Solar cell and preparation method thereof, photovoltaic module, power consumption and power generation device

Abstract

This application provides a solar cell and its fabrication method, a photovoltaic module, and an electricity consumption and power generation device. The solar cell exhibits improved photoelectric conversion efficiency. The solar cell includes a first electrode layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode layer. The perovskite light-absorbing layer is located between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, and the passivation layer is located between the second electrode layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer. The passivation layer comprises a polyionic liquid, which includes anion and polymer cation, and the side chain of the polymer cation contains a group R. 2 ;R 2 It is one or more of the following: a group containing a lone pair of electrons, a carbon-carbon double bond group, or an alkylsilane group. Thus, by passivating the perovskite light-absorbing layer with the above-mentioned passivation layer, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the device can be effectively improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a solar cell and its preparation method, a photovoltaic module, and an electricity consumption and power generation device. Background Technology

[0002] Solar cells are a new type of photovoltaic device that directly converts solar radiation energy into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect. Taking perovskite solar cells as an example, they use perovskite material as the light-absorbing layer and have advantages such as low cost, high performance in low-light conditions, and wide applicability. They are an excellent choice for next-generation mass-produced photovoltaic cells, can alleviate the energy crisis, and are one of the key development directions for new energy sources. However, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of current solar cells in practical applications remains relatively low. Summary of the Invention

[0003] To achieve the above objectives, this application provides a solar cell, a method for fabricating the same, a photovoltaic module, and an electricity-generating device. This solar cell exhibits improved photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0004] A first aspect of this application provides a solar cell comprising a first electrode layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode layer. The perovskite light-absorbing layer is located between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, and the passivation layer is located between the second electrode layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer. The passivation layer comprises a polyionic liquid, which includes anion and polymer cation, and the side chain of the polymer cation contains a group R. 2 ;

[0005] R 2 It includes one or more of the following: a group containing a lone pair of electrons, a carbon-carbon double bond group, or an alkylsilyl group.

[0006] In the aforementioned solar cell of this application, a passivation layer is used to passivate the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the R in the side chain of the polymer cation in the polyionic liquid... 2 The polyionic liquid contains one or more of the following: lone pair electron-containing groups, carbon-carbon double bond groups, alkylsilyl groups, or alkoxysilyl groups. These groups can passivate surface defects in the perovskite absorber layer and reduce non-radiative recombination losses. Simultaneously, the anions in the polyionic liquid promote charge extraction. Therefore, the passivation layer containing the polyionic liquid can simultaneously perform chemical passivation and physical isolation passivation, improving the stability of the passivated perovskite absorber layer and reducing non-radiative recombination losses. Thus, passivation of the perovskite absorber layer through the aforementioned passivation layer can effectively improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the device. Furthermore, the polymer cations in the polyionic liquid form an insulating material, and the passivation layer can act as a physical isolation layer, serving as a physical protective layer for the perovskite absorber layer. This reduces the degradation of the perovskite absorber layer caused by direct contact between the second electrode layer or other layers and the perovskite absorber layer, which is beneficial for improving the stability of the perovskite absorber layer.

[0007] In some embodiments, the lone pair electron-containing group includes one or more of the following: halogen group, hydroxyl group, alkoxy group, alkoxysilyl group, cyanate group, amide group, or oxyacid group. 2 The lone pair electron-containing groups in the perovskite light-absorbing layer can coordinate with and passivate cations in the perovskite light-absorbing layer, such as B-site metal (e.g., Pb) defects.

[0008] In some embodiments, the oxyacid group includes one or more of the following: sulfonic acid group, halosulfonic acid group, sulfinic acid group, halosulfinic acid group, or carboxylic acid group.

[0009] In some implementations, R 2 In, one or more of the following characteristics are satisfied:

[0010] (1) The halosulfonic acid group includes a fluorosulfonic acid group;

[0011] (2) The halosulfinic acid group includes a fluorosulfinic acid group;

[0012] (3) The number of carbon atoms in the alkylsilyl group is 1 to 6;

[0013] (4) The number of alkyl substituents in the alkylsilyl group is 1 to 3;

[0014] (5) The number of carbon atoms in the alkoxysilyl group is 1 to 6;

[0015] (6) The number of alkoxy substituents in the alkoxysilyl group is 1 to 3;

[0016] (7) The amide group includes unsubstituted or vinyl-substituted amide groups.

[0017] In some embodiments, the side chains of the polymeric cation contain cyclic cationic groups having substituents R. 1 The substituent R 1 Contains one or more R 2 ;

[0018] Optionally, R 1 The structure is as follows: -L 1 -(R 3 ) m ;

[0019] Among them, L 1 It is an alkylene group, m is 3, and each R 3 Independently hydrogen or R 2 At least one R 3 For R 2 ;

[0020] Or, L 1 It is a single bond, m is 1, R 3 For R 2 .

[0021] R 2 It can be directly attached to the ring of the cyclic cationic group as a substituent, or attached to the ring of the cyclic cationic group as a substituent via an alkylene group. Attaching it to the ring of the cyclic cationic group via an alkylene group offers more flexibility and is more advantageous for attaching R to the ring of the cyclic cationic group. 2 It plays a role in passivation.

[0022] In some of these implementations, L 1 It is an alkylene group, R 1 The structure is as follows: -L 1 -R 2 H2.

[0023] Because of R 2 The structural steric hindrance is relatively large, R 1 Contains an R 2 Its structure is relatively stable.

[0024] In some of these implementations, L 1 It is a C1~C6 alkylene group.

[0025] In some embodiments, the cyclic cationic group comprises a parent ring Ar, and the substituent R 1 Attached to the parent ring Ar, wherein the ring atoms of the parent ring Ar contain at least one N heteroatom and at least one R 1 Attached to the N heteroatom;

[0026] More preferably, the parent ring Ar comprises 5 to 8 ring atoms; even more preferably, the parent ring Ar comprises 5 to 6 ring atoms;

[0027] Alternatively, the parent ring Ar contains 1 to 2 N heteroatoms.

[0028] A parent ring containing a heteronitrogen-containing Ar is used to form a cyclic cationic group, and at least one R is used. 1 It is attached to the N heteroatom. The positive charge of the N-containing heterocycle is ionized on the ring, reducing the probability of deprotonation. Since the deprotons diffuse into the perovskite layer during device operation, damaging the perovskite layer, the substituent R... 1 Attaching it to the parent ring Ar can reduce the risk of perovskite dissociation and increase stability.

[0029] In some embodiments, the parent ring Ar includes one or more of imidazole, pyridine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, or piperazine;

[0030] Optionally, the cyclic cationic group further includes a linking group L. 2 The parent ring Ar is connected by the linking group L. 2 Connected to the main chain of the polymer cation;

[0031] Optionally, the structure of the parent ring Ar is as follows:

[0032] ;

[0033] in, Indicates the connection group L 2 The connection site is * for the substituent R. 1 The connection site.

