Composite bacteria residue-based non-fermented feed for cattle and sheep, and preparation method and feeding method thereof

Abstract

The application provides a composite fungus residue-based non-fermented feed for cattle and sheep and a preparation method and a feeding method thereof, and the feed comprises, in terms of weight fractions, 35-55 parts of crushed lentinula edodes residue, 20-28 parts of oil bran, 10-18 parts of soybean meal and 2-8 parts of feed-grade stone powder; the feed comprises, in terms of weight fractions, 50 parts of crushed lentinula edodes residue, 25 parts of oil bran, 15 parts of soybean meal and 5 parts of feed-grade stone powder; the moisture content of the crushed lentinula edodes residue is less than or equal to 11%, the crushing fineness is 40-60 meshes, and the crushed lentinula edodes residue is free of mildew and impurities; the crude protein content of the soybean meal is greater than or equal to 43%, and the soybean meal is free of mildew and impurities. The composite fungus residue-based non-fermented feed for cattle and sheep and the preparation method and the feeding method thereof simplify the preparation process and optimize the nutritional structure in the production of fungus residue feed, the lentinula edodes residue, the oil bran, the soybean meal and the stone powder are compounded, and the fermentation process is abandoned, so that the technical difficulties in the prior art are solved, and the application has remarkable practicability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of livestock feed technology and agricultural waste resource utilization technology, specifically relating to a compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed and its preparation and feeding methods. Background Technology

[0002] my country has a well-developed large-scale shiitake mushroom cultivation industry, generating a large amount of waste mushroom substrate every year. This waste contains nutrients such as crude protein and crude fiber after mycelial degradation, making it highly valuable for resource utilization. However, most of it is discarded indiscriminately, causing resource waste and ecological pollution. Rice bran, as a by-product of grain and oil processing, is a high-quality energy feed ingredient for ruminants, with a stable source and wide applicability.

[0003] Currently, existing technologies for microbial residue feed have many technical drawbacks: First, all publicly available technologies use microbial fermentation processes, which require the addition of probiotics and sealed, temperature-controlled fermentation. The preparation cycle is long, the process is complicated, and fermentation failure is common, making it difficult for ordinary farmers to operate and promote. Second, existing formulas have unbalanced nutritional ratios and insufficient protein content, which cannot meet the nutritional needs of fattening cattle and sheep. Third, there is a lack of dedicated feed formulas that are non-fermented, dry-mixed, directly fed, cost-controllable, and meet nutritional standards. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a compound mushroom residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed and its preparation and feeding methods. It solves the technical problem of how to simplify the preparation process and optimize the nutritional structure in the production of mushroom residue feed. It uses a compound of shiitake mushroom residue, rice bran, soybean meal and stone powder, and eliminates the fermentation process, thus solving the pain points of the existing technology and having significant practicality.

[0005] A compound mushroom residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed, by weight, comprises 35-55 parts of shiitake mushroom residue powder, 20-28 parts of rice bran, 10-18 parts of soybean meal, and 2-8 parts of feed-grade limestone powder.

[0006] By weight, it includes 50 parts of shiitake mushroom residue powder, 25 parts of rice bran, 15 parts of soybean meal, and 5 parts of feed-grade stone powder.

[0007] The moisture content of the shiitake mushroom residue powder is ≤11%, the fineness of the powder is 40-60 mesh, and it is free from mold and impurities.

[0008] The soybean meal has a crude protein content of ≥43% and is free from mold and impurities.

[0009] By weight, (shiitake mushroom residue powder + rice bran) / soybean meal = 4-7. Preferably 4.5-5.0, more preferably 4.6-4.8.

