Single battery, energy storage device and power utilization system

Abstract

This application provides a single-cell battery, an energy storage device, and an electrical system. The single-cell battery of this application includes a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte. At least one of the positive electrode, the separator, the negative electrode, and the electrolyte includes an additive, which includes at least one of nitroindorubin compounds and nitroindorubin anhydride compounds.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of battery technology, specifically to a single battery cell, an energy storage device, and an electrical system. Background Technology

[0002] During the initial charge and discharge cycle of lithium-ion batteries and other single-cell batteries, a passivation layer, namely the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), forms on the surface of the electrode active materials. The formation of this passivation layer is closely related to the electrolyte, binder, and separator in contact with the active materials, and it possesses both electronic insulation and lithium-ion conductivity. Under the operating conditions of lithium-ion batteries, the structural stability of the SEI and its ion conductivity significantly impact the overall battery performance (such as cycle life and rate performance). In related technologies, lithium-ion batteries exhibit poor lifespan during charge-discharge cycles and fast charge / discharge cycles. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This application provides a single-cell battery with high cycle life and good rate performance.

[0004] In a first aspect, embodiments of this application provide a single-cell battery, the single-cell battery comprising a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the positive electrode, the separator, the negative electrode, and the electrolyte comprises an additive, the additive comprising at least one of nitroindoin compounds and nitroindoin anhydride compounds.

[0005] Furthermore, the structural formula of the nitroindocin compound is as follows: , Wherein, A1 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A2 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A3 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A4 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; R1 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; At least one of A1, A2, A3 and A4 is a nitro group.

[0006] Furthermore, the structural formula of the nitroindosan anhydride compound is as follows: , Wherein, A5 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A6 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A7 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A8 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; R2 is one of the following: alkyl (C1 to C20), alkenyl (C1 to C20), aromatic (C1 to C20), methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; At least one of A5, A6, A7 and A8 is a nitro group.

[0007] Furthermore, the additive comprises at least one of the following structural formulas: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

[0008] Furthermore, the electrolyte includes the additive, and the mass fraction a of the additive in the electrolyte is in the range of 0.005% ≤ a ≤ 3%.

[0009] Furthermore, the positive electrode sheet includes a positive current collector and a positive active layer. The positive active layer is disposed on the surface of the positive current collector. The positive active layer includes the additive. The mass fraction b of the additive in the positive active layer is in the range of 0.0005% ≤ b ≤ 1%.

[0010] Furthermore, the negative electrode sheet includes a negative current collector and a negative active layer. The negative active layer is disposed on the surface of the negative current collector. The negative active layer includes the additive, and the mass fraction c of the additive in the negative active layer is in the range of 0.001%≤c≤1.5%.

[0011] Furthermore, the diaphragm includes a base membrane and an inorganic coating. The inorganic coating is disposed on the surface of the base membrane and includes ceramic particles and the additive. The mass ratio d of the additive to the ceramic particles in the inorganic coating is in the range of 0.0005 ≤ d ≤ 0.1.

[0012] Secondly, embodiments of this application also provide an energy storage device, the energy storage device comprising: one or more single-cell batteries as described in embodiments of this application.

[0013] Thirdly, embodiments of this application also provide an electrical system, the electrical system comprising: Electrical equipment; and The energy storage device described in this application embodiment is used to supply power to the electrical equipment.

[0014] The single-cell battery of this application includes a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte. At least one of the positive electrode, the separator, the negative electrode, and the electrolyte includes an additive, which includes at least one of nitroindoin compounds and nitroindoin anhydride compounds. The indigo group or indigo anhydride group in the additive has high HOMO energy and low LUMO energy. The -CO-NR- (amide group) on the non-benzene ring side heterocycle of the indigo group or indigo anhydride group easily loses electrons at low potentials and is oxidized to modify the positive electrode electrolyte interphase (CEI) film of the positive electrode, and gains electrons at high potentials to modify the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film of the negative electrode. In addition, the -CO-(O)-CO-NR- cyclic characteristic groups of the indigo group or indigo anhydride group in the additive further combine with imino groups compared with the -CO-O-CO- groups of ordinary anhydrides. This can enrich the SEI and CEI membranes with N-containing inorganic components Li3N and LixNOy in the composition of the SEI membrane and CEI membrane grown in situ in the single cell, thereby increasing the stability of the SEI membrane and CEI membrane. Furthermore, the additives in this application have nitro substitution. In nitroindoin compounds and nitroindoin anhydride compounds, the nitro group on the benzene ring side activates both -CO-NR- and -CO- (carbonyl) groups on the heterocyclic (i.e., non-benzene ring side). The nitro group is an electron-withdrawing group, and the electron transfer effect resulting from electron withdrawal can regulate the electron-accepting ability of nitroindoin compounds and nitroindoin anhydride compounds, making the heterocyclic (non-benzene ring side) more prone to multi-electron continuous reduction reactions (e.g., reduction potential peaks appear at 2.1V, 2.3V, and 2.6V, with the three reduction potentials ranging from 1.8V to 2.7V vs. Li). +In addition, under the electron-withdrawing effect of the nitro group, the reduction and transformation reaction of nitroindoin and nitroindoin anhydride compounds is weakened but not eliminated, and the reduction reaction of the heterocycle on the non-benzene ring side continues to occur (~1.4V vs. Li+ / Li), thus producing a unique multi-stage reduction phenomenon. The introduction of substituted nitro groups complicates the simple film-forming mechanism of the original indigo and indigo anhydride compounds, and the functional group reduction reaction seems to occur intelligently and sequentially; moreover, the nitro group can make the SEI film and CEI film formed by the single cell contain nitrogen-containing inorganic components, reducing the impedance of the SEI film and CEI film. The interaction between nitro and indigo or nitro and indigo anhydride enhances the film-forming ability of nitroindoin and nitroindoin anhydride compounds, while avoiding the shortcomings of excessive impedance and reduced initial capacity of SEI and CEI films, thus completing the "strength-enhancing and weakness-compensating" of the compound itself at the intramolecular level. In summary, the single-cell battery of this application improves the stability of the SEI and CEI films and increases the cycle life of the single-cell battery by adding at least one of the positive electrode, the separator, the negative electrode and the electrolyte, thereby effectively avoiding excessive impedance of the SEI and CEI films and enabling the single-cell battery to achieve high rate discharge performance. Attached Figure Description

[0015] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an energy storage system according to an embodiment of this application.

[0017] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an energy storage system according to another embodiment of this application.

[0018] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an energy storage system according to another embodiment of this application.

[0019] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electrical system according to an embodiment of this application.

[0020] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an energy storage device according to an embodiment of this application.

[0021] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a single battery cell according to an embodiment of this application.

[0022] Figure 7 For the application of an embodiment of the single cell battery Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure along the AA direction.

[0023] Figure 8 For yet another embodiment of the single cell battery, along Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure along the AA direction.

[0024] Figure 9 This is a cross-sectional view of the positive electrode sheet according to one embodiment of the application.

[0025] Figure 10 This is a cross-sectional view of the negative electrode sheet according to one embodiment of the application.

[0026] Figure 11 A cross-sectional view of the diaphragm according to one embodiment of the application.

[0027] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 100 - Energy storage system; 110 - First power conversion device; 120 - First user load; 130 - Second user load; 140 - High-voltage cable; 150 - Second power conversion device; 160 - Photovoltaic-energy storage-charging station; 170 - Automobile; 200 - Energy storage device; 100' - Power system; 110' - Power equipment; 300 - Single cell; 310 - Positive electrode; 311 - Positive current collector; 312 - Positive active layer; 320 - Separator; 321 - Base film; 322 - Inorganic coating; 330 - Negative electrode; 331 - Negative current collector; 332 - Negative active layer; 340 - Housing; 341 - Reception cavity; 350 - End cap assembly. Detailed Implementation

[0028] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present application, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0029] The terms "first," "second," etc., in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this application are used to distinguish different objects, not to describe a specific order. Furthermore, the terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that includes a series of steps or units is not limited to the listed steps or units, but may optionally include steps or units not listed, or may optionally include other steps or units inherent to these processes, methods, products, or apparatuses.