[0034] In some embodiments, the structure of the cyclic cationic group is as follows:

[0035] -L 2 -Ar-R 1 L 2 It is a single bond or an alkylene group;

[0036] Optionally, L 2 It is a single bond or a C1~C6 alkylene group.

[0037] In some embodiments, the polyionic liquid has the following structure:

[0038] Where n is the degree of aggregation, which can be selected from 1 to 600; G - It is an anion.

[0039] In some embodiments, the polymer cation includes one or more of the following cations:

[0040] .

[0041] In some embodiments, the anion includes one or more of halide ions and pseudohalogen anions;

[0042] Optionally, the pseudohalogen anion includes CN. - CH3COO - SCN - OCN - SeCN - SCSN - N3 - TeCN - and one or more of the following anions G1 to G9:

[0043]

[0044] .

[0045] These anions can effectively stabilize the insufficiently coordinated B-site metal defects on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, reduce non-radiative recombination losses, and thus help improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0046] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0~200nm.

[0047] In some implementations, one or more of the following characteristics are satisfied:

[0048] (1) The solar cell further includes a first charge transport layer, which is disposed between the passivation layer and the second electrode; optionally, the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer;

[0049] (2) The solar cell further includes a second charge transport layer, which is disposed between the first electrode and the perovskite light-absorbing layer; optionally, the second charge transport layer is a hole transport layer.

[0050] In some embodiments, the first electrode layer is a transparent electrode.

[0051] A second aspect of this application also provides a method for preparing a solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0052] A first electrode layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode layer are formed in a stacked configuration.

[0053] The passivation layer comprises a polyionic liquid, which includes anions and polymeric cations, wherein the side chains of the polymeric cations contain R groups. 2 ;

[0054] R 2 It includes one or more of the following: a group containing a lone pair of electrons, a carbon-carbon double bond group, or an alkylsilyl group.

[0055] In some embodiments, forming the passivation layer includes the following steps:

[0056] A passivation solution is formed by mixing a polyionic liquid with a solvent.

[0057] The passivation solution is coated onto the perovskite light-absorbing layer and dried to form the passivation layer.

[0058] Optionally, the concentration of the polyionic liquid in the passivation solution is ≤1 mg / mL, and can be 0.05 mg / mL to 1 mg / mL.

[0059] In some embodiments, the solar cell is the solar cell provided by the first invention of this application.

[0060] In a third aspect, this application provides a photovoltaic module, including the solar cell of the first aspect of this application or the solar cell prepared by the preparation method of the second aspect of this application.

[0061] In a fourth aspect, this application provides an electrical device, including a solar cell according to the first aspect of this application, a solar cell prepared by the preparation method of the second aspect of this application, or a photovoltaic module according to the third aspect of this application.

[0062] In a fifth aspect of this application, a power generation device is provided, including a solar cell according to the first aspect of this application, a solar cell prepared by the preparation method of the second aspect of this application, or a photovoltaic module according to the third aspect of this application.

[0063] The electrical appliances and power generation devices of this application include the solar cells provided in this application, and therefore have at least the same advantages as the solar cells.

[0064] Details of one or more embodiments of this application are set forth in the following drawings and description. Other features, objects, and advantages of this application will become apparent from the specification, drawings, and claims. Attached Figure Description

[0065] To better describe and illustrate the embodiments or examples provided in this application, reference may be made to one or more accompanying drawings. Additional details or examples used to describe the drawings should not be considered as limiting the scope of any of the disclosed applications, the currently described embodiments or examples, or the best mode of conduct of these applications as currently understood. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:

[0066] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one embodiment of this application.

[0067] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0068] 1. Solar cell; 11. Substrate; 12. First electrode layer; 13. Second charge transport layer; 14. Perovskite light absorption layer; 15. Passivation layer; 16. First charge transport layer; 17. Second electrode layer. Detailed Implementation

[0069] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0070] The "range" disclosed in this application can be defined in the form of a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of a particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints; any endpoint can be independently included or excluded, and they can be combined arbitrarily, meaning any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​1 and 2 are listed, and maximum range values ​​3, 4, and 5 are also listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this document; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, stating that a parameter is an integer ≥2 is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc. For instance, stating that a parameter is an integer selected from "2-10" is equivalent to listing the integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

[0071] In this application, the terms "multiple" or "various" are used unless otherwise specified, referring to a quantity greater than or equal to 2. For example, "one or more" means one or more types.

[0072] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0073] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment or implementation of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments. The term "implementation" as used herein has a similar understanding.

[0074] Those skilled in the art will understand that the order in which the steps are written in the methods of various embodiments or examples does not imply a strict execution order and does not constitute any limitation on the implementation process. The detailed execution order of each step should be determined by its function and possible internal logic. Unless otherwise specified, all steps of this application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, if the method includes steps (a) and (b), it means that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, if the method may also include step (c), it means that step (c) can be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0075] In this application, unless otherwise specified, A (e.g., B) means that B is a non-limiting example of A, and it is understood that A is not limited to B.

[0076] In this application, "optionally," "optionally," and "optional" mean that something is optional, that is, it means that it is selected from either "with" or "without." If there are multiple "optional" entries in a technical solution, unless otherwise specified and there are no contradictions or mutual constraints, each "optional" entry shall be independent.

[0077] In this application, the term "alkyl" refers to a monovalent residue formed by the loss of a hydrogen atom from a saturated hydrocarbon containing a primary (normal) carbon atom, or a secondary carbon atom, or a tertiary carbon atom, or a quaternary carbon atom, or a combination thereof. Phrases containing this term, such as "C1-C6 alkyl," refer to alkyl groups containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and each occurrence can independently be C1 alkyl, C2 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, -CH(CH3)CH 2CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH3)3), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3), 3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-1-butyl (-CH2CH2CH(C H3)2), 2-methyl-1-butyl (-CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 1-hexyl (-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-hexyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3), 3-hexyl (-CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 4- Methyl-2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (-C(CH3)(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)2), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH(CH3)2), 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)C(CH3)3). Understandably, "alkylene" refers to a subunit derived from "alkyl" by removing one hydrogen atom.

[0078] In this application, "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group derived from an aromatic ring compound by removing one hydrogen atom. It can be a monocyclic aryl, a fused-ring aryl, or a polycyclic aryl. For polycyclic rings, at least one is an aromatic ring system. For example, "C6-C30 aryl" refers to an aryl group containing 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and each occurrence can be independently C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C15, C20, C25, or C30 aryl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, dinaphthalene, triphenylene, and their derivatives.

[0079] In this application, "arylamino group" refers to a group obtained by substituting an amino group onto an "aryl" group. Without limitation, one, two, or three "aryl" groups can be linked by one amino group. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, triphenylamino group.