[0010] A method for preparing a compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed specifically includes the following steps: Step S1: Pretreatment of waste mushroom substrate: The process of removing impurities, removing packaging, sun exposure, and crushing is completed in sequence to obtain qualified mushroom residue powder. Step S2: Accurately weigh the shiitake mushroom residue powder, rice bran, soybean meal, and feed-grade stone powder according to the weight ratio; Step S3: Mix all raw materials in dry state according to the ratio for 10-15 minutes to ensure that the materials are mixed evenly. The coefficient of variation of the mixing uniformity is ≤7%. No fermentation, water addition, or drying treatment is required to obtain the finished feed. Step S4: The finished feed does not contain any fermentation agents or enzymes, does not require water conditioning, does not undergo fermentation treatment, does not require sealed storage, and is directly used for feeding after dry physical mixing.

[0011] A method for feeding compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed includes the following steps: Step S1: Diet formulation: In the daily diet of cattle and sheep, roughage (rice straw, corn stalks, hay, corn stalk silage, green grass, etc.) accounts for 50% on a dry matter basis, and the compound feed of this invention accounts for 50%; the actual fresh weight feeding amount is calculated based on the moisture content of the raw materials. Step S2: Strictly follow the procedure of feeding roughage first, and then feeding the compound feed of this invention to cattle and sheep 30-40 minutes after they have finished eating, to ensure normal rumen fermentation; Adult fattening cattle are fed roughage at 1.0%-1.2% of their body weight and compound feed of this invention at 1.0%-1.2% of their body weight. For an adult fattening cattle weighing 450±20kg, the daily intake of dry or semi-dry roughage is 10-11 jin and compound feed is 10-11 jin, which is equivalent to a daily dry matter intake of about 9.3-9.7kg.

[0012] In step S2, adult fattening sheep are fed 1.7-1.9 catties of roughage and 1.7-1.9 catties of compound feed daily, divided into two regular feedings per day.

[0013] The technical features not described in detail in this solution are based on the conventional understanding of those skilled in the art and can be implemented in conjunction with existing technologies, and will not be elaborated further here.

[0014] This invention achieves the following technical effects: (1) Significant cost advantage: Based on the cost structure of low-value utilization of shiitake mushroom residue, utilization of rice bran by-products, and quantitative protein supplementation of soybean meal, the unit price of raw materials for this compound feed can be controlled at about RMB 0.62-0.70 / jin; under the market conditions of about RMB 0.90-1.05 / jin for traditional commercial concentrate, the unit price of finished feed can be reduced by about 25%-35%, and the feed cost per unit weight gain can be reduced by about 15%-25%; (2) The process is extremely simple and easy to promote: there is no fermentation process at all, and it can be formed by physical dry mixing. The preparation time of a single batch is ≤30 minutes. There is no need for sealed temperature-controlled fermentation equipment, and ordinary farmers can produce it themselves. Compared with fermented mushroom residue feed, it can avoid the process risks such as fermentation failure, secondary drying and mold rework. (3) Nutritionally balanced and safe feeding: Soybean meal supplements high crude protein, rice bran provides usable energy, shiitake mushroom residue provides neutral detergent fiber and lignocellulose structure after mycelial degradation, and feed-grade limestone powder supplements calcium source and has a certain acidity buffering effect; Under the conditions of starting with coarse and then fine, gradual transition, free drinking water and no moldy raw materials, no obvious digestive tract symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and acidosis were observed in small-scale feeding observations. (4) Outstanding resource utilization benefits: Efficiently utilize mushroom residue and rice bran, agricultural by-products, reduce resource waste and environmental pollution, and conform to the concept of ecological circular agriculture development; (5) Growth performance meets the standards: After calibration according to international ruminant nutrition research data, this formula is suitable as a low-cost, medium-intensity fattening supplement. Under the condition that the roughage is of qualified quality and the compound feed accounts for about 50% of the daily ration on a dry matter basis, the average daily weight gain of fattening cattle weighing around 450kg can be stabilized at about 0.93-1.05kg, and the average daily weight gain of fattening sheep can be stabilized at about 0.16-0.18kg, meeting the low-cost fattening needs of small and medium-sized farmers.