[0030] The technical solutions in the embodiments of this application will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0031] It should be noted that, for ease of explanation, the same reference numerals denote the same components in the embodiments of this application, and for the sake of brevity, detailed descriptions of the same components are omitted in different embodiments.

[0032] Because the energy we need is highly time- and space-dependent, in order to utilize energy rationally and improve energy efficiency, it is necessary to store one form of energy in the same way or by converting it into another, and then release it in a specific energy form based on future application needs. Currently, the main way to generate green electricity is to develop green energy sources such as photovoltaics and wind power to replace fossil fuels.

[0033] Currently, the generation of green electricity generally relies on solar, wind, and hydropower. However, wind and solar power are generally characterized by strong intermittency and large fluctuations, which can cause grid instability, insufficient power during peak demand periods, and excessive power during off-peak periods. Unstable voltage can also damage the power grid. Therefore, insufficient electricity demand or insufficient grid capacity may lead to the problem of "wind and solar curtailment." Solving these problems requires energy storage. This involves converting electrical energy into other forms of energy through physical or chemical means and storing it. When needed, this energy can be converted back into electrical energy and released. Simply put, energy storage is like a large "power bank," storing electrical energy when solar and wind power are abundant and releasing the stored electricity when needed.

[0034] Taking electrochemical energy storage as an example, this solution provides an energy storage device for use in energy storage systems. The energy storage device is equipped with a set of chemical batteries, which mainly use the chemical elements in the batteries as energy storage media. The charging and discharging process is accompanied by the chemical reaction or change of the energy storage media. Simply put, the electrical energy generated by wind and solar energy is stored in the chemical batteries. When the use of external electrical energy reaches its peak, the stored electricity is released for use, or transferred to places with a shortage of electricity for use.

[0035] Current energy storage applications are quite widespread, including generation-side energy storage, grid-side energy storage, and consumption-side energy storage. The corresponding types of energy storage devices include: (1) Large-scale energy storage power stations (composed of multiple prefabricated energy storage modules) applied to wind power and photovoltaic power stations can help renewable energy power generation meet grid connection requirements and improve the utilization rate of renewable energy. As a high-quality active / reactive power regulation power source on the power supply side, the energy storage power station realizes the load matching of power in time and space, enhances the renewable energy absorption capacity, reduces instantaneous power changes, reduces the impact on the power grid, improves the problem of new energy power generation absorption, and is of great significance in power grid system backup, alleviating peak load power supply pressure and peak regulation and frequency regulation. (2) The energy storage prefabricated cabin applied on the grid side mainly functions as peak regulation, frequency regulation and grid congestion relief. In terms of peak regulation, it can realize peak shaving and valley filling of electricity load, that is, charging the energy storage battery when the electricity load is low and releasing the stored electricity during the peak electricity load period, thereby achieving a balance between power production and consumption. (3) Small energy storage cabinets applied to the electricity consumption side mainly function as self-consumption of electricity, peak-valley price arbitrage, capacity cost management, and improvement of power supply reliability. Depending on the application scenario, electricity consumption side energy storage can be divided into industrial and commercial energy storage cabinets, household energy storage devices, energy storage charging piles, etc., which are generally used in conjunction with distributed photovoltaics. Industrial and commercial users can use energy storage for peak-valley price arbitrage and capacity cost management. In the electricity market implementing peak-valley pricing, by charging the energy storage system when the electricity price is low and discharging the energy storage system when the electricity price is high, peak-valley price arbitrage can be achieved, reducing electricity costs. In addition, industrial enterprises subject to two-part tariffs can use energy storage systems to store energy during off-peak hours and discharge during peak loads, thereby reducing peak power and the maximum demand declared, achieving the goal of reducing capacity costs. Household photovoltaics with energy storage can improve the level of self-consumption of electricity. Due to high electricity prices and poor power supply stability, the demand for household photovoltaic installations is driven. Given that photovoltaic power generation occurs during the day, while user load is generally higher at night, configuring energy storage can better utilize photovoltaic power, improve self-consumption levels, and reduce electricity costs. Furthermore, energy storage is needed in areas such as communication base stations and data centers for backup power.

[0036] In some embodiments, see Figure 1 , Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an energy storage system 100 according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 1 The embodiments are illustrated using a home energy storage scenario in user-side energy storage as an example. The energy storage device 200 of this application is not limited to the home energy storage scenario.

[0037] This application provides an energy storage system 100, which includes a first power conversion device 110 (photovoltaic panel), a first user load 120 (household lighting fixture), a second user load 130 (e.g., household appliances such as air conditioners), and an energy storage device 200. The energy storage device 200 is a small energy storage box that can be wall-mounted on an outdoor wall. However, the energy storage device 200 is not limited to wall mounting and can also be placed in a user's residence in other ways. Specifically, the photovoltaic panel can convert solar energy into electrical energy during periods of low electricity prices, and the energy storage device 200 stores this electrical energy and supplies it to lighting fixtures and household appliances during peak electricity prices, or provides power during power outages / power interruptions.

[0038] In some embodiments, see Figure 2 , Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an energy storage system 100 according to another embodiment of this application, and this application Figure 2 The embodiments are illustrated using a shared energy storage scenario on the generation / distribution side as an example. The energy storage device 200 of this application is not limited to its generation / distribution side energy storage scenario.

[0039] This application provides an energy storage system 100, which includes: a high-voltage cable 140, a first power conversion device 110, a second power conversion device 150, and an energy storage device 200 provided in this application. In some embodiments of the power generation scenario, the second power conversion device 150 can be a wind power conversion device. Since the electricity generated by wind power conversion is volatile, random, and intermittent, the unstable electricity output by the wind power conversion device can be stored in the energy storage device 200 through grid connection. The energy storage device 200 is connected to the high-voltage cable 140 and outputs smooth electricity to the power consumption side of the distribution network, realizing peak shaving and frequency regulation, and stable grid operation; or, wind power conversion... The power conversion device is always connected to the high-voltage cable 140. Under normal power generation conditions, the power output of the wind power conversion device is supplied to the power consumption side of the distribution network through the high-voltage cable 140. When the current power load is low and the wind power conversion device generates excess power, the excess power is first stored in the energy storage device 200 to reduce wind and solar curtailment rates and improve the problem of new energy power generation consumption. When the power load is high, the power grid issues an instruction to transmit the power stored in the energy storage device 200 together with the high-voltage cable 140 in grid-connected mode to supply power to the power consumption side. This provides the power grid with various services such as peak shaving, frequency regulation, and backup, giving full play to the peak shaving role of the power grid, promoting peak shaving and valley filling, and alleviating the power supply pressure of the power grid.

[0040] In some embodiments on the distribution network side, the first power conversion device 110 can be a photovoltaic panel, and the energy storage device 200 is connected to the high-voltage cable 140 and installed downstream of the high-voltage cable 140 between the user load and the photovoltaic power conversion device. The electrical energy output by the photovoltaic power conversion device is stored in the energy storage device 200, which can respond in a timely manner to act as a backup power source when the power grid / distribution network fails; or, it can provide power supply support to alleviate line congestion when the high-voltage cable 140 transmission line is blocked, and to delay the economic pressure caused by the expansion of the power grid / distribution capacity when the power grid is planned to be expanded.

[0041] In some embodiments, see Figure 3 , Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an energy storage system 100 according to another embodiment of this application, and this application Figure 3 The embodiments are illustrated using an industrial and commercial energy storage scenario as an example. The energy storage device 200 of this application is not limited to industrial and commercial energy storage scenarios.

[0042] This application provides an energy storage system 100, which includes: an energy storage device 200, a high-voltage cable 140, a factory equipped with a first power conversion device 110, a photovoltaic-energy storage-charging station 160, and a vehicle 170. In some embodiments of industrial and commercial scenarios, the first power conversion device 110 can be a photovoltaic panel, which converts solar energy into electrical energy and stores it in the energy storage device 200 in the factory. In the event of a power grid failure, the energy storage device 200 provides power to ensure the safe and stable operation of the factory without interruption. Alternatively, when the factory's power load is high, the power grid issues an instruction to transmit the electricity stored in the energy storage device 200 in conjunction with the high-voltage cable 140 in a grid-connected mode to supply the factory with electricity, providing various services such as peak shaving / frequency regulation and backup for the power grid operation. In addition, the first power conversion device 110 can also convert solar energy into electrical energy and store it in the energy storage device 200 of the photovoltaic-energy storage-charging station 160, which can directly charge the vehicle 170, making it fast and convenient.

