A medium and large pig feed containing hermetia illucens larva powder instead of soybean meal

Abstract

The application discloses a medium-large pig feed containing Hermetia illucens larva powder to replace soybean meal, which is composed of the following components in percentage by weight: 5-25% of Hermetia illucens larva powder, 0-18% of soybean meal, 55-75% of corn, 0.4-0.8% of stone powder, 0.8-1.5% of calcium hydrogen phosphate, 0.2-0.4% of salt, 0.2-0.4% of zeolite powder and 0.2-0.4% of growth and fattening pig compound premix. Based on the high energy value (DE=16.46 MJ / kg) and high amino acid digestibility (lysine SID=88.66%) of the Hermetia illucens larva powder measured, the application first establishes the proportional linkage relationship of "replacing soybean meal and simultaneously reducing corn" (Hermetia illucens powder increases by 5%, and corn reduces by 3-6%), and utilizes the synergistic adsorption effect of chitin in the Hermetia illucens larva powder and zeolite powder. The feed can significantly reduce the amount of soybean meal, reduce the energy raw materials and crystalline amino acid addition, improve the feed utilization efficiency, improve the intestinal health and meat quality of pigs, and is suitable for the large-scale breeding of medium-large pigs.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of pig feed technology, specifically relating to a feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal. Background Technology

[0002] my country faces a severe shortage of protein feed resources, with soybean import dependence consistently exceeding 85%. Insufficient protein raw material supply has become a significant bottleneck restricting the development of my country's pig farming industry. With the continuous rise in feed raw material prices, reliance on imported soybean meal has led to persistently high farming costs. Therefore, developing safe, efficient, and low-cost new protein feed raw materials has become an urgent need for the industry's development.

[0003] Black soldier fly larvae powder is a novel insect protein resource, containing 35%–50% crude protein and 7%–42% crude fat. It has a balanced amino acid composition and is rich in functional components such as lauric acid, unsaturated fatty acids, antimicrobial peptides, and chitin.

[0004] However, current technologies for utilizing black soldier fly larvae meal largely focus on observing growth performance and simple substitution, lacking formulation design methods based on its precise nutritional parameters. In particular, black soldier fly larvae meal has a crude fat content exceeding 35%, and its digestible energy is significantly higher than corn and soybean meal. Using an equal-volume substitution method would lead to excessively high feed energy values, causing decreased feed intake and excessive fat deposition in pigs. Therefore, how to scientifically adjust the amount of energy sources such as corn while using black soldier fly larvae meal to replace soybean meal, achieving precise energy balance, and fully leveraging its synergistic effect with functional additives, is a pressing technical problem to be solved in this field.

[0005] Therefore, based on measured effective energy value and amino acid digestibility data, this invention provides a feed for medium and large pigs that can be industrially produced, uses low amounts of soybean meal, and has good feeding effects. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This invention aims to overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies by providing a feed for medium and large pigs that uses black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal. While ensuring nutritional supply and digestibility, it reduces the amount of soybean meal used, decreases the amount of energy raw materials and added crystalline amino acids, and improves the economy and safety of the feed.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution provided by this invention is as follows: The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal consists of the following components by weight percentage: 5%–25% black soldier fly larvae powder, 0%–18% soybean meal, 55%–75% corn, 0.4%–0.8% limestone powder, 0.8%–1.5% dicalcium phosphate, 0.2%–0.4% salt, 0.2%–0.4% zeolite powder, and 0.2%–0.4% compound premix for growing and finishing pigs.

[0008] Preferably, in the feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal, the black soldier fly larvae powder contains 38%–40% crude protein, 35%–37% crude fat, 3.5%–3.7% calcium, and 0.8%–0.9% total phosphorus; lauric acid 12.0%–12.5%, palmitic acid 19.0%–19.5%, oleic acid 29.0%–30.0%, linoleic acid 24.5%–25.0%, and total... Unsaturated fatty acids: 59.0%–60.0%; arginine: 3.7%–3.9%, histidine: 2.1%–2.3%, isoleucine: 3.0%–3.2%, leucine: 4.9%–5.2%, lysine: 4.6%–4.9%, methionine: 0.9%–1.1%, phenylalanine: 2.8%–3.0%, threonine: 2.7%–3.0%, tryptophan: 1.2%–1.4%, valine: 4.2%–4.5%.

[0009] Preferably, the feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder to replace soybean meal consists of the following components by weight percentage: 20% black soldier fly larvae powder, 21.6% soybean meal, 56% corn, 0.58% limestone powder, 1.0% dicalcium phosphate, 0.3% salt, 0.27% zeolite powder, and 0.25% compound premix for growing and finishing pigs.

