Perovskite solar cell and preparation method thereof, photovoltaic module, power generation device and power utilization device

Abstract

This application relates to a perovskite solar cell and its fabrication method, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, and a power consumption device. The perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode, a perovskite layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode. The perovskite layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the passivation layer is disposed between the perovskite layer and the second electrode. The passivation layer includes a passivating agent, which includes cations and anions, and the cations include thionium ion groups [R3S]. + At least one R in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group. This perovskite solar cell exhibits high photoelectric conversion efficiency and good stability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of solar cells, specifically to a perovskite solar cell and its preparation method, photovoltaic module, power generation device, and power consumption device. Background Technology

[0002] Solar cells have been widely used in aerospace, industry, commerce, agriculture, and communications. Perovskite solar cells are devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy using the photoelectric conversion mechanism of perovskite crystalline materials. They are currently the third generation of solar cells and have many advantages such as high photoelectric conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process, and low production cost, and have been extensively studied in recent years.

[0003] With the rapid development of perovskite solar cell technology, higher demands are being placed on the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. Therefore, how to further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells has become one of the important research directions in this field. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This application is made in view of the above-mentioned issues, and one of its objectives is to provide a perovskite solar cell and its preparation method, photovoltaic module, power generation device and power consumption device, wherein the perovskite solar cell has high photoelectric conversion efficiency and good stability.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, a first aspect of this application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a perovskite layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode. The perovskite layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the passivation layer is disposed between the perovskite layer and the second electrode. The passivation layer comprises a passivating agent, which includes a cation and an anion, wherein the cation includes a thionium group [R3S]. + At least one R in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group.

[0006] A passivation layer is formed on the surface of the perovskite layer. The passivating agent in this passivation layer includes cations and anions, wherein the cations include thionium ion groups [R3S]. + At least one R in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group; the thionium head group in the thionium ion group of the passivating agent can fill the defects in the perovskite material, passivate the A sites of the perovskite material, and reduce the non-radiative recombination centers of the perovskite layer; the carbonyl oxygen atom containing the carbonyl group has a lone pair of electrons, which can fill the defects in the perovskite material and interact with the Pb in the perovskite material. 2+ Isocoordination and passivation of the B-sites in perovskite materials can also reduce non-radiative recombination centers in the perovskite layer. This is achieved through the thionium [R3S] ion group in the passivating agent.+ The synergistic effect of the sulfonium head group and carbonyl group in the perovskite layer can effectively passivate the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0007] In any embodiment, the carbonyl group includes one or more of the following: a carboxyl group, an ester group, a ketone carbonyl group, an α-amino-substituted carboxyl group, or an α-hydroxy-substituted carboxyl group. All of the above groups contain a carbonyl group, and the lone pair of electrons on the carbonyl oxygen atom can fill the defects in the perovskite material and interact with the Pb in the perovskite material. 2+ Isocoordination and passivation of B sites in perovskite materials reduce nonradiative recombination centers and interface defects in the perovskite layer, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0008] In any embodiment, each R in the thionium ion group, excluding the carbonyl group, is independently hydrogen or a C1-C6 alkyl group. Thus, the R in the thionium ion group, excluding the carbonyl group, can better enter the A-site of the perovskite material, which is beneficial for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0009] In any embodiment, the R group in the thionium ion group, excluding the carbonyl group, is methyl. Thus, the methyl group has a smaller volume, allowing it to better enter the A-site of the perovskite material, which is more conducive to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0010] In any embodiment, one R in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group, and the remaining Rs are methyl groups. This allows for better passivation of the A-sites in the perovskite material, which is more conducive to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0011] In any embodiment, the cation further includes an intermediate linking group, through which the S atom in the thionium ion group and the carbonyl-containing group are connected. This facilitates the generation of a field effect at the upper interface of the perovskite layer by the passivator, further promoting carrier transport and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell; furthermore, the intermediate linking group enhances the hydrophobicity of the passivator, further improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0012] In any embodiment, the intermediate linking group comprises an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

[0013] In any embodiment, the cation comprises one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0014] , , , Passivating agents containing the aforementioned cations are beneficial for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0015] In any embodiment, the anion includes one or more of chloride ions, bromide ions, iodide ions, or anion Y, wherein the anion Y includes one or more of fluorine, sulfur-oxygen double bonds, phosphorus-oxygen double bonds, or chloride-oxygen double bonds. Chloride ions, bromide ions, and iodide ions, when used as anions, can fill defects caused by iodine vacancies in perovskite, thus achieving a passivation effect. Fluorine can passivate defect sites in perovskite materials, reducing surface and internal defects, improving carrier transport efficiency, and reducing reactivity with the external environment, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. Sulfur-oxygen double bonds, phosphorus-oxygen double bonds, or chloride-oxygen double bonds further passivate B-site defects in perovskite materials.

[0016] In any embodiment, the anion Y comprises one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0017] , , , , , , , , , , Thus, the presence of one or more of the following in the anions of the above-mentioned structural formulas: fluorine atoms, sulfur-oxygen double bonds, phosphorus-oxygen double bonds, or chlorine-oxygen double bonds, can effectively improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0018] In any embodiment, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm to 3 nm. Controlling the thickness of the passivation layer within this range is beneficial for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0019] In any embodiment, the perovskite solar cell further includes an electron transport layer disposed between the passivation layer and the second electrode. By disposing of the passivation layer between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer as an upper passivation layer, the interface defects between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer can be effectively passivated, resulting in a lower interface defect state density and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0020] In any embodiment, the material of the electron transport layer includes one or more of the following: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly-3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobisfluorene, polythiophene, silicon dioxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride, cuprous thiocyanate, or a first metal oxide; wherein the metal element in the first metal oxide includes one or more of the following: Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, or Cr.

[0021] In any embodiment, the perovskite solar cell further includes a hole transport layer disposed between the first electrode and the perovskite layer.

[0022] In any embodiment, the material of the hole transport layer includes one or more of 2,2',7,7'-tetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirodifluorene, polythiophene, phosphate monomer, carbazole monomer, sulfonic acid monomer, triphenylamine monomer, aromatic monomer, cuprous iodide, cuprous thiocyanate, or a second metal oxide; wherein the metal element in the second metal oxide includes one or more of Ni, Mo, or Cu.

