A planting method for overcoming the obstacle of continuous cropping of morels

Abstract

The present application relates to the Morchella planting technical field, and provides a kind of planting method for overcoming Morchella continuous cropping obstacles, through the precise clearing of garden and detoxification of continuous cropping plot, compound biological modifier soil activation, biological preparation sterilization and disinfection, adaptive matrix soil cultivation, the matching procedure of ecological recuperation and repair after harvesting, effectively degrade soil self-poisoning allelochemicals, kill soil-borne harmful bacteria, optimize soil aggregate structure and micro-ecological environment, balance soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and trace element ratio, break through Morchella continuous cropping obstacles from the root.The planting method can realize continuous Morchella planting in the same plot for many years, significantly improve mycelium survival rate, mushroom uniformity and unit yield, and greatly reduce the incidence of continuous cropping diseases.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of morel mushroom cultivation technology, and in particular to a cultivation method that overcomes the obstacle of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms. Background Technology

[0002] Morel mushrooms are a rare edible and medicinal fungus, prized for their thick, fleshy texture, rich nutritional value, and high economic worth. In recent years, large-scale artificial cultivation techniques have matured, making it a leading specialty crop in rural areas. Currently, morel mushroom cultivation primarily employs a fixed-plot, greenhouse-based, year-after-year planting model. However, after two or more consecutive years of cultivation, severe continuous cropping obstacles easily arise, becoming a core bottleneck restricting stable production and increased income in the morel mushroom industry.

[0003] The main obstacles to continuous cropping of morel mushrooms are as follows: First, soil microecological imbalance, with soil-borne harmful pathogens such as Fusarium and Pythium increasing year by year, while the number of beneficial bacteria decreases sharply, leading to a significant increase in the incidence of diseases such as root rot, contamination by miscellaneous fungi, and mushroom rot. Second, deterioration of soil physical and chemical properties, with long-term cultivation resulting in soil compaction, decreased aeration, and pH imbalance, leading to acidification or salinization, and severe damage to soil aggregate structure. Third, nutrient imbalance, with a continuous deficiency of specific micronutrients required for morel growth in the soil, and an imbalance in the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio, which cannot meet the growth needs of mycelium and fruiting bodies. Fourth, accumulation of autotoxic substances, with allelopathic autotoxic substances produced by morel mycelium metabolism remaining in the soil, inhibiting the germination and growth of new mycelium, leading to decreased mycelial vitality and difficulty in rooting. Ultimately, this results in sparse fruiting of morel mushrooms in continuously cropped plots, deformed mushrooms, and a yield decrease of more than 30% year by year, with severe cases of total crop failure, greatly reducing the economic benefits of cultivation.

[0004] Existing technologies for addressing the continuous cropping obstacle of morel mushrooms mainly employ methods such as crop rotation and fallow, soil chemical fumigation, and soil replacement. Crop rotation and fallow require 1-2 years of land idleness, resulting in low land utilization and failing to meet the needs of large-scale continuous production. Chemical fumigation often uses agents such as dazomet and formaldehyde, which can easily lead to pesticide residues in the soil, damage beneficial soil microbiota, and pose risks to food safety and ecological pollution. Soil replacement is a large-scale and extremely costly project that cannot fundamentally solve the problem of soil micro-ecological imbalance, merely addressing the symptoms rather than the root cause. Currently, there is a lack of a green, efficient, low-cost, continuously cultivateable technology suitable for large-scale production to overcome the continuous cropping obstacle of morel mushrooms. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a planting method that overcomes the obstacles of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms. It can effectively repair the soil of continuous cropping, optimize the micro-ecological environment, inhibit harmful pathogens, degrade autotoxic substances, and realize the continuous planting of morel mushrooms in the same plot for many years, resulting in stable production and increased income, and is green and environmentally friendly.

[0006] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: This invention provides a cultivation method for overcoming the obstacle of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms, comprising the following steps: (1) Remove debris from the surface of the plot, plow and dry it, and apply a soil compound conditioner; (2) After 2-5 days, level the soil and apply a soil disinfectant; (3) After 2-5 days, prepare the land, make ridges and lay the substrate, then sow morel mushrooms and apply the mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex at the same time to cultivate mycelium; (4) Management of fruiting after mycelium matures; (5) After harvesting mature morel mushrooms, plow the soil and apply well-rotted organic fertilizer, cover with plastic film and let it rest until the next crop is planted.

[0007] Preferably, the soil compound conditioner in step (1) is prepared by compounding Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, humic acid, seaweed extract and decomposed straw powder in a mass ratio of (1-3):(0.5-1.5):(30-50):(5-10):(30-40).

[0008] Preferably, the effective viable bacteria count of the soil compound amendment is ≥2×10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / g.

[0009] Preferably, the application rate of the soil compound amendment in step (1) is 80-120 kg / mu.

[0010] Preferably, the soil harmful bacteria disinfectant in step (2) is prepared by compounding matrine, osthol, calcium peroxide and Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate in a mass ratio of (1-2):(0.5-1):(3-5):(50-60).

[0011] Preferably, the effective viable count of the Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate is ≥1×10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / mL.

[0012] Preferably, the application rate of the soil harmful bacteria disinfectant in step (2) is 30-50 kg / mu.