[0010] Preferably, the black soldier fly larvae powder is whole fat dried larvae powder.

[0011] Preferably, the premix comprises vitamins, trace elements, and choline chloride; the vitamins include vitamin A, vitamin D3, vitamin E, vitamin K3, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, pantothenic acid, niacin, vitamin B6, biotin, folic acid, and vitamin B1. 12 Trace elements include copper, iron, manganese, zinc, selenium, and iodine.

[0012] More preferably, each kilogram of the premix comprises: vitamin A 3800-4600 IU, vitamin D3 360-440 IU, vitamin E 32-40 IU, vitamin K3 1.0-1.4 mg, and vitamin B... 12 20-26 μg, Vitamin B2 5.2-6.0 mg, Pantothenic acid 18-23 mg, Niacin 25-31 mg, Choline chloride 0.9-1.1 g, Folic acid 0.7-0.9 mg, Vitamin B1 3.1-3.7 mg, Vitamin B6 2.4-3.0 mg, Biotin 0.16-0.20 mg, Manganese 36-44 mg, Iron 63-77 mg, Zinc 63-77 mg, Copper 63-77 mg, Iodine 0.25-0.35 mg, Selenium 0.25-0.35 mg.

[0013] More preferably, the manganese is calculated as manganese sulfate, the iron as ferrous sulfate, the zinc as zinc sulfate, the copper as copper sulfate, the iodine as potassium iodide, and the selenium as sodium selenite.

[0014] Preferably, the black soldier fly larvae powder has a digestible energy of ≥16.0 MJ / kg, a metabolizable energy of ≥15.8 MJ / kg, and an ileal digestibility of ≥80% for medium and large pigs.

[0015] Preferably, the black soldier fly larvae powder replaces 20% to 100% of the soybean meal by mass.

[0016] Preferably, for every 5% increase in the amount of black soldier fly larvae powder added to the diet for medium and large pigs, the amount of corn added is reduced by 3% to 6%; the diet for medium and large pigs does not contain crystalline lysine, or the amount of crystalline lysine added is reduced by more than 30%.

[0017] The present invention will be further described below: In the feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal, the amino acid composition of the black soldier fly larvae powder is as follows: arginine 3.7%–3.9%, histidine 2.1%–2.3%, isoleucine 3.0%–3.2%, leucine 4.9%–5.2%, lysine 4.6%–4.9%, methionine 0.9%–1.1%, phenylalanine 2.8%–3.0%, threonine 2.7%–3.0%, tryptophan 1.2%–1.4%, and valine 4.2%–4.5%.

[0018] The digestible energy (DE) of the black soldier fly larvae powder is 16.0–17.0 MJ / kg, and the metabolizable energy (ME) is 15.8–16.8 MJ / kg (air-dried basis); the standard ileal digestibility of lysine is ≥85%, the standard ileal digestibility of methionine is ≥88%, and the standard ileal digestibility of threonine is ≥78%.

[0019] The key components of this invention and their synergistic relationship are as follows: (1) Linkage between black soldier fly larvae meal and corn ratio: Based on the measured high energy value (DE=16.46MJ / kg, ME=16.28 MJ / kg) and high fat content (35%~37%) of black soldier fly larvae meal, this invention establishes a compatibility principle of replacing soybean meal while simultaneously reducing corn. Specifically, for every 5% increase in the amount of black soldier fly larvae meal added, the amount of corn used is reduced by 3%~6% to maintain the energy value of the feed within a suitable range (digestible energy 13.5~14.5 MJ / kg) and avoid a decrease in feed intake due to excessively high energy value.

[0020] (2) Precise substitution of black soldier fly larvae powder and soybean meal: Based on the measured ileal digestibility of standard amino acids of black soldier fly larvae powder (lysine 88.66%, methionine 90.81%, threonine 81.10%), this invention determined the preferred ratio of 20% black soldier fly larvae powder and 21.6% soybean meal, achieving amino acid balance without adding crystalline amino acids.

[0021] (3) Synergistic adsorption of black soldier fly larvae powder and zeolite powder: Chitin (content of about 5% to 10%) in black soldier fly larvae powder works synergistically with zeolite powder to adsorb intestinal pathogens and mycotoxins, reduce diarrhea rate and improve the breeding environment.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: 1. The protein content of black soldier fly larvae meal is similar to that of soybean meal, but the content of essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, and threonine, as well as the ileal digestibility, are significantly higher than those of soybean meal. When combined with corn, it can form a more balanced amino acid profile, thereby reducing or eliminating the need for crystalline lysine and lowering feed costs.