[0023] A second aspect of this application provides a method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0024] Provide the first electrode;

[0025] A perovskite layer is formed on the first electrode;

[0026] A passivation layer is formed on the surface of the perovskite layer opposite to the first electrode. The passivation layer includes a passivating agent comprising a cation and anion, wherein the cation includes a thionium group [R3S]. + At least one R in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group;

[0027] A second electrode is formed on the surface of the passivation layer opposite to the perovskite layer.

[0028] By setting a passivation layer between the perovskite layer and the second electrode, the passivation layer includes a passivating agent specific to this application. Through the synergistic effect of the thioonium head group and the carbonyl group in the thioonium ion group of the passivating agent, the A-site and B-site defects of the perovskite layer can be effectively passivated, thereby making the prepared perovskite solar cell have high photoelectric conversion efficiency and good stability.

[0029] In any embodiment, after forming the passivation layer and before forming the second electrode, the fabrication method further includes the step of forming an electron transport layer on the surface of the passivation layer opposite to the perovskite layer. Thus, providing a hole transport layer between the first electrode and the perovskite layer facilitates faster extraction and transport of hole carriers, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0030] In any embodiment, prior to forming the perovskite layer, the preparation method further includes the step of forming a hole transport layer on the first electrode.

[0031] A third aspect of this application provides a photovoltaic module, comprising one or more of the perovskite solar cells prepared by the method of the first aspect of this application or the method of the second aspect of this application. Thus, the photovoltaic module exhibits high photoelectric conversion efficiency and good stability.

[0032] The fourth aspect of this application provides a power generation device, including the photovoltaic module of the third aspect of this application.

[0033] The fifth aspect of this application provides an electrical device including a photovoltaic module as described in the third aspect of this application.

[0034] Details of one or more embodiments of this application are set forth in the following drawings and description. Other features, objects, and advantages of this application will become apparent from the specification, drawings, and claims. Attached Figure Description

[0035] To better describe and illustrate embodiments or examples of the applications disclosed herein, reference may be made to one or more accompanying drawings. Additional details or examples used to describe the drawings should not be considered as limiting the scope of any of the disclosed applications, the embodiments or examples currently described, or the best mode of conduct of these applications as currently understood. Furthermore, throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals denote the same parts. In the drawings:

[0036] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment of this application.

[0037] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0038] 100. Perovskite solar cell; 101. First electrode; 102. Hole transport layer; 103. Perovskite layer; 104. Passivation layer; 105. Electron transport layer; 106. Second electrode. Detailed Implementation

[0039] The following detailed description, with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings, discloses some embodiments of the perovskite solar cell and its fabrication method, photovoltaic module, power generation device, and power consumption device of this application. However, unnecessary detailed descriptions may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repetitive descriptions of practically identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily lengthy descriptions and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand this application and are not intended to limit the subject matter of the claims.

[0040] The "range" disclosed in this application is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of a particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60~120 and 80~110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is also expected that ranges of 60~110 and 80~120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1~3, 1~4, 1~5, 2~3, 2~4, and 2~5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "a~b" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0~5" indicates that all real numbers between "0" and "5" have been listed in this document; "0~5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, stating that a parameter is an integer ≥2 is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc. For instance, stating that a parameter is an integer selected from "2~10" is equivalent to listing the integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

[0041] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0042] Unless otherwise specified, all steps in this application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the mention that the method may also include step (c) indicates that step (c) may be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0043] In this application, unless otherwise specified, A (e.g., B) means that B is a non-limiting example of A, and it is understood that A is not limited to B.

[0044] In this application, the terms "multiple" or "various" are used unless otherwise specified, referring to a quantity greater than or equal to 2. For example, "one or more" means one or more types.

[0045] The terms “combinations of,” “any combination of,” and “any combination of” used in this article include all suitable combinations of any two or more of the listed items.

[0046] In this document, the term "suitable" as used in "suitable combination", "suitable method", "any suitable method", etc., refers to the technical solution that enables the implementation of this application.

[0047] In this application, terms such as "further," "even further," and "particularly" are used to describe purposes and indicate differences in content, but should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of this application.

[0048] In this application, the terms "first aspect," "second aspect," "third aspect," "fourth aspect," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or quantity, nor should they be construed as implicitly indicating the importance or quantity of the indicated technical features. Moreover, "first," "second," "third," "fourth," etc., serve only as a non-exhaustive enumeration and should be understood not to constitute a closed limitation on quantity.

[0049] In this application, if the unit of a data range is only followed by the right endpoint, it indicates that the units of the left and right endpoints are the same. For example, 3~5 h or 3 h~5 h both indicate that the units of the left endpoint "3" and the right endpoint "5" are both h (hours).

[0050] The weight of the relevant components mentioned in the embodiments of this application can refer not only to the content of each component, but also to the weight ratio between the components. Therefore, any scaling up or down of the content of the relevant components according to the embodiments of this application is within the scope disclosed in the embodiments of this application.

[0051] In this document, unless otherwise specified, “alkyl” means a monovalent residue formed by the loss of a hydrogen atom from a saturated hydrocarbon containing a primary (normal) carbon atom, or a secondary carbon atom, or a tertiary carbon atom, or a quaternary carbon atom, or a combination thereof. Phrases containing this term, such as “C1-9 alkyl”, refer to alkyl groups containing 1 to 9 carbon atoms, and each time it appears, it can be independently referred to as C1 alkyl, C2 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C6 alkyl, C7 alkyl, C8 alkyl, or C9 alkyl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, -CH(C H3)CH2CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH3)3), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3), 3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-1-butyl (- CH2CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-methyl-1-butyl(-CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 1-hexyl(-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-hexyl(-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3), 3-hexyl(-CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl(-C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-pentyl(-CH(CH3)CH( CH3)CH2CH3), 4-methyl-2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (-C(CH3)(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)2), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH(CH3)2), 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)C(CH3)3 and octyl (-(CH2)7CH3).