[0080] In this application, "heteroaryl" refers to an aryl group in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a non-carbon atom, which can be an N atom, an O atom, an S atom, etc. For example, "C3~C30 heteroaryl" refers to a heteroaryl group containing 3 to 30 carbon atoms, and each occurrence can be independently C3 heteroaryl, C4 heteroaryl, C5 heteroaryl, C6 heteroaryl, C7 heteroaryl, C8 heteroaryl, C9 heteroaryl, C10 heteroaryl, C15 heteroaryl, C20 heteroaryl, C25 heteroaryl, and C30 heteroaryl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: furanyl, benzofuranyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, pyrroleyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, imidazoyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazoyl, tetrazolyl, indolyl, carbazoyl, pyrroloimidazoyl, pyrrolopyrroleyl, thiophenolopyrroleyl, thiophenolothiophenyl, furanolopyrroleyl, furanolofuranyl, thiophenolofuranyl, benzoisooxazolyl, benzoisothiazoyl, benzoimidazoyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, o-diazanaphthyl, quinoxalinyl, phenanthridine, primidinyl, quinazolinyl, and quinazolinoneyl.

[0081] In this application, when no linking site is specified in the group, it means that any linkable site in the group is selected as the linking site.

[0082] In this application, the single bonds connecting the substituents extend through the corresponding ring, indicating that the substituent can be connected to any optional position on the ring.

[0083] In this application, when the same substituent, such as R, appears multiple times, each R can be independently selected from different groups.

[0084] In this application, "substituted or unsubstituted" means that the defined group may or may not be substituted. When the defined group is substituted, it should be understood that it may be substituted by a group acceptable in the art, including but not limited to: C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, heterocyclic group containing 3-30 cyclic atoms, aryl group containing 6-30 cyclic atoms, heteroaryl group containing 5-30 cyclic atoms, and one or more combinations of halogens. Further, substituents include but are not limited to: C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 alkoxy, heterocyclic group containing 3-15 cyclic atoms, aryl group containing 6-15 cyclic atoms, heteroaryl group containing 5-15 cyclic atoms, and one or more combinations of halogens.

[0085] In this application, "halogen" refers to F, Cl, Br, and I.

[0086] In this application, "pseudohalogen" refers to atomic groups that are chemically similar to halogens and exhibit halogen-like behavior in compound formation, redox reactions, and other aspects.

[0087] Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that directly convert light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect. Perovskite solar cells are solar cells that utilize perovskite material as the light-absorbing material. The photoelectric conversion principle of perovskite solar cells is as follows: Incident light (e.g., sunlight) enters the device and reaches the perovskite light-absorbing layer, where it is absorbed. Under the excitation of the incident light, the perovskite light-absorbing layer generates electron-hole pairs. Under the action of an electric field, the holes and electrons separate, with electrons transferring to one electrode and holes transferring to the other. Subsequently, a circuit is formed through an external circuit, which can be used to drive a load.

[0088] Compared to other solar cells, perovskite solar cells exhibit higher theoretical photoelectric conversion efficiency. However, the actual efficiency of perovskite solar cells in practical applications still falls short of the theoretical Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit. Furthermore, the photoelectric performance stability of perovskite solar cells also needs improvement.

[0089] One embodiment of this application provides a solar cell, including a first electrode layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode layer. The perovskite light-absorbing layer is located between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, and the passivation layer is located between the second electrode layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer. The passivation layer includes a polyionic liquid, which includes anions and polymeric cations. The side chains of the polymeric cations contain R groups. 2 ;

[0090] R 2It includes one or more of the following: a group containing a lone pair of electrons, a carbon-carbon double bond group, or an alkylsilyl group.

[0091] In the aforementioned solar cell of this application, a passivation layer is used to passivate the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the R in the side chain of the polymer cation in the polyionic liquid... 2 The polyionic liquid contains one or more of the following: lone pair electron-containing groups, carbon-carbon double bond groups, alkylsilyl groups, or alkoxysilyl groups. These groups can passivate surface defects in the perovskite absorber layer and reduce non-radiative recombination losses. Simultaneously, the anions in the polyionic liquid promote charge extraction. Therefore, the passivation layer containing the polyionic liquid can simultaneously perform chemical passivation and physical isolation passivation, improving the stability of the passivated perovskite absorber layer and reducing non-radiative recombination losses. Thus, by passivating the perovskite absorber layer with the aforementioned passivation layer, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the device can be effectively improved.

[0092] In addition, the polymer cations in the polyionic liquid form an insulating material, and the passivation layer can act as a physical barrier layer, serving as a physical protective layer for the perovskite light-absorbing layer. This can reduce the degradation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer caused by direct contact between the second electrode layer or other layers and the perovskite light-absorbing layer, thus improving the stability of the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0093] Furthermore, R 2 The lone pair electron-containing groups in the perovskite can coordinate with and passivate cations in the perovskite light-absorbing layer, such as B-site metal (e.g., Pb) defects. 2 The carbon-carbon double bond groups or alkylsilane groups in the perovskite light-absorbing layer can passivate the anionic defects (I-) in the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the alkyl groups in the alkylsilane groups also have the function of regulating solubility.

[0094] In some embodiments, the lone pair electron-containing group includes one or more of the following: halogen group, hydroxyl group, alkoxy group, alkoxysilyl group, cyanate group, amide group, or oxyacid group. The oxyacid group includes one or more of the following: sulfonic acid group -SO3H, halosulfonic acid group, sulfinic acid group -SO2H, halosulfinic acid group, or carboxylic acid group -COOH.

[0095] Furthermore, R 2 It includes one or more of the following: hydroxyl group, carbon-carbon double bond group, cyanate group, halogen group, sulfonic acid group, halosulfonic acid group, sulfinic acid group, halosulfinic acid group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, alkylsilyl group or alkoxysilyl group.

[0096] Furthermore, the halosulfonic acid group includes the fluorosulfonic acid group.

[0097] Furthermore, the halosulfinic acid group includes the fluorosulfinic acid group.

[0098] Furthermore, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Furthermore, the alkyl group has 1 to 3 alkyl substituents. As an example, the alkyl group is trimethylsilyl.

[0099] Furthermore, the number of carbon atoms in the alkoxysilyl group is 1 to 6. Furthermore, the number of alkoxy substituents in the alkoxysilyl group is 1 to 3. As an example, the alkoxysilyl group is triethylsilyl.

[0100] Furthermore, the amide group includes unsubstituted or vinyl-substituted amide groups. Vinyl-substituted amide groups may be -C(=O)-NH-CH=CH2.

[0101] In some embodiments, the side chains of the polymeric cation contain cyclic cationic groups having substituents R. 1 , substituent R 1 Contains one or more R 2 .