[0013] Preferably, the soil harmful bacteria disinfectant is used after being diluted with water at a ratio of 1:(80-100).

[0014] Preferably, the substrate in step (3) is composed of decomposed sawdust, wheat bran, corn cob powder, and wood ash in a mass ratio of (3-8):(1-3):(1-3):1; and the thickness of the substrate is 3-5 cm.

[0015] As a preferred embodiment, the preparation process of the mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex in step (3) includes: turning the mushroom residue after fermenting it for 20-25 days and adding beneficial bacteria agent, and then continuing the composting fermentation for 7-10 days to obtain the final product; the temperature of the compost center is controlled at 30-35℃ during the continued composting fermentation process.

[0016] Preferably, the beneficial bacteria agent is Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus megaterium, and actinomycetes in a mass ratio of (1-3):(1-2):(1-2):1.

[0017] Preferably, the effective viable count of the beneficial bacteria agent is ≥2×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g.

[0018] Preferably, the mass ratio of the shiitake mushroom residue to the beneficial bacteria agent is 1000:(4-8), and the application rate of the shiitake mushroom residue is 600-800 kg / mu.

[0019] Preferably, in step (3), the soil moisture is maintained at 55-65% and the near-surface air moisture at 70-75% during the cultivation process; the cultivation time is 20-25 days.

[0020] By adopting the above technical solution, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: This invention innovatively adopts a sequential process of "first improving and stabilizing the soil, then disinfecting and sterilizing." The process involves cleaning the orchard to remove pathogen carriers and surface autotoxic substances, while a compound soil conditioner loosens the soil in advance, proliferates beneficial bacteria, and secures ecological niches. After allowing the soil to settle, deep-seated toxins and pathogens are fully exposed. This is then combined with a quaternary compound disinfection system containing calcium peroxide, which integrates plant-derived antibacterial, biological niche-occupancy, oxidation and detoxification, and slow-release oxygenation effects. This precisely kills harmful bacteria and efficiently degrades phenolic acid autotoxic substances, simultaneously addressing four core problems of continuous cropping: soil microbial imbalance, toxin accumulation, nutrient deficiency, and compaction and oxygen deficiency. This completely eliminates the risks of reduced yields and high disease incidence associated with continuous cropping.

[0021] This invention creatively employs a two-layer, simultaneous application strategy of "adapted cultivation substrate + mycelium residue-beneficial bacteria complex." The laid substrate forms a physical isolation buffer layer above the soil and can supplement nutrient sources; the simultaneously applied "mycelium residue-beneficial bacteria complex" rapidly establishes a local dominant microbial community within this buffer layer. This allows the early mycelia of morel mushrooms to complete the process from germination to the formation of a fungal network under a specific micro-ecological protective umbrella, without directly facing the complex continuous cropping soil, significantly improving the mycelial survival rate.

[0022] This invention innovatively incorporates a short-term, mild ecological restoration step after harvest: "plowing + applying organic fertilizer + mulching for rest." This "postpartum care" approach allows the depleted soil micro-ecology to quickly recover in a very short time, preparing it for the next planting. It truly achieves the commercial goal of stable and high yields for 3-5 consecutive years on the same plot of land, eliminating the need for land rotation and fallow, and large-scale soil replacement, thus completely solving the problems of idle land and limited production capacity in traditional planting.

[0023] The technical solution of this invention uses biological agents, natural organic matter improvement and biological disinfection and sterilization throughout the entire process, without using chemical fumigation agents and highly toxic pesticides, resulting in no pesticide residues, protecting the soil ecological environment, and producing morel mushrooms with full bodies, extremely low deformity rate and excellent quality, meeting the green food production standards and suitable for high-end edible fungi production and sales systems. Detailed Implementation

[0024] This invention provides a cultivation method for overcoming the obstacle of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms, comprising the following steps: (1) Remove debris from the surface of the plot, plow and dry it, and apply a soil compound conditioner; (2) After 2-5 days, level the soil and apply a soil disinfectant; (3) After 2-5 days, prepare the land, make ridges and lay the substrate, then sow morel mushrooms and apply the mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex at the same time to cultivate mycelium; (4) Management of fruiting after mycelium matures; (5) After harvesting mature morel mushrooms, plow the soil and apply well-rotted organic fertilizer, cover with plastic film and let it rest until the next crop is planted.

[0025] In this invention, residual mushrooms, waste substrate, weeds, and dead branches and leaves are thoroughly removed from the plot, followed by tilling and drying. The tilling depth is preferably 25-35cm, more preferably 28-32cm, and even more preferably 30cm; the drying time is preferably 5-10 days, more preferably 6-9 days, and even more preferably 8 days.

[0026] In this invention, a soil compound amendment is evenly applied to the sun-dried soil, and then rotary tilled to mix it evenly, so that the soil compound amendment is evenly distributed in the 0-30cm topsoil layer. The preferred application rate of the soil compound amendment in this invention is 80-120 kg / mu, more preferably 90-110 kg / mu, and even more preferably 100 kg / mu.