[0043] Optionally, the first power conversion device 110 may include, but is not limited to, a photovoltaic panel, and the second power conversion device 150 may include, but is not limited to, a wind power conversion device. The first power conversion device 110 and the second power conversion device 150 can convert at least one of solar energy, light energy, wind energy, thermal energy, tidal energy, biomass energy, and mechanical energy into electrical energy.

[0044] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electrical system 100' according to an embodiment of this application.

[0045] Please see Figure 4This application embodiment also provides an electrical system 100', which includes an electrical device 110' and an energy storage device 200. The energy storage device 200 is electrically connected to the electrical device 110' and is used to supply power to the energy storage device 200.

[0046] Optionally, the electrical equipment 110' can be, but is not limited to, at least one of the following: power grid, base station, power station, charging station, household appliances (such as air conditioner, refrigerator, washing machine, lighting equipment, etc.).

[0047] Optionally, the electrical equipment 110' and the energy storage device 200 can be electrically connected via a high-voltage cable 140.

[0048] Please see Figure 5 , Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an energy storage device 200 according to an embodiment of this application.

[0049] Optionally, the energy storage device 200 includes one or more individual battery cells 300.

[0050] The term "multiple" refers to two or more, such as, but not limited to, 2, 5, 10, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 800, 1000, etc. The number of individual battery cells 300 included in the energy storage device 200 can be determined based on the rated capacity of the individual battery cells 300 and the rated capacity to be achieved by the energy storage device 200.

[0051] Optionally, the energy storage device 200 can be used, but is not limited to, energy storage power stations, hydropower / thermal / wind power generation systems, solar power generation systems, mobile power systems, smart home systems, or temporary power systems, and is also applied in multiple fields such as data centers, military equipment, aerospace, charging piles, and electric vehicles.

[0052] Optionally, the energy storage device 200 may include, but is not limited to, battery integrated systems such as single-cell batteries, or battery modules, battery packs, battery clusters, power banks, energy storage cabinets / prefabricated energy storage containers, etc. In other words, when the energy storage device 200 includes a single-cell battery 300, the energy storage device 200 can exist in the form of a single-cell battery 300. When the energy storage device 200 includes multiple single-cell batteries 300, the multiple single-cell batteries 300 can be stacked, arranged, assembled, etc., to form battery integrated systems such as battery modules, battery packs, battery clusters, power banks, energy storage cabinets / energy storage containers; that is, the energy storage device 200 exists in the form of battery integrated systems such as battery modules, battery packs, battery clusters, power banks, energy storage cabinets / energy storage containers, etc. The actual application form of the energy storage device 200 provided in this application embodiment can be, but is not limited to, the listed products, and can also be other application forms. This application embodiment does not strictly limit the application form of the energy storage device 200. This application embodiment only illustrates the case where the energy storage device 200 is a multi-cell battery (i.e., multiple single-cell batteries 300).

[0053] Optionally, the single cell 300 can be, but is not limited to, at least one of cylindrical, square, prismatic, or other shaped cells.

[0054] Optionally, the single cell 300 can be a rechargeable battery, which refers to a single cell 300 that can be recharged after discharge to activate the active materials and continue to be used. The single cell 300 can be a lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion battery, sodium-lithium-ion battery, lithium metal battery, sodium metal battery, lithium-sulfur battery, magnesium-ion battery, nickel-metal hydride battery, nickel-cadmium battery, lead-acid battery, etc., and this application does not specifically limit it.

[0055] Understandably, the 300 single cell can be, but is not limited to, sodium batteries, lithium batteries, magnesium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, lead-acid batteries, etc.

[0056] During the initial charge and discharge cycle of lithium-ion batteries and other single-cell batteries, a passivation layer, namely the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), forms on the surface of the electrode active materials. The formation of this passivation layer is closely related to the electrolyte, binder, and separator in contact with the active materials, and it possesses both electronic insulation and lithium-ion conductivity. Under the operating conditions of lithium-ion batteries, the structural stability of the SEI and its ion conductivity significantly impact the overall battery performance (such as cycle life and rate performance). In related technologies, lithium-ion batteries exhibit poor lifespan during charge-discharge cycles and fast charge / discharge cycles.

[0057] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a single cell battery 300 according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 7 For an embodiment of the application, a single cell 300 is provided. Figure 6A schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure along the AA direction. Figure 8 For yet another embodiment of the single cell 300, Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure along the AA direction.

[0058] Please see Figures 6 to 8 This application provides a single-cell battery 300, which includes a positive electrode 310, a separator 320, a negative electrode 330, and an electrolyte. The separator 320 is disposed between the positive electrode 310 and the negative electrode 330. At least one of the positive electrode 310, the separator 320, the negative electrode 330, and the electrolyte includes an additive, which includes at least one of nitroindigo compounds and nitroindigo anhydride compounds.

[0059] Understandably, the positive electrode 310 and the negative electrode 330 are located on opposite sides of the separator 320, that is, the separator 320 is located between the positive electrode 310 and the negative electrode 330, separating the positive electrode 310 and the negative electrode 330.

[0060] It should be noted that the positive electrode 310, the separator 320, and the negative electrode 330 are all at least partially immersed in the electrolyte.

[0061] It should be noted that the positive electrode 310 and the negative electrode 330 can be collectively referred to as electrode plates.

[0062] It should be noted that the battery cell consists of a positive electrode 310, a separator 320, and a negative electrode 330.

[0063] Understandably, the additive is introduced through at least one of the positive electrode 310, the separator 320, the negative electrode 330, and the electrolyte.

[0064] At least one of the positive electrode 310, the separator 320, the negative electrode 330, and the electrolyte in the single cell 300 of this application includes an additive, the additive including at least one of nitroindoin compounds and nitroindoin anhydride compounds.

[0065] Optionally, the battery cell can be at least one of wound battery cell and laminated battery cell. The single cell 300 can be one of wound battery and laminated battery.

[0066] like Figure 7 As shown, in one example, the single-cell battery 300 is a wound battery, and the cell is a wound cell. The positive electrode 310, the separator 320, and the negative electrode 330 are stacked sequentially and then wound to obtain the battery. Figure 8As shown, in another example, the single cell 300 is a stacked cell, and the cell is a stacked cell. The cell includes multiple positive electrode plates 310, multiple separators 320 and multiple negative electrode plates 330. The positive electrode plates 310 and negative electrode plates 330 are stacked alternately in sequence, and a separator 320 is provided between adjacent positive electrode plates 310 and negative electrode plates 330.