[0102] In some embodiments, a substituent R is present. 1 ;R 1 The structure is as follows: -L 1 -(R 3 ) m ;

[0103] Among them, L 1 It is an alkylene group, m is 3, and each R 3 Independently hydrogen or R 2 At least one R 3 For R 2 Or, L 1 It is a single bond, m is 1, R 3 For R 2 That is, R 2 It can be directly attached to the ring of the cyclic cationic group as a substituent, or attached to the ring of the cyclic cationic group as a substituent via an alkylene group. Attaching it to the ring of the cyclic cationic group via an alkylene group offers more flexibility and is more advantageous for attaching R to the ring of the cyclic cationic group. 2 It plays a role in passivation.

[0104] Understandably, L 1 For substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups. When L 1 When it is a substituted alkylene group, its substituents

[0105] Furthermore, L 1 It is a C1-C6 alkylene group. In this article, C1-C6 alkylene groups include any one of alkylene groups with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms.

[0106] Furthermore, L1 It is an alkylene group, R 1 The structure is as follows: -L 1 -R 2 H2. That is, it contains only one R. 2 Because of R 2 The structural steric hindrance is relatively large, R 1 Contains an R 2 Its structure is relatively stable.

[0107] In some embodiments, the cyclic cationic group comprises a parent ring Ar and a substituent R. 1 It is attached to the parent ring Ar, and the ring atoms of the parent ring Ar contain at least one N heteroatom and at least one R. 1 It is attached to the N heteroatom. A parent ring containing a heteronitrogen-containing Ar ring is formed to create a cyclic cationic group, and at least one R... 1 It is attached to the N heteroatom. The positive charge of the N-containing heterocycle is ionized on the ring, reducing the probability of deprotonation. Since the deprotons diffuse into the perovskite layer during device operation, damaging the perovskite layer, the substituent R... 1 Attaching it to the parent ring Ar can reduce the risk of perovskite dissociation and increase stability. Furthermore, there is only one R... 1 The substituent attached to the N heteroatom increases the stability of the polyionic liquid. Furthermore, only one R substituent is attached to the parent ring Ar. 1 .

[0108] Optionally, the parent ring Ar comprises 5 to 8 ring atoms; more preferably, the parent ring Ar comprises 5 to 6 ring atoms.

[0109] Optionally, the parent ring Ar contains 1 to 2 N heteroatoms.

[0110] As a non-limiting example, the parent ring Ar includes, but is not limited to, one or more of imidazole, pyridine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, or piperazine.

[0111] Optionally, the cyclic cationic group further includes a linking group L. 2 The parent ring Ar is connected by the linking group L. 2 It is connected to the main chain of the polymer cation.

[0112] Optionally, the structure of the parent ring Ar is as follows:

[0113] ;

[0114] in, Indicates the connection group L 2 The connection site is * for the substituent R. 1 The connection site.

[0115] In some embodiments, the structure of the cyclic cationic group is as follows:

[0116] -L 2 -Ar-R 1 L 2 It is a single bond or an alkylene group; optionally, L 2 It is a single bond or a C1-C6 alkylene group. That is, the parent ring Ar is connected to the main chain of the polymer cation through an alkylene group; or the parent ring Ar is directly connected to the main chain of the polymer cation.

[0117] In some embodiments, the polymer cation's backbone is a carbon-carbon backbone, such as the backbone formed from polyethylene.

[0118] In some embodiments, the structure of the polymer cation is as follows:

[0119] .

[0120] In some embodiments, the polyionic liquid has the following structure:

[0121] Where n is the degree of polymerization, which can be 1 to 600; G - It is an anion.

[0122] The degree of polymerization of polyionic liquids can be obtained by measuring the molecular weight of polyionic liquids using gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

[0123] Further, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300. 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, or any two of the above values ​​within the range.

[0124] In some embodiments, the polymer cation includes one or more of the following cations:

[0125] .

[0126] In some embodiments, anion G -These include one or more of halide ions and pseudohalogen anions. These anions can effectively stabilize the insufficiently coordinated B-site metal defects on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, reduce non-radiative recombination losses, and thus help improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0127] Furthermore, pseudohalogen anions include CN. - CH3COO - SCN - OCN - SeCN - SCSN - N3 - TeCN - and one or more of the following anions G1 to G9:

[0128]

[0129] The N atoms in these anions, as well as the oxygen lone pairs in -C=O and -S=O, can passivate the B-site defects in the perovskite material within the perovskite light-absorbing layer. Furthermore, these anions exhibit good hydrophobicity, enhancing the hydrophobicity of the perovskite interface after passivation.

[0130] As an example, the structural formula of a polyionic liquid is as follows:

[0131] .

[0132] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0-200 nm. The passivation layer can be a film distributed throughout the perovskite light-absorbing layer, or it can be a film distributed intermittently, meaning that some areas have no passivation layer (0 nm thickness) and some areas have a passivation layer thickness of 0.1 nm-200 nm. In some examples, the thickness of the passivation layer is within the range of 0.1 nm-200 nm, 0.1 nm-100 nm, or 0.1 nm-50 nm. As an example, the thickness of the passivation layer can be 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200 nm, or any two values ​​within the range.

[0133] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a first charge transport layer disposed between the passivation layer and the second electrode. The passivation layer is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer. Since the first charge transport layer, when in direct contact with the perovskite material, may promote the degradation of the perovskite material to some extent, the passivation layer can suppress the degradation of the perovskite material.

[0134] Furthermore, the passivation layer can also anchor the first charge transport layer, improving the structural stability of the passivation layer and thus enhancing the stability of the device. Further, the R of the polyionic liquid in the passivation layer... 2 Containing oxyacid groups can anchor the first charge transport layer, improving the structural stability of the passivation layer and thus enhancing device stability. This is particularly suitable for cases where the first charge transport layer contains oxygen, such as metal oxides, as the presence of these groups facilitates the anchoring connection between the oxyacid groups and the passivation layer.

[0135] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a second charge transport layer disposed between the first electrode and the perovskite light-absorbing layer. One of the first and second charge transport layers is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer. The electron transport layer functions to transport electrons generated by the excitation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer to an adjacent electrode and blocks the transport of holes. The hole transport layer can extract and transport hole carriers and can block the passage of free electrons.

[0136] Furthermore, the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer. Furthermore, the second charge transport layer is a hole transport layer.

[0137] The electron transport layer may include electron transport materials, which may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their derivatives: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium (OMeTPA-FA), calcium titanate (CaTiO3), lithium fluoride (LiF), calcium fluoride (CaF2), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), poly3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), triphenylamine with a triphenylene core (H101), and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine (EDOT-OMeTPA). N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobisfluorene (CzPAF-SBF), polythiophene, metal oxides (which can be referred to as second metal oxides), silicon oxide (SiO2), strontium titanate (SrTiO3), calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride, cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), etc.; wherein, the metal element in the second metal oxide may include one or more of Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga and Cr, and optionally one or more of tin dioxide SnO2, zinc oxide ZnO, etc.

