Multifunctional beef fattening feed and preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a beef fattening feed for regulating rumen fermentation, anti-inflammation and growth promotion and application thereof. The fattening feed comprises an adaptive basic feed and a functional additive component, wherein the functional additive component is pumpkin seed by-product; the mass fraction of the pumpkin seed by-product in the dry matter of the feed is 15%-20%, and the pumpkin seed by-product is pumpkin seed shriveled seed and pumpkin seed peel. Through the synergistic effect of the pumpkin seed by-product in a specific proportion and the adaptively optimized basic feed, the rumen fermentation of Simmental cattle can be precisely optimized, the chronic inflammation and oxidative stress during the fattening period can be naturally relieved, and the growth performance can be significantly improved, so that the application has the advantages of low cost, remarkable effect and green safety.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of ruminant nutrition and feed technology, specifically relating to a fattening feed for beef cattle that regulates rumen fermentation, has anti-inflammatory and growth-promoting effects, and its application. Background Technology

[0002] Simmental cattle are the dominant breed in large-scale beef cattle farming in my country. They have the advantages of fast growth, good meat quality, and strong adaptability. Their fattening efficiency directly determines the core economic benefits of beef cattle farming.

[0003] Currently, Simmental cattle fattening production and existing feed technologies generally suffer from the following problems: Imbalance in rumen environment regulation and low energy supply efficiency: When existing fattening feeds are mainly composed of conventional roughage, it easily leads to high rumen pH, insufficient activity of fiber-decomposing bacteria, and limited production of volatile fatty acids, the core energy substance; if energy is supplemented by increasing the proportion of concentrate, it is very easy to cause rumen acidosis and metabolic disorders, making it impossible to achieve safe and precise control of rumen fermentation; Chronic low-grade inflammation is common during the fattening period. Under large-scale farming models, beef cattle are in a state of high nutritional load and environmental stress for a long time, resulting in persistently high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulins (especially IgG), which will implicitly consume nutrients and inhibit muscle synthesis metabolism, which is the core cause of low fattening efficiency; Current production relies heavily on antibiotics. Anti-inflammatory effects have problems such as drug residues, food safety risks, and bacterial resistance, which do not meet the development requirements of antibiotic-free farming. Existing fattening feeds mostly focus on improving basic nutritional indicators such as energy and protein, and cannot simultaneously take into account rumen health regulation, relief of body inflammation, immune balance and release of growth performance, resulting in long fattening cycles and high breeding costs for beef cattle, which are difficult to meet the needs of large-scale farming to improve quality and efficiency (Qu Mingren, Liang Huan. Research progress on beef cattle nutrition and feed in my country [J]. Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(10):4716-4724).

[0004] Pumpkin seed husks are a major agricultural byproduct generated during the shelling and processing of pumpkin seeds. my country has a large-scale pumpkin planting and processing industry, and this byproduct is widely available and abundant. It is rich in basic nutrients such as crude fiber and has the potential for feed development. However, the current utilization of pumpkin seed husks is mostly limited to the treatment of low-value waste. Its functional regulatory value in ruminant fattening has not yet been explored, and no special fattening feed for Simmental cattle based on pumpkin seed husks has been developed that combines precise rumen regulation, balanced anti-inflammatory and immune functions.

[0005] In summary, there is an urgent need to develop a low-cost, highly safe, and functionally regulatory feed for beef cattle to overcome existing technological bottlenecks. This feed should simultaneously improve rumen fermentation efficiency, balance anti-inflammatory and immune functions with fattening performance, and achieve high-value utilization of agricultural by-products, while ensuring the health of beef cattle. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a fattening feed for beef cattle that regulates rumen fermentation, has anti-inflammatory properties, and promotes growth. Specifically, this invention provides the following technical solution: On the one hand, the present invention provides a fattening feed for beef cattle that optimizes rumen fermentation efficiency, balances inflammation and immunity, and promotes growth. The feed includes a suitable basic diet and functional additives, wherein the functional additives are pumpkin seed by-products. The pumpkin seed by-products account for 15%-20% of the dry matter in the feed, and the pumpkin seed by-products are fermentation products of shriveled pumpkin seeds and pumpkin seed coats.