[0067] The single-cell battery 300 of this application includes a positive electrode 310, a separator 320, a negative electrode 330, and an electrolyte. At least one of the positive electrode 310, the separator 320, the negative electrode 330, and the electrolyte includes an additive, which includes at least one of nitroindoin compounds and nitroindoin anhydride compounds. The indigo group or indigo anhydride group in the additive has a high HOMO energy and a low LUMO energy. The -CO-NR- (amide group) on the non-benzene ring side heterocycle of the indigo group or indigo anhydride group easily loses electrons at low potentials and is oxidized to modify the positive electrolyte interphase (CEI) film of the positive electrode 310, and gains electrons at high potentials to modify the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film of the negative electrode 330. Furthermore, the -CO-(O)-CO-NR- cyclic characteristic groups of the indigo group or indigo anhydride group in the additive further combine with imino groups compared to the -CO-O-CO- groups of ordinary anhydrides. This can enrich the SEI and CEI membranes with N-containing inorganic components Li3N and LixNOy in the composition of the SEI membrane and CEI membrane grown in situ in the single cell 300, thereby increasing the stability of the SEI membrane and CEI membrane. Furthermore, the additives in this application have nitro substitution. In nitroindoin compounds and nitroindoin anhydride compounds, the nitro group on the benzene ring side activates both -CO-NR- and -CO- (carbonyl) groups on the heterocyclic (i.e., non-benzene ring side). The nitro group is an electron-withdrawing group, and the electron transfer effect resulting from electron withdrawal can regulate the electron-accepting ability of nitroindoin compounds and nitroindoin anhydride compounds, making the heterocyclic (non-benzene ring side) more prone to multi-electron continuous reduction reactions (e.g., reduction potential peaks appear at 2.1V, 2.3V, and 2.6V, with the three reduction potentials ranging from 1.8V to 2.7V vs. Li). +In addition, under the electron-withdrawing effect of the nitro group, the reduction and transformation reaction of nitroin and nitroindosanhydride compounds is weakened but not eliminated, and the reduction reaction of the heterocycle on the non-benzene ring side continues to occur (~1.4V vs. Li+ / Li), thus producing a unique multi-stage reduction phenomenon. The introduction of the substituted nitro group complicates the simple film-forming mechanism of the original indigo and indigosanhydride compounds, and the functional group reduction reaction seems to occur intelligently and sequentially; moreover, the nitro group can make the SEI film and CEI film formed by the single cell battery 300 have nitrogen-containing inorganic components, reducing the impedance of the SEI film and CEI film. The interaction between nitro and indigo or nitro and indigosanhydride enhances the film-forming ability of nitroin and nitroindosanhydride compounds, while avoiding the shortcomings of excessive impedance and reduced initial capacity of SEI and CEI films, thus completing the "strength-enhancing and weakness-compensating" of the compound itself at the molecular level. In summary, the single cell 300 of this application improves the stability of the SEI and CEI films and increases the cycle life of the single cell 300 by adding at least one of the positive electrode 310, the separator 320, the negative electrode 330 and the electrolyte, thereby effectively avoiding excessive impedance of the SEI and CEI films, and enabling the single cell 300 to achieve high rate discharge performance.

[0068] In some embodiments, the structural formula of the nitroindocin compound is: (Formula I), Wherein, A1 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A2 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A3 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A4 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; R1 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; At least one of A1, A2, A3 and A4 is a nitro group.

[0069] In this embodiment, when the nitroindocin compound has alkyl or methoxy substituents, the substituent effect is weak and it has a significant steric hindrance effect. It can reduce the coordination strength between organic solvent molecules and Li ions in the electrolyte through steric hindrance, promote the entry of anions into the inner solvation sheath to form an inorganic-rich SEI film, enhance the stability of the SEI film, reduce the impedance growth of the SEI film, improve the cycle capacity retention rate of the single cell 300, and help improve the cycle performance of the single cell 300 and enable the single cell 300 to maintain a high rate performance.

[0070] The term "inner solvation sheath," also known as the first solvation layer or inner coordination layer, is a highly oriented and tightly bound layer of solvent molecules that is directly bonded to solute particles (such as metal ions, polar molecules, or charged groups) through direct electrostatic interactions or coordination bonds.

[0071] When nitroindochrome compounds have aromatic substituents, the molecules of nitroindochrome compounds become more flexible, forming a "chemically soft" SEI film. This lowers the reduction kinetic energy barrier of indigo anhydride compounds, allowing for preferential reduction, improving the cycle performance of the single cell 300, and reducing the impedance growth of the SEI film of the negative electrode 330 and the CEI film of the positive electrode 310.

[0072] When nitroindochrome compounds have carbonyl substituents, the C=O π electrons are polarized by the high electronegativity of O, resulting in an electron-rich O end and an electron-deficient C end. The strong electron-withdrawing conjugation effect reduces the LUMO energy level of nitroindochrome compounds, thereby lowering their reduction potential. This makes nitroindochrome compounds the preferred reduction site in the single cell 300, leading to their initial decomposition into a film. Consequently, this effectively improves the cycle performance and impedance degradation of the single cell 300.

[0073] When nitroindochrome compounds have thiol substituents, they are prone to reduction and decomposition on the negative electrode 330. The resulting SEI film is rich in inorganic sulfides, which reduces the elastic modulus of the SEI film. This allows it to better adapt to volume changes in the negative electrode 330, improves the cycle performance of the single cell 300, and reduces impedance growth.

[0074] When nitroindochrome compounds have imine or amide groups, the lone pair electrons of the N group in the imine or amide group impart basicity, which can remove HF generated by the decomposition of electrolyte salt LiPF6 in the electrolyte and promote the formation of SEI film rich in LiF / LisN. This can effectively improve the cycle performance of the single cell 300 and reduce the increase in impedance of the single cell 300.

[0075] When nitroindochrome compounds have alkenyl substituents, the alkenyl group has a high reduction potential and readily gains electrons to generate anionic free radicals that initiate polymerization. Through electrochemical polymerization, a polymeric CEI film with a cross-linked network structure is formed on the surface of the positive electrode 310, and a polymeric SEI film with a cross-linked network structure is formed on the surface of the negative electrode 330. This results in the SEI film and CEI film having good elasticity and high mechanical strength, passivating the interface between the positive electrode 310 and the negative electrode 330, improving the cycle performance of the single cell 300, reducing the initial impedance of the single cell 300, and reducing the impedance growth during the charge and discharge cycle of the single cell 300.

[0076] In some embodiments, the structural formula of the nitroindosan anhydride compound is: (Formula II) Wherein, A5 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A6 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A7 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A8 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; R2 is one of the following: alkyl (C1 to C20), alkenyl (C1 to C20), aromatic (C1 to C20), methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; At least one of A5, A6, A7 and A8 is a nitro group.

[0077] In this embodiment, when nitroindosan anhydride compounds have alkyl or methoxy substituents, the substituent effect is weak, and there is a significant steric hindrance effect. This steric hindrance can reduce the coordination strength between organic solvent molecules and Li ions in the electrolyte, promote the entry of anions into the inner solvation sheath to form an inorganic-rich SEI film, enhance the stability of the SEI film, reduce the impedance growth of the SEI film, and improve the cycle capacity retention rate of the single cell 300. This is beneficial to improving the cycle performance of the single cell 300 and enabling the single cell 300 to maintain a high rate performance.

[0078] When nitroindosan anhydride compounds have aromatic substituents, the molecular softness of the nitroindosan anhydride compounds can be increased, forming a "chemically soft" SEI film. This lowers the reduction kinetic energy barrier of the indigosanide compounds, allowing for preferential reduction, improving the cycle performance of the single cell 300, and reducing the resistance growth of the SEI film of the negative electrode 330 and the CEI film of the positive electrode 310.

[0079] When nitroindosan anhydride compounds have carbonyl substituents, the C=O π electrons are polarized by the high electronegativity of O, the O end is electron-rich, and the C end is electron-deficient. The strong electron-withdrawing conjugation effect reduces the LUMO energy level of nitroindosan anhydride compounds, thereby reducing the reduction potential of nitroindosan anhydride compounds. As a result, nitroindosan anhydride compounds are the preferred reduction sites in the single cell 300 and decompose into a film first, thus effectively improving the cycle performance and impedance degradation of the single cell 300.

[0080] When nitroindosan anhydride compounds have thiol substituents, they are prone to reduction and decomposition on the negative electrode 330. The resulting SEI film is rich in inorganic sulfides, which reduces the elastic modulus of the SEI film. This allows it to better adapt to volume changes in the negative electrode 330, improves the cycle performance of the single cell 300, and reduces impedance growth.

[0081] When nitroindosan anhydride compounds have imine or amide groups, the lone pair electrons of the N group in the imine or amide group impart basicity, which can remove HF generated by the decomposition of electrolyte salt LiPF6 in the electrolyte and promote the formation of SEI film rich in LiF / LisN. This can effectively improve the cycle performance of the single cell 300 and reduce the increase in impedance of the single cell 300.

[0082] When nitroindosan anhydride compounds have alkenyl substituents, the alkenyl group has a high reduction potential and easily gains electrons to generate anionic free radicals that initiate polymerization. Through electrochemical polymerization, a polymeric CEI film with a cross-linked network structure is formed on the surface of the positive electrode 310, and a polymeric SEI film with a cross-linked network structure is formed on the surface of the negative electrode 330. This gives the SEI film and CEI film good elasticity and high mechanical strength, passivates the interface between the positive electrode 310 and the negative electrode 330, improves the cycle performance of the single cell 300, reduces the initial impedance of the single cell 300, and reduces the impedance growth of the single cell 300 during charge and discharge cycles.