[0138] Fullerenes and their derivatives include [6,6]-phenylC 61 Methyl butyrate (PC) 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl C71 Methyl butyrate PC 71 BM, Fullerene C 60 Fullerene C 70 One or more of the following: tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.

[0139] Optionally, the electron transport layer comprises tin oxide.

[0140] Without limitation, the hole transport layer may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following hole transport materials and their derivatives: 2,2',7,7'-tetra[N [N-Di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirodifluorene, polythiophene, phosphate monomer, carbazole monomer, sulfonic acid monomer, triphenylamine monomer, aromatic monomer, metal oxide (which can be referred to as the first metal oxide), cuprous iodide and cuprous thiocyanate, wherein the metal element in the first metal oxide may include one or more of Ni, Mo, W and Cu, such as nickel oxide (NiO). x ), WO3.

[0141] In some of these embodiments, such as Figure 1 As shown, the solar cell 1 includes a first electrode layer 12, a second charge transport layer 13, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 14, a passivation layer 15, a first charge transport layer 16, and a second electrode layer 17 stacked together.

[0142] In some embodiments, at least one of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is a transparent electrode for light incident. For example... Figure 1 As shown, in one example, the solar cell 1 further includes a substrate 11. A first electrode layer 12 is disposed on the substrate 11; furthermore, both the first electrode layer 12 and the substrate 11 are made of transparent material, and correspondingly, the solar cell is a reverse pin cell. The second charge transport layer 13 is a hole transport layer, and the first charge transport layer 16 is an electron transport layer.

[0143] Understandably, in other examples, the second electrode layer 17 may also be disposed on the substrate, and accordingly, the solar cell is a formal cell.

[0144] The transparent electrode can be a transparent conductive metal oxide electrode. Without limitation, the material of the transparent electrode can be, for example, one or more of the following: FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (tin-doped indium oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide), lanthanide-doped indium oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, etc. It is understood that the transparent electrode can use glass as a substrate, or it can use a transparent flexible substrate. Specifically, the material of the transparent flexible substrate can be, for example, an organic polymer material, which can be a mixture of one or more of the following materials in different proportions: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

[0145] In some embodiments, the second electrode layer comprises a conductive material. Further, the conductive material can be an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of inorganic conductive materials include metallic conductive materials. Further, metallic conductive materials can include any one of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), or any suitable mixture of the aforementioned elements. The conductive material can include a conductive oxide. Further, the conductive material can be a conductive oxide; non-limiting examples of conductive oxides can include one or more of FTO, ITO, IWO, AZO, etc.

[0146] In some embodiments, the crystal structure of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is ABX3 or A2CDX6. Here, A ions are monovalent cations, B ions are divalent metal cations, C ions are monovalent metal cations, D ions are trivalent metal cations, and X ions are monovalent anions.

[0147] Optionally, A ion is a monovalent cation with a large radius, including one or more organic cations and metal cations. More preferably, the organic cation includes organic amine ions, formamidinyl (HC(NH2)2) ions, etc. + FA + One or more of the following: ) and imidazole groups; more preferably, the metal cation includes lithium ions (Li ions) + Sodium ions (Na) + ), potassium ions (K) + ), rubidium ions (Rb + ), cesium ions (Cs) + One or more of the following. Further, the organic amine ion includes methylamine (CH3NH3). + MA + ), dimethyl diammonium ion (MDA) 2+), phenylethylammonium ion (PEA) + ), oleyl ammonium ions (OA) + ( ), one or more of ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentamino, and hexamino.

[0148] Optionally, the B ion includes Pb. 2+ (lead ions), Sn 2+ (Tin ion), Be 2+ (beryllium ion), Mg 2+ (Magnesium ions), Ca 2+ (calcium ions), Sr 2+ (Strontium ion), Ba 2+ (Barium ions), Zn 2+ (Zinc ions), Ge 2+ (Germanium ions), Fe 2+ (ferrous ion), Mn 2+ Co 2+ (Divalent cobalt ions), Cu 2+ (Divalent copper ions) and Ni 2+ One or more of (divalent nickel ions); more preferably, B ions include Pb. 2+ (Lead ions) and Sn 2+ One or two of (tin ions).

[0149] Optionally, the C ions include Cs + (cesium ion), Ag + (Silver ions), K + (Potassium ions) and Rb + One or more of (rubidium ions).

[0150] Optionally, the D ion includes Bi. 3+ (bismuth ion), Ni 3+ (trivalent nickel ions), Fe 3+ (Fe3+) and Cu 3+ One or more of (trivalent copper ions);

[0151] Optionally, the X ion includes one or more halogens or halogen-like ions, specifically including fluoride ions (F... - ), chloride ions (Cl) - ), bromide ions (Br) - ), iodide ions (I - ), cyanate ions (CN) - ), thiocyanate ions (SCN) - One or more of the following; optionally, X ions include Cl... - ,Br - and I - One or more of them. Further, X includes I.- ,Br - One or two of them. X can be I. - ,Br - Or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, X is I. - .

[0152] It is understandable that the perovskite material in the aforementioned perovskite light-absorbing layer can be selected from Cs. x1 FA 1-x1 PbX3, Cs x1 MA 1-x1 PbX3, Cs m FA n MA 1-m-n PbX3, CsPbX3, MAPbX3, FAPbX3, Cs x1 FA 1-x1 Pb x2 Sn 1-x2 X3, Cs x1 FA 1-x1 Pb x2 Sn 1-x2 X3, Cs m FA n MA 1-m-n Pb x2 Sn 1-x2 X3, CsPb x2 Sn 1-x2 X3, MAPb x2 Sn 1-x2 X3 and FAPb x2 Sn 1-x2 One or more of X3, where 0 < x1 < 1, 0 < x2 < 1, 0 < m < 1, and 0 < n < 1.

[0153] As examples, perovskite materials include CH8I3N2Pb (FAPbI3) and Cs. 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 )3, CsPbBr3, CsPbI3, Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbI3 and MA 0.2 FA 0.8 One or more of PbI3.

[0154] Understandably, other film layers can be provided between the film layers of the aforementioned solar cell as needed. For example, optionally, a hole-blocking layer may be provided between the electrode layer and the electron transport layer of the aforementioned solar cell. The material of the hole-blocking layer may include, but is not limited to, BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) and tin oxide. Alternatively, an electron-blocking layer may be provided between the electrode layer and the hole transport layer of the aforementioned solar cell.

[0155] In some embodiments, perovskite solar cells include single-junction cells and tandem cells. Tandem cells include double-junction cells, triple-junction cells, quadruple-junction cells, etc., which contain perovskite solar cells. Exemplary examples include perovskite-perovskite tandem cells and perovskite-crystalline silicon tandem cells.

[0156] One embodiment of this application provides a method for preparing a solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0157] A first electrode layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode layer are formed in a stacked configuration.

[0158] The passivation layer includes a polyionic liquid, which comprises anions and polymeric cations, wherein the side chains of the polymeric cations contain R groups. 2 ;R 2 It is one or more of the following: a group containing a lone pair of electrons, a carbon-carbon double bond group, or an alkylsilyl group.

