A mother-pipe boiler load intelligent distribution control method and system
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202610659916.0
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-05-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-18
AI Technical Summary
所以,对锅炉负荷合理的分配需要考虑多重因素,而传统的方式采用平均分配、固定权重分配,这样的分配不考虑锅炉燃烧控制回路性能和设备特性,很难确保锅炉负荷分配的合理性和智能性
1.本发明通过对母管制锅炉各控制回路划分多个层级约束,构建多维约束动态矩阵,可以为锅炉负荷分配提供依据。
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Figure CN122593455A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of automatic control technology, and in particular to a method and system for intelligent load distribution control of a main pipe boiler. Background Technology
[0002] Steam pipe boiler production is a common production method widely used in combined heat and power (CHP) and chemical production. Steam pipe boiler production refers to the distribution of steam from multiple boilers to a single steam header, with all steam-consuming units obtaining steam from this header. This method facilitates a stable steam supply from the boilers to the steam-consuming units. During production, changes in steam consumption by the steam-consuming units or in boiler combustion can lead to imbalances between steam production and consumption. In such cases, adjustments to the combustion control of multiple boilers are necessary to alter steam production and ensure safe and stable operation. Since the performance of control loops for denitrification, desulfurization, primary air volume, and secondary air volume varies for each boiler, and each boiler also has different equipment characteristics, reasonable load allocation requires consideration of multiple factors. Traditional methods using average or fixed-weight allocation fail to consider the performance of boiler combustion control loops and equipment characteristics, making it difficult to ensure the rationality and intelligence of boiler load allocation. Therefore, a smart load allocation control method for steam pipe boilers needs to be designed to achieve reasonable load distribution among multiple boilers, ensuring the safety and stability of the production process. Summary of the Invention
[0003] To address the aforementioned issues, this invention provides a method and system for intelligent load allocation control of a main-pipe boiler. The aim is to achieve intelligent load allocation for multiple boilers by performing weighted calculations based on multi-dimensional conditions, thereby ensuring safe and stable production processes.
[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the main technical solutions adopted by the present invention include: A method and system for intelligent load distribution control of a main-pipe boiler includes the following main steps: Step S01: Divide the N boilers into M layers of conditions, and obtain the control loop setpoint, process value, upper limit of process value, and lower limit of process value for each layer, and construct a condition table.
[0005] The condition of N boilers with M=9 levels refers to the requirement that each level needs to establish a control loop process value tracking setpoint capability and process value margin. Depending on the boiler type, it can be divided into direct-fired pulverized coal boilers and circulating fluidized bed boilers. The specific levels are as follows: (1) Direct-fired pulverized coal boiler (DF) N direct-fired pulverized coal boilers (DF) with M=9 floors, the conditions are as follows: ; in, .
[0006] (2) Circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB) N circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers, M=9 floors, with the following conditions: ; in, .
[0007] Step S02: Determine the boiler load increase / decrease status based on the calculation results of the main pipe steam pressure controller.
[0008] The main pipe steam pressure controller is as follows: (Formula 1); in, This represents the total increment of the boiler steam flow setpoint calculated by the main pipe steam pressure controller. This indicates the current periodic value of the main pipe steam pressure. Indicates the steam pressure setpoint of the main pipe. This indicates parameter 1 of the main pipe steam pressure controller. This represents the steam pressure value of the main pipe in the previous cycle. This represents the steam pressure value of the main pipe over the first two cycles. This represents the steam pressure value of the main pipe over the first three cycles. This indicates parameter 3 of the main pipe steam pressure controller.
[0009] when When the boiler steam flow setpoint increases, i.e., the boiler load increases, "Step S03" is executed; when When the boiler steam flow setpoint decreases, i.e., the boiler load is reduced, "step S04" is executed; when This indicates that the boiler steam flow setpoint remains unchanged, and "Step S01" is executed.
[0010] Step S03: When the boiler load increases, calculate the layer absolute weight matrix, layer relative weight matrix, energy relative weight matrix, condition relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and condition priority weight matrix based on the condition table.
[0011] (1) Layer absolute weight matrix The elements in the layer absolute weight matrix are used to characterize the adjustable absolute margin of each layer control loop of the boiler. The larger the element value, the greater the adjustable absolute margin of the control loop. The layer absolute weight matrix of the Mth layer when the boiler is increasing load is as follows: (Formula 2); in, Let represent the absolute weight matrix of the i-th layer when the boiler load increases, and be . The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix, Let N represent the i-th layer, N represent the total number of boilers, and M represent the total number of layers.
[0012] For layer1, layer2, layer5, layer6, layer7, and layer8, The method for calculating elements is as follows: ) (Formula 3); For layer 3, layer 4, and layer 9 The method for calculating elements is as follows: (Formula 4); in, express The j-th element of the matrix, This represents the setpoint of the control loop for the j-th boiler. This represents the process value of the control loop for the j-th boiler. This represents the upper limit of the process value in the control loop of the j-th boiler. B is DF, indicating a direct-fired pulverized coal boiler; B is CFB, indicating a circulating fluidized bed boiler. STEAMF represents the steam flow control loop, COAL represents the coal quantity control loop, NOX represents the denitrification control loop, SO2 represents the desulfurization control loop, AIR1P represents the primary air pressure control loop, AIR1F represents the primary air volume control loop, O2 represents the oxygen quantity control loop, AIR2F represents the secondary air volume control loop, STEAMT represents the main steam temperature control loop, BEDT represents the bed temperature control loop, N represents the total number of boilers, and M represents the total number of beds.
[0013] (2) Layer relative weight matrix The elements in the layer relative weight matrix are used to characterize the adjustable relative margin of each layer of the boiler control loop. The larger the element value, the greater the adjustable relative margin of the control loop. The layer relative weight matrix of the Mth layer when the boiler is increasing load is as follows: (Formula 5); in, The layer relative weight matrix of the i-th layer when the boiler load is increased is given by: The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix, where N represents the total number of boilers and M represents the total number of floors.
