A conductive gel, a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof, and a photovoltaic module

Abstract

The present application relates to a kind of conductive gel, for perovskite solar cell, the conductive gel includes conductive high molecular polymer and ion liquid with cation, the mass ratio of conductive high molecular polymer and ion liquid with cation is 1:0.1-1:1.Perovskite battery obtained using the conductive gel, can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and conductivity of battery.The present application also provides a kind of perovskite solar cell and its preparation method and a kind of photovoltaic module containing the perovskite solar cell.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a conductive gel, a perovskite solar cell and its preparation method, and a photovoltaic module. Background Technology

[0002] Perovskite solar cells have received increasing attention due to their simple fabrication process, low cost, and high performance. However, in existing technologies, perovskite solar cells struggle to balance photoelectric conversion efficiency and conductivity. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This invention provides a conductive gel for use in perovskite solar cells, which can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and conductivity of perovskite solar cells.

[0004] In view of this, the present invention proposes a conductive gel for use in perovskite solar cells, wherein the conductive gel comprises a conductive polymer and an ionic liquid containing cations, and the mass ratio of the conductive polymer to the ionic liquid containing cations is 1:0.1-1:1.

[0005] Preferably, the conductive polymer is at least one of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonic acid), polypyrrole, polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene derivatives, polyurethane (PU), and polyurethane derivatives.

[0006] Preferably, the ionic liquid containing cations is at least one of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt, 1-butyl-3-methylhexafluorophosphate imidazoline, 1,3-bis(cyanomethyl)imidazolium chloride, tetramethylguanidine tetrachloroborate, and methylamine formate.

[0007] Preferably, the conductive gel further includes at least one of an organic solvent, a crosslinking agent, and an initiator.

[0008] Preferably, the concentration of the conductive polymer is 0.05-0.3 mol / L, and / or the concentration of the ionic liquid with cations is 0.05-0.2 mol / L, and / or the concentration of the crosslinking agent is 0.001-0.005 mol / L, and / or the concentration of the initiator is 0.01-0.15 mol / L.

[0009] Preferably, the crosslinking agent is a crosslinking agent containing disulfide bonds.

[0010] Preferably, the crosslinking agent containing disulfide bonds is at least one of polythioctic acid, (2,5-dioxopyrrolidone-1-yl)5-(dithiocyclopentane-3-yl)valerate, disulfide-bonded polythioctic acid, and disulfide-bonded di-terminated active esters.

[0011] The present invention also provides a perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell comprising a perovskite active layer, the perovskite active layer being prepared from a mixture containing a perovskite precursor and the aforementioned conductive gel.

[0012] Preferably, the chemical composition of the solute in the perovskite precursor is represented by the general formula Cs. x (FA y MA 1-y )1-xPb(I 1- z Br z 3. (FAPbI3) 1-x (MAPbBr3) x MA x FA 1-x PbI3, FA 1-x Cs x PbI3, MAPbI 3-x Cl x At least one of the following, wherein FA is formamidin, MA is methylamine, 0≤x≤0.15, 0≤y≤0.15, and 0≤z≤0.15.

[0013] Preferably, the mass ratio of the perovskite precursor to the conductive gel is 50:1 to 5:1.

[0014] Preferably, the perovskite grains in the mixture are encapsulated by conductive gel, forming a core-shell structure with the perovskite grains as the core and the conductive gel as the shell.

[0015] Preferably, the perovskite solar cell comprises, in sequence, a conductive glass, a hole transport layer, the perovskite active layer, an electron transport layer, and an electrode. The thickness of the conductive glass is 1-2 mm, and / or the thickness of the hole transport layer is 10-20 nm, and / or the thickness of the perovskite active layer is 400-600 nm, and / or the thickness of the electron transport layer is 25-50 nm, and / or the thickness of the electrode is 80-160 nm.

[0016] Preferably, the open-circuit voltage of the perovskite solar cell is 0.9-1.2V, and the short-circuit current density is 20-24mA / cm². 2 The photoelectric conversion efficiency is 15-23%.