[0052] Unless otherwise specified, "heteroalkyl" refers to an alkyl group in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a non-carbon atom, such as a nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), etc. The following explanation uses O, N, and S as examples. For instance, if a carbon atom in an alkyl group that is attached to an adjacent group is replaced by a non-carbon atom such as O, N, or S, the resulting heteroalkyl group is an alkoxy (e.g., -OCH3), an amino (e.g., -NHCH3, -N(CH3)2), or a thioalkyl (e.g., -SCH3). If a carbon atom in an alkyl group that is not directly attached to an adjacent group is replaced by a non-carbon atom such as O, N, or S, the resulting heteroalkyl group is an alkoxyalkyl (e.g., -CH2CH2-O-CH3), an alkylaminoalkyl (e.g., -CH2NHCH3, -CH2N(CH3)2), or an alkylthioalkyl (e.g., -CH2-S-CH3). If the terminal carbon atom of an alkyl group is replaced by a non-carbon atom, the resulting heteroalkyl group can be a hydroxyalkyl group (e.g., -CH2CH2-OH), an aminoalkyl group (e.g., -CH2NH2), or a mercaptoamino group (e.g., -CH2CH2-SH). Phrases containing the term "heteroalkyl," such as "C1~C9 heteroalkyl" or "C1-9 heteroalkyl," refer to heteroalkyl groups containing 1 to 9 carbon atoms, and each time they appear, they can be independently C1 heteroalkyl, C2 heteroalkyl, C3 heteroalkyl, C4 heteroalkyl, C5 heteroalkyl, C6 heteroalkyl, C7 heteroalkyl, C8 heteroalkyl, or C9 heteroalkyl.

[0053] In this document, unless otherwise specified, "cycloalkyl" and "non-aromatic cycloalkyl" have the same meaning, referring to a monovalent residue formed by the loss of a hydrogen atom from a non-aromatic hydrocarbon (saturated or unsaturated) containing a ring carbon atom; that is, a monovalent linking site directly formed on the ring. Cycloalkyl derived from non-aromatic saturated hydrocarbons can be designated as saturated cycloalkyl, and cycloalkyl derived from non-aromatic unsaturated hydrocarbons can be designated as unsaturated cycloalkyl. Cycloalkyl can be monocycloalkyl, spirocycloalkyl, or bridged cycloalkyl. Phrases containing this term include, for example, "C3~C9 cycloalkyl" or "C..." 3-9 "Cycloalkyl" refers to a cycloalkyl group containing 3 to 9 carbon atoms, and each occurrence can be independently C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, or C9 cycloalkyl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl (…). ), cyclobutyl ( ), cyclopentyl ( ), Cyclohexyl ( ) and cycloheptyl. Additionally, "cycloalkyl" may also contain one or more double bonds; representative examples of cycloalkyl groups containing double bonds include cyclopentenyl (including but not limited to) ), cyclohexenyl (including but not limited to) , , ), cyclohexadiene (including but not limited to) , ) group, cyclopentadienyl (including but not limited to) ) and cyclobutadiene (including but not limited to) ).

[0054] In this document, unless otherwise specified, "heterocyclic alkyl" refers to a cycloalkyl group in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a non-carbon atom, which can be an N atom, O atom, S atom, etc., and can be a saturated ring or a partially unsaturated ring. Phrases containing this term, such as "C4-C9 heterocyclic group," refer to heterocyclic groups containing 4 to 9 carbon atoms, and each occurrence can be independently C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, or C9 heteroalkyl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: dihydropyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl (piperidinyl), tetrahydrothiophenyl, sulfur-oxidized tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and dihydroindolyl.

[0055] In this article, unless otherwise specified, "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group derived from an aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon compound by losing one hydrogen atom; that is, it forms a monovalent linking site directly on the ring. It can be a monocyclic aryl, a fused-ring aryl, or a polycyclic aryl. For polycyclic rings, at least one is an aromatic ring system. For example, "C6~C..." 10 "Aryl" refers to an aryl group containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Each time it appears, it can be independently C6 aryl, C8 aryl, C9 aryl, or C6 aryl. 10 Aryl. For example, "C6~C 20 "Aryl" refers to an aryl group containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms. Each time it appears, it can independently be, but is not limited to, C6 aryl aryl (e.g., phenyl), C6 aryl aryl (e.g., benzocyclobutenyl), C8 aryl (e.g., phenylpropylcyclobutenyl), C9 aryl (e.g., indene), C6 aryl aryl, C8 aryl aryl (e.g., phenylpropylcyclobutenyl), C9 aryl (e.g., indene), C9 aryl aryl, ... 10 Aryl (such as naphthyl), C 12 Aryl (such as acenaphthene, biphenyl), C 13 Aryl (such as fluorene), C 14 Aryl (such as anthracene, phenanthrene), C 18 Aryl (such as phenylene) or C 20 Aryl groups (such as dinaphthalene-based phenylene). Examples of suitable aromatic cyclic hydrocarbons include, but are not limited to: benzene, phenylcyclobutene, biphenyl, indene, naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, dinaphthalene-based phenylene and their derivatives.