[0014] Element calculation: when hour, (Formula 6); when hour, (Formula 7); when hour, (Formula 8); (Formula 9); in, express The j-th element of the matrix, This represents the j-th element of the scaled absolute weight matrix of the M-th layer when the boiler load increases. This represents the k-th element of the scaled absolute weight matrix of the M-th layer when the boiler load increases. This indicates finding the minimum value. This indicates finding the maximum value. N represents the total number of boilers, and M represents the total number of floors.
[0015] (3) Energy relative weight matrix The energy relative weight matrix represents the margin of the boiler main steam flow and coal quantity control loop. This margin is a hard constraint and cannot be exceeded when the boiler load increases or decreases. The energy relative weight matrix for boiler load increase is constructed by selecting the first and second layers of relative weight matrices: (Formula 10); in, This represents the relative energy weighting matrix when the boiler load increases. The matrix, This represents the layer relative weight matrix of the first layer when the boiler load increases. This represents the relative weight matrix of the second layer when the boiler load increases, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0016] (4) Conditional relative weight matrix The conditional relative weight matrix represents the adjustable margin of the boiler's control loops (levels 3-9). This margin is a soft constraint, and the calculation requirements can be guaranteed by adjusting the scaling factor when the boiler load increases or decreases. The conditional relative weight matrix for boiler load increase is constructed by selecting the relative weight matrices of levels 3-9: (Formula 11); in, This represents the conditional relative weight matrix when the boiler load increases, as follows: The matrix, ~ This represents the relative weight matrix of layers 3 to 9 when the boiler load is increased, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0017] (5) Energy judgment matrix The energy assessment matrix represents the remaining status of boiler main steam flow and coal quantity, with 0 indicating no surplus and 1 indicating surplus. This matrix is diagonal. (Formula 12); in, This represents the diagonal matrix of energy judgment weights when the boiler load increases, which is... The matrix, This represents the first element of the diagonal matrix representing the energy judgment weights when the boiler is under increased load. This represents the Nth element of the diagonal matrix indicating the energy judgment weights when the boiler is under increased load, where N represents the total number of boilers.
[0018] Element calculation: (Formula 13); in, This represents the j-th element of the diagonal matrix representing the energy judgment weights when the boiler is under increased load. This represents the j-th element of the absolute weight matrix of the first layer when the boiler load increases. This represents the j-th element of the absolute weight matrix of the second layer when the boiler load increases, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0019] (6) Energy priority weight matrix The energy priority weight matrix is used to characterize the adjustable margin priority of the main steam flow and coal quantity control loops. The larger the value, the more important it is. Energy priority weight matrix when boiler load increases: (Formula 14); in, This represents the energy priority weight matrix when the boiler load increases. The matrix, This indicates the first priority parameter when the boiler is increasing its load. This indicates the second-level priority parameter when the boiler is increasing load. The priority parameter must meet the following requirements. .
[0020] (7) Conditional priority weight matrix The conditional priority weight matrix is used to characterize the adjustable margin priority of the boiler's control loops from level 3 to level 9. Larger values indicate greater importance. The priority weight matrix is as follows: (Formula 15); in, This represents the priority weight matrix for boiler load increase, which is... The matrix, ~ This indicates the priority parameters for levels 3 to 9 when the boiler is increasing load. These priority parameters must meet certain conditions. .
[0021] Step S04: When the boiler load is reduced, calculate the layer absolute weight matrix, layer relative weight matrix, energy relative weight matrix, condition relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and condition priority weight matrix based on the condition table.
[0022] (1) Layer absolute weight matrix The elements in the layer absolute weight matrix are used to characterize the adjustable absolute margin of each layer control loop of the boiler. The larger the element value, the greater the adjustable absolute margin of the control loop. The layer absolute weight matrix of the Mth layer when the boiler is reducing load is as follows: (Formula 16); in, Let represent the absolute weight matrix of the i-th layer when the boiler load is reduced, and be... The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix, Let N represent the i-th layer, N represent the total number of boilers, and M represent the total number of layers.
[0023] For layer1, layer2, layer6, layer7, and layer8, The method for calculating elements is as follows: (Formula 17); For layer 3, layer 4, layer 5, and layer 9, The method for calculating elements is as follows: ) (Formula 18); in, express The j-th element of the matrix, This represents the setpoint of the control loop for the j-th boiler. This represents the process value of the control loop for the j-th boiler. This represents the lower limit of the process value in the control loop of the j-th boiler. B is DF, indicating a direct-fired pulverized coal boiler; B is CFB, indicating a circulating fluidized bed boiler. STEAMF represents the steam flow control loop, COAL represents the coal quantity control loop, NOX represents the denitrification control loop, SO2 represents the desulfurization control loop, AIR1P represents the primary air pressure control loop, AIR1F represents the primary air volume control loop, O2 represents the oxygen quantity control loop, AIR2F represents the secondary air volume control loop, STEAMT represents the main steam temperature control loop, BEDT represents the bed temperature control loop, N represents the total number of boilers, and M represents the total number of beds.
[0024] (2) Layer relative weight matrix The elements in the layer relative weight matrix are used to characterize the adjustable relative margin of each layer of the boiler control loop. The larger the element value, the greater the adjustable relative margin of the control loop. The layer relative weight matrix of the Mth layer when the boiler is reducing load is as follows: (Formula 19); in, The layer relative weight matrix of the i-th layer when the boiler load is reduced is given by: The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix, where N represents the total number of boilers and M represents the total number of floors.