[0023] 2. The digestible and metabolizable energy of black soldier fly larvae meal is significantly higher than that of corn and soybean meal. Its high-energy characteristics complement the starch energy of corn. While replacing soybean meal, it can simultaneously reduce the amount of corn used, avoid the feed energy value being too high and thus reduce feed intake, and achieve precise energy balance.

[0024] 3. Black soldier fly larvae powder is rich in chitin and its derivatives, which work synergistically with zeolite powder in the formula: chitin can adsorb intestinal pathogens and mycotoxins, while zeolite powder further adsorbs ammonia and harmful substances. Together, they enhance intestinal barrier function, reduce the incidence of diarrhea, and improve the breeding environment. Simultaneously, the functional fatty acids (lauric acid, oleic acid) in the black soldier fly larvae powder work synergistically with the calcium and phosphorus provided by calcium hydrogen phosphate to promote bone development and mineral deposition.

[0025] 4. Rich in functional fatty acids such as lauric acid and oleic acid, which have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, and are beneficial to improving the intestinal health and overall health of pigs.

[0026] 5. The high soybean meal substitution ratio can significantly reduce dependence on soybean meal, improve the economic efficiency of feed formulation, reduce the cost per ton of feed by 50-120 yuan, and reduce dependence on imported soybeans.

[0027] 6. The formula has a clear composition, and all nutritional indicators have been tested in animal experiments, making it suitable for large-scale breeding of medium and large pigs.

[0028] In summary, based on the measured high energy value (DE=16.46 MJ / kg) and high amino acid digestibility (lysine SID=88.66%) of black soldier fly larvae powder, this invention establishes for the first time a proportional linkage relationship of "replacing soybean meal with simultaneous reduction of corn" (for every 5% increase in black soldier fly powder, corn consumption decreases by 3%–6%), and utilizes the synergistic adsorption effect of chitin in black soldier fly larvae powder and zeolite powder. The feed diet of this invention can significantly reduce soybean meal usage, decrease the addition of energy raw materials and crystalline amino acids, improve feed utilization efficiency, improve intestinal health and meat quality in pigs, and is suitable for large-scale farming of medium and large-sized pigs. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The present invention will be further described below with reference to embodiments. Example 1

[0030] The present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0031] Example 1 (Preferred Formula) A feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae meal as a substitute for soybean meal, comprising the following components by weight percentage: Black soldier fly larvae powder 20.0% Soybean meal 21.6% Corn 56.0% Stone powder 0.58% 1.0% Dicalcium phosphate Salt 0.3% 0.27% zeolite powder 0.25% compound premix for growing and finishing pigs The black soldier fly larvae powder is a full-fat dried larvae powder, and the premix provides the following components per kilogram of feed: Vitamin A 4200 IU, Vitamin D3 400 IU, Vitamin E 36 IU, Vitamin K3 1.2 mg, Vitamin B1 400 IU, Vitamin D2 400 IU, Vitamin D3 36 IU, Vitamin D3 1.2 mg, Vitamin B1 400 IU, Vitamin D2 400 IU, Vitamin D3 ... 12 23 μg, Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 5.63 mg, Pantothenic acid 20.5 mg, Niacin 28 mg, Choline chloride 1.0 g, Folic acid 0.8 mg, Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 3.4 mg, Vitamin B6 2.7 mg, Biotin 0.18 mg, Mn (manganese sulfate) 40.0 mg, Fe (ferrous sulfate) 70.0 mg, Zn (zinc sulfate) 70.0 mg, Cu (copper sulfate) 70.0 mg, I (potassium iodide) 0.3 mg, Se (sodium selenite) 0.3 mg.

[0032] Example 2 (High Substitution Ratio Formulation) A feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae meal as a substitute for soybean meal, comprising the following components by weight percentage: Black soldier fly larvae powder 25.0% Soybean meal 0% Corn 72.0% Stone powder 0.6% 1.2% Dicalcium phosphate Salt 0.3% 0.4% zeolite powder 0.4% compound premix for growing and finishing pigs The black soldier fly larvae powder is a full-fat dried larvae powder, and the premix provides the following components per kilogram of feed: Vitamin A 4200 IU, Vitamin D3 400 IU, Vitamin E 36 IU, Vitamin K3 1.2 mg, Vitamin B1 400 IU, Vitamin D2 400 IU, Vitamin D3 36 IU, Vitamin D3 1.2 mg, Vitamin B1 400 IU, Vitamin D2 400 IU, Vitamin D3 ... 12 23 μg, Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 5.63 mg, Pantothenic acid 20.5 mg, Niacin 28 mg, Choline chloride 1.0 g, Folic acid 0.8 mg, Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 3.4 mg, Vitamin B6 2.7 mg, Biotin 0.18 mg, Mn (manganese sulfate) 40.0 mg, Fe (ferrous sulfate) 70.0 mg, Zn (zinc sulfate) 70.0 mg, Cu (copper sulfate) 70.0 mg, I (potassium iodide) 0.3 mg, Se (sodium selenite) 0.3 mg.