[0056] In this text, unless otherwise specified, "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic heterocyclic group. It can be a monovalent group formed by replacing at least one carbon atom with a non-carbon atom on an aryl base, or a monovalent group formed by replacing at least one carbon atom with a non-carbon atom on a cyclopentadienyl base. The non-carbon atom can be, but is not limited to, nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), etc. For example, "C1~C..." 10 "Heteroaryl" refers to a heteroaryl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Each occurrence can be independently of a C1 heteroaryl (e.g., tetrazolyl), C2 heteroaryl (e.g., triazolyl, oxadiazolyl), C3 heteroaryl (e.g., imidazolyl), C4 heteroaryl (e.g., furanyl), C5 heteroaryl (e.g., pyridinyl), C6 heteroaryl, C7 heteroaryl (e.g., benzimidazole), C8 heteroaryl (e.g., indoleyl), C9 heteroaryl (e.g., quinolinyl), or C... 10 Heteroaryl groups (such as pyrrolodipyridyl). Also, for example, "C3~C..." 20 "Heteroaryl" refers to a heteroaryl group containing 3 to 20 carbon atoms. Each occurrence can be independently of, but is not limited to, C2-, C3-, C4-, C5-, C6-, C8-, C9-, and C2-. 10 heteroaryl, C 12 heteroaryl, C 13 heteroaryl, C 14 heteroaryl, C 18 heteroaryl or C 20 Heteroaryl groups. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, heteroaryl groups derived from the following heteroaryl rings (carbon numbers indicated in parentheses): furan (C4), benzofuran (C8), thiophene (C4), benzothiophene (C8), pyrrole (C4), pyrazole (C3), triazole (C2), imidazole (C3), oxazole (C3), oxadiazole (C2), thiazole (C3), tetrazolium (C1), indole (C8), carbazole (C1), and so on. 12 ), pyrrolopyrazole (C5), pyrrolopyrazole (C6), thienopyrazole (C6), thienothiophene (C6), furanopyrazole (C6), furanofuran (C6), thienofuran (C6), thienopyridine (C7), furanopyridine (C7), benzoxazole (C7), benzoisoxazole (C7), benzothiazole (C7), benzoisothiazole (C7), benzoimidazolium (C7), pyridine (C5), pyrazine (C4), pyridazine (C4), pyrimidine (C4), triazine (C3), quinoline (C9), isoquinoline (C9), diazonaphthalene (C8, such as o-diazonaphthalene), quinoxaline (C8), phenanthridine (C5), pyrazine (C6), pyrazine (C7), pyrazine (C8), phenanthridine ... 13 ), Pridine (C 11 ), quinazoline (C8) and quinazoline ketone (C8).

[0057] Unless otherwise specified, "alkylene" refers to a hydrocarbon group with two monovalent centers, derived from an alkane by removing two hydrogen atoms (or derived from an alkyl group by removing one more hydrogen atom), and can be a saturated branched alkyl or a saturated straight-chain alkyl. For example, "C1-C9 alkylene" means that the alkyl part contains 1 to 9 carbon atoms, and each time it appears, it can be independently C1 alkylene, C2 alkylene, C3 alkylene, C4 alkylene, C5 alkylene, C6 alkylene, C7 alkylene, C8 alkylene, or C9 alkylene. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methylene (-CH2-), 1,1-ethyl (-CH(CH3)-), 1,2-ethyl (-CH2CH2-), 1,1-propyl (-CH(CH2CH3)-), 1,2-propyl (-CH2CH(CH3)-), 1,3-propyl (-CH2CH2CH2-), and 1,4-butyl (-CH2CH2CH2CH2-).

[0058] Unless otherwise specified, "halogen" or "halogen group" in this article refers to F, Cl, Br or I.

[0059] Unless otherwise specified, "amino" in this article can refer to primary amino (-NH2), secondary amino (>NH), tertiary amino (>N-), or quaternary amino (>N-). + <).

[0060] In this document, unless otherwise specified, hydroxyl groups are represented by -OH, carboxyl groups by -COOH, cyano groups by -CN, hydrazine groups by -NHNH2, sulfinic acid groups by -S(=O)OH, hypophosphite groups by (*-)2P(=O)OH, sulfonic acid groups by -S(=O)2OH, phosphate groups by (*-)P(=O)(OH)2, and borate groups by (*-)B(OH)2. Specifically, the * in hypophosphite groups indicates attachment to a carbon atom or H, with at least one attached to a carbon atom; the * in phosphite groups indicates attachment to a carbon atom; and the * in borate groups indicates attachment to a carbon atom.

[0061] Currently, with the rapid development of perovskite solar cell technology, higher requirements are being placed on the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of traditional perovskite solar cells remains below the theoretical Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit, one of the main reasons being the nonradiative recombination losses in the perovskite layer. Unlike robust perovskite oxides, the fragile Coulomb interactions and weak ionic bonds of organic-inorganic halide perovskites lead to more fragile atomic recombination and deviations on the perovskite layer surface. Lattice interference and periodic atomic perturbations on its surface alter electronic behavior and band structure, generating a considerable number of nonradiative recombination centers, thus significantly affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. Based on this, this application provides a perovskite solar cell with high photoelectric conversion efficiency and good stability.

[0062] Please see Figure 1 The first embodiment of this application provides a perovskite solar cell 100, which includes a first electrode 101, a perovskite layer 103, a passivation layer 104, and a second electrode 106. The perovskite layer 103 is disposed between the first electrode 101 and the second electrode 106, and the passivation layer 104 is disposed between the perovskite layer 103 and the second electrode 106. The passivation layer 104 includes a passivating agent, which includes cations and anions, and the cations include thionium ion groups [R3S]. + At least one R in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group.

[0063] The perovskite solar cell 100 described above has a passivation layer 104 stacked on the surface of the perovskite layer 103. The passivating agent in the passivation layer 104 includes cations and anions, wherein the cations include thionium ion groups [R3S]. + At least one R in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group; the thionium head group in the thionium ion group of the passivating agent can fill the defects in the perovskite material, passivate the A sites of the perovskite material, and reduce the non-radiative recombination centers of the perovskite layer 103; the carbonyl oxygen atom containing the carbonyl group has a lone pair of electrons, which can fill the defects in the perovskite material and interact with the Pb in the perovskite material. 2+ Isocoordination and passivation of the B-sites in perovskite materials can also reduce the number of non-radiative recombination centers in perovskite layer 103. This is achieved through the thionium ion group [R3S] in the passivating agent. + The synergistic effect of the sulfonium head group and carbonyl group in the perovskite layer 103 can effectively passivate the perovskite layer 103, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0064] It should be noted that the perovskite material in the perovskite solar cell 100 typically includes metal halides with the general formula ABX3 or A2CDX6. Here, A represents a monovalent inorganic cation, organic cation, or mixed organic-inorganic cation; B represents a divalent inorganic cation, organic cation, or mixed organic-inorganic cation; C represents a monovalent inorganic cation, organic cation, or mixed organic-inorganic cation; D represents a trivalent inorganic cation, organic cation, or mixed organic-inorganic cation; and X represents a monovalent inorganic anion, organic anion, or mixed organic-inorganic anion.