[0159] The solar cells prepared by the above method have the same passivation layer as the solar cells described above, and therefore have at least the same advantages as the solar cells described above, which will not be repeated here. The detailed information about the passivation layer has been described in detail above, and will not be repeated here.

[0160] In some embodiments, forming the passivation layer includes the following steps:

[0161] A passivation solution is formed by mixing a polyionic liquid with a solvent.

[0162] The passivation solution is coated onto the perovskite light-absorbing layer and dried to form the passivation layer.

[0163] Optionally, the concentration of the polyionic liquid in the passivation solution is ≤1 mg / mL, and can be selected as 0.05 mg / mL to 1 mg / mL. Examples include 0.05 mg / mL, 0.1 mg / mL, 0.2 mg / mL, 0.25 mg / mL, 0.5 mg / mL, 0.6 mg / mL, 0.8 mg / mL, 1 mg / mL, or any two of these values ​​within a range.

[0164] In some examples, the material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite-type metal halide with the chemical formula ABX3. The preparation method of the perovskite light-absorbing layer includes the following steps: mixing material A, BX2 and solvent to obtain a perovskite precursor solution; then coating the perovskite precursor solution onto the corresponding substrate and annealing to obtain the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0165] The aforementioned first electrode layer, hole transport layer, electron transport layer, and second electrode layer can be prepared using methods commonly used in the art, including but not limited to solution methods and solid deposition methods. Solution methods include any one of spin coating, spraying, blade coating, and slot coating. Solid deposition methods include any one of vacuum evaporation, sputtering deposition, plasma deposition, ion deposition, and atomic layer deposition (ALD).

[0166] The fabrication method of perovskite solar cells includes the following steps:

[0167] Step 1: Fabricate solar cell devices on a transparent substrate coated with a conductive layer;

[0168] Step 2: Apply encapsulating adhesive around the edges of the solar cell device, cover it with a backsheet layer, and press it together to obtain a perovskite solar cell.

[0169] Furthermore, the encapsulating adhesive in step 2 can cover the entire solar cell device;

[0170] Furthermore, the fabrication of the perovskite solar cell device in step 1 includes the following steps:

[0171] Step 1-1: Prepare a hole transport layer on a transparent substrate coated with a conductive layer;

[0172] Step 1-2: Prepare a passivation layer on the hole transport layer;

[0173] Steps 1-3: Prepare a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the passivation layer;

[0174] Steps 1-4: Fabricate an electron transport layer on the perovskite layer;

[0175] Steps 1-5: Fabricate a metal electrode layer on the electron transport layer.

[0176] Other embodiments of this application provide a photovoltaic module, including the solar cell as described above.

[0177] The aforementioned solar cells have high light conversion efficiency and good stability, which can improve the efficiency of photovoltaic modules.

[0178] The aforementioned photovoltaic module includes one or more of the aforementioned solar cells, which can be selected according to specific application scenarios; further, the aforementioned photovoltaic module includes multiple of the aforementioned solar cells, which are connected in series or parallel to form a solar cell. Further, the aforementioned photovoltaic module may also include tandem cells. Tandem cells include, but are not limited to, crystalline silicon / perovskite tandem cells, all-perovskite tandem cells, and thin-film / perovskite tandem cells such as copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).

[0179] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module further includes a photovoltaic glass layer, an adhesive layer, and a backsheet.

[0180] The solar cell has an adhesive layer on each of its two surfaces. A backsheet is provided on the surface of one adhesive layer away from the solar cell, and a photovoltaic glass layer is provided on the surface of the other adhesive layer away from the solar cell.

[0181] The photovoltaic glass layer and backsheet are used to protect the solar cells, and they have the functions of sealing, insulation and waterproofing; the adhesive layer plays the role of bonding the photovoltaic glass layer to the solar cells and bonding the backsheet to the solar cells.

[0182] Optionally, the photovoltaic glass layer is made of tempered glass, the backsheet is made of TPT (polyvinyl fluoride) or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), and the adhesive layer is made of EVA (polyethylene-polyvinyl acetate copolymer).

[0183] Furthermore, the aforementioned photovoltaic modules also include junction boxes and outer frames.

[0184] Junction boxes are used to protect the entire photovoltaic module's power generation system. They are essentially a current transfer station. When a cell short-circuits, the junction box will automatically disconnect the short-circuited cell string.

[0185] The outer frame serves to support and protect the entire photovoltaic module. The frame can be made of aluminum alloy, which has excellent strength and corrosion resistance.

[0186] Furthermore, silicone is used to bond and seal the connections between the frame and other parts of the photovoltaic module. The photovoltaic module can convert solar energy into electrical energy, which can then be stored in batteries or used to power loads.

[0187] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module is a solar panel.

[0188] According to one embodiment of this application, a photovoltaic system is also provided, including the photovoltaic module described above.

[0189] The photovoltaic system utilizes the photovoltaic effect of the solar cells in the aforementioned photovoltaic modules to directly convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy with high efficiency; furthermore, the aforementioned photovoltaic system is a photovoltaic power generation system.

[0190] Photovoltaic modules are the core component of a photovoltaic power generation system. The aforementioned photovoltaic system includes one or more photovoltaic modules, which can be selected according to specific application scenarios. Furthermore, when the aforementioned photovoltaic system includes multiple photovoltaic modules, the multiple photovoltaic modules form a photovoltaic array.

[0191] The aforementioned photovoltaic system can be a stand-alone photovoltaic power generation system or a grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system.

[0192] An independent photovoltaic (PV) power generation system includes a PV array, battery bank, charge controller, power electronic converter (inverter), and load. Its working principle is that solar radiation energy is first converted into electrical energy by the PV array, then converted by the power electronic converter to supply power to the load. Simultaneously, excess electrical energy is stored as chemical energy in an energy storage device after passing through the charge controller. Thus, when sunlight is insufficient, the energy stored in the battery can be converted into 220V AC, 50Hz electrical energy through the power electronic inverter, filter, and power frequency transformer to supply AC loads.

[0193] A grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power generation system includes a photovoltaic array, a high-frequency DC / DC boost circuit, a power electronic converter (inverter), and system monitoring. Its working principle is that solar radiation energy is converted by the photovoltaic array, then converted into high-voltage DC by a high-frequency DC converter, and finally inverted by the power electronic inverter to output a sinusoidal alternating current to the grid that is in phase with the grid voltage.

[0194] The two photovoltaic power generation systems mentioned above each have their own characteristics and can be selected according to the specific application scenario.

[0195] Other embodiments of this application provide an electrical device, including a solar cell as described above or a photovoltaic module as described above.

[0196] Other embodiments of this application provide a power generation device, including a solar cell as described above or a photovoltaic module as described above.