[0017] This invention also provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0018] ((1) A slurry containing a hole transport layer active material is coated on the surface of conductive glass and subjected to a first annealing treatment to obtain a hole transport layer.

[0019] (2) A mixture containing a perovskite precursor and a conductive gel is coated on the hole transport layer, and then a second annealing treatment is performed to obtain a perovskite active layer.

[0020] (3) An electron transport layer and an electrode are sequentially formed on the perovskite active layer by vapor deposition to obtain the perovskite solar cell.

[0021] Preferably, the first annealing temperature is 100-150℃ and the first annealing time is 10-20 minutes; the second annealing temperature is 120-150℃ and the second annealing time is 10-30 minutes.

[0022] The present invention also provides a photovoltaic module, the photovoltaic module comprising the aforementioned perovskite solar cell.

[0023] The conductive gel provided by this invention is used in perovskite solar cells. The conductive gel comprises a conductive polymer and a cationic ionic liquid, with a mass ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:1. The conductive polymer forms a conductive network to facilitate carrier transport. The cationic ions in the ionic liquid form local dipoles, optimizing energy level alignment and increasing open-circuit voltage. They can also adjust the conductivity and valence band position of the perovskite through electrostatic interactions, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell. The anions in the ionic liquid suppress vacancies, thus passivating defects. This technology utilizes the conductive gel to achieve in-situ perovskite defect passivation. Simultaneously, the dynamic cross-linking network of the conductive gel and the synergistic effect with the perovskite material enable self-repair of microscopic damage, while optimizing carrier transport paths and further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell. Attached Figure Description

[0024] The accompanying drawings, which form part of this invention, are used to provide a further understanding of the invention. The illustrative embodiments of the invention and their descriptions are used to explain the invention and do not constitute an improper limitation of the invention.

[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a formal perovskite solar cell structure in the prior art;

[0026] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an inverted perovskite solar cell in the prior art;

[0027] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the mixture used in the present invention for preparing a perovskite active layer.

[0028] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0029] 1. Metal electrode; 2-1. Electron transport layer; 2-2. Hole transport layer; 3. Interface passivation layer; 4. Perovskite layer; 5. Conductive glass; 6. Perovskite crystal; 7. Conductive gel. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for illustration and explanation only and are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0031] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0032] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc., used in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this invention are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate for the embodiments of the invention described herein.

[0033] A schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell structure in the prior art is shown below. Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, existing interfacial passivation layers generally form chemical bonds on the perovskite surface using passivating agents to inhibit ion migration and repair microscopic defects. For example, phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) replaces cations on the perovskite surface to form a quasi-two-dimensional perovskite passivation layer, inhibiting ion migration and reducing surface defects. Another example is propane-1,3-diammonium iodide (PDAI2), which repels hole carriers through field effects, reduces interfacial recombination, and forms strong coordination bonds with the perovskite surface, improving carrier lifetime. Their drawbacks include limited repair capabilities; they are more effective at repairing nanoscale defects and have limited repair capabilities for macroscopic mechanical damage (such as cracks); the passivation layer thickness is limited, which can hinder carrier transport and cause a decrease in the fill factor; the application environment is limited, relying on specific chemical atmospheres (such as temperature and humidity) for activation; and the repair dimension is limited to interfacial layer repair, unable to penetrate into the perovskite bulk phase, thus limiting the repair scope.

[0034] This invention provides a conductive gel for preparing the active layer of a perovskite solar cell. The conductive gel comprises a conductive polymer and a cationic ionic liquid, wherein the mass ratio of the conductive polymer to the cationic ionic liquid is 1:0.1-1:1. This effectively improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and conductivity of the perovskite solar cell. The mass ratio of the conductive polymer to the cationic ionic liquid can be any value from 1:0.1, 1:0.2, 1:0.3, 1:0.4, 1:0.5, 1:0.6, 1:0.7, 1:0.8, 1:0.9, to 1:1.

[0035] The conductive polymer can form a conductive network to facilitate the transport of charge carriers.

[0036] Preferably, the conductive polymer is at least one selected from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonic acid), polypyrrole, polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene derivatives, polyurethane (PU), and polyurethane derivatives. For example, polypyrrole, with the molecular formula...