[0065] Passivating the A-site of perovskite materials involves passivating the A-site cation in either ABX3 or A2CDX6 type perovskite materials. Passivating the B-site of perovskite materials involves passivating the B-site cation in either ABX3 or A2CDX6 type perovskite materials. In A2CDX6 type perovskite materials, the C and D-site cations are generally located at the B-site positions found in ABX3 type perovskite materials. Therefore, the lone pair electrons on the carbonyl oxygen atom containing the carbonyl group can also passivate the C and D-site cations in A2CDX6 type perovskite materials.

[0066] Understandably, the cations and anions in the passivating agent can be bound together by forces such as electrostatic interactions, thus forming a relatively stable ion pair relationship.

[0067] In some embodiments, the carbonyl group includes one or more of the following: carboxyl (-COOH), ester (-COOR), ketone carbonyl (-CO-), α-amino-substituted carboxyl (-C(NH2)COOH), or α-hydroxy-substituted carboxyl (-C(OH)COOH). All of the above groups contain a carbonyl group, and the lone pair of electrons on the carbonyl oxygen atom can fill the defects in the perovskite material and interact with the Pb in the perovskite material. 2+ Isocoordination passivates the B sites of the perovskite material, thereby reducing the nonradiative recombination centers and interface defects of the perovskite layer 103 and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0068] In some embodiments, each R in the thion group, except for the carbonyl group, is independently hydrogen or a C1-C6 alkyl group. The alkyl group may be methyl. Methyl groups have a smaller volume, allowing them to better penetrate the A-site of the perovskite material. Methyl-substituted thionions can better passivate A-site defects in the perovskite material, thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0069] Furthermore, in the thionium ion group, all Rs except those containing carbonyl groups are methyl groups. In some specific examples, one R in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group, while the other two Rs are methyl groups. This allows for better passivation of the A-sites in the perovskite material, which is more conducive to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0070] In some embodiments, the cation further includes an intermediate linking group, through which the S (sulfur) atom in the thionium ion group and the carbonyl-containing group are linked. The intermediate linking group includes an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. By providing the aforementioned intermediate linking group, the passivator can generate a field effect at the upper interface of the perovskite layer 103, thereby further promoting carrier transport and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 100; moreover, the intermediate linking group can enhance the hydrophobicity of the passivator, blocking the influence of air and moisture on the perovskite layer 103, thereby further improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0071] In some embodiments, the cation includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0072] , , , .

[0073] In the aforementioned cations, both hydrogen atoms on the sulfur atom in the thionium ion group are replaced by methyl groups, which can effectively enter the A-site of the perovskite material to passivate the A-site defects. The cations also contain carbonyl groups such as carboxyl groups (-COOH), ester groups (-COOR), α-hydroxy-substituted carboxyl groups (-C(OH)COOH), and α-amino-substituted carboxyl groups (-C(NH2)COOH), which can effectively passivate the B-site defects of the perovskite material. Furthermore, the cations contain intermediate linking groups (methyl or ethyl), which are beneficial for generating a field effect at the upper interface of the perovskite layer 103. Passivating agents containing these cations are more conducive to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0074] In some embodiments, the anion includes one or more of chloride ions, bromide ions, iodide ions, or anion Y. Anion Y includes one or more of fluorine, sulfur-oxygen double bonds, phosphorus-oxygen double bonds, or chloride-oxygen double bonds. When chloride ions, bromide ions, or iodide ions are used as anions in the passivating agent, they can fill defects caused by iodine vacancies in the perovskite, achieving a passivation effect. When one or more of fluorine, sulfur-oxygen double bonds, phosphorus-oxygen double bonds, or chloride-oxygen double bonds are used as anions, fluorine can passivate the defect sites of the perovskite material, reducing surface and internal defects, improving the carrier transport efficiency of the perovskite material, and reducing the reactivity of the perovskite material with the external environment (such as moisture, oxygen, etc.), thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100. Sulfur-oxygen double bonds, phosphorus-oxygen double bonds, or chloride-oxygen double bonds in the anion further passivate the B-site defects of the perovskite material, similarly contributing to further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0075] Therefore, combining the above-mentioned anions and cations to form a passivating agent is more conducive to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0076] In some embodiments, the anion Y includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0077] , , , , , , , , , , .

[0078] The anions in the above-described structural formula contain one or more of the following: fluorine atoms, sulfur-oxygen double bonds, phosphorus-oxygen double bonds, or chlorine-oxygen double bonds, which can effectively improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0079] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer 104 is 0.1 nm to 3 nm. Controlling the thickness of the passivation layer 104 within the above range is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100. Non-limitingly, the thickness of the passivation layer 104 can be 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.8 nm, 1.0 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.5 nm, 1.8 nm, 2.0 nm, 2.2 nm, 2.5 nm, 2.8 nm, 3 nm, or any value within the range formed by any two of the above values.

[0080] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 100 further includes an electron transport layer 105 disposed between the passivation layer 104 and the second electrode 106.

[0081] In traditional perovskite solar cells, interface defects exist between the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer. These defects affect the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell. In the perovskite solar cell 100 described above, a passivation layer 104 is disposed between the perovskite layer 103 and the electron transport layer 105 as an upper passivation layer. This effectively passivates the interface defects between the perovskite layer 103 and the electron transport layer 105, reducing the interface defect state density and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0082] Furthermore, the material of the electron transport layer 105 includes one or more of the following: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobisfluorene, polythiophene, silicon dioxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride, cuprous thiocyanate, or a first metal oxide; wherein the metal element in the first metal oxide includes one or more of the following: Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, or Cr.

[0083] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 100 further includes a hole transport layer 102 disposed between the first electrode 101 and the perovskite layer 103.

[0084] Furthermore, the material of the hole transport layer 102 includes one or more of the following: 2,2',7,7'-tetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirodifluorene, polythiophene, phosphate monomer, carbazole monomer, sulfonic acid monomer, triphenylamine monomer, aromatic monomer, cuprous iodide, cuprous thiocyanate, or a second metal oxide; wherein the metal element in the second metal oxide includes one or more of Ni, Mo, or Cu.