[0083] In some embodiments, the additive comprises at least one of the following structural formulas: (I-1, CAS 611-09-6) (I-2, CAS 3433-54-3) (I-3, CAS 112656-95-8), (I-4, CAS 3484-32-0) (I-5, CAS 70343-13-4) (I-6, CAS 954571-39-2), (I-7, CAS 99448-81-4) (I-8) (I-9, CAS 667463-68-5), (I-10, CAS 34058-29-2), (I-11) (I-12) (I-13, CAS5453-79-2) (I-14, CAS 343218-85-9), (II-1, CAS20829-97-4) (II-2, CAS 4693-02-1) (II-3, CAS 63480-10-4), (II-4, CAS 89375-28-0), (II-5) (II-6, CAS 73043-80-8), (II-7) (II-8, CAS 648927-55-3), (II-9).

[0084] In this embodiment, the use of these nitroindoin compounds or nitroindoin anhydride compounds can better improve the stability of the SEI and CEI films of the single cell 300, improve the cycle performance of the single cell 300, and better reduce the impedance growth of the single cell 300, so that the single cell 300 can maintain a high rate performance.

[0085] In some embodiments, the electrolyte includes the additive, and the mass fraction a of the additive in the electrolyte is in the range of 0.005% ≤ a ≤ 3%.

[0086] Specifically, the mass fraction 'a' of the additive in the electrolyte can be, but is not limited to, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.08%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.3%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2%, 2.3%, 2.5%, 2.8%, or 3%.

[0087] In this embodiment, if the mass fraction 'a' of the additive in the electrolyte is too small or too large, the additive will not exhibit a significant advantage in improving the electrical performance of the single cell 300. When the mass fraction of the additive in the electrolyte is too high, the redox reaction of the additive may be intensified, resulting in excessive impedance of the SEI film of the single cell 300, leading to lithium plating, and thus deteriorating the rate discharge performance and cycle performance of the single cell 300. When the mass fraction 'a' of the additive in the electrolyte is in the range of 0.005% ≤ a ≤ 3%, the single cell 300 can have higher cycle performance and rate performance.

[0088] Optionally, the electrolyte may also include organic solvents, electrolyte salts, and film-forming additives.

[0089] Optionally, the electrolyte salt may be, but is not limited to, at least one of lithium salt and sodium salt.

[0090] Optionally, the organic solvent may include, but is not limited to, at least one of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, γ-butyrolactone, 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate, etc.

[0091] Optionally, the lithium salt includes at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(oxalateborate), lithium difluorodioxalate phosphate, lithium difluorooxalate borate, lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO2F2), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (CF3SO3Li), and lithium (2-fluoromalonate)difluoroborate (LIFMDFB).

[0092] Optionally, the sodium salt includes at least one of sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6), sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF4), sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI), sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, sodium bis(oxalato)borate, sodium difluorodioxalatophosphate, sodium difluorooxalatoborate, sodium difluorophosphate (NaPO2F2), sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (CF3SO3Na), and sodium (2-fluoromalonate)difluoroborate (NAFMDFB).

[0093] Optionally, the film-forming additive includes at least one of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethylene sulfate (DTD), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), tris(trimethylsilane) phosphate, tris(trimethylsilane) borate, adiponitrile, succinic anhydride, 1,3,6-hexanetrionitrile, etc.

[0094] Optionally, the electrolyte retention coefficient is from 1.5 g / Ah to 4.5 g / Ah, for example, but not limited to 1.5 g / Ah, 2 g / Ah, 2.5 g / Ah, 3 g / Ah, 3.5 g / Ah, 4 g / Ah, 4.5 g / Ah, etc.

[0095] In this application embodiment, when the numerical range x to y is involved, unless otherwise specified, the numerical value can be any value between x and y, including the endpoint value x and the endpoint value y.

[0096] Figure 9 This is a cross-sectional view of the positive electrode 310 according to an embodiment of the application.

[0097] Please see Figure 9 In some embodiments, the positive electrode 310 includes a positive current collector 311 and a positive active layer 312. The positive active layer 312 is disposed on the surface of the positive current collector 311. The positive active layer 312 includes the additive. The mass fraction b of the additive in the positive active layer 312 is in the range of 0.0005% ≤ b ≤ 1%.

[0098] It should be noted that the positive electrode active layer 312 can be disposed on one or more surfaces (greater than or equal to two surfaces) of the positive electrode current collector 311. In the schematic diagram of the accompanying drawings of this application, the positive electrode active layer 312 is disposed on two opposite surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 311 as an example, which should not be construed as a limitation on the positive electrode active layer 312 and the positive electrode sheet 310 of the embodiments of this application.

[0099] Optionally, the positive electrode active layer 312 may also include a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode conductive agent, and a positive electrode binder.

[0100] Optionally, the positive current collector 311 can be, but is not limited to, an aluminum sheet or aluminum foil.

[0101] Optionally, the positive electrode active material can be, but is not limited to, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP).

[0102] Optionally, the positive electrode conductive agent can be, but is not limited to, at least one of conductive carbon black, acetylene black, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, graphene, etc.

[0103] Optionally, the positive electrode binder may be, but is not limited to, at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyamide (PA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyacrylate, polyvinyl ether, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyhexanefluoropropylene, and polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).

[0104] In one example, the positive electrode active layer 312 comprises, by mass fraction, 0.05% to 20% positive electrode binder, 70% to 99.9495% positive electrode active material, 0% to 9% positive electrode conductive agent, and 0.0005% to 1% additives.

[0105] Specifically, the mass fraction b of the additive in the positive electrode active layer 312 can be, but is not limited to, 0.0005%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, etc. In this embodiment, if the mass fraction b of the additive in the positive electrode active layer 312 is too low or too high, the additive will not be able to show a significant advantage in improving the electrical performance of the single cell 300. When the mass fraction b of the additive in the positive electrode active layer 312 is too high, it will also compete with the capacity contributed by the positive electrode active material of the positive electrode active layer 312, compete with the kinetics contributed by the positive electrode conductive agent of the positive electrode active layer 312, and compete with the mechanical structural stability of the positive electrode sheet 310 contributed by the positive electrode binder of the positive electrode active layer 312, which is not conducive to improving the electrical performance of the single cell 300.

[0106] Figure 10 This is a cross-sectional view of the negative electrode 330 according to an embodiment of the application.

[0107] Please see Figure 10 In some embodiments, the negative electrode 330 includes a negative current collector 331 and a negative active layer 332. The negative active layer 332 is disposed on the surface of the negative current collector 331. The negative active layer 332 includes the additive. The mass fraction c of the additive in the negative active layer 332 is in the range of 0.001%≤c≤1.5%.

[0108] It should be noted that the negative electrode active layer 332 can be disposed on one or more surfaces (greater than or equal to two surfaces) of the negative electrode current collector 331. In the schematic diagram of the accompanying drawings of this application, the negative electrode active layer 332 is disposed on two opposite surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 331 as an example, which should not be construed as a limitation on the negative electrode active layer 332 and the negative electrode sheet 330 of the embodiments of this application.

[0109] Optionally, the negative electrode active layer 332 may also include a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode conductive agent, and a negative electrode binder.

[0110] Optionally, the negative electrode current collector 331 can be, but is not limited to, a copper sheet or copper foil.

[0111] Optionally, the negative electrode active material can be, but is not limited to, a carbon-based or silicon-based active material, such as at least one of natural graphite, artificial graphite, hard carbon, silicon oxide, and silicon carbon.

[0112] Optionally, the negative electrode conductive agent can be, but is not limited to, at least one of conductive carbon black, acetylene black, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, graphene, etc.

[0113] Optionally, the negative electrode binder may be, but is not limited to, at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyamide (PA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyacrylate, polyvinyl ether, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyhexanefluoropropylene, and polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).

[0114] In one example, the negative electrode active layer 332 comprises, by mass fraction, 0.05% to 18% negative electrode binder, 65.5% to 99.799% negative electrode active material, 0.15% to 15% negative electrode conductive agent, and 0.001% to 1.5% additives.