[0033] Example 3 (Low Substitution Ratio Formulation) A feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae meal as a substitute for soybean meal, comprising the following components by weight percentage: Black soldier fly larvae powder 5.0% Soybean meal 18.0% Corn 75.0% Stone powder 0.5% 0.8% dicalcium phosphate Salt 0.2% 0.2% zeolite powder 0.3% compound premix for growing and finishing pigs The black soldier fly larvae powder is a full-fat dried larvae powder, and the premix provides the following components per kilogram of feed: Vitamin A 4200 IU, Vitamin D3 400 IU, Vitamin E 36 IU, Vitamin K3 1.2 mg, Vitamin B1 400 IU, Vitamin D2 400 IU, Vitamin D3 36 IU, Vitamin D3 1.2 mg, Vitamin B1 400 IU, Vitamin D2 400 IU, Vitamin D3 ... 1223 μg, Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 5.63 mg, Pantothenic acid 20.5 mg, Niacin 28 mg, Choline chloride 1.0 g, Folic acid 0.8 mg, Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 3.4 mg, Vitamin B6 2.7 mg, Biotin 0.18 mg, Mn (manganese sulfate) 40.0 mg, Fe (ferrous sulfate) 70.0 mg, Zn (zinc sulfate) 70.0 mg, Cu (copper sulfate) 70.0 mg, I (potassium iodide) 0.3 mg, Se (sodium selenite) 0.3 mg.

[0034] Example 4 (Traditional soybean meal-corn-based diet) No black soldier fly larvae powder was added. The soybean meal content was 22%, the corn content was 75%, and the remaining components were the same as in Example 1.

[0035] To verify the effects of this invention on the digestible and metabolizable energy of pigs, the feed prepared in Example 1 was selected as the experimental group, and the comparative feed formula was selected as the control group. Twelve healthy castrated boars of similar weight (43.5±1.7 kg) [Duroc × (Landrace × Large White)] were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group, with six pigs in each group. The experimental period was 12 days. The feed formula is shown in Table 2, and the measured nutritional levels of black soldier fly larvae meal are shown in Table 1.

[0036] Table 1 shows the main nutrient components of black soldier fly larvae meal used as a reference for formulating dietary diets, strictly following national standards. The dry matter content of the black soldier fly larvae meal was determined according to GB / T 6435-2014, the crude protein content according to GB / T 6432-1994, the crude fat content according to GB / T 6433-2006, and the crude ash content according to GB / T 6438-2007. The calcium and total phosphorus contents were determined according to GB 5009.268-2016 and ICP-OES-5110. Total energy was measured using an isothermal fully automatic calorimeter (5E-AC8018).

[0037] Table 1. Measured nutritional components of black soldier fly larvae powder (air-dried basis, %)

[0038] Table 2 Feed formulation and nutrient levels

[0039] The experimental results are shown in the table below: Table 3. Example 1: Determination of the effective energy value of raw materials for pigs (air-dried basis, MJ / kg)

[0040] Note: Different superscript letters in peer data indicate significant differences. P<0.05, indicating no significant difference ( ). P >0.05).

[0041] The experimental results showed that, under air-dried conditions, there were significant differences in the digestible and metabolizable energy of pigs between the two groups. P The value of black soldier fly larvae powder is <0.01), and the experimental group is greater than the control group. This indicates that black soldier fly larvae powder has a high effective energy value as a pig feed ingredient and its feeding effect is better than that of soybean meal.

[0042] Example 4: Determination of Amino Acid Digestibility Nine pigs with ileal fistulas (50.8±2.4 kg) were selected and fed a 3×2 incomplete Latin square design. Semi-homogeneous diets of black soldier fly larvae powder, soybean meal, and nitrogen-free diets were formulated, with three pigs per group. Two 7-day periods were conducted per period (5 days for acclimatization + 2 days for ileal digestion). The digestibility of amino acids in the pig ileum of black soldier fly larvae powder and soybean meal was determined using an exogenous indicator method combined with a nitrogen-free diet method. The composition of the diet ingredients is shown in Table 4, and the experimental results are shown in Table 5.