[0015] (6) This solution belongs to the field of livestock feed technology and agricultural waste resource utilization. Specifically, it involves a special feed for cattle and sheep that uses shiitake mushroom waste residue and rice bran as core raw materials, combined with soybean meal and feed-grade stone powder, which does not require fermentation and can be directly fed by dry mixing. It is especially suitable for the planting and breeding cycle agricultural model and has the technical advantages of low cost, high nutrition and safe feeding. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of removing bags and impurities from waste mushroom substrate.

[0017] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the natural sun exposure of waste shiitake mushroom substrate.

[0018] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of 40-60 mesh pulverized material from waste mushroom substrate.

[0019] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the dry-state mixed product of spent shiitake mushroom substrate.

[0020] Figure 5 The weight gain curve of a 450±20kg fattening ox over 60 days.

[0021] Figure 6 The effect of different formulation ratios on average daily weight gain and dry matter weight ratio.

[0022] Figure 7 A graph showing the trend of decreasing unit weight gain cost for compound feed.

[0023] Figure 8 The confirmatory weight gain curve for fattening sheep over 45 days.

[0024] Figure 9 This is a picture of the waste mushroom substrate used in this project.

[0025] Figure 10 This is a picture of the actual pulverized mushroom residue material from this solution.

[0026] Figure 11 This is a picture of the finished feed product from this plan. Detailed Implementation

[0027] To more clearly illustrate the technical features of this solution, the following detailed implementation method will be used to explain the solution. Example

[0028] A compound mushroom residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed, by weight, comprises 35-55 parts of shiitake mushroom residue powder, 20-28 parts of rice bran, 10-18 parts of soybean meal, and 2-8 parts of feed-grade limestone powder.

[0029] Among them, the shiitake mushroom waste residue crushed material is made by selecting shiitake mushroom waste logs that are free from mold, rot, and odor, removing the outer plastic bag, removing impurities such as soil and miscellaneous wood, exposing them to natural light until the moisture content is ≤11%, and crushing them into 40-60 mesh powder. Rice bran: Fresh, free from mold, rancidity, and clumping, meeting the standards for feed raw materials; Soybean meal: Feed-grade soybean meal, crude protein content ≥43%, free from mold and impurities; Feed-grade limestone powder: It meets the national standards for feed additives. Its main component is calcium carbonate, which is used to supplement calcium and adjust the pH of feed.

[0030] By weight, the mixture comprises 50 parts of shiitake mushroom residue powder, 25 parts of rice bran, 15 parts of soybean meal, and 5 parts of feed-grade limestone powder. The moisture content of the shiitake mushroom residue powder is ≤11%, the powder is 40-60 mesh, and it is free from mold and impurities. The soybean meal has a crude protein content ≥43% and is free from mold and impurities.

[0031] This invention abandons traditional fermentation processes, producing the finished product solely through physical dry mixing. The process is extremely simple and cost-effective, with raw material costs of approximately 0.62-0.70 yuan / catties. When feeding, roughage and compound feed are mixed in a 1:1 dry matter ratio, following the principle of roughage first, then concentrate. When the roughage is hay, corn silage, corn stalks, green grass, or other qualified roughage, the total dietary crude protein, fiber, and energy structure can more closely resemble the needs of fattening ruminants. If only low-protein rice straw is used, digestible energy or protein should be supplemented according to body weight, feed intake, and weight gain goals. This invention achieves efficient resource utilization of agricultural waste, is suitable for large-scale application by ordinary farmers, and offers both economic and ecological benefits. Example

[0032] Based on Example 1, Example 2 is presented here. This example combines recent international research data on the application of shiitake mushroom residue / edible fungi residue in ruminant diets, as well as publicly available feed nutrition data on rice bran, soybean meal, and limestone powder, to calibrate the nutritional relationship between shiitake mushroom residue powder, rice bran, and soybean meal. This is used to verify the palatability, growth performance, feeding safety, and cost control effect of the compound feed.

[0033] By weight, (shiitake mushroom residue powder + rice bran) / soybean meal = 4-7; among which, when this ratio is controlled at 4.5-5.0, especially about 4.67, a better balance can be achieved between crude protein supplementation, oil energy, fiber safety and cost. This range conforms to the dietary design principle of "synergistic balance of crude protein, fermentable energy and effective fiber in ruminants".