[0007] In a preferred embodiment, the pumpkin seed by-product accounts for 15% of the dry matter in the feed.

[0008] In a preferred embodiment, based on the total dry weight of the feed, the adapted basal diet contains the following components by weight percentage: 50-60% corn, 4-6% wheat bran, 4-6% wheat middlings, 6-8% flaxseed oil residue, 1-2% livestock salt, 1-3% baking soda, 1-2% dicalcium phosphate, 1-2% limestone powder, and 4-6% corn gluten meal.

[0009] In a further preferred embodiment, based on the total dry weight of the feed, the adapted basal diet comprises the following components by weight percentage: 59% corn, 5% wheat bran, 5% wheat middlings, 7% flaxseed oil residue, 1% livestock salt, 2% baking soda, 1% dicalcium phosphate, 1% limestone powder, and 5% corn gluten meal.

[0010] The adaptive basal diet of the present invention is a special basal diet obtained by targeted screening and optimization based on the physiological characteristics of beef cattle, especially Simmental cattle during the fattening period, as well as the physicochemical properties and physiological regulatory functions of pumpkin seed by-products. It forms a synergistic effect with pumpkin seed by-products, realizing the multiple technical effects of rumen fermentation optimization, balancing inflammation and immunity, and improving growth performance as described in the present invention.

[0011] On the other hand, the present invention provides the application of pumpkin seed by-products in the preparation of feed that optimizes Simmental cattle rumen fermentation efficiency, balances inflammation and immunity, and improves growth performance. The pumpkin seed by-products account for 15%-20% of the dry matter in the feed, and the pumpkin seed by-products are shriveled pumpkin seeds and pumpkin seed coats.

[0012] In a preferred embodiment, the feed further comprises the following components by weight percentage: 50-60% corn, 4-6% wheat bran, 4-6% wheat middlings, 6-8% flaxseed oil residue, 1-2% livestock salt, 1-3% baking soda, 1-2% dicalcium phosphate, 1-2% limestone powder, and 4-6% corn gluten meal.

[0013] In this invention, the feed has at least one of the following uses: (1) Significantly increased the average daily weight gain of Simmental cattle; (2) Significantly reduced rumen pH in Simmental cattle; (3) Significantly increases the content of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid in the rumen of Simmental cattle; (4) Significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in Simmental bovine serum; (5) It significantly reduced serum glucose content in Simmental cattle and increased aspartate aminotransferase activity, while having no significant effect on serum total protein, albumin, globulin, urea nitrogen and alanine aminotransferase activity.

[0014] (6) Regulates the levels of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A.

[0015] On the other hand, the present invention provides a method for fattening Simmental cattle with high-concentrate feed, comprising the following steps: (1) Select Simmental fattening cattle in good health; (2) The Simmental fattening cattle were fed with the aforementioned fattening feed. During the feeding period, the cattle had free access to water and were managed in accordance with the beef cattle feeding and management standards.

[0016] On the other hand, the present invention provides a method for preparing the aforementioned fattening feed, characterized in that the method includes the following steps: 1) preparing pumpkin seed by-products, 2) mixing the pumpkin seed by-products with the basic feed according to the aforementioned fattening feed ratio to prepare fattening feed.

[0017] Preferably, the pumpkin seed by-products are fermented products of shriveled pumpkin seeds and pumpkin seed skins.

[0018] Preferably, in any of the aforementioned schemes, the pumpkin seed by-products are fermented products of shriveled pumpkin seeds and pumpkin seed coats, which can be obtained through the following process: (1) The raw materials (shriveled pumpkin seeds: pumpkin seed coats 20%~35%: 65%~80%) are first crushed and pulverized to make the materials uniform; (2) Then, 3%~8% by mass of beet molasses (compliant with NY / T 4123-2022) is added and stirred evenly; (3) Sealed anaerobic fermentation is carried out at a temperature of 15~35℃ for 7~15 days until the pH value drops to 4.2~4.8; (4) High-temperature sterilization and drying are performed. Stage 1: the material center temperature is 90~105℃ (hot air temperature is 110~120℃), and the material stays in the high-temperature section for ≥10 minutes. The sterilization requirements meet the "Feed Hygiene Standard (GB 13078-2017)"; Stage 2: the hot air temperature is 60~85℃ for 1~3 hours, reducing the material moisture content from 35%~45%. Reduce to 10%~12%; (5) Cooling: After drying, immediately use clean cold air to blow cool, with air humidity ≤20%, cooling time generally 2~4h, final material center temperature ≤ ambient temperature + 5℃, material moisture recovery during cooling ≤0.5%, moisture content ≤12%. The final product meets Q / WSDSW 005-2024 standard.