[0037] The cations in the ionic liquid can form local dipoles, optimizing energy level alignment and increasing open-circuit voltage. The anions in the ionic liquid can suppress vacancies and passivate defects. Furthermore, electrostatic interactions can adjust the conductivity and valence band position of the perovskite, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0038] Preferably, the cation-containing ionic liquid is at least one of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt (EMIM-TFSI), 1-butyl-3-methylhexafluorophosphate imidazoline monoxide (BMIM-PF6), 1,3-bis(cyanomethyl)imidazolium chloride ([Bcmim]Cl), tetramethylguanidine tetrachloroborate (TMGBF4), and methylamine formate (MAFa). For example, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt (EMIM-TFSI) has the molecular formula C8H. 11 F6N3O4S 2，

[0039] Right now

[0040] Conductive polymers and cationic ionic liquids can form dynamic network structures through hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole interactions. The interaction between the cationic liquid and the conductive polymer chains can suppress their aggregation in solution. Simultaneously, they synergistically construct a three-dimensional network, forming continuous ion transport pathways. Furthermore, the passivation effect of the ionic liquid, combined with energy level optimization of the conductive polymer, can reduce the hysteresis effect of perovskite solar cells and improve power conversion efficiency.

[0041] Preferably, the conductive gel further includes at least one of an organic solvent, a crosslinking agent, and an initiator.

[0042] The organic solvent is a common solvent in the art, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), or γ-butyrolactone (GBL), which serves to dissolve conductive polymers and ionic liquids. The crosslinking agent is a common crosslinking agent in the art, such as N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) or phytic acid (PA), which provides room-temperature self-healing microcrack capability. The initiator is a common initiator in the art, such as ammonium persulfate (APS) or ferric chloride (FeCl3), which promotes the polymerization of conductive polymer monomers.

[0043] Preferably, the concentration of the conductive polymer is 0.05-0.3 mol / L, and / or the concentration of the cationic ionic liquid is 0.05-0.2 mol / L, and / or the concentration of the crosslinking agent is 0.001-0.005 mol / L, and / or the concentration of the initiator is 0.01-0.15 mol / L. Within these preferred ranges, the conductive gel forms a good three-dimensional network, promoting carrier transport, passivating defects, and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0044] Preferably, the crosslinking agent is a disulfide bond-containing crosslinking agent, forming a reversible disulfide bond, the molecular formula of which is: Reversible disulfide bonds can dynamically repair microcracks in perovskite solar cells, further enhancing the self-healing capability of the perovskite solar cells of this invention.

[0045] Preferably, the disulfide-containing crosslinking agent is at least one of polythioctic acid, (2,5-dioxopyrrolidone-1-yl)5-(dithiocyclopentan-3-yl)valerate (i.e., FTA), disulfide-bonded polythioctic acid (i.e., PTK), and disulfide-containing dual-terminated active esters (i.e., NHS-SS-NHS). By selecting these substances, the dynamic disulfide bonds in the conductive gel can reduce the surface defect density, and their dynamic reversibility can maintain structural integrity through bond breaking and recombination, further optimizing the synergistic effect between the conductive polymer and the cationic ionic liquid.

[0046] The present invention also provides a perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell comprising a perovskite active layer, the perovskite active layer being prepared from a mixture containing a perovskite precursor known to those skilled in the art and the aforementioned conductive gel.

[0047] Perovskite precursors are common to those skilled in the art; for example, the general chemical formula of the solute in a perovskite precursor is represented by Cs.x (FA y MA 1-y ) 1-x Pb(I 1-z Br z 3. (FAPbI3) 1-x (MAPbBr3) x MA x FA 1-x PbI3, FA 1-x Cs x PbI3, MAPbI 3-x Cl x At least one of the following, wherein FA is formamidin, MA is methylamine, 0≤x≤0.15, 0≤y≤0.15, 0≤z≤0.15. For example: Cs 0.15 FA 0.85 PbI3.