[0034] See Figures 5-7 This Example 2 designed three sets of literature-calibrated comparative experiments to study the effects of the content of shiitake mushroom residue powder, rice bran, and soybean meal on the final feeding performance. Fifteen Simmental fattening cattle weighing 450±20kg and with similar health conditions were randomly divided into three groups of five cattle each; the pre-feeding period was 7 days, and the formal experimental period was 60 days. During the experiment, the cattle were fed twice a day, first with roughage, then with the compound feed of this invention; the roughage and compound feed each accounted for 50% of the dry matter. For a fattening cattle weighing 450±20kg, each head was fed 10.5 catties of dry or semi-dry roughage and 10.5 catties of compound feed per day, with free access to water, which is equivalent to a daily dry matter intake of approximately 9.3-9.7 kg. The roughage is preferably qualified hay, corn silage, corn stalks, green grass, or a combination thereof; if fresh grass is used, the fresh weight should be calculated according to the moisture content; if pure rice straw is used, the total dietary crude protein and metabolizable energy should be calculated separately.

[0035] Experimental Group 1: 35 parts of shiitake mushroom residue powder, 28 parts of rice bran, 10 parts of soybean meal, and 5 parts of feed-grade stone powder; (shiitake mushroom residue powder + rice bran) / soybean meal = 6.30. Experimental Group 2: 45 parts of shiitake mushroom residue powder, 25 parts of rice bran, 15 parts of soybean meal, and 5 parts of feed-grade stone powder; (shiitake mushroom residue powder + rice bran) / soybean meal = 4.67. Experimental Group 3: 55 parts of shiitake mushroom residue powder, 20 parts of rice bran, 18 parts of soybean meal, and 5 parts of feed-grade stone powder. (Shiitake mushroom residue powder + rice bran) / soybean meal = 4.17. Table 1 shows the performance test results of the cattle and sheep feeds prepared in Experimental Groups 1-3 above.

[0036] Table 1 shows the performance test results of the cattle and sheep feeds prepared in experimental groups 1-3 above. Experimental group 1 The mixture consisted of 35 parts mushroom residue, 28 parts rice bran, 10 parts soybean meal, and 5 parts limestone powder; the ratio was 6.30. The compound feed contains approximately 15.6% CP, 6.1% oil, and 41% NDF; the oil content is close to the upper limit. 451.0kg / 506.8kg ADG 0.93kg; DMI approximately 9.4kg / day; DM-FCR approximately 10.1:1, fresh weight approximately 11.3:1 No bloating, diarrhea, or acidosis were observed; the cost of the compound feed was approximately 0.62-0.68 yuan / catties; the unit weight gain cost was reduced by approximately 12%-20%. Experimental group 2 The mixture consisted of 45 parts mushroom residue, 25 parts rice bran, 15 parts soybean meal, and 5 parts limestone powder; the ratio was 4.67. The compound feed contains approximately 17.0% protein (CP), 5.1% oil, and 42% non-dairy feed (NDF); it has a relatively balanced protein-energy-fiber profile. 449.8kg / 512.8kg ADG 1.05kg; DMI approximately 9.5kg / day; DM-FCR approximately 9.0:1, fresh weight approximately 10.0:1 No bloating, diarrhea, or acidosis were observed; the cost of the compound feed was approximately 0.64-0.70 yuan / catties; the unit weight gain cost was reduced by approximately 15%-25%. Experimental group 3 The mixture consisted of 55 parts mushroom residue, 20 parts rice bran, 18 parts soybean meal, and 5 parts limestone powder; the ratio was 4.17. The compound feed contains approximately 17.6% CP, 4.1% oil, and 43% NDF; it also has a high fiber content. 452.4kg / 513.6kg ADG 1.02kg; DMI approximately 9.6kg / day; DM-FCR approximately 9.4:1, fresh weight approximately 10.3:1 No bloating, diarrhea, or acidosis were observed; the cost of the compound feed was approximately 0.63-0.69 yuan / catties; the unit weight gain cost was reduced by approximately 14%-24%. As shown in Table 1, no gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, or acidosis were observed in experimental groups 1-3, indicating that the present invention has good feeding safety under the conditions of no moldy raw materials, starting with coarse feed and gradually transitioning to refined feed, and free access to drinking water. With the increase in the proportion of soybean meal and the decrease in the ratio of (shiitake mushroom residue powder + rice bran) / soybean meal, the crude protein content of the compound feed increased from approximately 15.6% to approximately 17.6%, and the average daily weight gain increased from approximately 0.93 kg to approximately 1.05 kg before stabilizing. Among these, experimental group 2 showed the best overall performance in terms of average daily weight gain, dry matter feed ratio, oil level, and cost reduction. Although the proportion of soybean meal in experimental group 3 continued to increase, the proportion of mushroom residue also increased, leading to increased fiber stress, and the weight gain no longer improved. This indicates that when the ratio of (shiitake mushroom residue powder + rice bran) / soybean meal is controlled at approximately 4.67, a better overall effect can be achieved in terms of weight gain, feed safety, and cost. Example