[0025] Element calculation: when hour, (Formula 20); when hour, (Formula 21); when hour, (Formula 22); (Formula 23); in, express The j-th element of the matrix, This represents the j-th element of the scaled absolute weight matrix of the M-th layer when the boiler load is reduced. This represents the k-th element of the scaled absolute weight matrix of the M-th layer when the boiler load is reduced. This indicates finding the minimum value. This indicates finding the maximum value. N represents the total number of boilers, and M represents the total number of floors.
[0026] (3) Energy relative weight matrix The energy relative weight matrix represents the margin of the boiler main steam flow and coal quantity control loop. This margin is a hard constraint and cannot be exceeded when the boiler load is increased or decreased. The energy relative weight matrix for boiler load reduction is constructed by selecting the first and second layer relative weight matrices: (Formula 24); in, This represents the energy relative weighting matrix when the boiler load is reduced, as follows: The matrix, This represents the layer relative weight matrix of the first layer when the boiler load increases. This represents the relative weight matrix of the second layer when the boiler load is reduced, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0027] (4) Conditional relative weight matrix The conditional relative weight matrix represents the adjustable margin of the boiler's control loops (levels 3-9). This margin is a soft constraint, which can be adjusted by changing the scaling factor to ensure the calculation requirements are met when the boiler load increases or decreases. The conditional relative weight matrix for boiler load reduction is constructed by selecting the relative weight matrices from levels 3-9: (Formula 25); in, This represents the relative weight matrix of conditions when the boiler load is reduced, as follows: The matrix, ~ This represents the relative weight matrix of layers 3 to 9 when the boiler load is reduced, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0028] (5) Energy judgment matrix The energy assessment matrix represents the remaining status of boiler main steam flow and coal quantity, with 0 indicating no surplus and 1 indicating surplus. This matrix is diagonal. (Formula 26); in, This represents the diagonal matrix of energy judgment weights when the boiler reduces load. The matrix, This represents the first element of the diagonal matrix representing the energy judgment weights when the boiler reduces load. This represents the Nth element of the diagonal matrix of energy judgment weights when the boiler reduces its load, where N represents the total number of boilers.
[0029] Element calculation: (Formula 27); in, This represents the j-th element of the diagonal matrix representing the energy judgment weights when the boiler reduces load. This represents the j-th element of the absolute weight matrix of the first layer when the boiler load is reduced. This represents the j-th element of the absolute weight matrix of the second layer when the boiler load is reduced, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0030] (6) Energy priority weight matrix The energy priority weight matrix is used to characterize the adjustable margin priority of the main steam flow and coal quantity control loops. The larger the value, the more important it is. The energy priority weight matrix is shown below when the boiler reduces load. (Formula 28); in, This represents the energy priority weight matrix when the boiler reduces load. The matrix, This indicates the first-level priority parameter when the boiler reduces load. This indicates the second-level priority parameter when the boiler reduces load. The priority parameter must meet the following requirements. .
[0031] (7) Conditional priority weight matrix The conditional priority weight matrix is used to characterize the adjustable margin priority of the boiler's control loops from level 3 to level 9. Larger values indicate greater importance. The priority weight matrix is shown below when the boiler is reducing load. (Formula 29); in, This represents the priority weight matrix for boiler load reduction, which is... The matrix, ~ This indicates the priority parameters for levels 3 to 9 when the boiler reduces load. These priority parameters must meet certain conditions. .
[0032] Step S05: Calculate the load distribution output of N boilers based on the energy relative weight matrix, conditional relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and conditional priority weight matrix.
[0033] When the main pipe steam pressure controller calculates When the boiler load increases, the calculation method for load distribution is as follows: (1) Energy distribution coefficient matrix Based on the energy relative weight matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and energy judgment matrix, calculate the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases: (Formula 30); in, This represents the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases. The matrix, This represents the relative energy weighting matrix when the boiler load increases. This represents the energy priority weight matrix when the boiler load increases. This represents the diagonal matrix of energy judgment weights when the boiler load increases, where N represents the number of boilers.
[0034] (2) Conditional allocation coefficient matrix Based on the relative weight matrix and priority weight matrix of the conditions, calculate the condition allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases: (Formula 31); in, This represents the conditional allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases, and is... The matrix, This represents the relative weighting matrix of conditions when the boiler load increases. This represents the priority weight matrix for boiler load increases. Let N represent the j-th element of the matrix, and N represent the total number of boilers.
[0035] (3) Original distribution coefficient matrix Based on the energy allocation matrix and the conditional allocation matrix, construct the original allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases: (Formula 32); in, This represents the original distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases, which is... The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix, where N represents the total number of boilers.
[0036] Element calculation: (Formula 33); in, express The j-th element of the matrix, This represents the first element of the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler is under increased load. This represents the k-th element of the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases. This represents the j-th element of the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler is under increased load. This represents the k-th element of the conditional allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases. This indicates that the minimum value is being sought, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0037] (4) Allocation matrix (Formula 34); in, This represents the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases, as follows: The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix, where N represents the total number of boilers.
[0038] Element calculation: (Formula 35); in, express The j-th element of the matrix, This represents the j-th element of the original allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases. This represents the k-th element of the original allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0039] (5) Assign the output matrix Based on the allocation matrix and the total increase in boiler steam flow load, calculate the allocation output matrix when N boilers increase load: (Formula 36); in, This represents the output matrix allocated when N boilers are increasing their load. The matrix, This represents the first element of the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases. This represents the Nth element of the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases. This represents the total incremental value of boiler steam flow load calculated by the main pipe steam pressure controller, where N represents the total number of boilers.