[0027] In this invention, the soil amendment is prepared by compounding Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, humic acid, seaweed extract, and decomposed straw powder. Bacillus subtilis can pre-establish dominant soil microbial communities, competitively inhibiting core soil-borne harmful bacteria of Morel mushrooms such as Fusarium and Pythium, reducing root rot and mushroom decay from the source, achieving "dual antibacterial" effects when combined with subsequent disinfection agents; it also activates the soil, pre-decomposing allelopathic autotoxic substances secreted by Morel roots, solving the core problems of toxin accumulation and mycelial germination difficulties in continuously cropped soils; and it promotes growth and stress resistance, solving problems of yellowing, shrinking, and weak growth of mycelia in continuously cropped plots. Bacillus mucilaginosus can decompose phosphorus and potassium, eliminate nutrient deficiencies, improve soil aggregate structure, and enhance soil water and fertilizer retention capacity. The seaweed extract contains natural seaweed polysaccharides and growth hormones, which can stimulate Morel mycelial germination, accelerate mycelial network formation, significantly improve mycelial survival rate and fruiting uniformity, and activate the soil microecology. The decomposed straw powder loosens the topsoil, improves aeration and oxygenation; it slowly decomposes and releases organic matter, continuously providing nutrients for multiple cropping operations and preventing short-term nutrient deficiency and yield reduction. The soil compound conditioner of this invention has five components that work synergistically to address the four major pain points of continuous morel cultivation (soil compaction and acidification, accumulation of autotoxic substances, lack of beneficial bacteria, and nutrient imbalance), and is fully compatible with subsequent biological pest control processes without antagonism, enhancing efficiency and quality.

[0028] In this invention, the preferred mass ratio of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, humic acid, seaweed extract, and decomposed straw powder is (1-3):(0.5-1.5):(30-50):(5-10):(30-40), further preferably (1.5-2.5):(0.8-1.2):(35-45):(6-9):(32-38), and even more preferably 2:1:40:8:35.

[0029] In this invention, the seaweed extract is preferably a brown algae extract, purchased from Shaanxi Tianshengyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0030] In this invention, the effective viable bacteria count of the soil compound amendment is ≥2×10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / g, humic acid content ≥30%, organic matter content ≥45%.

[0031] In this invention, after 2-5 days of improvement, the soil is leveled and a soil-harmful bacteria control agent is applied. The soil-harmful bacteria control agent is preferably diluted with water before use and sprayed evenly onto the soil. The preferred dilution ratio is 1:(80-100), more preferably 1:(85-95), and even more preferably 1:90. The preferred application rate of the soil-harmful bacteria control agent is 30-50 kg / mu, more preferably 35-45 kg / mu, and even more preferably 40 kg / mu.

[0032] In this invention, the soil-harmful bacteria control agent is prepared by compounding matrine, osthol, calcium peroxide, and Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate. Osthol specifically inhibits chitin synthesis in harmful fungi (such as Trichoderma and Syzygium), damaging their cell walls and cell membranes. Matrine possesses extremely strong neurotoxic insecticidal and anthelmintic activity and can synergistically interfere with the respiratory and metabolic systems of harmful fungi by interacting with osthol. The metabolites in the Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate can directly dissolve pathogenic mycelia damaged by osthol, and the active substances in the concentrate can effectively degrade the phenolic acid toxins secreted by Morel mushrooms. Calcium peroxide can assist in slow-release oxygenation, preventing localized anaerobic acidification of the soil caused by high concentrations of organic matter.

[0033] In this invention, the preferred mass ratio of matrine, osthol, calcium peroxide, and Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate is (1-2):(0.5-1):(3-5):(50-60), further preferably (1.2-1.8):(0.6-0.9):(3.5-4.5):(52-58), and even more preferably 1.5:0.8:4:55.

[0034] In this invention, the preparation steps of the Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate include: (1) inoculating a single colony of Bacillus subtilis into a liquid seed culture medium, placing it in a constant temperature shaker, and culturing it at 30°C and 180 r / min for 18-22 h to obtain a seed culture; (2) inoculating the prepared seed culture into a sterilized liquid fermentation medium at a volume inoculation rate of 5%, with the fermentation process parameters set as follows: fermentation temperature 28-32°C, stirring speed 200 r / min, and aeration rate 1:0.8vv. m, tank pressure 0.03-0.05MPa, continuous constant temperature and aeration fermentation for 48-56h; (3) the fermentation liquid is filtered through 100 mesh to remove large particles of residue, and plate and frame filtration to remove bacterial aggregates and large molecular proteins, to obtain clear fermentation filtrate; (4) the clear filtrate is sent to a vacuum concentration device, the concentration temperature is controlled at 45-50℃ and the vacuum degree is -0.08~-0.09MPa, and the volume is reduced to 1 / 3-1 / 4 of the original volume at low temperature, to obtain Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate.

[0035] In this invention, the liquid fermentation culture medium comprises, by mass percentage: 1.5% glucose, 2.0% soybean meal powder, 1.0% corn flour, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.05% magnesium sulfate, and the remainder is sterile pure water.

[0036] In this invention, the effective viable count of the Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate is ≥1×10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / mL.

[0037] In this invention, after 2-5 days of treatment to eliminate harmful bacteria in the soil, the land is prepared, raised beds are made, and a substrate is laid. Preferably, quicklime or humic acid is used to adjust the soil pH to 6.5-7.5. The width of the raised beds is preferably 1-1.5m, more preferably 1.2-1.4m, and even more preferably 1.3m; the height of the raised beds is preferably 20-25cm, more preferably 21-24cm, and even more preferably 22cm; the width of the trenches is preferably 28-32cm, more preferably 39-31cm, and even more preferably 30cm. The thickness of the substrate is preferably 3-5cm, more preferably 4cm.