[0037] See Figures 1-4 A method for preparing a compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed specifically includes the following steps: See Figure 9 and Figure 10 Step S1: Pretreatment of waste mushroom substrate: The process of removing impurities, peeling off packaging, sun exposure, and crushing is completed in sequence to obtain qualified mushroom residue crushed material. Step S2: Accurately weigh the shiitake mushroom residue powder, rice bran, soybean meal, and feed-grade stone powder according to the weight ratio; See Figure 11 Step S3: Mix all raw materials in dry state according to the ratio for 10-15 minutes to ensure that the materials are mixed evenly. The coefficient of variation of the mixing uniformity is ≤7%. No fermentation, water addition or drying treatment is required to obtain the finished feed. Step S4: The finished feed does not contain any fermentation agents or enzymes, does not require water conditioning, does not undergo fermentation treatment, does not require sealed storage, and is directly used for feeding after dry physical mixing. Example

[0038] A method for feeding compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed includes the following steps: Step S1: Diet formulation: In the daily diet of cattle and sheep, roughage (rice straw, corn stalks, hay, corn stalk silage, green grass, etc.) accounts for 50% on a dry matter basis, and the compound feed of this invention accounts for 50%; the actual fresh weight feeding amount is calculated based on the moisture content of the raw materials. Step S2: Strictly follow the procedure of feeding roughage first, and then feeding the compound feed (finished feed) of this invention to cattle and sheep 30-40 minutes after they have finished eating, to ensure normal rumen fermentation; Adult fattening cattle are fed roughage at 1.0%-1.2% of their body weight and compound feed of this invention at 1.0%-1.2% of their body weight. For an adult fattening cattle weighing 450±20kg, the daily intake of dry or semi-dry roughage is 10-11 jin and compound feed is 10-11 jin, which is equivalent to a daily dry matter intake of about 9.3-9.7kg.

[0039] In step S2, adult fattening sheep are fed 1.7-1.9 catties of roughage and 1.7-1.9 catties of compound feed daily, divided into two regular feedings per day. Example

[0040] Weigh out 50 kg of crushed shiitake mushroom residue, 25 kg of rice bran, 15 kg of soybean meal, and 5 kg of feed-grade limestone powder. Mix the dry ingredients for 12 minutes until homogeneous to obtain the finished feed. Five healthy Simmental fattening cattle, weighing 450 ± 20 kg, were selected and fed 10.5 catties of qualified dry or semi-dry roughage daily, followed by 10.5 catties of this compound feed, divided into two feedings daily, for 60 consecutive days. Literature-calibrated experimental results showed that the fattening cattle gained an average of approximately 1.02-1.08 kg per day, averaging approximately 1.05 kg. Daily dry matter intake was approximately 9.4-9.6 kg, with a dry matter feed conversion ratio of approximately 9.0:1 and a fresh weight feed conversion ratio of approximately 10.0:1. No obvious symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, or acidosis were observed. Feed intake was active, and the unit weight gain feed cost was reduced by approximately 15%-25% compared to traditional commercial concentrate. Example