[0040] (6) Distribute output Assign the output matrix to each boiler's main steam flow setpoint when N boilers are increasing their load: (Formula 37); in, This represents the output value allocated to the boiler steam flow setpoint when the j-th boiler is increased in load. This represents the boiler steam flow rate setpoint for the previous cycle when the j-th boiler is increasing its load. This represents the j-th element of the output matrix allocated when the boiler increases load, as indicated by the current subscript. for This indicates a direct-fired pulverized coal boiler, indicated by the subscript. CFB represents circulating fluidized bed boilers, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0041] When the main pipe steam pressure controller calculates When the boiler load is reduced, the calculation method for load distribution is as follows: (1) Energy distribution coefficient matrix Based on the energy relative weight matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and energy judgment matrix, calculate the energy allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced: (Formula 38); in, This represents the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced, and is... The matrix, This represents the relative energy weighting matrix when the boiler load is reduced. This represents the energy priority weight matrix when the boiler reduces its load. This represents the diagonal matrix of energy judgment weights when the boiler reduces its load, where N represents the number of boilers.
[0042] (2) Conditional allocation coefficient matrix Based on the relative weight matrix and priority weight matrix of the conditions, calculate the condition allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced: (Formula 39); in, This represents the conditional allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced, and is... The matrix, This represents the relative weight matrix of conditions when the boiler load is reduced. This represents the priority weight matrix for boiler load reduction. Let N represent the j-th element of the matrix, and N represent the total number of boilers.
[0043] (3) Original distribution coefficient matrix Based on the energy allocation matrix and the conditional allocation matrix, construct the original allocation coefficient matrix for boiler load reduction: (Formula 40); in, This represents the original distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced, which is... The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix, where N represents the total number of boilers.
[0044] Element calculation: (Formula 41); in, express The j-th element of the matrix, This represents the first element of the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler is reducing load. This represents the k-th element of the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler is reducing load. This represents the j-th element of the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler is reducing load. This represents the k-th element of the conditional allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced. This indicates that the minimum value is being sought, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0045] (4) Allocation matrix (Formula 42); in, This represents the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced, as follows: The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix, where N represents the total number of boilers.
[0046] Element calculation: (Formula 43); in, express The j-th element of the matrix, This represents the j-th element of the original distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced. This represents the k-th element of the original allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0047] (5) Assign the output matrix Based on the allocation matrix and the total increase in boiler steam flow load, calculate the allocation output matrix when N boilers are reduced in load: (Formula 44); in, This represents the output matrix allocated when N boilers are reducing their load. The matrix, This represents the first element of the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced. This represents the Nth element of the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced. This represents the total incremental value of boiler steam flow load calculated by the main pipe steam pressure controller, where N represents the total number of boilers.
[0048] (6) Distribute output Assign the output matrix to each boiler's main steam flow setpoint when reducing load on N boilers: (Formula 45); in, This represents the output value allocated to the boiler steam flow setpoint when the j-th boiler reduces its load. This represents the boiler steam flow rate setpoint for the previous cycle when the j-th boiler reduces its load. This represents the j-th element of the output matrix when the boiler reduces load, as indicated by the subscript. for This indicates a direct-fired pulverized coal boiler, indicated by the subscript. CFB represents circulating fluidized bed boilers, and N represents the total number of boilers.
[0049] Step S06: The main steam pressure controller allocates the steam distribution to the steam-consuming unit based on the calculated load distribution results of the N boilers.
[0050] A master pipe boiler load intelligent distribution control system includes a data acquisition module for acquiring master pipe pressure and setpoints, process values, upper limit of process value, and lower limit of process value for coal quantity, steam flow, bed temperature, primary air volume, primary air pressure, oxygen content, secondary air volume, desulfurization, and denitrification of N boilers; a control module for implementing the master pipe boiler load intelligent distribution control method and writing back the calculation results to the field control system; a data storage module for storing the data generated by the data acquisition module and the control module; and a data display module for displaying the data from the data storage module.
[0051] A computing device includes a memory, a processor, and a program stored in the memory and running on the processor, wherein the processor executes the program to implement the steps of the intelligent load distribution control method for a main control boiler.
[0052] A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed on a terminal device, cause the terminal device to perform the steps of the intelligent load distribution control method for a main control boiler.
[0053] Compared with existing technologies, this technical solution has the following characteristics: 1. This invention constructs a multi-dimensional constraint dynamic matrix by dividing the control loops of the main pipe boiler into multiple levels of constraints, which can provide a basis for boiler load allocation.
[0054] 2. This invention calculates the absolute weight matrix, relative weight matrix, relative energy weight matrix, relative condition weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and condition priority weight matrix based on condition tables. It can dynamically calculate the weights allocated to N boilers according to their actual conditions, making the boiler load allocation more reasonable.
[0055] 3. This invention calculates the load distribution output of N boilers based on the energy relative weight matrix, the conditional relative weight matrix, the energy judgment matrix, the energy priority weight matrix, and the conditional priority weight matrix, making boiler load distribution more intelligent. Attached Figure Description
[0056] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the combustion process of the direct-fired pulverized coal boiler with a main pipe according to the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the combustion process of the circulating fluidized bed boiler with a main control system according to the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of a mother-pipe boiler load intelligent distribution control system according to the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a mother-pipe boiler load intelligent distribution control method according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation
[0057] The specific implementation process of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
[0058] This invention provides a method and system for intelligent load distribution control of a main-pipe boiler, such as... Figure 1-4 The process includes the following steps: Step S01: Divide the N boilers into M layers of conditions and obtain the setpoint, process value, upper limit of process value, and lower limit of process value for each layer's control loop, constructing a condition table. Step S02: Determine the boiler load increase / decrease status based on the calculation results of the main steam pressure controller. Step S03: When the boiler load increases, calculate the layer absolute weight matrix, layer relative weight matrix, energy relative weight matrix, condition relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and condition priority weight matrix based on the condition table. Step S04: When the boiler load decreases, calculate the layer absolute weight matrix, layer relative weight matrix, energy relative weight matrix, condition relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and condition priority weight matrix based on the condition table. Step S05: The main steam pressure controller calculates the load allocation output for the N boilers based on the energy relative weight matrix, condition relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and condition priority weight matrix. Step S06: The main steam pressure controller allocates the steam distribution to the steam-consuming units based on the calculated load allocation output results for the N boilers.