[0115] Specifically, the mass fraction c of the additive in the negative electrode active layer 332 can be, but is not limited to, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.5%, etc. In this embodiment, if the mass fraction b of the additive in the negative electrode active layer 332 is too low or too high, the additive will not be able to show a significant advantage in improving the electrical performance of the single cell 300. When the mass fraction b of the additive in the negative electrode active layer 332 is too high, it will also compete with the capacity contributed by the negative electrode active material of the negative electrode active layer 332, compete with the kinetics contributed by the negative electrode conductive agent of the negative electrode active layer 332, and compete with the mechanical structural stability of the negative electrode sheet 330 contributed by the negative electrode binder of the negative electrode active layer 332, which is not conducive to improving the electrical performance of the single cell 300.

[0116] Figure 11 This is a cross-sectional view of a diaphragm 320 according to one embodiment of the application.

[0117] Please see Figure 11 In some embodiments, the diaphragm 320 includes a base membrane 321 and an inorganic coating 322. The inorganic coating 322 is disposed on the surface of the base membrane 321. The inorganic coating 322 includes ceramic particles and the additive. The mass ratio d of the additive to the ceramic particles in the inorganic coating 322 is in the range of 0.0005≤d≤0.1.

[0118] It should be noted that the inorganic coating 322 can be disposed on one or more surfaces (greater than or equal to two surfaces) of the base film 321. In the schematic diagram of the accompanying drawings of this application, the inorganic coating 322 is disposed on two opposite surfaces of the base film 321 as an example, which should not be construed as a limitation on the inorganic coating 322 and the diaphragm 320 of the embodiments of this application.

[0119] Specifically, the mass ratio d of the additive to the ceramic particles in the inorganic coating 322 can be, but is not limited to, 0.0005, 0.0008, 0.001, 0.003, 0.005, 0.008, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, etc. In this embodiment, if the mass ratio d of the additive to the ceramic particles in the inorganic coating 322 is too low or too high, the additive will not be able to show a significant advantage in improving the electrical performance of the single cell 300; when the mass ratio d of the additive to the ceramic particles in the inorganic coating 322 is too high, it will also compete with the mechanical structural stability of the separator 320 contributed by the ceramic particles, which is not conducive to improving the electrical performance of the single cell 300.

[0120] Optionally, the ceramic particles may include, but are not limited to, at least one of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, TiO2, MgO, ZnO, SnO2, and ZrO2. Optionally, the particle size of the ceramic particles ranges from 0.01 μm to 10 μm, for example, but not limited to 0.01 μm, 0.1 μm, 1 μm, 3 μm, 5 μm, 8 μm, 10 μm, etc.

[0121] Optionally, the inorganic coating 322 may further include polymer particles, adhesives, and additives (such as dispersants, thickeners, stabilizers, surfactants, etc.).

[0122] Optionally, the polymer particles include at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyimide, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, aramid resin, etc. Optionally, the particle size of the polymer particles ranges from 0.01 μm to 10 μm.

[0123] Optionally, the mass ratio of ceramic particles to polymer particles in the inorganic coating 322 ranges from 1:9 to 1:0.1, for example, but not limited to 1:9, 1:7, 1:5, 1:3, 1:1, 1:0.8, 1:0.5, 1:0.3, 1:0.1, etc.

[0124] Optionally, the thickness of the inorganic coating 322 ranges from 1 μm to 5 μm, for example, but not limited to 1 μm, 2 μm, 3 μm, 4 μm, 5 μm, etc.

[0125] Optionally, the base film 321 is at least one of polyethylene and polypropylene. Optionally, the thickness of the base film 321 ranges from 4 μm to 18 μm, for example, but not limited to 4 μm, 6 μm, 8 μm, 10 μm, 12 μm, 14 μm, 16 μm, 18 μm, etc.

[0126] Optionally, the adhesive may include, but is not limited to, at least one of polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, water-soluble acrylic adhesives, and styrene-butadiene latex.

[0127] Optionally, the dispersant is at least one of polyoxyethylene dioleate, polytetraethylene glycol monostearate, polyoxypropylene mannitol dioleate, polyoxypropylene stearate, polyoxyethylene fatty acid, alkylbenzene sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, and polyvinylpyrrolidone; and the thickener is at least one of carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol.

[0128] It should be noted that during the preparation of the diaphragm 320, the raw material components of the inorganic coating 322 are made into a coating slurry, and then the coating slurry is applied to one or two opposite surfaces of the base membrane 321 by means of dipping, spraying, scraping or roller coating. After drying and curing, the diaphragm 320 is obtained.

[0129] Please see again Figures 6 to 8 Optionally, the single-cell battery 300 further includes a housing 340 and an end cap assembly 350. The housing 340 and the end cap assembly 350 form a closed receiving cavity 341 for housing the electrolyte, the positive electrode 310, the separator 320, and the negative electrode 330. Understandably, the end cap assembly 350 electrically connects the positive electrode 310 and the negative electrode 330, leading them out for electrical connection to external devices or other single-cell batteries 300.

[0130] The following detailed description of the single-cell battery 300 and electrolyte of this application provides further insight into specific embodiments. In the following embodiments, the single-cell battery 300 is illustrated using a lithium-ion battery as an example and should not be construed as limiting the single-cell battery 300 of the embodiments of this application.

[0131] Examples 1 to 39, Comparative Examples 1 to 16 The lithium-ion batteries of each embodiment and comparative embodiment were prepared by the following steps: (1) Preparation of positive electrode 310: Commercially available positive electrode active material lithium iron phosphate (LFP), conductive carbon black (SP, positive electrode conductive agent), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, positive electrode binder), and additives were dispersed in the solvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) at a mass ratio of (97-b):0.5:2.5:b and mixed evenly to obtain a positive electrode slurry. The positive electrode slurry was coated on the positive electrode current collector 311 aluminum foil, and the coating weight per unit area of ​​the positive electrode slurry was 33 mg / cm². 2 After embossing, drying, cold pressing, slitting, and cutting, the positive electrode sheet 310 is obtained.

[0132] (2) Preparation of negative electrode sheet 330: The negative electrode active material artificial graphite, conductive carbon black (SP, negative electrode binder), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, negative electrode binder) and additives are dispersed in deionized water at a mass ratio of (96.5-c):0.5:3:c and mixed evenly to obtain a negative electrode slurry. The negative electrode slurry is coated on the negative electrode current collector 331, and the coating weight per unit area of ​​the negative electrode slurry is 16 mg / cm². 2 After drying, cold pressing, slitting, and cutting, negative electrode sheet 330 is obtained.

[0133] (3) Preparation of electrolyte: In an argon atmosphere glove box with moisture and oxygen content ≤0.1ppm, solvents EC, EMC and DMC are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1:1. LiPF6, LiFSI, VC, DTD and additives are added and stirred until completely dissolved to obtain electrolyte. The electrolyte includes 8% LiPF6, 4% LiFSI, 2.5% VC, 0.5% DTD and additives by mass fraction. The types and contents of additives in the electrolytes of each example and comparative example are shown in Table 1 below.

[0134] (4) Preparation of diaphragm 320: Diaphragm 320 includes a porous polyethylene substrate (PE) and an inorganic coating 322 disposed on two opposite surfaces of the porous polyethylene substrate. The porous polyethylene substrate (PE) has a thickness of 7 μm and a porosity of 42%, and the inorganic coating 322 has a thickness of 1.5 μm. Specifically, Al2O3 powder (ceramic particles, D50=1.0 μm), PVDF (polymer particles, weight-average molecular weight of about 400,000, particle size of about 0.1 μm to 0.3 μm), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, adhesive), and carboxymethyl cellulose. CMC-Na (thickener) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, dispersant) are added to deionized water and stirred at 300 rpm for 30 min at room temperature until the solute is completely dissolved. Then, the mixture is stirred at 3000 rpm for 5 min to obtain a coating slurry. The coating slurry is coated onto the surface of the base film 321 and dried to obtain the diaphragm 320. The mass ratio of ceramic particles, polymer particles, adhesive, CMC-Na, PVP and additives is 1:0.25:0.06:0.02:0.01:d.