[0085] In some embodiments, the perovskite material in the perovskite solar cell 100 includes metal halides with the general formula ABX3 or A2CDX6. Wherein, A represents a monovalent inorganic cation, organic cation, or mixed organic-inorganic cation; B represents a divalent inorganic cation, organic cation, or mixed organic-inorganic cation; C represents a monovalent inorganic cation, organic cation, or mixed organic-inorganic cation; D represents a trivalent inorganic cation, organic cation, or mixed organic-inorganic cation; and X represents a monovalent inorganic anion, organic anion, or mixed organic-inorganic anion.

[0086] When A represents a monovalent inorganic cation, optionally, A includes Li. + Na + K + 、Rb + and Cs + One or more of the following; when A represents an organic cation, optionally, A includes at least one of methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentamino, hexamino, formamidinyl, and imidazolyl; more preferably, A includes an organic amine ion and Cs + One or more of the following. B includes divalent cations, and optionally, B includes divalent cations of one or more of the following elements: lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and europium. When C represents a monovalent inorganic cation, optionally, C includes Cs. + Ag + K + and Ru + One or more of the following. When D represents a trivalent metal cation, D may optionally include Bi. 3+ Ni 3+ Fe 3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ , and Cu 3+ One or more of them, more preferably, D includes In 3+ Bi 3+ Sb 3+ One or more of the following. When X represents an inorganic anion, optionally, X includes F. - Cl - ,Br - and I - One or more of them, more preferably, X includes Cl - ,Br - and I - One or more of them.

[0087] In some embodiments, the first electrode 101 is a transparent electrode, comprising a transparent substrate and an electrode material disposed on the transparent substrate. The transparent substrate may be a rigid substrate layer or a flexible substrate layer; further, the rigid substrate layer is transparent glass; the flexible substrate layer material includes an organic polymer material; even further, the flexible substrate layer material may be a mixture of one or more of the following materials in different proportions: including but not limited to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0088] The electrode material disposed on the transparent substrate includes one or more of organic conductive materials, inorganic conductive materials, or organic-inorganic mixed conductive materials; optionally, it includes one or more of transparent conductive metal oxides, carbon, metals and their alloys; more preferably, it includes at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), lanthanide-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), zinc aluminum oxide (AZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc gallium oxide (GZO), indium tungsten oxide (IWO), Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr, Bi, Pt, Mg, Mo, W and their alloys, graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes; optionally, it includes at least one of Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, or IZO; further optionally, it includes at least one of Cu, Ag, and Au.

[0089] In some embodiments, the second electrode 106 comprises a transparent conductive oxide, a metal, or the like. The transparent conductive oxide includes one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), lanthanide-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), zinc aluminum oxide (AZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc gallium oxide (GZO), and indium tungsten oxide (IWO). The metal includes one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr, Bi, Pt, and Mg.

[0090] The second embodiment of this application provides a method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell 100, which includes the following steps:

[0091] Provide a first electrode 101;

[0092] A perovskite layer 103 is formed on the first electrode;

[0093] A passivation layer 104 is formed on the surface of the perovskite layer 103 opposite to the first electrode 101. The passivation layer 104 includes a passivating agent, which includes a cation and anion, and the cation includes a thionium group [R3S]. +At least one R in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group;

[0094] A second electrode 106 is formed on the surface of the passivation layer 104 opposite to the perovskite layer 103.

[0095] The above-described method for preparing the perovskite solar cell 100 involves providing a passivation layer 104 between the perovskite layer 103 and the second electrode 106. The passivation layer 104 includes a passivating agent specific to this application. Through the synergistic effect of the thioonium head group and the carbonyl group in the thioonium ion group of the passivating agent, the defects at the A-site and B-site of the perovskite layer 103 can be effectively passivated, thereby enabling the prepared perovskite solar cell 100 to have high photoelectric conversion efficiency and good stability.

[0096] In some embodiments, after forming the passivation layer 104 and before forming the second electrode 106, the fabrication method further includes forming an electron transport layer 105 on the surface of the passivation layer 104 facing away from the perovskite layer 103. This allows the passivation layer 104 to be located between the perovskite layer 103 and the electron transport layer 105, effectively passivating interface defects between the perovskite layer 103 and the electron transport layer 105, reducing the defect state density, and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0097] In some embodiments, before forming the perovskite layer 103, the fabrication method further includes the step of forming a hole transport layer 102 on the first electrode 101. Thus, a perovskite solar cell 100 is formed by sequentially stacking the first electrode 101, the hole transport layer 102, the perovskite layer 103, the passivation layer 104, the electron transport layer 105, and the second electrode 106. The hole transport layer 102 positioned between the first electrode 101 and the perovskite layer 103 facilitates the extraction and transport of hole carriers, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 100.

[0098] A third embodiment of this application provides a photovoltaic module, which includes one or more of the perovskite solar cells 100 prepared by the method of the first embodiment of this application or the method of the second embodiment of this application. The above-described photovoltaic module has high photoelectric conversion efficiency and good stability.

[0099] The photovoltaic module mentioned above includes one or more perovskite solar cells 100, which can be selected according to specific application scenarios; further, the photovoltaic module mentioned above includes multiple perovskite solar cells 100, which are connected in series or in parallel to form a cell.

[0100] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module further includes a photovoltaic glass layer, an adhesive layer, and a backsheet.

[0101] The perovskite solar cell has an adhesive layer on each of its two surfaces. A backsheet is provided on the surface of one adhesive layer away from the cell, and a photovoltaic glass layer is provided on the surface of the other adhesive layer away from the cell.

[0102] The photovoltaic glass layer and backsheet are used to protect the perovskite solar cell 100, and they have the functions of sealing, insulation and waterproofing; the adhesive layer serves to bond the photovoltaic glass layer to the cell and the backsheet to the cell.

[0103] Optionally, the photovoltaic glass layer is made of tempered glass, the backsheet is made of TPT (polyvinyl fluoride) or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), and the adhesive layer is made of EVA (polyethylene-polyvinyl acetate copolymer).

[0104] Furthermore, the aforementioned photovoltaic modules also include junction boxes and outer frames.

[0105] Junction boxes are used to protect the entire photovoltaic module's power generation system. They are essentially a current transfer station. When a cell short-circuits, the junction box will automatically disconnect the short-circuited cell string.