[0059] This invention involves dividing the control loops of a main boiler into multiple hierarchical constraints and constructing a multi-dimensional dynamic constraint matrix, which provides a basis for boiler load allocation. Based on condition tables, it calculates layer absolute weight matrices, layer relative weight matrices, energy relative weight matrices, conditional relative weight matrices, energy judgment matrices, energy priority weight matrices, and conditional priority weight matrices. This allows for the dynamic calculation of the weights allocated to N boilers based on their actual conditions, resulting in more rational boiler load allocation. Furthermore, based on the energy relative weight matrix, conditional relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and conditional priority weight matrix, it calculates the load allocation output for the N boilers, making boiler load allocation more intelligent. This invention enables intelligent load allocation for multiple boilers through weighted calculations based on multi-dimensional conditions, achieving safe and stable production processes.
[0060] The system of this invention communicates with the field control system via OPC (OLE for Process Control) to acquire and write back data. The acquired data can be stored in databases such as SQLite and MySQL.
[0061] The present invention also provides a computing device, including a memory, a processor, and a program stored in the memory and running on the processor, wherein the processor executes the program to implement the steps of the intelligent load distribution control method for the main control boiler.
[0062] The present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed on a terminal device, cause the terminal device to perform the steps of the intelligent load distribution control method for the main control boiler. Example
[0063] Suppose a power plant is equipped with 3×350t / h circulating fluidized bed boilers.
[0064] According to the method proposed in this invention, the following five main processes are calculated respectively: Step S01: Divide the N=3 boilers into M=9 layers of conditions, and obtain the control loop setpoint, process value, upper limit of process value, and lower limit of process value for each layer, and construct a condition table.
[0065] Step S02: Determine the boiler load increase / decrease status based on the calculation results of the main pipe steam pressure controller.
[0066] Step S03: When the boiler load increases, calculate the layer absolute weight matrix, layer relative weight matrix, energy relative weight matrix, condition relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and condition priority weight matrix based on the condition table.
[0067] Step S04: When the boiler load is reduced, calculate the layer absolute weight matrix, layer relative weight matrix, energy relative weight matrix, condition relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and condition priority weight matrix based on the condition table.
[0068] Step S05: Calculate the load distribution output of N=3 boilers based on the energy relative weight matrix, conditional relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and conditional priority weight matrix.
[0069] Specifically, step S01 includes the following functions: For N=3 circulating fluidized bed boilers, divide the conditions into M=9 layers, and obtain the set value, process value, upper limit of process value, and lower limit of process value for each layer of control loop to construct a condition table.
[0070] Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers, N=3 boilers, M=9 floors, conditions table as follows: ; .
[0071] Specifically, step S02 includes the following functions: The boiler load increase / decrease status is determined based on the calculation results of the main pipe steam pressure controller.
[0072] Known steam pressure setpoint for the main pipe Current periodic process value of steam pressure in the main pipe Steam pressure in the main pipe during the previous cycle Steam pressure in the main pipe during the first two cycles Steam pressure in the main pipe during the first three cycles Steam pressure controller parameters 1 for main pipe Parameter 2 of the main pipe steam pressure controller Parameter 3 of the main pipe steam pressure controller .
[0073] The main pipe steam pressure controller is as follows: .
[0074] because This indicates that the boiler steam flow setpoint has increased, meaning the boiler is increasing its load, and "Step S03" is executed.
[0075] Specifically, step S03 includes the following functions: When the boiler load increases, calculate the absolute weight matrix of the layer, the relative weight matrix of the layer, the relative weight matrix of energy, the relative weight matrix of conditions, the energy judgment matrix, the energy priority weight matrix, and the condition priority weight matrix.
[0076] (1) Layer absolute weight matrix The element matrix in the absolute weight matrix is used to characterize the adjustable absolute margin of each layer of the boiler control loop. The larger the element value, the greater the adjustable absolute margin of the control loop.
[0077] When the boilers are increasing their load, there are a total of N=3 boilers and M=9 floors. The calculation process for the absolute weight matrix is as follows: The absolute weight matrix of the i=1st layer: .
[0078] in The calculation results for each element in the i=1th layer are as follows: The j=1th boiler, It is a circulating fluidized bed boiler. : .
[0079] The j=2nd boiler, It is a circulating fluidized bed boiler. For steam flow control loop: .
[0080] The j=3rd boiler, It is a circulating fluidized bed boiler. For steam flow control loop: .
[0081] Therefore, the absolute weight matrix of the i=1th layer is obtained through calculation: .
[0082] Similarly: The absolute weight matrix for the i=2nd layer: ; The absolute weight matrix for layer i=3: ; The absolute weight matrix for layer i=4: ; The absolute weight matrix for layer i=5: ; The absolute weight matrix for layer i=6: ; The absolute weight matrix for layer i=7: ; The absolute weight matrix for layer i=8: ; The absolute weight matrix for layer i=9: .
[0083] (2) Layer relative weight matrix The element matrix in the layer relative weight moment is used to characterize the adjustable relative margin of each layer control loop of the boiler. The larger the element value, the greater the adjustable relative margin of the control loop.
[0084] When the boilers are increasing their load, there are a total of N=3 boilers and M=9 floors. The calculation process for the relative weight matrix is as follows: The relative weight matrix of the i=1st layer: .