[0135] (5) Assembly of lithium-ion battery (single cell 300): The above-mentioned positive electrode 310, separator 320 and negative electrode 330 are stacked in sequence, so that the separator 320 is between the positive electrode 310 and the negative electrode 330. It is wound into a bare cell, and after welding the tabs, it is hot-pressed and vacuum dried. Then, it is injected with liquid, packaged, placed, formed, and capacity tested, and finally a soft-pack lithium-ion battery with a capacity of about 3.2Ah is prepared. Among them, the lithium-ion battery formation adopts the following process: Step 1: The unformed lithium-ion battery is placed in a 45°C formation cabinet for 10 minutes, and charged at 0.1C rate for 7 minutes to 1.17% SOC (fully charged); Step 2: Placed for 3 minutes, charged at 0.2C rate to 30% SOC (fully charged).

[0136] The following performance tests were performed on the lithium-ion batteries of each embodiment and comparative example: (1) Capacity retention rate during 45℃ cycling: The lithium-ion battery was placed in a constant temperature environment of 45±2℃, discharged to 2.5V at a constant power of 1P, allowed to rest for 10 minutes, charged to 3.65V at a constant power of 1P, allowed to rest for 10 minutes, and this charge-discharge cycle was repeated, with the discharge capacity (DC) of each cycle recorded. n Calculate the ratio of the discharge capacity in the nth cycle to the initial discharge capacity DC3 in the 3rd cycle, i.e., the capacity retention rate η. n =DC n / DC3×100%. When n is 1000, record the current capacity retention rate η. 1000 It is also used as an indicator to evaluate the cycle performance of lithium-ion batteries.

[0137] (2) Ratio performance test: The lithium-ion battery was placed in a constant temperature environment of 25±2℃ and left to stand for 2 hours. It was then charged to 3.65V at a constant power of 0.5P, left to stand for 10 minutes, and then discharged to 2.5V at a constant power of 0.5P. This charge-discharge cycle was repeated 3 times, and the average discharge capacity (DC) was recorded. 0.5P Then, it was charged to 3.65V at a constant power of 0.5P, left to stand for 10 minutes, and then discharged to 2.5V at a constant power of 1P, left to stand for 10 minutes, and the discharge capacity (DC) was recorded. 1P Calculate the ratio of the discharge capacity of 1P to that of 0.5P, i.e., the discharge rate γ of 1P = DC. 1P / DC 0.5P ×100%. The closer the discharge rate is to 100%, the better the high-rate discharge performance of the lithium-ion battery.

[0138] (3) Measurement of the content of additives in the electrolyte, positive electrode active layer 312, negative electrode active layer 332, and inorganic coating 322: Qualitative testing: The lithium-ion battery is cut open and centrifuged to obtain the electrolyte, and the mass of the electrolyte is obtained by weighing; the lithium-ion battery is disassembled and the positive electrode 310, negative electrode 330 and separator 320 of the lithium-ion battery are removed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) can be used to qualitatively test whether the electrolyte, positive electrode active layer 312, negative electrode active layer 332, and inorganic coating 322 of various lithium-ion batteries contain nitroindigo compounds and nitroindigo anhydrides. The peak positions of characteristic functional groups with strong and medium transmittance are as follows: amide bond [3500~3100, 1680~1620], cyclic ketone [1750~1725], cyclic anhydride [1870~1750, 1300~1200], aromatic nitro [1530~1500, 1400~1350], substituted benzene [3100~3000, 800~650]. Units: wavenumber (cm) -1 ).

[0139] Quantitative testing: The positive electrode 310, negative electrode 330, and separator 320 can be leached using acetonitrile leaching to obtain the leachate, while the electrolyte can be directly tested. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to determine the type and relative mass content of nitroindorimidine and nitroindorimidine anhydride compounds in the leachate or electrolyte solution. A Shimadzu Shim-pack GISTC18 column (5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm) was used; acetonitrile-water (15:85 v / v) was used as the mobile phase with gradient elution; the flow rate was 1.0 mL / min; the column temperature was 40℃; the detection wavelength was 270 nm; and the injection volume was 5 μL. The retention time was approximately 8 min–12 min. The corresponding standard spectra of the compounds were compared using the NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center. The absolute mass of the additive can be further obtained by using the internal standard method. The mass content ratios a, b, c, and d of the additive in the electrolyte, positive electrode active layer 312, negative electrode active layer 332, and inorganic coating 322 of each lithium-ion battery can be calculated.

[0140] The performance parameters of the lithium-ion batteries in each embodiment and comparative example are shown in Table 1 below.

[0141] Table 1 Performance parameters of lithium-ion batteries in each embodiment and comparative example

[0142] The test results from Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 show that the lithium-ion battery in Comparative Example 1 does not contain nitroindigo compounds or nitroindigo anhydride compounds. Its capacity retention is low after 1000 cycles at 45°C, and its discharge rate is also low at 25°C. In the lithium-ion batteries of Examples 1 to 5, nitroindigo compounds are introduced into the electrolyte. After formation, effective protective films (i.e., CEI and SEI films) are formed on both the interface of the positive electrode 310 and the interface of the negative electrode 330. These CEI and SEI films have low impedance and can suppress the excessive decomposition of organic solvents and lithium salts in the electrolyte, as well as other side reactions. Therefore, the rate discharge performance and cycle performance of the lithium-ion battery are greatly improved. Furthermore, the test results from Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3 show that when the content of nitroindochrome compounds introduced into the electrolyte is too low or too high, the nitroindochrome compounds do not exhibit a significant advantage in improving the electrical performance of lithium-ion batteries. In particular, when the content of nitroindochrome compounds in the electrolyte exceeds 3%, it may even lead to excessive interfacial film impedance and lithium plating due to intensified redox reactions, thereby deteriorating the rate discharge performance and cycle performance of the lithium-ion battery. Understandably, as the mass fraction of nitroindochrome compounds in the electrolyte increases, the cycle capacity of the lithium-ion battery after 1000 cycles at 45°C initially increases gradually, then gradually decreases; the discharge rate of the lithium-ion battery at 25°C and 1P also initially increases gradually, then gradually decreases.

[0143] The test results from Examples 3, 6 to 17, and Comparative Examples 4 to 7 show that adding different types of nitroindochrome compounds or nitroindochrome anhydride compounds to the electrolyte can improve both the cycle performance and rate performance of lithium-ion batteries, achieving a balanced advantage. This effect is attributed to the interaction between nitro and indigo, or nitro and indigochrome anhydride, which enhances the film-forming ability of indigo and indigochrome compounds. Simultaneously, it avoids excessive impedance after film formation by nitroindochrome compounds or nitroindochrome anhydride compounds, thus preventing a decrease in the initial capacity of the lithium-ion battery. This achieves a "compensation for weaknesses" effect at the molecular level. The -CO-NR- and -CO- (carbonyl) groups on the non-benzene ring side heterocycles unique to indigo or indigo anhydride are also key to their interaction with the substituted nitro groups on the benzene ring. It is the activation effect of the nitro group on the heterocycle and the superimposed electron equalization effect of the heterocycle on the nitro group that enable the compound to undergo a multi-electron continuous reduction reaction, forming SEI and CEI films with low impedance and high stability, thereby simultaneously improving the cycle performance and rate performance of lithium-ion batteries. In contrast, the addition of indigo and indigo anhydride to the electrolytes of Comparative Examples 4 and 5, respectively, could slightly improve the cycle capacity retention of lithium-ion batteries, but severely deteriorated the discharge rate of lithium-ion batteries. The addition of lithium nitrate to the electrolyte of Comparative Example 6 could also slightly improve the discharge rate of lithium-ion batteries, but it did not help improve the cycle performance of lithium-ion batteries. The addition of 4-nitrophthalic anhydride to the electrolyte of Comparative Example 7, although it could slightly alleviate the deterioration of the discharge rate of lithium-ion batteries while improving the cycle performance of lithium-ion batteries compared to Comparative Example 1, could not significantly improve the cycle capacity retention of lithium-ion batteries.