[0038] In this invention, the matrix is ​​composed of decomposed sawdust, wheat bran, corn cob powder and wood ash. The preferred mass ratio of the decomposed sawdust, wheat bran, corn cob powder and wood ash is (3-8):(1-3):(1-3):1, further preferably (4-7):(1.5-2.5):(1.5-2.5):1, and even more preferably 5:2:2:1.

[0039] In this invention, a fungal residue-beneficial bacteria complex is applied simultaneously with the sowing of morel mushrooms. The preferred sowing method is hill sowing, with a sowing depth preferably 3-4 cm, more preferably 3.2-3.8 cm, and even more preferably 3.5 cm; the preferred plant spacing is (12-18) cm × (15-25) cm, more preferably (14-16) cm × (18-22) cm, and even more preferably 15 cm × 20 cm.

[0040] In this invention, the preparation process of the mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex includes: composting shiitake mushroom residue for 20-25 days, turning the pile and adding beneficial bacteria inoculants, and then continuing composting for another 7-10 days to obtain the final product. The beneficial bacteria inoculants of this invention are Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus megaterium, and actinomycetes. The preferred mass ratio of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus megaterium, and actinomycetes is (1-3):(1-2):(1-2):1, further preferably (1.5-2.5):(1.2-1.8):(1.2-1.8):1, and even more preferably 2:1.5:1.5:1.5:1. The effective viable count of the beneficial bacteria inoculants of this invention is ≥2×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g.

[0041] In this invention, the preferred mass ratio of the shiitake mushroom residue to the beneficial bacteria agent is 1000:(4-8), further preferably 1000:(5-7), and even more preferably 1000:6; the preferred application rate of the shiitake mushroom residue is 600-800 kg / mu, further preferably 650-750 kg / mu, and even more preferably 700 kg / mu.

[0042] In this invention, the temperature at the center of the composting site is preferably controlled at 30-35°C during the continued composting fermentation process, more preferably at 31-34°C, and even more preferably at 32-33°C.

[0043] In this invention, after sowing and applying the inoculum residue-beneficial bacteria complex, a thin layer of soil is used to cover the mixture, followed by spraying with moisturizing water. During the cultivation process, the soil moisture content is maintained at 55-65%, and the near-surface air humidity at 70-75%. The preferred cultivation time in this invention is 20-25 days.

[0044] In this invention, after the mycelium matures, the mushroom production management involves a day-night temperature difference of 5-8℃ and an increase in near-surface air humidity to 85-90%.

[0045] In this invention, after harvesting mature morel mushrooms, the soil is tilled and well-rotted organic fertilizer is applied, followed by mulching and resting until the next planting. The tilling is preferably shallow, with a preferred thickness of 15-20 cm, more preferably 16-19 cm, and even more preferably 18 cm. The amount of well-rotted organic fertilizer applied is preferably 100-150 kg / mu, more preferably 110-140 kg / mu, and even more preferably 130 kg / mu. During the application of well-rotted organic fertilizer, a soil conditioner can also be applied, with a preferred application rate of 20-30 kg / mu, more preferably 22-28 kg / mu, and even more preferably 25 kg / mu.

[0046] In this invention, the covering film can lock in the repair microbial community and prevent the loss of beneficial bacteria; it can also create a constant temperature and stable soil environment, allowing beneficial bacteria to continuously metabolize and decompose residual toxins, achieving continuous detoxification of crop rotation; it can also retain moisture, loosen and stabilize the soil, prevent the soil from compacting again, and consolidate the repair effect.

[0047] The technical solutions provided by the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0048] The Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, and Bacillus megaterium mentioned in this invention were all purchased from Shandong Yihao Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; the actinomycetes were purchased from Weifang Nuojie Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0049] Example 1