[0197] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell described above can be a power generation device that functions as an electrical device. The type of power generation device may include, but is not limited to, integrated power generation. The location of the power generation device may include, but is not limited to, the roof of a vehicle, the back panel, etc.

[0198] Furthermore, the aforementioned electrical devices may include mobile devices, such as electric vehicles, electric trains, ships and satellites, power generation systems, etc., but are not limited to these.

[0199] As another implementation method, the power supply device can be a wearable device, such as a watch.

[0200] To make the technical problems, technical solutions, and beneficial effects solved by this application clearer, the application will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments and accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative and is in no way intended to limit this application or its applications. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0201] Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the examples, they shall be performed in accordance with the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field or in accordance with the product instructions. Reagents or instruments whose manufacturers are not specified are all commercially available conventional products.

[0202] Example 1

[0203] A method for fabricating a solar cell device is as follows:

[0204] 1) Preparation of FTO conductive glass (including the first electrode layer of the substrate): Take a set of FTO conductive glass with a specification of 1.5*1.5cm, protect 2 / 3 of it with M3 waterproof tape, etch away 1 / 3 of the FTO with Zn powder and 1 mol / L hydrochloric acid; clean the etched FTO conductive glass sheet several times with acetone and isopropanol in sequence, and finally immerse it in deionized water and sonicate for 10 min.

[0205] 2) Preparation of hole transport layer: After drying the FTO conductive glass sheet in a forced-air drying oven, a precursor solution of NiOx nanoparticles (10 mg / mL, solvent is water) was spin-coated at 5000 rpm in a glove box (N2 atmosphere), and heated at 100℃ for 15 min on a hot stage to obtain a nickel oxide hole transport layer with a thickness of 20 nm.

[0206] 3) Preparation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer: A perovskite precursor material was spin-coated onto the hole transport layer, followed by heating at 110°C in a glove box for 30 min and annealing to room temperature to form a perovskite light-absorbing layer with a thickness of 500 nm. The perovskite material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer was MAPbI3.

[0207] 4) Preparation of the passivation layer: The polyionic liquid and solvent are mixed to form a 0.25 mg / mL passivation solution; the passivation solution is coated onto the perovskite light-absorbing layer and dried to form the passivation layer. The structural formula and preparation method of the polyionic liquid are as follows:

[0208] ;

[0209] Step 1: In a round-bottom flask, 1-vinyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)imidazolium (CAS: 1038350-56-9, 5.0 g, 24.623 mmol) was dissolved in deionized water (50 mL). After the monomer was dissolved, the initiator 2,2'-azo(2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide) (120 mg, 0.42 mmol) was added. The mixture was purged with argon for 30 min, and then stirred at 85 °C for 24 h. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solution was precipitated into ice-cold THF (50 mL). The precipitate was filtered and washed with THF to obtain a beige powder, which was then vacuum dried at 80 °C for 10 h. (3.0 g, 60%)

[0210] Step 2: Add the aqueous solution of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) (5.63 g, 20 mmol) to the aqueous solution of the powder obtained in Step 1 in a round-bottom flask, stir for 1 hour, filter and wash with water 5 times, and dry overnight in a vacuum oven at 70°C to obtain (2.1 g, 72%).

[0211] 5) Fabrication of electron transport layer / hole blocking layer: The device obtained in step 3) is placed in a vacuum thermal evaporation equipment, and a C60 layer with a thickness of 30 nm and a BCP layer with a thickness of 5 nm are sequentially prepared on the passivation layer.

[0212] 6) Fabrication of the metal counter electrode (second electrode layer): On the BCP layer of the device obtained in step 4), a 60 nm thick copper metal (Cu) is vapor-deposited (deposition rate of 0.1 A / s) as the second electrode layer.

[0213] 7) Apply a layer of encapsulating adhesive around and on the surface of the perovskite solar cell device. The encapsulating adhesive is a colorless and transparent epoxy resin adhesive. Cover the glass backing plate layer on the encapsulating adhesive and press it together. Let it stand for 2 hours to cure the encapsulating adhesive.

[0214] The perovskite solar cell obtained through the above steps is labeled as cell 1.

[0215] Examples 2-9

[0216] The process is basically the same as in Example 1, except that the type of polyionic liquid used in step 4) for preparing the passivation layer and the preparation steps of the polyionic liquid are different, as detailed below:

[0217] .

[0218] In Example 2, the preparation steps of the polyionic liquid were modified by replacing CAS: 1038350-56-9 with an equimolar amount of 1-carboxymethyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide CAS: 1276015-40-7, and the synthesis method was the same as in Example 1.

[0219] In Example 3, the preparation step of the polyionic liquid was modified by replacing CAS: 1038350-56-9 with an equimolar amount of 3-vinyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1H-imidazolium bromide CAS: 98387-79-2, and the synthesis method was the same as in Example 1.

[0220] In Example 4, the preparation steps of the polyionic liquid were modified by replacing CAS: 1038350-56-9 with an equimolar amount of 1-(cyanomethyl)-3-vinylimidazolium bromide CAS: 1072788-74-9, and the synthesis method was the same as in Example 1.

[0221] In Example 5, the preparation step of the polyionic liquid was modified by replacing CAS: 1038350-56-9 with an equimolar amount of 1-(2-methoxyethane)-3-vinylimidazolium bromide CAS: 2734088-71-0, and the synthesis method was the same as in Example 1.

[0222] In Example 6, the preparation steps of the polyionic liquid were modified by replacing lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) with an equimolar amount of lithium tetrafluoroborate (CAS: 14283-07-9), and the synthesis method was the same as in Example 1.

[0223] In Example 7, the preparation steps of the polyionic liquid were modified by replacing lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide with an equimolar amount of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salt (CAS: 171611-11-3), and the synthesis method was the same as in Example 1.

[0224] Examples 8-9

[0225] The method is basically the same as in Example 1, except that the preparation steps of the passivation layer are different. Specifically, the type of polyionic liquid in the passivation layer is the same, but the concentration is different.

[0226] Comparative Example 1

[0227] Comparative Example 1 is basically the same as Example 1, except that the preparation steps of the passivation layer are different. Specifically, the types of polyionic liquids in the passivation layer are different, but the concentrations are the same. The specific types are shown below.

[0228] Formula (D1).

[0229] The following are performance tests.

[0230] 1. Photoelectric conversion efficiency

[0231] Under normal temperature and pressure, a standard light source with an AM1.5G solar light source was used for testing, conforming to the national standard IEC61215. Crystalline silicon solar cells were used to correct the light intensity to achieve a solar intensity. A four-channel digital source meter (Keithley 2440) was used to measure the current-voltage characteristic curve of the solar cell under the illumination of the light source, and the open-circuit voltage Voc, short-circuit current density Jsc, fill factor FF, and energy conversion efficiency Eff of the solar cell were obtained.