[0019] The beneficial effects of this invention are: 1. This invention, by adding a specific proportion of pumpkin seed by-products to the diet of Simmental cattle to partially replace corn and corn gluten meal, significantly improved average daily weight gain while reducing blood glucose levels and reasonably increasing aspartate aminotransferase activity. This synergistic effect may be related to the efficient conversion of glucose precursors to volatile fatty acids such as propionic acid promoted by pumpkin seed by-products, which is beneficial to improving the metabolic health of animals.

[0020] 2. The feed of this invention adjusts the rumen pH to the optimal fermentation range, significantly increasing the content of core volatile fatty acids such as acetic acid and propionic acid, while maintaining fermentation homeostasis. This solves the problem of low fermentation efficiency of conventional roughage and avoids the risk of acidosis caused by high concentrations of concentrate.

[0021] 3. This invention can significantly and synergistically reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in Simmental bovine serum, effectively alleviating the chronic low-grade inflammation commonly present during the fattening period, and without the risks of drug residues or bacterial resistance associated with antibiotic additives.

[0022] 4. This invention synergistically regulates immunoglobulin levels, avoiding ineffective energy and nutrient consumption in the immune process of responding to chronic low-grade inflammation.

[0023] 5. The feed of the present invention has no adverse effects on the liver, kidneys, and protein metabolism of beef cattle, and is highly safe for feeding. It uses pumpkin seeds (shriveled seeds and pumpkin seed skins), which are by-products of pumpkin processing, as core raw materials. It is inexpensive, widely available, and suitable for existing large-scale farming models, realizing the high-value utilization of agricultural by-products. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 The results are for the detection of blood immune indicators. A, B, and C are markers of significant differences between groups. Detailed Implementation

[0025] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. It should be noted that any aspects of this invention not described in detail are conventional practices in the art and are not the focus of this invention. Unless otherwise specified, all raw materials used in the following embodiments, comparative examples, and test examples of this invention are commercially available products.

[0027] Example 1 1. Materials and Methods 1.1 Test Materials The pumpkin seed by-products involved in this experiment are fermented products of shriveled pumpkin seeds and pumpkin seed coats, which can be obtained through the following process: (1) The raw materials (shriveled pumpkin seeds: pumpkin seed coats 20%~35%: 65%~80%) are first crushed and pulverized to make the material uniform; (2) Then, 3%~8% by mass of beet molasses (compliant with NY / T 4123-2022) is added and stirred evenly; (3) Sealed anaerobic fermentation is carried out at a temperature of 15~35℃ for 7~15 days until the pH value drops to 4.2~4.8; (4) High-temperature sterilization and drying are carried out. Stage 1: the material center temperature is 90~105℃ (hot air temperature is 110~120℃), and the material stays in the high-temperature section for ≥10 minutes. The sterilization must comply with the "Feed Hygiene Standard (GB 13078-2017)"; Stage 2: the hot air temperature is 60~85℃ for 1~3 hours to reduce the moisture content of the material from 35%~45%. Reduce to 10%~12%; (5) Cooling: After drying, immediately use clean cold air to blow cool, with air humidity ≤20%, cooling time generally 2~4h, final material center temperature ≤ ambient temperature + 5℃, material moisture recovery during cooling ≤0.5%, moisture content ≤12%. The final product meets Q / WSDSW 005-2024 standard.