[0050] A cultivation method to overcome the obstacle of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms, the steps of which are as follows: (1) Thoroughly remove residual mushrooms, waste substrate, weeds and dead branches and leaves from the plot, plow the soil to a depth of 30cm, and dry it in the open air for 8 days to thoroughly remove residual toxins and pathogen breeding carriers from the soil surface. (2) Apply the soil compound conditioner evenly at a rate of 100 kg / mu, then rotary till and mix it to ensure that the soil compound conditioner is evenly distributed in the 0-30 cm topsoil layer; the soil compound conditioner is prepared by compounding Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, humic acid, seaweed extract and decomposed straw powder in a mass ratio of 2:1:40:8:35, with an effective viable count ≥2×10 9 CFU / g, humic acid content ≥30%, organic matter content ≥45%; (3) After 4 days of improvement, level the soil, dilute the soil harmful bacteria disinfectant with water at a ratio of 1:90, and spray it evenly on the soil to ensure that the solution fully soaks the 0-30cm topsoil layer, at a rate of 40kg / mu; the soil harmful bacteria disinfectant is prepared by compounding matrine, osthol, calcium peroxide, and Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate in a mass ratio of 1.5:0.8:4:55, and the effective viable bacteria count of the Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate is ≥1×10 9 CFU / mL; (4) After 4 days of disinfection treatment, adjust the soil pH to 6.8, prepare the land and make ridges with a ridge width of 1.3m, a ridge height of 22cm and a furrow width of 30cm, and lay a 4cm substrate on the ridge surface, compact and level it; the substrate is composed of well-rotted sawdust, wheat bran, corn cob powder and wood ash in a mass ratio of 5:2:2:1. (5) After the shiitake mushroom residue has been fermented for 22 days, the pile is turned over and beneficial bacteria inoculant is added. The mass ratio of shiitake mushroom residue to beneficial bacteria inoculant is 1000:6. Then, the composting fermentation continues for 8 days, and the core temperature of the compost is controlled at 33℃ to obtain the mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex. The beneficial bacteria inoculant is Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus megaterium and actinomycetes in a mass ratio of 2:1.5:1.5:1. The effective viable count of the beneficial bacteria inoculant is ≥2×10 8 CFU / g; (6) Morel mushrooms were sown using the hole sowing method at a depth of 3.5 cm and a plant spacing of 15 cm × 20 cm. At the same time, a mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex was applied, with the amount of mushroom residue applied being 700 kg / mu. The mixture was covered with a thin layer of soil and sprayed with moisturizing water. During the cultivation process, the soil moisture was maintained at 60% and the near-surface air humidity at 72%. After 22 days of cultivation, the mycelium completely covered the soil. (7) After the mycelium matures, manage the fruiting process by controlling the day-night temperature difference to 6°C and increasing the near-surface air humidity to 88%; (8) After harvesting mature morel mushrooms, plow the soil to 18cm, then apply well-rotted organic fertilizer at a rate of 130kg / mu, cover with film and let it rest until the next crop is planted.

[0051] Example 2

[0052] A cultivation method to overcome the obstacle of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms, the steps of which are as follows: (1) Thoroughly remove residual mushrooms, waste substrate, weeds and dead branches and leaves from the plot, plow the soil to 35cm, and dry it in the open air for 10 days to thoroughly remove residual toxins and pathogen breeding carriers from the soil surface. (2) Apply the soil compound conditioner evenly at a rate of 80 kg / mu, then rotary till and mix it to ensure that the soil compound conditioner is evenly distributed in the 0-30 cm topsoil layer; the soil compound conditioner is prepared by compounding Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, humic acid, seaweed extract and decomposed straw powder in a mass ratio of 1:1.5:30:10:30, with an effective viable count ≥2×10 9 CFU / g, humic acid content ≥30%, organic matter content ≥45%; (3) After 2 days of improvement, level the soil, dilute the soil harmful bacteria disinfectant with water at a ratio of 1:80, and spray it evenly on the soil to ensure that the solution fully soaks the 0-30cm topsoil layer, at a rate of 30kg / mu; the soil harmful bacteria disinfectant is prepared by compounding matrine, osthol, calcium peroxide, and Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate in a mass ratio of 1:0.5:5:60, and the effective viable count of the Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate is ≥1×10 9 CFU / mL; (4) After 5 days of disinfection treatment, adjust the soil pH to 6.5, prepare the land and make ridges with a ridge width of 1m, a ridge height of 25cm and a furrow width of 28cm, and lay a 3cm substrate on the ridge surface, compact and level it; the substrate is composed of well-rotted sawdust, wheat bran, corn cob powder and wood ash in a mass ratio of 3:3:1:1. (5) After the shiitake mushroom residue has been fermented for 20 days, the pile is turned over and beneficial bacteria inoculant is added. The mass ratio of shiitake mushroom residue to beneficial bacteria inoculant is 1000:4. Then, the composting fermentation continues for 7 days, and the core temperature of the compost is controlled at 30℃ to obtain the mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex. The beneficial bacteria inoculant is Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus megaterium and actinomycetes in a mass ratio of 1:2:1:1. The effective viable count of the beneficial bacteria inoculant is ≥2×10 8 CFU / g; (6) Morel mushrooms were sown using the hole sowing method at a depth of 3cm and a plant spacing of 12cm×25cm. At the same time, a mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex was applied, with the amount of mushroom residue applied being 600kg / mu. The mixture was covered with a thin layer of soil and sprayed with moisturizing water. During the cultivation process, the soil moisture was maintained at 65% and the near-surface air humidity at 72%. After 20 days of cultivation, the mycelium completely covered the soil. (7) After the mycelium matures, manage the fruiting process by controlling the day-night temperature difference to 5°C and increasing the near-surface air humidity to 88%; (8) After harvesting mature morel mushrooms, plow the soil to a depth of 15cm, then apply well-rotted organic fertilizer at a rate of 100kg / mu, cover with plastic film and let it rest until the next crop is planted.