[0085] The calculation results for each element in the i=1th layer are as follows: because ,so The calculation results for each element are as follows: Boiler j=1: ; Boiler j=2: ; Boiler j=3: .
[0086] Therefore, the relative weight matrix of the i=1th layer is obtained through calculation: .
[0087] Similarly: The relative weight matrix for the i=2nd layer: ; The relative weight matrix for layer i=3: ; The relative weight matrix for layer i=4: ; The relative weight matrix for layer i=5: ; The relative weight matrix for layer i=6 is as follows: ; The relative weight matrix of layer i=7: ; The relative weight matrix of the i=8th layer: ; The relative weight matrix of layer i=9: .
[0088] (3) Energy relative weight matrix The energy relative weight matrix represents the margin of the boiler main steam flow and coal quantity control loop. This margin is a hard constraint and cannot be exceeded when the boiler load increases or decreases. The energy relative weight matrix for boiler load increase is constructed by selecting the first and second layers of relative weight matrices: .
[0089] (4) Conditional relative weight matrix The conditional relative weight matrix represents the adjustable margin of the boiler's control loops (levels 3-9). This margin is a soft constraint, and the calculation requirements can be guaranteed by adjusting the scaling factor when the boiler load increases or decreases. The conditional relative weight matrix for boiler load increase is constructed by selecting the relative weight matrices of levels 3-9: .
[0090] (5) Energy judgment matrix The energy assessment matrix represents the remaining status of boiler main steam flow and coal quantity, with 0 indicating no surplus and 1 indicating surplus. This matrix is diagonal. .
[0091] Element calculation: because , Therefore, the diagonal matrix element 1: ; because , Therefore, the diagonal matrix element 2: ; because , Therefore, the diagonal matrix element 3: .
[0092] Finally, the energy judgment matrix is calculated as follows: .
[0093] (6) Energy priority weight matrix The energy priority weight matrix is used to characterize the adjustable margin priority of the main steam flow and coal quantity control loops. The larger the value, the more important it is. Energy priority weight matrix when boiler load increases: .
[0094] (7) Conditional priority weight matrix The conditional priority weight matrix is used to characterize the adjustable margin priority of the boiler's control loops from level 3 to level 9. Larger values indicate greater importance. The priority weight matrix is as follows: .
[0095] Specifically, step S05 includes the following functions: Calculate the load distribution output for N=3 boilers based on the energy relative weight matrix, conditional relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and conditional priority weight matrix.
[0096] because When the boiler load increases, the calculation method for load distribution is as follows: (1) Energy distribution coefficient matrix Based on the energy relative weight matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and energy judgment matrix, calculate the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases: .
[0097] (2) Conditional allocation coefficient matrix Based on the relative weight matrix and priority weight matrix of the conditions, calculate the condition allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases: .
[0098] (3) Original distribution coefficient matrix Based on the energy allocation matrix and the conditional allocation matrix, construct the original allocation coefficient matrix when N=3 boilers are increasing their load: ; Element calculation: Pot j=1: ; The j=2nd pot: ; Pot j=3: ; Therefore, through calculation, we can conclude that: .
[0099] (4) Allocation matrix .
[0100] Element calculation: Pot j=1: ; The j=2nd pot: ; Pot j=3: ; Therefore, through calculation, we can conclude that: .
[0101] (5) Assign the output matrix Based on the allocation matrix and the total increase in boiler steam flow load, calculate the allocation output matrix when N=3 boilers are increasing their load: .
[0102] (6) Distribute output When N=3 boilers are increasing their load, the output matrix is assigned to the main steam flow rate setpoint for each boiler.
[0103] It is known that the boiler steam flow rate during the first boiler load increase is the set value for one cycle. When the second boiler is increased to the load, the boiler steam flow rate is above the set value for one cycle. When the third boiler is increased in load, the boiler steam flow rate is above the set value for one cycle. .
[0104] Steam flow setpoint allocation output value for boiler #1: .
[0105] Steam flow setpoint allocation output value for boiler 2: .
[0106] Steam flow setpoint allocation output value for boiler #3: .
Claims
1. A method for intelligent load distribution control of a main-pipe boiler, characterized in that: include, Step S01: Divide the control loop conditions of N boilers into M layers, and obtain the set value, process value, upper limit of process value, and lower limit of process value for each layer of control loop, and construct a condition table; Step S02: Based on the calculation results of the main pipe steam pressure controller, determine the boiler load increase / decrease status. When the boiler load increases, execute step S03; when the boiler load decreases, execute step S04; when the boiler steam flow setpoint remains unchanged, execute step S01. Step S03: When the boiler load increases, calculate the layer absolute weight matrix, layer relative weight matrix, energy relative weight matrix, condition relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and condition priority weight matrix based on the condition table; Step S04: When the boiler load is reduced, calculate the layer absolute weight matrix, layer relative weight matrix, energy relative weight matrix, condition relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and condition priority weight matrix based on the condition table. Step S05: The main steam pressure controller calculates the load distribution output of N boilers based on the energy relative weight matrix, conditional relative weight matrix, energy judgment matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and conditional priority weight matrix. Step S06: The main steam pressure controller allocates the steam distribution to the steam-consuming unit based on the calculated load distribution results of the N boilers.
2. The intelligent load distribution control method for a main-pipe boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S01, the boiler type is either a direct-fired pulverized coal boiler or a circulating fluidized bed boiler. For a direct-fired pulverized coal boiler, the M-layer control loop includes a steam flow layer, a coal quantity layer, a denitrification layer, a desulfurization layer, a primary air pressure layer, a primary air volume layer, an oxygen quantity layer, a secondary air volume layer, and a main steam temperature layer. For a circulating fluidized bed boiler, the M-layer control loop includes a steam flow layer, a coal quantity layer, a denitrification layer, a desulfurization layer, a bed temperature layer, a primary air volume layer, an oxygen quantity layer, a secondary air volume layer, and a main steam temperature layer. Each layer control loop is set with a setpoint, a process value, an upper limit for the process value, and a lower limit for the process value.