[0043] Table 4. Raw material composition of the diet in Example 4 (air-dried basis, %)

[0044] The experimental results are shown in the table below: Table 5. Effects of black soldier fly larvae and soybean meal on the digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in the standardized ileum of growing pigs (air-dried basis, %)

[0045] The results showed that the crude protein standard ileal digestibility of black soldier fly larvae meal tended to be higher than that of soybean meal. P =0.06), and the digestibility of most amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, valine, alanine, etc.) was significantly higher than that of soybean meal. P <0.05%, but histidine digestibility was significantly lower than that of soybean meal ( P <0.01). This indicates that black soldier fly larvae powder, as a pig feed ingredient, has better digestibility of protein and most amino acids than soybean meal, but its histidine utilization rate is relatively low, so it needs to be supplemented or balanced in the formula.

[0046] The diet for medium and large pigs provided by this invention, which uses black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal, is nutritionally balanced, highly energy-efficient, and has good amino acid utilization. It can significantly reduce dependence on soybean meal and improve breeding efficiency, making it suitable for large-scale pig farms to promote and apply.

Claims

1. A feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal, characterized in that, The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal consists of the following components by weight percentage: 5%–25% black soldier fly larvae powder, 0%–18% soybean meal, 55%–75% corn, 0.4%–0.8% limestone powder, 0.8%–1.5% dicalcium phosphate, 0.2%–0.4% salt, 0.2%–0.4% zeolite powder, and 0.2%–0.4% compound premix for growing and finishing pigs.

2. The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The aforementioned diet for medium and large pigs, which uses black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal, contains black soldier fly larvae powder with a crude protein content of 38%–40%, a crude fat content of 35%–37%, a calcium content of 3.5%–3.7%, and a total phosphorus content of 0.8%–0.9%; lauric acid 12.0%–12.5%, palmitic acid 19.0%–19.5%, oleic acid 29.0%–30.0%, linoleic acid 24.5%–25.0%, and total unsaturated fatty acids. It contains 59.0%–60.0% fatty acids; arginine 3.7%–3.9%, histidine 2.1%–2.3%, isoleucine 3.0%–3.2%, leucine 4.9%–5.2%, lysine 4.6%–4.9%, methionine 0.9%–1.1%, phenylalanine 2.8%–3.0%, threonine 2.7%–3.0%, tryptophan 1.2%–1.4%, and valine 4.2%–4.5%.

3. The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal consists of the following components by weight percentage: 20% black soldier fly larvae powder, 21.6% soybean meal, 56% corn, 0.58% limestone powder, 1.0% dicalcium phosphate, 0.3% salt, 0.27% zeolite powder, and 0.25% compound premix for growing and finishing pigs.

4. The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The black soldier fly larvae powder is a fully dried larvae powder.

5. The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The premix consists of vitamins, trace elements, and choline chloride; the vitamins include vitamin A, vitamin D3, vitamin E, vitamin K3, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, pantothenic acid, niacin, vitamin B6, biotin, folic acid, and vitamin B1. 12 Trace elements include copper, iron, manganese, zinc, selenium, and iodine.

6. The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal as described in claim 5, characterized in that, Each kilogram of the premix comprises: Vitamin A 3800-4600 IU, Vitamin D3 360-440 IU, Vitamin E 32-40 IU, Vitamin K3 1.0-1.4 mg, Vitamin B... 12 20-26 μg, Vitamin B2 5.2-6.0 mg, Pantothenic acid 18-23 mg, Niacin 25-31 mg, Choline chloride 0.9-1.1 g, Folic acid 0.7-0.9 mg, Vitamin B1 3.1-3.7 mg, Vitamin B6 2.4-3.0 mg, Biotin 0.16-0.20 mg, Manganese 36-44 mg, Iron 63-77 mg, Zinc 63-77 mg, Copper 63-77 mg, Iodine 0.25-0.35 mg, Selenium 0.25-0.35 mg.

7. The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The manganese is calculated as manganese sulfate, the iron as ferrous sulfate, the zinc as zinc sulfate, the copper as copper sulfate, the iodine as potassium iodide, and the selenium as sodium selenite.

8. The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The black soldier fly larvae powder has a digestible energy of ≥16.0 MJ / kg, a metabolizable energy of ≥15.8 MJ / kg, and an ileal digestibility of ≥80% for medium and large pigs.

9. The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The black soldier fly larvae powder replaces 20% to 100% of the soybean meal by mass.

10. The feed for medium and large pigs containing black soldier fly larvae powder as a substitute for soybean meal as described in claim 1, characterized in that, For every 5% increase in the amount of black soldier fly larvae powder added to the diet for medium and large pigs, the amount of corn added should be reduced by 3% to 6%; the diet for medium and large pigs does not contain crystalline lysine, or the amount of crystalline lysine added is reduced by more than 30%.

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