[0028] 1.2 Experimental Design Fifty-six healthy, disease-free Simmental bulls were selected and randomly divided into four groups of 14 bulls each, based on similar body weights [(340.20 ± 36.66) kg]. They were fed twice daily (07:00 and 16:30). The control group (no pumpkin seed by-products), experimental group 1 (with 10% pumpkin seed by-products, abbreviated as LD group), experimental group 2 (with 15% pumpkin seed by-products, abbreviated as MD group), and experimental group 3 (with 20% pumpkin seed by-products, abbreviated as HD group) were used. Specific feed compositions are shown in Table 1.

[0029] Table 1: Feed composition for each treatment group Each component in the above table must meet the corresponding standard: "Corn for Feed" GB / T 17890-2008 (Grade 1), "Wheat Bran for Feed" NY / T 119-2021 (Grade 1), "Wheat Wheat Second Wheat Flour for Feed" NY / T 211-2023 (Grade 1), "Salt for Livestock" GB / T 21513-2008, "Limestone Powder for Feed" NY / T 4677-2025 (Grade 1), "Corn Protein Powder for Feed" NY / T 685-2003 (Grade 1), and sesame oil residue is a by-product of sesame oil produced in accordance with DB64 / T 1581-2018.

[0030] 1.3 Sample collection, index measurement and data analysis 1.3.1 Growth performance determination At the start and end of the formal feeding, the fasting weight of Simmental beef cattle in different groups was weighed, and the weight gain and average daily weight gain (ADG) were calculated.

[0031] 1.3.2 Determination of rumen fermentation parameters Rumen fluid collection: On day 90 of the experiment, before morning feeding, 10 cattle were randomly selected from each group, and rumen fluid was extracted from each Simmental cattle using a rumen cannula. To prevent contamination, the first 50 mL of rumen fluid was discarded. The rumen fluid extracted again was filtered through four layers of gauze and then aliquoted into sterile cryovials with detailed labels. Samples used for determining volatile fatty acids (VFA) were frozen and stored at -20°C. The pH of the remaining rumen fluid samples was measured on-site.

[0032] The rumen fermentation parameters measured were: pH, acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, and acetic acid / propionic acid (calculated values).

[0033] 1.3.3 Determination of serum biochemical, immunological, and antioxidant indicators At the end of the experiment, 5 mL of blood was collected from the jugular vein of the experimental cattle. After standing for 30 min, the mixture was centrifuged at 2500 r / min for 10 min, and the supernatant was collected and stored at -20℃ for later testing.

[0034] Serum biochemical indicators: total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), glucose (GLU), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

[0035] Serum immune markers: Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IGG), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α).

[0036] Serum antioxidant markers: cortisol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT).

[0037] 1.3.4 Data Statistical Analysis Analysis of variance was performed using SPSS 26.0 statistical software, and Duncan's method was used for multiple comparisons between groups. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

[0038] 2 Results 2.1 Effects of adding pumpkin seed by-products to diet on growth performance of Simmental cattle Table 2 shows that the Simmental cattle in the experimental group with 15% pumpkin seed by-products (MD group) had the highest average daily weight gain, at 1.3 kg / d. Compared with the control group (NC group), the average daily weight gain (ADG) of Simmental cattle in the LD and MD groups was significantly higher (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between the experimental group with 20% pumpkin seed by-products (HD group) and the NC group. These results confirm that a specific proportion of pumpkin seed by-products combined with a suitable basal diet can effectively release the growth potential of Simmental cattle during the fattening period through a synergistic effect.

[0039] Table 2. Effects of adding pumpkin seed by-products to the diet on growth performance of Simmental cattle. 2.2 Effects of adding pumpkin seed by-products to the diet on rumen fermentation parameters in Simmental cattle Table 3 shows that compared with the control group (pH 7.51), the rumen pH values ​​of the MD group and HD group decreased to 7.27 and 7.04, respectively, both significantly lower than the control group (P<0.001). Meanwhile, the contents of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid in the MD group and HD group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.001), while the contents of isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid, and the acetic acid / propionic acid ratio, showed no significant differences among the groups. From the perspective of rumen fermentation physiology, compared with the relatively high pH of 7.51 in the control group, the pH decreased to the range of 7.04-7.27, which is closer to the suitable pH range for rumen fibroblasts and starch-degrading bacteria, thus facilitating the maintenance of high activity in both types of microorganisms. The overall increase in total volatile fatty acids, combined with the absence of abnormal increases in branched-chain fatty acids and a stable acetic acid / propionic acid ratio, indicates that while the intensity of rumen fermentation increased, there was no shift in the fermentation pattern related to excessive protein degradation or acidosis. The feed formulation of this invention can precisely optimize the rumen environment, achieving simultaneous improvement in fermentation efficiency and rumen homeostasis.