[0106] The outer frame serves to support and protect the entire photovoltaic module. The frame can be made of aluminum alloy, which has excellent strength and corrosion resistance.

[0107] Furthermore, silicone is used to bond and seal the connections between the frame and other parts of the photovoltaic module. The photovoltaic module can convert solar energy into electrical energy, which can then be stored in batteries or used to power loads.

[0108] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module is a solar panel.

[0109] The fourth embodiment of this application provides a power generation device including the photovoltaic module described above.

[0110] The power generation device utilizes the perovskite solar cells 100 in the aforementioned photovoltaic modules to directly convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy, exhibiting high efficiency and good stability; furthermore, the aforementioned power generation device is a photovoltaic power generation system.

[0111] Photovoltaic modules are the core component of photovoltaic power generation devices. The aforementioned power generation devices include one or more photovoltaic modules, which can be selected according to specific application scenarios. Furthermore, when the aforementioned power generation devices include multiple photovoltaic modules, the multiple photovoltaic modules form a photovoltaic array.

[0112] The aforementioned power generation device can be an independent photovoltaic power generation device or a grid-connected photovoltaic power generation device.

[0113] A stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) power generation system includes a PV array, battery bank, charge controller, power electronic converter (inverter), and load. Its working principle is as follows: solar radiation energy is first converted into electrical energy by the PV array, then converted by the power electronic converter to supply power to the load. Simultaneously, excess electrical energy is stored as chemical energy in an energy storage device after passing through the charge controller. Thus, when sunlight is insufficient, the energy stored in the battery can be converted into 220V AC, 50Hz electrical energy through the power electronic inverter, filter, and power frequency transformer to supply AC loads.

[0114] Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems consist of a photovoltaic array, a high-frequency DC / DC boost circuit, a power electronic converter (inverter), and system monitoring. Its working principle is that solar radiation energy is converted by the photovoltaic array, then converted into high-voltage DC by a high-frequency DC converter, and finally inverted by the power electronic inverter to output a sinusoidal alternating current to the grid, with the voltage frequency matching that of the grid.

[0115] The two types of photovoltaic power generation devices mentioned above each have their own characteristics, and the choice can be made according to the specific application scenario.

[0116] The fifth embodiment of this application provides an electrical device including the photovoltaic module described above.

[0117] In some embodiments, the power-consuming device is a common device including the perovskite solar cell 100 of this application, such as those in the fields of communications, transportation, industry and agriculture, and lighting. Examples of power-consuming devices include satellites, communication equipment, traffic lights, lighthouses, wireless telephone booths, monitoring equipment in the oil drilling field, power systems, camping lights, electric vehicles, electronic device chargers, building facades, etc.

[0118] The following describes embodiments of this application. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments used, unless otherwise specified, are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially.

[0119] Example 1:

[0120] (1) Preparation of the first electrode

[0121] Take a set of FTO conductive glass substrates with a size of 1.5cm×1.5cm, protect 2 / 3 of them with M3 waterproof tape, etch away 1 / 3 of the FTO with Zn powder and 1 mol / L hydrochloric acid; clean the etched FTO conductive glass substrates several times with acetone and isopropanol in sequence, and finally immerse them in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning for 10 min.

[0122] (2) Preparation of hole transport layer

[0123] After drying the FTO conductive glass substrate in a forced-air drying oven, NiO was spin-coated at 5000 rpm in a glove box (N2 atmosphere). x A precursor solution of nanoparticles (10 mg / mL, water as solvent) was heated on a hot stage at 100 °C for 15 min to obtain a hole transport layer with a thickness of 20 nm.

[0124] (3) Preparation of perovskite layer

[0125] Weigh out 1.7 mmol lead iodide, 1.52 mmol formamidinium iodide, and 0.08 mmol cesium iodide and dissolve them in 1 mL of a 4:1 mixture of DMF (dimethylformamide) and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide). Stir for 2 h and filter through a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a perovskite precursor solution. Spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution onto the hole transport layer prepared in step (2) at 5000 rpm for 30 s. Add 150 μL of anisole to the center of the substrate in the last 5 s. Anneal at 110 ℃ for 30 min and cool to room temperature to obtain a perovskite layer with a thickness of 500 nm.

[0126] (4) Preparation of passivation layer

[0127] The passivating agent was added to isopropanol solvent to form a passivating agent solution with a concentration of 0.25 mg / mL. The cation of the passivating agent is the ion shown in Formula 1: The anion is bromide ion.

[0128] The above passivating agent solution was spin-coated onto the perovskite layer at 3000 rpm, and then annealed at 100 °C for 10 min to obtain a passivation layer with a thickness of 1 nm.

[0129] (5) Fabrication of electron transport layer and second electrode

[0130] The substrate with the passivation layer prepared is fixed on a fixture and placed in a vacuum thermal evaporation equipment to sequentially deposit a 30 nm thick C60 and a 7 nm thick copper bath ion BCP as electron transport layers. Then, a 60 nm thick Cu is deposited as the second electrode. The evaporation rate is 0.1 A / s to obtain a perovskite solar cell.

[0131] Example 2:

[0132] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the cation of the passivating agent in step (4) is the ion shown in Formula 2: .

[0133] Example 3:

[0134] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the cation of the passivating agent in step (4) is the ion shown in Formula 3: .

[0135] Example 4:

[0136] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the cation of the passivating agent in step (4) is the ion shown in Formula 4: .

[0137] Example 5:

[0138] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the cation of the passivating agent in step (4) is the ion shown in Formula 16: .

[0139] Example 6:

[0140] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the anion of the passivating agent in step (4) is the ion shown in Formula 5: .

[0141] Example 7:

[0142] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the anion of the passivating agent in step (4) is the ion shown in Formula 9: .

[0143] Example 8:

[0144] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the anion of the passivating agent in step (4) is the ion shown in Formula 12: .

[0145] Example 9:

[0146] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: in step (4), the cation of the passivating agent is the ion shown in Formula 1. The ions shown in Formula 2 According to the combination of 1:1 molar ratio.