[0144] The test results from Examples 18 to 23 show that when nitroindigo compounds or nitroindigo anhydride compounds are introduced into the positive active layer 312 of the positive electrode 310 in a lithium-ion battery, these compounds tend to form a CEI film on the positive electrode 310 side during the formation or cycling process. The low impedance of this CEI film helps the lithium-ion battery achieve high rate performance, which is particularly advantageous in lithium-ion battery systems where the kinetics of the positive electrode 310 are insufficient, especially in designs with lithium iron phosphate positive electrode 310, high coating thickness, and high compaction density. Furthermore, the test results from Examples 18 to 22, Comparative Examples 8 and 9 show that when the content of nitroindigo compounds introduced into the positive active layer 312 of the positive electrode 310 is too low or too high, the nitroindigo compounds cannot show a significant advantage in improving the electrical performance of the lithium-ion battery. In particular, when the mass fraction of nitroindigo compounds in the positive active layer 312 is too high, it will also compete for the capacity contributed by the positive active material, the kinetics contributed by the positive conductive agent, and the mechanical structural stability of the positive electrode 310 contributed by the positive binder, which is not conducive to improving the electrical performance of the lithium-ion battery. In Comparative Example 10, 4-nitrophthalic anhydride was added to the positive electrode 310. Compared with Examples 20 and 23, the cycle capacity retention rate of the lithium-ion battery in Comparative Example 10 was not ideal, and the rate performance was also significantly different.

[0145] The test results from Examples 24 to 29 show that when nitroindigo compounds or nitroindigo anhydride compounds are introduced into the negative electrode 330 of the lithium-ion battery, these compounds tend to form an SEI film on the negative electrode 330 side during the formation or cycling process. The low impedance of this SEI film also helps the lithium-ion battery achieve high rate performance. This is particularly advantageous in lithium-ion battery systems where the kinetics of the negative electrode 330 are insufficient, especially in designs with high coating thickness and high compaction density. Furthermore, the test results from Examples 24 to 28, Comparative Examples 11 and 12 show that when the content of additives introduced into the negative electrode 330 is too low or too high, the additives cannot show a significant advantage in improving the electrical performance of the lithium-ion battery. In particular, when the mass fraction of additives in the negative electrode active layer 332 is too high, it will also compete with the capacity contributed by the negative electrode active material, the kinetics contributed by the negative electrode conductive agent, and the mechanical structural stability of the negative electrode 330 contributed by the negative electrode binder, which is not conducive to improving the electrical performance of the lithium-ion battery. In Comparative Example 13, 4-nitrophthalic anhydride was added to the negative electrode 330. Compared with Examples 26 and 29, the cycle capacity retention rate of the lithium-ion battery in Comparative Example 13 was not ideal, and the rate performance was also significantly different.

[0146] The test results from Examples 30 to 34 show that when nitroindigo compounds or nitroindigo anhydride compounds are introduced into the lithium-ion battery through the separator 320, the nitroindigo compounds or nitroindigo anhydride compounds can also form a CEI film at the interface of the positive electrode 310 corresponding to the inorganic coating 322 side of the separator 320 and an SEI film at the interface of the negative electrode 330 during the formation or cycling process of the lithium-ion battery. This method of introducing additives can avoid excessive free addition of additives in the electrolyte enrichment area and the possible uneven film formation and interference with the performance improvement effect. Therefore, it can help the additives exert better performance improvement advantages. In Comparative Example 16, the addition of 4-nitrophthalic anhydride to the inorganic coating 322 of the separator 320, compared to Examples 31 and 34, not only failed to improve the cycle capacity retention of the lithium-ion battery, but also worsened its rate performance. This demonstrates that the film-forming resistance of 4-nitrophthalic anhydride is too high, and this shortcoming cannot be avoided by optimizing its use in various materials of the lithium-ion battery. Furthermore, the test results from Examples 30 to 33, Comparative Examples 14 and 15 show that when the content of the additives introduced into the separator 320 is too low or too high, the additives cannot exhibit a significant advantage in improving the electrical performance of the lithium-ion battery. In particular, when the content of the additives in the inorganic coating 322 of the separator 320 is too high, it also competes with the mechanical structural stability of the separator 320 contributed by the ceramic particles, which is detrimental to the improvement of the electrical performance of the lithium-ion battery.

[0147] The test results from Examples 35 to 39 show that introducing nitroindigo compounds or nitroindigo anhydride compounds into at least two of the electrolyte, positive electrode active layer 312, negative electrode active layer 332, and inorganic coating 322 is a significant improvement over the method of introducing only one of the electrolyte, positive electrode active layer 312, negative electrode active layer 332, and inorganic coating 322. This approach further enhances the cycle capacity retention and discharge rate of the lithium-ion battery, avoiding the predicament where the battery's electrical performance cannot be further improved once the amount of one of the electrolyte, positive electrode active layer 312, negative electrode active layer 332, and inorganic coating 322 has been adjusted to its optimal value. This may be because the additives introduced into the electrolyte, positive electrode active layer 312, negative electrode active layer 332 and inorganic coating 322 have different order of action in the interfacial film formation reaction of lithium-ion battery. The way of adding additives to different parts of lithium-ion battery (electrolyte, positive electrode active layer 312, negative electrode active layer 332 and inorganic coating 322) can artificially intervene from the perspective of the spatial distribution of additives in lithium-ion battery, thereby generating a stepwise reaction, which continuously acts on the formation, capacity, initial cycle and long cycle of lithium-ion battery throughout its entire life cycle, to achieve the best cycle improvement and rate improvement effect.

[0148] In this application, the terms "embodiment" and "implementation" mean that a specific feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of this application. The appearance of these phrases in various locations throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor are they independent or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive with other embodiments. Those skilled in the art will understand, explicitly and implicitly, that the embodiments described in this application can be combined with other embodiments. Furthermore, it should be understood that the features, structures, or characteristics described in the various embodiments of this application can be arbitrarily combined to form yet another embodiment that does not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of this application, provided there is no contradiction between them.

[0149] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this application and are not intended to limit it. Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the above preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions to the technical solutions of this application should not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of this application.

Claims

1. A single-cell battery, characterized in that, The single cell includes a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte. At least one of the positive electrode, the separator, the negative electrode, and the electrolyte includes an additive, which includes at least one of nitroindoin compounds and nitroindoin anhydride compounds.

2. The single-cell battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The structural formula of the nitroindocin compound is: ， Wherein, A1 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A2 is one of the following: alkyl (C1 to C20), alkenyl (C1 to C20), aromatic (C1 to C20), methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A3 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A4 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; R1 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; At least one of A1, A2, A3 and A4 is a nitro group.

3. The single-cell battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The structural formula of the nitroindosan anhydride compounds is: ， Wherein, A5 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A6 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A7 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; A8 is one of the following: alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic, methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; R2 is one of the following: alkyl (C1 to C20), alkenyl (C1 to C20), aromatic (C1 to C20), methoxy, carbonyl, nitro, imino, amide, mercapto, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; At least one of A5, A6, A7 and A8 is a nitro group.

4. The single-cell battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The additive includes at least one of the following structural formulas: 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 。 5. The single-cell battery according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, The electrolyte includes the additive, and the mass fraction 'a' of the additive in the electrolyte is in the range of 0.005% ≤ a ≤ 3%.

6. The single-cell battery according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, The positive electrode sheet includes a positive current collector and a positive active layer. The positive active layer is disposed on the surface of the positive current collector. The positive active layer includes the additive. The mass fraction b of the additive in the positive active layer is in the range of 0.0005% ≤ b ≤ 1%.

7. The single-cell battery according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, The negative electrode sheet includes a negative current collector and a negative active layer. The negative active layer is disposed on the surface of the negative current collector. The negative active layer includes the additive. The mass fraction c of the additive in the negative active layer is in the range of 0.001%≤c≤1.5%.

8. The single-cell battery according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, The diaphragm includes a base membrane and an inorganic coating. The inorganic coating is disposed on the surface of the base membrane and includes ceramic particles and the additive. The mass ratio d of the additive to the ceramic particles in the inorganic coating is in the range of 0.0005 ≤ d ≤ 0.

1.

9. An energy storage device, characterized in that, The energy storage device includes one or more single-cell batteries as described in any one of claims 1-8.

10. An electrical system, characterized in that, The power system includes: Electrical equipment; and The energy storage device of claim 9, wherein the energy storage device is used to supply power to the electrical equipment.

Images