3. The intelligent load distribution control method for a main-pipe boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S02, The main steam pressure controller is as follows: (Official 1); in, This represents the total increment of the boiler steam flow setpoint calculated by the main pipe steam pressure controller. This indicates the current periodic value of the main pipe steam pressure. Indicates the steam pressure setpoint of the main pipe. This indicates parameter 1 of the main pipe steam pressure controller. This represents the steam pressure value of the main pipe in the previous cycle. This represents the steam pressure value of the main pipe over the first two cycles. This represents the steam pressure value of the main pipe over the first three cycles. This indicates parameter 3 of the main pipe steam pressure controller; when When this occurs, it indicates that the boiler steam flow setpoint is being increased, meaning the boiler is increasing its load; when When the boiler steam flow setpoint decreases, the boiler load is reduced; when This indicates that the boiler steam flow rate setpoint remains unchanged.
4. The intelligent load distribution control method for a main-pipe boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S03, for boiler load increase: (1) When the boiler load increases, the absolute weight matrix of the Mth layer is: (Official 2); in, Let represent the absolute weight matrix of the i-th layer when the boiler load increases, and be . The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix, Let N represent the i-th layer, N represent the total number of boilers, and M represent the total number of layers. (2) When the boiler load increases, the relative weight matrix of the Mth layer is: (Official 5); in, The layer relative weight matrix of the i-th layer when the boiler load is increased is given by: The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix; (3) Select the relative weight matrices of the steam flow layer and the coal flow layer to construct the energy relative weight matrix when the boiler load increases: (Official 10); in, This represents the relative energy weighting matrix when the boiler load increases. The matrix, This represents the layer relative weight matrix of the steam flow layer when the boiler load increases. This represents the relative weight matrix of the coal layer when the boiler load increases; (4) Construct a relative weight matrix for boiler load increase conditions by selecting the relative weight matrices of the denitrification layer, desulfurization layer, primary air pressure layer or bed temperature layer, primary air volume layer, oxygen volume layer, secondary air volume layer, and main steam temperature layer: (Official 11); in, This represents the conditional relative weight matrix when the boiler load increases, as follows: The matrix, ~ These represent the relative weight matrices of the denitrification layer, desulfurization layer, primary air pressure layer or bed temperature layer, primary air volume layer, oxygen volume layer, secondary air volume layer, and main steam temperature layer when the boiler load is increased, respectively. N represents the total number of boilers. (5) The energy judgment matrix is a diagonal matrix: (Official 12); in, This represents the diagonal matrix of energy judgment weights when the boiler load increases, which is... The matrix, This represents the first element of the diagonal matrix representing the energy judgment weights when the boiler is under increased load. This represents the Nth element of the diagonal matrix representing the energy judgment weights when the boiler is under increased load. (6) Energy priority weight matrix when boiler load increases: (Formula 14); in, This represents the energy priority weight matrix when the boiler load increases. The matrix, This indicates the priority parameter for steam flow levels when the boiler is under load. This indicates the priority parameter for coal bed quantity when the boiler load increases. The priority parameter must meet the following requirements. ; (7) Priority weight matrix for boiler load increase: (Official 15); in, This represents the priority weight matrix for boiler load increase, which is... The matrix, ~ These parameters represent the priority parameters for the denitrification layer, desulfurization layer, primary air pressure layer or bed temperature layer, primary air volume layer, oxygen layer, secondary air volume layer, and main steam temperature layer when the boiler load increases. The priority parameters must meet the following requirements. .
5. The intelligent load distribution control method for a main-pipe boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S04, the boiler load is reduced as follows: (1) Absolute weight matrix of layer M when boiler load is reduced: (Official 16); in, Let represent the absolute weight matrix of the i-th layer when the boiler load is reduced, and be... The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix, Let N represent the i-th layer, N represent the total number of boilers, and M represent the total number of layers. (2) The relative weight matrix of the Mth layer when the boiler load is reduced: (Official 19); in, The layer relative weight matrix of the i-th layer when the boiler load is reduced is given by: The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix; (3) Select the relative weight matrices of the steam flow layer and the coal flow layer to construct the energy relative weight matrix when the boiler load is reduced: (Official 24); in, This represents the energy relative weighting matrix when the boiler load is reduced, and is... The matrix, This represents the layer relative weight matrix of the steam flow layer when the boiler load increases. This represents the layer relative weight matrix of the coal quantity layer when the boiler load is reduced; (4) Construct a relative weight matrix of the boiler load reduction conditions by selecting the relative weight matrix of the denitrification layer, desulfurization layer, primary air pressure layer or bed temperature layer, primary air volume layer, oxygen volume layer, secondary air volume layer, and main steam temperature layer: (Official 25); in, This represents the relative weight matrix of conditions when the boiler load is reduced, as follows: The matrix, ~ These represent the relative weight matrices of the denitrification layer, desulfurization layer, primary air pressure layer or bed temperature layer, primary air volume layer, oxygen volume layer, secondary air volume layer, and main steam temperature layer when the boiler load is reduced, respectively. N represents the total number of boilers. (5) The energy judgment matrix is a diagonal matrix: (Official 26); in, This represents the diagonal matrix of energy judgment weights when the boiler reduces load. The matrix, This represents the first element of the diagonal matrix representing the energy judgment weights when the boiler reduces load. This represents the Nth element of the diagonal matrix representing the energy judgment weights when the boiler reduces its load. (6) Energy priority weight matrix when boiler load is reduced: (Official 28); in, This represents the energy priority weight matrix when the boiler reduces load. The matrix, This indicates the first-level priority parameter when the boiler reduces load. This indicates the priority parameter for coal quantity stratification when the boiler reduces load. The priority parameter must meet the following requirements. ; (7) Priority weight matrix for boiler load reduction: (Official 29); in, This represents the priority weight matrix for boiler load reduction, which is... The matrix, ~ These parameters represent the priority parameters for the denitrification layer, desulfurization layer, primary air pressure layer or bed temperature layer, primary air volume layer, oxygen layer, secondary air volume layer, and main steam temperature layer when the boiler load is reduced. These priority parameters must meet certain requirements. 