domain energy compensation and RCS estimation of target points, and provides high-precision estimates of point distance and Doppler frequency, exhibiting strong flexibility and applicability.

[0122] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the technical principles of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. An RCS estimation method based on target point trace energy compensation, characterized in that, include: Acquire digital echo signals from surveillance radar; The digital echo signal is processed using conventional signal processing to obtain the range-Doppler domain data plane, the original Doppler channel number, the original range cell number, and the original energy value of the target point trace; Calculate the Doppler channel number offset and precise Doppler channel number of the target point using the original Doppler channel number and the distance-Doppler domain data plane; Calculate the range cell offset and precise range cell number of the target point using the original range cell number and the range-Doppler domain data plane; The normalized energy value corresponding to the target point is found in the preset relative energy grid map based on the range cell offset value and the Doppler channel number offset value, and is used as the energy compensation coefficient. The relative energy grid map is the normalized energy grid map of the standard echo signal in the range-Doppler domain. The ratio of the original energy value to the energy compensation coefficient is calculated to obtain the accurate energy value. The ratio of the accurate energy value of the target point to the thermal noise power value is calculated to obtain the signal-to-noise ratio of the target point. The precise target trace distance is obtained by multiplying the precise range cell number by the radar range cell resolution. Based on the precise target distance, the signal-to-noise ratio of the target, and preset radar constants, the RCS estimate of the target is calculated using radar equations.

2. The RCS estimation method based on target point trace energy compensation according to claim 1, characterized in that, Conventional signal processing is performed on the digital echo signal to obtain the range-Doppler domain data plane, the original Doppler channel number, the original range cell number, and the original energy value of the target point, including: The range-Doppler domain data plane is obtained by performing digital down-conversion, pulse compression, and MTD algorithm processing on the digital echo signal; CFAR detection and angle resolution are performed on the range-Doppler domain data plane to obtain the original Doppler channel number, original range cell number, and original energy value of the target point.

3. The RCS estimation method based on target point trace energy compensation according to claim 1, characterized in that, Calculate the Doppler channel number offset and precise Doppler channel number of the target point using the original Doppler channel number and the distance-Doppler domain data plane, including: Take the original Doppler channel number of the target point trace and the energy value corresponding to the adjacent Doppler channel numbers in the distance-Doppler domain data plane; Let the original distance cell number and the original Doppler channel number of the target point be respectively and The corresponding energy value is expressed as Adjacent Doppler channel numbers , Energy value , Let y be the energy value of the original Doppler channel number and the energy value of the adjacent Doppler channel numbers of the target point, and x be the relative Doppler channel number. Then: ； ； Based on binomial fitting of x and y, the x value corresponding to the vertex of the fitting result is used as the Doppler channel number offset value of the target point trace. At the same time, it can also obtain the precise Doppler channel number of the target point. The calculation formula is as follows: ； ； ； ； in, The coordinate vector representing the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the coordinate value x. This represents the vector transpose operation. The vector inverse operation is represented, where a, b, and c are the coefficients of the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the binomial fitted by y and x, respectively.

4. The RCS estimation method based on target point trace energy compensation according to claim 3, characterized in that, The target point's range cell offset and precise range cell number are calculated using the original range cell number and the range-Doppler domain data plane, including: Take the original distance sign of the target point trace in the distance-Doppler domain data plane. and adjacent distance numbers , energy value , , Let the energy value of the original distance number and the adjacent distance numbers of the target point be y', the relative distance number be x', and the distance cell offset of the target point be... The precise distance unit number is The calculation formula is: ； ； Based on the energy value y' of the original distance index and the adjacent distance indices x' of the target point trace obtained by binomial fitting, the x' value corresponding to the vertex of the fitting result is used as the distance cell offset of the target point trace. At the same time, the precise distance unit number of the target point can also be obtained. The calculation formula is as follows: ； ； ； ； in, The coordinate vector representing the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the coordinate value x'. This represents the vector transpose operation. The vector inverse operation is represented by a', b', and c', which are the coefficients of the quadratic, linear, and zero-order terms of the binomial fitted by y' and x', respectively.

5. The RCS estimation method based on target point trace energy compensation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The steps for constructing a relative energy grid map include: Generate a standard echo signal with a sampling rate of 10 times within a coherent processing interval using MATLAB. The energy value in the range-Doppler domain is obtained by performing digital down-conversion, pulse compression, and MTD algorithm processing on a standard echo signal with a sampling rate of 10 times within a coherent processing interval, using 10 times the number of coherent accumulation points. Assuming that the range cell number and Doppler channel number of the standard echo signal are both 0, extract the energy value grid diagram of the range cell number of the standard echo signal and the five range cell numbers before and after it, and the Doppler channel number of the standard echo signal and the five energy values ​​before and after it. Each point contains three pieces of information: range cell number, Doppler channel number, and energy value. Then, the energy values ​​of these energy value grids are normalized relative to the distance cell number and Doppler channel number of the standard echo signal to obtain the relative energy grid.

6. The RCS estimation method based on target point trace energy compensation according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that, The relative energy grid map is pre-stored in the radar digital processing chip memory.

7. The RCS estimation method based on target point trace energy compensation according to claim 1, characterized in that, RCS estimate The calculation formula is as follows: ； For accurate target trace distance, SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio of the target trace, and C is the radar constant. The radar constant C is related to the radar transmit power, transmit and receive antenna gain, receiver gain, radar operating wavelength, waveform parameters, STC curve, processing gain, and radar system loss.

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