[0040] Table 3. Effects of adding pumpkin seed by-products to the diet on rumen fermentation parameters in Simmental cattle. 2.3 Effects of adding pumpkin seed by-products to diet on blood biochemical parameters of Simmental cattle As shown in Table 4, compared with the control group, the serum glucose concentrations in the MD and HD groups were significantly lower (P<0.001); the AST activity in the HD group showed an increasing trend compared with the control group (but there was no significant difference among the four groups overall, P=0.062); there were no significant differences in total protein, albumin, globulin and ALT activities among the groups (P>0.05); urea nitrogen was significantly lower only in the LD group compared with the control group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the MD and HD groups and the control group.

[0041] The reasonable decrease in serum glucose levels, combined with the significant increase in rumen VFA production in the previous period, indicates that the feed of this invention improves the energy supply efficiency of rumen fermentation and reduces the dependence of ruminants on gluconeogenesis. At the same time, there are no abnormal changes in liver and kidney metabolic indicators (TP / ALB / ALT) and BUN levels are stable, indicating that energy and nitrogen utilization efficiency are optimized simultaneously while ensuring the health of the organism.

[0042] Table 4. Effects of adding pumpkin seed by-products to the diet on blood biochemical parameters of Simmental cattle. 2.4 Effects of adding pumpkin seed by-products to diet on blood immune indicators in Simmental cattle As shown in Table 5, compared with the control group, the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α in the MD and HD groups were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01), indicating that the feed of the present invention can effectively alleviate the chronic low-grade inflammation commonly found in large-scale farming, eliminate inflammation-mediated nutrient depletion and muscle synthesis inhibition, and avoid problems such as drug residues and bacterial resistance caused by antibiotic anti-inflammatory treatment. Meanwhile, the significant decrease in IgG levels indicates the restoration of immune homeostasis, further confirming the relief of chronic low-grade inflammation and avoiding the energy and resource waste caused by long-term low-grade inflammation leading to high immunophysiological levels. IgA levels remained stable in the MD group, while significantly increased IgA levels in the HD group enhanced mucosal immunity. The lack of significant difference in IgM indicates that it does not interfere with normal immune function, demonstrating good feeding safety.

[0043] Table 5. Effects of adding pumpkin seed by-products to the diet on blood immune indicators in Simmental cattle. 2.5 Effects of adding pumpkin seed by-products to diet on blood antioxidant indices in Simmental cattle Table 6 shows that there were no significant differences in serum cortisol and CAT activity among the groups (P>0.05), indicating that the feed of the present invention did not cause additional physiological stress to the animals, and that high-dose addition still had good safety. Compared with the control group, SOD activity in the LD, MD, and HD groups was significantly reduced (P<0.001), GSH-PX activity decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P=0.022), while MDA content was significantly reduced in the LD and MD groups (P<0.05), and also showed a decreasing trend in the HD group.

[0044] Analysis of preliminary results regarding the decrease in pro-inflammatory factors indicates that the high activity of SOD and GSH-PX in the control group was a compensatory response to enhanced oxidative stress, while the significant decrease in MDA levels in the treatment group demonstrates that the feed effectively alleviated oxidative stress and reduced lipid peroxidation damage. The decline in SOD and GSH-PX activity is a positive indication of the body's antioxidant system returning to homeostasis after oxidative stress relief, rather than a sign of impaired antioxidant function. This invention's feed significantly improved oxidative homeostasis and inhibited the vicious cycle of inflammation and oxidative stress while ensuring animals were stress-free.