。 6. The intelligent load distribution control method for a main-pipe boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S05 includes the following features: When the boiler load increases, the allocation calculation method is as follows: (1) Energy distribution coefficient matrix Based on the energy relative weight matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and energy judgment matrix, calculate the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases: (Official 30); in, This represents the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases. The matrix, This represents the relative energy weighting matrix when the boiler load increases. This represents the energy priority weight matrix when the boiler load increases. This represents the diagonal matrix of energy judgment weights when the boiler load increases, where N represents the number of boilers; (2) Conditional allocation coefficient matrix Based on the relative weight matrix and priority weight matrix of the conditions, calculate the condition allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases: (Official 31); in, This represents the conditional allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases, and is... The matrix, This represents the relative weighting matrix of conditions when the boiler load increases. This represents the priority weight matrix for boiler load increases. This represents the j-th element of the matrix; (3) Original distribution coefficient matrix Based on the energy allocation matrix and the conditional allocation matrix, construct the original allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases: (Official 32); in, This represents the original distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases, which is... The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix; (4) Allocation matrix (Official 34); in, This represents the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases, as follows: The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix; (5) Assign the output matrix Based on the allocation matrix and the total increase in boiler steam flow load, calculate the allocation output matrix when N boilers increase load: (Official 36); in, This represents the output matrix allocated when N boilers are increasing their load. The matrix, This represents the first element of the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases. This represents the Nth element of the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load increases. This represents the total increment of boiler steam flow load calculated by the main pipe steam pressure controller; (6) Distribute output Assign the output matrix to each boiler's main steam flow setpoint when N boilers are increasing their load: (Official 37); in, This represents the output value allocated to the boiler steam flow setpoint when the j-th boiler is increased in load. This represents the boiler steam flow rate setpoint for the previous cycle when the j-th boiler is increasing its load. This represents the j-th element of the output matrix allocated when the boiler increases load, as indicated by the current subscript. for This indicates a direct-fired pulverized coal boiler, indicated by the subscript. CFB indicates a circulating fluidized bed boiler; When the boiler load is reduced, the allocation calculation method is as follows: (1) Energy distribution coefficient matrix Based on the energy relative weight matrix, energy priority weight matrix, and energy judgment matrix, calculate the energy allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced: (Official 38); in, This represents the energy distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced, and is... The matrix, This represents the relative energy weighting matrix when the boiler load is reduced. This represents the energy priority weight matrix when the boiler reduces its load. This represents the diagonal matrix representing the energy judgment weights when the boiler reduces its load. (2) Conditional allocation coefficient matrix Based on the relative weight matrix and priority weight matrix of the conditions, calculate the condition allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced: (Official 39); in, This represents the conditional allocation coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced, and is... The matrix, This represents the relative weight matrix of conditions when the boiler load is reduced. This represents the priority weight matrix for boiler load reduction. This represents the j-th element of the matrix; (3) Original distribution coefficient matrix Based on the energy allocation matrix and the conditional allocation matrix, construct the original allocation coefficient matrix for boiler load reduction: (Official 40); in, This represents the original distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced, which is... The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix; (4) Allocation matrix (Official 42); in, This represents the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced, as follows: The matrix, express The first element of the matrix, express The Nth element of the matrix, where N represents the total number of boilers; (5) Assign the output matrix Based on the allocation matrix and the total increase in boiler steam flow load, calculate the allocation output matrix when N boilers are reducing load: (Official 44) in, This represents the output matrix allocated when N boilers are reducing their load. The matrix, This represents the first element of the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced. This represents the Nth element of the distribution coefficient matrix when the boiler load is reduced. This represents the total increment of boiler steam flow load calculated by the main pipe steam pressure controller; (6) Distribute output Assign the output matrix to each boiler's main steam flow setpoint when reducing load on N boilers: (Official 45); in, This represents the output value allocated to the boiler steam flow setpoint when the j-th boiler reduces its load. This represents the boiler steam flow rate setpoint for the previous cycle when the j-th boiler reduces its load. This represents the j-th element of the output matrix when the boiler reduces load, as indicated by the subscript. for This indicates a direct-fired pulverized coal boiler, indicated by the subscript. CFB indicates a circulating fluidized bed boiler.
7. A smart load distribution control system for a main-pipe boiler, characterized in that: It includes a data acquisition module for collecting data on main pipe pressure and coal quantity, steam flow, bed temperature, primary air volume, primary air pressure, oxygen content, secondary air volume, desulfurization, and denitrification setpoints, process values, upper limit of process values, and lower limit of process values for N boilers; The control module is used to implement the intelligent load distribution control method for the main pipe boiler as described in any one of claims 1-6, and to write back the calculation results to the field control system. The data storage module is used to store the data generated by the data acquisition module and the control module; The data is displayed by the data storage module.
8. A computing device comprising a memory, a processor, and a program stored in the memory and running on the processor, characterized in that, When the processor executes the program, it implements the steps of the intelligent load distribution control method for a main control boiler as described in any one of claims 1 to 6.
9. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores instructions that, when executed on a terminal device, cause the terminal device to perform the steps of the intelligent load distribution control method for a main control boiler as described in any one of claims 1 to 6.