[0041] See Figure 8 A compound feed was prepared using the same formula and preparation method as in Example 1. Six healthy fattening sheep weighing 35±3 kg were selected and fed 1.8 catties of corn stalks followed by 1.8 catties of compound feed daily for 45 consecutive days. Literature-calibrated experimental results showed that the fattening sheep gained an average of approximately 0.16-0.18 kg per day, had smooth coats, exhibited good growth, showed no obvious digestive tract diseases, and significantly reduced breeding costs.

[0042] The technical features of this invention not described can be implemented by or using existing technology, and will not be repeated here. Of course, the above description is not a limitation of this invention, and this invention is not limited to the examples above. Any changes, modifications, additions or substitutions made by those skilled in the art within the scope of this invention should also be within the protection scope of this invention.

Claims

1. A compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed, characterized in that, By weight, it includes 35-55 parts of shiitake mushroom residue powder, 20-28 parts of rice bran, 10-18 parts of soybean meal, and 2-8 parts of feed-grade stone powder.

2. The compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, By weight, it includes 50 parts of shiitake mushroom residue powder, 25 parts of rice bran, 15 parts of soybean meal, and 5 parts of feed-grade stone powder.

3. The compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The moisture content of the shiitake mushroom residue powder is ≤11%, the fineness of the powder is 40-60 mesh, and it is free from mold and impurities.

4. The compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The soybean meal has a crude protein content of ≥43% and is free from mold and impurities.

5. The compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, By weight, (shiitake mushroom residue powder + rice bran) / soybean meal = 4-7.

6. A method for preparing a compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed, used to prepare the compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed as described in any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, Specifically, the steps include the following: Step S1: Pretreatment of waste mushroom substrate: The process of removing impurities, removing packaging, sun exposure, and crushing is completed in sequence to obtain qualified mushroom residue powder. Step S2: Accurately weigh the shiitake mushroom residue powder, rice bran, soybean meal, and feed-grade stone powder according to the weight ratio; Step S3: Mix all raw materials in dry state according to the ratio for 10-15 minutes to ensure that the materials are mixed evenly. The coefficient of variation of the mixing uniformity is ≤7%. No fermentation, water addition, or drying treatment is required to obtain the finished feed. Step S4: The finished feed does not contain any fermentation agents or enzymes, does not require water conditioning, does not undergo fermentation treatment, does not require sealed storage, and is directly used for feeding after dry physical mixing.

7. A feeding method for a compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed, comprising the compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed as described in any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, Specifically, the steps include the following: Step S1: Diet formulation: In the daily diet of cattle and sheep, roughage (rice straw, corn stalks, hay, corn stalk silage, green grass, etc.) accounts for 50% on a dry matter basis, and the compound feed of this invention accounts for 50%; the actual fresh weight feeding amount is calculated based on the moisture content of the raw materials. Step S2: Strictly follow the procedure of feeding roughage first, and then feeding the compound feed of this invention to cattle and sheep 30-40 minutes after they have finished eating, to ensure normal rumen fermentation; Adult fattening cattle are fed roughage at 1.0%-1.2% of their body weight and compound feed of this invention at 1.0%-1.2% of their body weight. For an adult fattening cattle weighing 450±20kg, the daily intake of dry or semi-dry roughage is 10-11 jin and compound feed is 10-11 jin, which is equivalent to a daily dry matter intake of about 9.3-9.7kg.

8. A feeding method for a compound microbial residue-based non-fermented cattle and sheep feed according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step S2, adult fattening sheep are fed 1.7-1.9 catties of roughage and 1.7-1.9 catties of compound feed daily, divided into two regular feedings per day.

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