[0053] Example 3

[0054] A cultivation method to overcome the obstacle of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms, the steps of which are as follows: (1) Thoroughly remove residual mushrooms, waste substrate, weeds and dead branches and leaves from the plot, plow the soil to 25cm, and dry it in the open air for 5 days to thoroughly remove residual toxins and pathogen breeding carriers from the soil surface. (2) Apply the soil compound conditioner evenly at a rate of 120 kg / mu, then rotary till and mix it to ensure that the soil compound conditioner is evenly distributed in the 0-30 cm topsoil layer; the soil compound conditioner is prepared by compounding Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, humic acid, seaweed extract and decomposed straw powder in a mass ratio of 3:0.5:50:5:40, with an effective viable count ≥2×10 9 CFU / g, humic acid content ≥30%, organic matter content ≥45%; (3) After 5 days of improvement, level the soil, dilute the soil harmful bacteria disinfectant with water at a ratio of 1:100, and spray it evenly on the soil to ensure that the solution fully soaks the 0-30cm topsoil layer, at a rate of 50kg / mu; the soil harmful bacteria disinfectant is prepared by compounding matrine, osthol, calcium peroxide, and Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate in a mass ratio of 2:1:3:50, and the effective viable count of the Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate is ≥1×10 9 CFU / mL; (4) After 3 days of disinfection treatment, adjust the soil pH to 6.8, prepare the land and make ridges with a ridge width of 1.5m, a ridge height of 20cm and a furrow width of 32cm, and lay a 5cm substrate on the ridge surface, compact and level it; the substrate is composed of well-rotted sawdust, wheat bran, corn cob powder and wood ash in a mass ratio of 8:1:3:1. (5) After the shiitake mushroom residue has been fermented for 25 days, the pile is turned over and beneficial bacteria inoculant is added. The mass ratio of shiitake mushroom residue to beneficial bacteria inoculant is 1000:8. Then, the composting fermentation continues for 10 days, and the core temperature of the compost is controlled at 35℃ to obtain the mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex. The beneficial bacteria inoculant is Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus megaterium and actinomycetes in a mass ratio of 3:1:2:1. The effective viable count of the beneficial bacteria inoculant is ≥2×10 8 CFU / g; (6) Morel mushrooms were sown using the hole sowing method at a depth of 4cm and a plant spacing of 18cm×15cm. At the same time, a mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex was applied, with the amount of mushroom residue applied being 800kg / mu. The mixture was covered with a thin layer of soil and sprayed with moisturizing water. During the cultivation process, the soil moisture was maintained at 55% and the near-surface air humidity at 75%. After 25 days of cultivation, the mycelium completely covered the soil. (7) After the mycelium matures, manage the fruiting process by controlling the day-night temperature difference to 5°C and increasing the near-surface air humidity to 85%; (8) After harvesting mature morel mushrooms, plow the soil to a depth of 20cm, then apply well-rotted organic fertilizer at a rate of 150kg / mu, cover with plastic film and let it rest until the next crop is planted.

[0055] Comparative Example 1

[0056] Similar to Example 1, except that no soil compound amendment was applied.

[0057] Comparative Example 2

[0058] Similar to Example 1, except that no soil-harmful bacteria disinfectant was applied.

[0059] Comparative Example 3

[0060] Similar to Example 1, except that the bacterial residue-beneficial bacteria complex was not applied.

[0061] Comparative Example 4

[0062] Similar to Example 1, the soil harmful bacteria disinfectant was prepared by compounding matrine, osthol, calcium peroxide, and Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate in a mass ratio of 1.5:0.8:4:55, wherein the effective viable count of the Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate is ≥1×10⁻⁶. 9 Replace "CFU / mL" with "The soil harmful bacteria disinfectant is prepared by compounding matrine and osthol in a mass ratio of 1.5:0.8".

[0063] Comparative Example 5

[0064] Similar to Example 1, except that "after the shiitake mushroom residue was composted and fermented for 25 days, the pile was turned over and beneficial bacteria inoculant was added, with a mass ratio of shiitake mushroom residue to beneficial bacteria inoculant of 1000:8; then composting was continued for another 10 days, with the compost center temperature controlled at 35℃, thus obtaining the mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex; the beneficial bacteria inoculant consisted of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus megaterium, and actinomycetes in a mass ratio of 3:1:2:1, with an effective viable count of ≥2×10⁻⁶ bacteria in the beneficial bacteria inoculant." 8 Replace "CFU / g" with "After the shiitake mushroom residue has been fermented for 25 days, turn the pile over and continue to ferment for another 10 days, controlling the center temperature of the compost at 35℃". Replace "Sow morel mushrooms using the hole sowing method, with a sowing depth of 4cm and a plant spacing of 18cm×15cm, and apply the mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex at the same time" with "Sow morel mushrooms using the hole sowing method, with a sowing depth of 4cm and a plant spacing of 18cm×15cm, and apply the fermented shiitake mushroom residue at the same time".

[0065] Experimental Example 1

[0066] In Zhaojue County, Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, plots of land continuously planted with morel mushrooms for two years were selected as experimental fields. Seven treatment groups were set up in the same production area, including Example 1, Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2, Comparative Example 3, Comparative Example 4, Comparative Example 5, and a control group. The area of ​​each experimental field was 1 mu (a Chinese unit of area, approximately 0.165 acres) (the total number of sowing holes per mu was 22,223). The plot conditions, strains, water and fertilizer environment were uniform, and only the cultivation and remediation processes were different. The entire process was standardized and controlled, and the experimental period was one full crop of morel mushrooms.

[0067] The control group adopted the traditional cultivation model, without the application of soil compound amendments, soil harmful bacteria disinfectants, substrate, or mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex. After harvesting morel mushrooms, the land was not tilled and well-rotted organic fertilizer was not applied, and the mushrooms were covered with film for rest. Conventional land preparation, sowing, and field management were carried out.