[0147] Example 10:

[0148] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the anion of the passivating agent in step (4) is the ion shown in Formula 7. The ions shown in Formula 13 According to the combination of 1:1 molar ratio.

[0149] Example 11:

[0150] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the thickness of the passivation layer in step (4) is 0.1 nm.

[0151] Example 12:

[0152] This embodiment is basically the same as that of embodiment 1, except that the thickness of the passivation layer in step (4) is 3 nm.

[0153] Comparative Example 1:

[0154] This comparative example is basically the same as Example 1, except that: no passivation layer is set, that is, step (4) is not performed.

[0155] Comparative Example 2:

[0156] This comparative example is basically the same as Example 1, except that the cation of the passivating agent in step (4) is the ion shown in Formula 17: .

[0157] Test method:

[0158] (1) Photovoltaic conversion efficiency test of perovskite solar cells

[0159] Using a solar simulator under standard test conditions (total irradiance 100 mW / cm²) 2 The photoelectric conversion efficiency of a perovskite solar cell was tested at a cell temperature of 25°C and a spectral distribution of AM1.5G. Readings were recorded using a Keithley 2400 series digital multimeter. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell was calculated as follows:

[0160] PCE = P OUT / P OPT

[0161] =V OC ×J SC ×(V MPP ×J MPP ) / (V OC ×J SC ) / P OPT

[0162] =V OC ×J SC ×FF / P OPT

[0163] Among them, P OUT P OPT V MPP (V), J MPP (mA / cm 2 V OC (V), J SC (mA / cm 2) and FF represent the operating output power, incident light power, maximum power point voltage, maximum power point current, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and fill factor of a perovskite solar cell, respectively. OUT P OPT V MPP (V), J MPP (mA / cm 2 V OC (V) and J SC (mA / cm 2 (Obtained using a digital multimeter.)

[0164] (2) Stability test of perovskite solar cells

[0165] Perovskite solar cells were stored in an air environment at 25°C and 30% RH, and their JV curves were tested at regular intervals. The process continued until the efficiency of the perovskite solar cell decayed to 80% of its initial efficiency. The time required for the efficiency to decay to 80% of the initial efficiency (T80) characterizes the stability of the perovskite solar cell. A higher T80 value indicates better stability.

[0166] The parameters and performance test data of the perovskite solar cells in the above embodiments and comparative examples are shown in Table 1:

[0167] Table 1

[0168]

[0169] As shown in Table 1, the perovskite solar cells of the above embodiments of this application have high photoelectric conversion efficiency and good stability. Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 1 does not have a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite layer, and its photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability are significantly reduced. Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 2 does not have carbonyl groups in the cations of the passivating agent, and its photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability are also not as good as those of Example 1.

[0170] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0171] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of several implementations of the present invention, and while the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention patent. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of the present invention, and these all fall within the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of this invention patent should be determined by the appended claims, and the specification and drawings can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, characterized in that, The device includes a first electrode, a perovskite layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode. The perovskite layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the passivation layer is disposed between the perovskite layer and the second electrode. The passivation layer includes a passivating agent, which includes a cation and anion, and the cation includes a thionium group [R3S]. + At least one R in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The carbonyl group includes one or more of the following: carboxyl, ester, ketone carbonyl, α-amino-substituted carboxyl, or α-hydroxy-substituted carboxyl.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, In the thionium ion group, each R, except for the carbonyl group, is independently hydrogen or a C1-C6 alkyl group.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 3, characterized in that, In the thionium ion group, R is methyl except for the carbonyl group.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 4, characterized in that, One of the R groups in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group, and the remaining R groups are all methyl groups.

6. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The cation further includes an intermediate linking group, wherein the S atom in the thionium ion group and the carbonyl-containing group are linked through the intermediate linking group.

7. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 6, characterized in that, The intermediate linking group includes an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The cation includes one or more of the following structural formulas: 、 、 、 。 9. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, The anion includes one or more of chloride ions, bromide ions, iodide ions, or anion Y, wherein the anion Y includes one or more of fluorine, sulfur-oxygen double bonds, phosphorus-oxygen double bonds, or chloride-oxygen double bonds.

10. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 9, characterized in that, The anion Y includes one or more of the following structural formulas: 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 。 11. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that, The thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm to 3 nm.

12. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that, The perovskite solar cell further includes an electron transport layer disposed between the passivation layer and the second electrode.

13. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 12, characterized in that, The electron transport layer material includes one or more of the following: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly-3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobisfluorene, polythiophene, silicon dioxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride, cuprous thiocyanate, or a first metal oxide; wherein the metal element in the first metal oxide includes one or more of the following: Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, or Cr.

14. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that, The perovskite solar cell further includes a hole transport layer disposed between the first electrode and the perovskite layer.

15. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 14, characterized in that, The hole transport layer material includes one or more of the following: 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirodifluorene, polythiophene, phosphate monomer, carbazole monomer, sulfonic acid monomer, triphenylamine monomer, aromatic monomer, cuprous iodide, cuprous thiocyanate, or a second metal oxide; wherein the metal element in the second metal oxide includes one or more of Ni, Mo, or Cu.

16. A method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: A perovskite layer is formed on the first electrode; A passivation layer is formed on the surface of the perovskite layer opposite to the first electrode. The passivation layer includes a passivating agent comprising a cation and anion, wherein the cation includes a thionium group [R3S]. + At least one R in the thionium ion group contains a carbonyl group; A second electrode is formed on the surface of the passivation layer opposite to the perovskite layer.

17. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 16, characterized in that, The passivating agent is the passivating agent in the perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 2 to 15.

18. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 16 or 17, characterized in that, After the passivation layer is formed and before the second electrode is formed, the fabrication method further includes the step of forming an electron transport layer on the surface of the passivation layer opposite to the perovskite layer.

19. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 16 to 18, characterized in that, Prior to forming the perovskite layer, the preparation method further includes the step of forming a hole transport layer on the first electrode.

20. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that, The invention includes one or more of the perovskite solar cells prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 15 or any one of claims 16 to 19.

21. A power generation device, characterized in that, Includes the photovoltaic module as described in claim 20.

22. An electrical appliance, characterized in that, Includes the photovoltaic module as described in claim 20.

Images