[0045] Table 6. Effects of adding pumpkin seed by-products to the diet on blood antioxidant indices in Simmental cattle. The above experiments show that, through analysis of growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters, and blood physiological and biochemical indicators, 15% was determined to be the optimal amount of pumpkin seed by-products to be added. Through precise optimization, a synergistic effect of rumen fermentation and balancing inflammation and immune status is achieved, significantly improving the fattening performance of Simmental cattle. Furthermore, this method is safe, cost-effective, and meets the requirements of green farming.

[0046] During the fattening process of Simmental cattle, there is a competition between the diversion of nutrients and energy between immune inflammation defense and growth and fattening deposition.

[0047] In this experiment, compared with the basal diet group, the serum pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8) in the experimental group were significantly reduced, which relieved the inhibitory effect of chronic low-grade inflammation on muscle synthesis and reduced the energy and nutrient consumption caused by the inflammatory response. At the same time, the immunoglobulin (IgG) level dropped from a high level to a lower level, avoiding the waste of essential amino acids due to excessive antibody synthesis.

[0048] These changes shifted the nutrient and metabolic energy in the diet from ineffective consumption due to immune inflammation to efficient conversion into muscle growth and fattening performance, laying a nutritional and metabolic foundation for improving fattening indicators.

[0049] Based on the disclosure and teachings of the foregoing specification, those skilled in the art can make appropriate changes and modifications to the above embodiments. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and described above, and some modifications and changes to the present invention should also fall within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention. Furthermore, although some specific terms are used in this specification, these terms are only for convenience of explanation and do not constitute any limitation on the present invention.

Claims

1. A fattening feed for beef cattle that optimizes rumen fermentation efficiency, balances inflammation and immune status, and promotes growth, characterized in that, The feed comprises a suitable basic diet and functional additives, wherein the functional additives are pumpkin seed by-products; the pumpkin seed by-products account for 15%-20% of the dry matter in the feed, and the pumpkin seed by-products are shriveled pumpkin seeds and fermented pumpkin seed coats.

2. The fattening feed for beef cattle according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pumpkin seed by-products account for 15% of the dry matter in the feed.

3. The fattening feed for beef cattle according to claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the total dry weight of the feed, the adapted basal diet contains the following components by weight percentage: 50-60% corn, 4-6% wheat bran, 4-6% wheat middlings, 6-8% flaxseed oil residue, 1-2% livestock salt, 1-3% baking soda, 1-2% dicalcium phosphate, 1-2% limestone powder, and 4-6% corn gluten meal.

4. The fattening feed for beef cattle according to claim 3, characterized in that, Based on the total dry weight of the feed, the adapted basal diet contains the following components by weight percentage: corn 59%, wheat bran 5%, wheat middlings 5%, flaxseed oil residue 7%, livestock salt 1%, baking soda 2%, dicalcium phosphate 1%, limestone powder 1%, and corn gluten meal 5%.

5. The application of pumpkin seed by-products in the preparation of feed that optimizes rumen fermentation efficiency, balances inflammation and immunity, and improves growth performance in Simmental cattle, characterized in that... The pumpkin seed by-products account for 15%-20% of the dry matter in the feed, and the pumpkin seed by-products are shriveled pumpkin seeds and pumpkin seed coats.

6. The application according to claim 5, characterized in that, The feed also contains the following components by weight percentage: 50-60% corn, 4-6% wheat bran, 4-6% wheat middlings, 6-8% flaxseed oil residue, 1-2% livestock salt, 1-3% baking soda, 1-2% dicalcium phosphate, 1-2% limestone powder, and 4-6% corn gluten meal.

7. A method for fattening Simmental cattle with high-concentrate feed, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Select Simmental fattening cattle in good health; (2) The Simmental fattening cattle are fed with the fattening feed described in any one of claims 1-4. During the feeding period, the cattle have free access to water and are managed in accordance with the beef cattle feeding and management standards.

8. A method for preparing the fattening feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method includes the following steps: 1) preparing pumpkin seed by-products, 2) mixing the pumpkin seed by-products with the basic feed according to the feed ratio described in claim 1 to prepare fattening feed.

9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that, The pumpkin seed by-products are the fermented products of shriveled pumpkin seeds and pumpkin seed skins.

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