[0068] (a) Mycelial survival rate

[0069] The condition of each group of fungal holes was observed by the naked eye in the field. On the 15th day after sowing, the number of healthy fungal holes was measured at fixed points and the mycelial survival rate was calculated.

[0070] Determination of a healthy fungal burrow: The mycelium is white, dense, without yellowing, shrinkage, lysis, or contamination by other bacteria, and can extend and grow normally in both the horizontal and vertical directions; Determination of ineffective fungal burrows: Failure of mycelium to germinate, whitening and wilting after germination, yellowing and rotting, infection by miscellaneous bacteria, and mycelium dissolution and death are all counted as ineffective fungal burrows.

[0071] Mycelial survival rate = (Number of healthy, normally germinating mycelial cells / Total number of sown mycelial cells) × 100%

[0072] The results showed that the mycelial survival rate in the control group was only 56.8%, with more than half of the fungal holes failing to germinate, turning yellow and rotting, or dying from lysis. The mycelial survival rate in comparative group 2 was 75.3%, with a large number of ineffective fungal holes. The mycelial survival rate in comparative group 3 was higher than that in comparative groups 1 and 2, with a survival rate of 83.8% in comparative group 3 and 82.1% in comparative group 1. The mycelial survival rates in comparative groups 4 and 5 were significantly higher than those in comparative groups 1-3, at 87.5% and 89.4% respectively, with moderate germination stability. In Example 1 of this invention, the mycelial survival rate reached as high as 95.2%, with only a few fungal holes showing slightly weak growth and no large-scale death, indicating the most significant improvement in mycelial survival rate.

[0073] (ii) Mycelial growth rate

[0074] On the 10th and 20th day after sowing, samples were taken at fixed points for measurement. Thirty fungal holes were randomly selected from each group to measure the average diameter of mycelial expansion and the depth of mycelial penetration into the soil, and the average value was taken. When the growth rate is fast, the mycelial expansion is uniform, and the penetration depth is deep, it is judged as excellent growth; when the growth is slow and some mycelial extension stops, it is judged as medium growth; when the growth basically stops and some mycelium lyses and dies, it is judged as poor growth.

[0075] The results showed that the mycelial growth in the control group was slow, with an average lateral diameter of only 4.2 cm and a rooting depth of 2.1 cm after 20 days, indicating severe growth stagnation. In contrast, the mycelial growth in control group 2 was 6.5 cm and 3.2 cm in average lateral diameter and rooting depth after 20 days; in control group 1, it was 6.8 cm and 3.5 cm; in control group 3, it was 7.2 cm and 3.8 cm; in control group 4, it was 7.9 cm and 4.2 cm; and in control group 5, it was 8.2 cm and 4.6 cm. In Example 1 of this invention, the mycelial growth rate was significantly improved, with an average lateral diameter of 9.6 cm and a rooting depth of 5.8 cm after 20 days. This demonstrated rapid mycelial extension and deep rooting, effectively addressing the problem of soil toxins inhibiting mycelial growth during continuous cropping.

[0076] (III) Disease incidence rate

[0077] Disease statistics for morel mushrooms were collected 40–45 days after sowing. At this time, the morel primordia differentiation of each group was completed, the young mushrooms were swelling and maturing, and they entered the mass fruiting period. All soil-borne diseases, diseases caused by miscellaneous fungi, and diseases caused by toxin stress had fully manifested. The diseases counted included three categories: root rot, mushroom rot, and diseases caused by miscellaneous fungi. Any plant exhibiting any of these diseases was counted as a diseased plant.

[0078] Among the symptoms of root rot, the following are identified: obstructed mycelial rooting, yellowing and browning at the base, mycelial dissolution and shrinkage, water-soaked rotten patches on the substrate, inability of new mycelial growth to extend, and death of the entire mycelium in severe cases. Primordia blackening and softening, water-soaked and soft rot of young mushrooms, moldy and brown rot of mature mushrooms, sap leakage and collapse. These are identified as mushroom rot. The presence of colonies of miscellaneous fungi such as green mold, blue mold, mucor, and Aspergillus on the substrate, with mycelium covered by these fungi, nutrients being deprived, mycelial growth ceasing, and gradual dissolution and death, are identified as contaminated fungal disease.

[0079] Total disease incidence rate = (Total number of diseased plants in the field / Total number of effective fruiting plants in the field) × 100%

[0080] Table 1. Incidence of morel mushroom disease in different treatment groups

[0081] As shown in Table 1, the total incidence of soil-borne diseases in the control group was 40.5%, with a high proportion of severe diseases and outbreaks of deformed and rotten mushrooms. The incidence of diseases in control group 1 was 21.4%, with moderately contiguous disease areas in the field and a high risk of residual diseases. The incidence of diseases in control group 2 was 19.3%, control group 3 was 16.4%, and control group 4 was 15.1%, which could only suppress some overt diseases, and deep soil bacteria and root rot pathogens were prone to recurrence. The incidence of diseases in the first group of the present invention was only 4.2%, and all of them were mild and sporadic, with no moderate or severe diseases. Compared with traditional continuous cropping, the incidence of diseases was significantly reduced, there were no outbreaks of diseases, and the mushrooms grew healthily and stably.