[0232] Among them, the incident light power P in 100mW / cm 2 Eff (Efficiency) = P out / P in ;

[0233] = V oc ×J sc ×FF / P in =V oc ×J sc ×[(V mpp ×J mpp ) / (V oc ×J sc )] / P in .

[0234] Among them, P in P out V mpp J mpp V oc J sc FF represent: incident light power, operating output power of the battery under test, voltage at the maximum power point of the battery under test, current at the maximum power point of the battery under test, open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor, respectively.

[0235] 2. Device stability determination

[0236] After the test, the battery was placed in an atmospheric environment (relative humidity 65-85%, ambient temperature approximately 15-40℃) and left in the dark for 500 hours. The energy conversion efficiency was then tested again (each test continued until forward and reverse scans showed no hysteresis, and the energy conversion efficiency was recorded). The ratio of the solar cell efficiency after 500 hours of atmospheric placement to the initial efficiency was calculated as the normalized efficiency of the solar cell after 500 hours of placement.

[0237] Initial normalized efficiency = retest efficiency / initial efficiency * 100.

[0238] Table 1 below shows some parameters and performance results of the solar cells of each embodiment and comparative example.

[0239] Table 1

[0240]

[0241] As can be seen from the table above, compared with Comparative Example 1, the different types of polyionic liquids used in each embodiment result in perovskite solar cell devices with better photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability than those in the embodiment.

[0242] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0243] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of several implementation methods of this application, and while the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention patent. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of this application, and these all fall within the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this patent application should be determined by the appended claims, and the specification and drawings can be used to interpret the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A solar cell, characterized in that, The system comprises a first electrode layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode layer. The perovskite light-absorbing layer is located between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The passivation layer is located between the second electrode layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer. The passivation layer comprises a polyionic liquid, which includes anion and polymer cation. The side chain of the polymer cation contains the group R. 2 ; R 2 It includes one or more of the following: a group containing a lone pair of electrons, a carbon-carbon double bond group, or an alkylsilyl group.

2. The solar cell as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The lone pair electron-containing group includes one or more of the following: halogen group, hydroxyl group, alkoxy group, alkoxysilyl group, cyanate group, amide group or oxyacid group.

3. The solar cell as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The oxyacid group includes one or more of the following: sulfonic acid group, halosulfonic acid group, sulfinic acid group, halosulfinic acid group, or carboxylic acid group.

4. The solar cell as described in claim 3, characterized in that, R 2 In, one or more of the following characteristics are satisfied: (1) The halosulfonic acid group includes a fluorosulfonic acid group; (2) The halosulfinic acid group includes a fluorosulfinic acid group; (3) The number of carbon atoms in the alkylsilyl group is 1 to 6; (4) The number of alkyl substituents in the alkylsilyl group is 1 to 3; (5) The number of carbon atoms in the alkoxysilyl group is 1 to 6; (6) The number of alkoxy substituents in the alkoxysilyl group is 1 to 3; (7) The amide group includes unsubstituted or vinyl-substituted amide groups.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The side chains of the polymer cation contain cyclic cationic groups, and the cyclic cationic groups have substituents R. 1 The substituent R 1 Contains one or more R 2 ; Optionally, R 1 The structure is as follows: -L 1 -(R 3 ) m ; Among them, L 1 It is an alkylene group, m is 3, and each R 3 Independently hydrogen or R 2 At least one R 3 For R 2 ; Or, L 1 It is a single bond, m is 1, R 3 For R 2 .

6. The solar cell as described in claim 5, characterized in that, L 1 It is an alkylene group, R 1 The structure is as follows: -L 1 -R 2 H2.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 5 to 6, characterized in that, L 1 It is a C1~C6 alkylene group.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that, The cyclic cationic group includes a parent ring Ar, and the substituent R 1 Attached to the parent ring Ar, wherein the ring atoms of the parent ring Ar contain at least one N heteroatom and at least one R 1 Attached to the N heteroatom; More preferably, the parent ring Ar comprises 5 to 8 ring atoms; even more preferably, the parent ring Ar comprises 5 to 6 ring atoms; Alternatively, the parent ring Ar contains 1 to 2 N heteroatoms.

9. The solar cell as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that, The parent ring Ar includes one or more of imidazole, pyridine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, or piperazine; Optionally, the cyclic cationic group further includes a linking group L. 2 The parent ring Ar is connected by the linking group L. 2 Connected to the main chain of the polymer cation; Optionally, the structure of the parent ring Ar is as follows: ； in, Indicates the connection group L 2 The connection site is * for the substituent R. 1 The connection site.

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 8 to 9, characterized in that, The structure of the cyclic cationic group is as follows: -L 2 -Ar-R 1 L 2 It is a single bond or an alkylene group; Optionally, L 2 It is a single bond or a C1~C6 alkylene group.

11. The solar cell as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that, The structure of the polyionic liquid is as follows: Where n is the degree of aggregation, which can be selected from 1 to 600; G - It is an anion.

12. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that, The polymer cation includes one or more of the following cations: 。 13. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that, The anion includes one or more of halide ions and pseudohalogen anions; Optionally, the pseudohalogen anion includes CN. - CH3COO - SCN - OCN - SeCN - SCSN - N3 - TeCN - and one or more of the following anions G1 to G9: 。 14. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that, The thickness of the passivation layer is 0~200nm.

15. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that, It meets one or more of the following characteristics: (1) The solar cell further includes a first charge transport layer, which is disposed between the passivation layer and the second electrode; optionally, the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer; (2) The solar cell further includes a second charge transport layer, which is disposed between the first electrode and the perovskite light-absorbing layer; optionally, the second charge transport layer is a hole transport layer.

16. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that, The first electrode layer is a transparent electrode.

17. A method for preparing a solar cell, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: A first electrode layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode layer are formed in a stacked configuration. The passivation layer comprises a polyionic liquid, which includes anions and polymeric cations, wherein the side chains of the polymeric cations contain R groups. 2 ; R 2 It includes one or more of the following: a group containing a lone pair of electrons, a carbon-carbon double bond group, or an alkylsilyl group.

18. The preparation method according to claim 17, characterized in that, Forming the passivation layer includes the following steps: A passivation solution is formed by mixing a polyionic liquid with a solvent. The passivation solution is coated onto the perovskite light-absorbing layer and dried to form the passivation layer. Optionally, the concentration of the polyionic liquid in the passivation solution is ≤1 mg / mL, and can be 0.05 mg / mL to 1 mg / mL.

19. The preparation method according to claim 17 or 18, characterized in that, The solar cell is the solar cell according to any one of claims 2 to 16.

20. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that, This includes the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 16 or the solar cell prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 17 to 19.

21. An electrical appliance, characterized in that, This includes the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 16, the solar cell prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 17 to 19, or the photovoltaic module according to claim 20.

22. A power generation device, characterized in that, This includes the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 16, the solar cell prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 17 to 19, or the photovoltaic module according to claim 20.

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