[0082] (iv) Soil physicochemical properties

[0083] Soil samples were taken from each treatment group before planting morel mushrooms and after the completion of the entire cultivation and harvest. Soil physicochemical properties, including soil bulk density, organic matter content, available potassium content, total nitrogen content, and available phosphorus content, were measured. For each experimental field, a standardized "S-shaped sampling method" was used, uniformly selecting five representative points without edge effects. Soil samples were collected from the 0-20cm core tillage layer of the morel mushrooms. Stones, residual roots, weeds, and other impurities were removed. The five soil samples were thoroughly mixed and used as the test samples.

[0084] Soil bulk density was determined according to NY / T 1121.4-2006; organic matter content was determined using the potassium dichromate external heating method, available potassium was determined using the 1 mol / L NH4Ac solution extraction-flame photometry method; total nitrogen was determined using the semi-micro Kjeldahl method; and available phosphorus content was determined using the molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method. Specific determination methods are referenced in *Soil Agrochemical Analysis* (Bao Shidan, *Soil Agrochemical Analysis* [M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1986) and *Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis Methods* (Lu Rukun, *Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis Methods* [M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000).

[0085] Table 2 Soil physicochemical properties of different treatment groups

[0086] As can be seen from Table 2, the morel mushroom cultivation method described in this invention can not only improve the growth and disease resistance of morel mushrooms, but also significantly improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, creating favorable soil conditions for continuous cropping.

[0087] (v) Morel mushroom production

[0088] After the morel mushrooms mature and are harvested, the yield of each group is measured.

[0089] The results showed that the yield of the control group was only 186.2 kg / mu, and the problem of yield reduction due to continuous cropping was extremely serious. The yield of comparative group 1 was 224.7 kg / mu, the yield of comparative group 2 was 241.8 kg / mu, the yield of comparative group 3 was 263.3 kg / mu, and the yield of control group 4 was 281.5 kg / mu. The yield increase was limited and could not get rid of the low yield problem of continuous cropping. The yield of control group 5 was 299.3 kg / mu, and the yield increase effect was weaker than the compound process of the present invention. The yield of example 1 of the present invention was 324.8 kg / mu, which was significantly higher than the traditional continuous cropping, that is, it achieved stable and high yield in continuous cropping plots.

[0090] In summary, this invention, through a series of steps including precise field clearing and detoxification in continuously cropped areas, soil activation with compound biological amendments, disinfection and sterilization with biological agents, cultivation with suitable substrates, and post-harvest ecological restoration, effectively degrades soil-borne allelopathic substances, kills soil-borne harmful pathogens, optimizes soil aggregate structure and microecological environment, and balances the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements in the soil, thus fundamentally overcoming the obstacles of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms. This planting method allows for continuous cultivation of morel mushrooms in the same plot for many years, significantly improving mycelial survival rate, fruiting uniformity, and yield per unit area, while greatly reducing the incidence of diseases caused by continuous cropping.

[0091] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A cultivation method for overcoming the obstacle of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Remove debris from the surface of the plot, plow and dry it, and apply a soil compound conditioner; (2) After 2-5 days, level the soil and apply a soil disinfectant; (3) After 2-5 days, prepare the land, make ridges and lay the substrate, then sow morel mushrooms and apply the mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex at the same time to cultivate mycelium; (4) Management of fruiting after mycelium matures; (5) After harvesting mature morel mushrooms, plow the soil and apply well-rotted organic fertilizer, cover with plastic film and let it rest until the next crop is planted.

2. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The soil compound conditioner in step (1) is prepared by compounding Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, humic acid, seaweed extract and decomposed straw powder in a mass ratio of (1-3):(0.5-1.5):(30-50):(5-10):(30-40). The effective viable bacteria count of the soil compound amendment is ≥2×10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / g.

3. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The application rate of the soil compound amendment in step (1) is 80-120 kg / mu.

4. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The soil harmful bacteria disinfectant preparation in step (2) is prepared by compounding matrine, osthol, calcium peroxide and Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate in a mass ratio of (1-2):(0.5-1):(3-5):(50-60). The effective viable count of the Bacillus subtilis fermentation concentrate is ≥1×10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / mL.

5. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The application rate of the soil harmful bacteria disinfectant in step (2) is 30-50 kg / mu; The soil harmful bacteria disinfectant is used after being diluted with water at a ratio of 1:(80-100).

6. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The substrate in step (3) is composed of well-rotted sawdust, wheat bran, corn cob powder, and wood ash in a mass ratio of (3-8):(1-3):(1-3):

1. The thickness of the paving is 3-5cm.

7. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The preparation process of the mushroom residue-beneficial bacteria complex in step (3) includes: turning the mushroom residue after fermenting it for 20-25 days and adding beneficial bacteria agent, and then continuing to ferment it for 7-10 days to obtain the final product; The continued composting fermentation process controls the center temperature of the compost to be 30-35℃.

8. The planting method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The beneficial bacteria agent consists of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus megaterium, and actinomycetes in a mass ratio of (1-3):(1-2):(1-2):

1. The effective viable bacteria count of the beneficial bacteria agent is ≥2×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g.

9. The planting method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The mass ratio of the mushroom substrate residue to the beneficial bacteria agent is 1000:(4-8), and the application rate of the mushroom substrate residue is 600-800 kg / mu.

10. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step (3) During the cultivation process, maintain soil moisture at 55-65% and near-surface air humidity at 70-75%; The cultivation period is 20-25 days.

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