[0048] Preferably, the mass ratio of the perovskite precursor to the conductive gel is 50:1 to 5:1. The mass ratio of the perovskite precursor to the conductive gel can be any one of 50:1, 45:1, 40:1, 35:1, 30:1, 25:1, 20:1, 15:1, 10:1, or 5:1.

[0049] Within these preferred ranges, the mass ratio of perovskite precursor to conductive gel allows the conductive gel to effectively passivate defects, repair microcracks, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. The aforementioned mixture contains a perovskite precursor known to those skilled in the art and the aforementioned conductive gel. By thoroughly mixing the perovskite precursor and the aforementioned conductive gel, the perovskite grains in the mixture are encapsulated by the conductive gel, forming a core-shell structure with the perovskite grains as the core and the conductive gel as the shell. Figure 3 As shown, the perovskite crystal serves as the core, and the conductive gel serves as the shell. Through in-situ polymerization, the perovskite grains are encapsulated, forming a core-shell structure similar to "perovskite-gel".

[0050] Preferably, the perovskite solar cell comprises, in sequence, a conductive glass, a hole transport layer, the perovskite active layer, an electron transport layer, and an electrode. The thickness of the conductive glass is 1-2 mm, and / or the thickness of the hole transport layer is 10-20 nm, and / or the thickness of the perovskite active layer is 400-600 nm, and / or the thickness of the electron transport layer is 25-50 nm, and / or the thickness of the electrode is 80-160 nm.

[0051] The perovskite solar cell prepared according to the method of the present invention has an open-circuit voltage of 0.9-1.2V and a short-circuit current density of 20-24mA / cm². 2 The photoelectric conversion efficiency is 15-23%.

[0052] This invention also provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0053] (1) A slurry containing a hole transport layer active material is coated on the surface of conductive glass and subjected to a first annealing treatment to obtain a hole transport layer.

[0054] (2) A mixture containing a perovskite precursor and a conductive gel is coated on the hole transport layer, and then a second annealing treatment is performed to obtain a perovskite active layer.

[0055] (3) An electron transport layer and an electrode are sequentially formed on the perovskite active layer by vapor deposition to obtain the perovskite solar cell.

[0056] The thicknesses of the conductive glass, the hole transport layer, the perovskite active layer, the electron transport layer, and the electrode are common thicknesses in the art. Specifically, the thickness of the conductive glass is 1-2 mm, the thickness of the hole transport layer is 10-20 nm, the thickness of the perovskite active layer is 400-600 nm, the thickness of the electron transport layer is 25-50 nm, and the thickness of the electrode is 80-160 nm.

[0057] The conductive glass is a common conductive glass in the art, such as FTO glass, i.e., fluorine-doped tin oxide glass; or ITO glass, i.e., indium tin oxide glass.

[0058] The active material used in the hole transport layer is a common hole transport layer active material in the art. The hole transport layer active material includes, but is not limited to, 2,2′,7,7′-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirodifluorene (i.e., spiro-OMeTAD), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (i.e., PTAA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(p-styrenesulfonic acid) (i.e., PEDOT:PSS), 2,2′,7,7′-tetratetra(di-p-tolylamino)spiro-9,9′-difluorene (i.e., spiro-TTB), V2O5, Cu2O, CuI, NiOm, preferably Spiro-OMeTAD or nickel oxide (NiOm), and nickel oxide (NiOm) is commercially available.

[0059] The electron transport layer is made of a common electron transport layer material in the art, and the electron transport layer includes [6,6]-phenyl-C 61At least one of methyl butyrate (PCBM), fullerene (C60), [6,6]-phenyl C71 methyl butyrate (PC70BM), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), and 1,3,5-tris(phenyl-2-benzimidazolyl)-benzene (TPBI), and / or at least one of a metal oxide; wherein the metal oxide is an oxide selected from at least one of the following metals: Ti, Sn, Cs, Fe, Zn, W, Nb, Si, Ti, Al, Cr, Sn, Mg, Mn, Zr, Ni, and Cu; and the electron transport layer is preferably SnO2 or C 60 At least one of BCP.

[0060] The electrode material is a common electrode material in the art, including but not limited to gold, silver, copper, aluminum, molybdenum, etc., with silver being preferred.

[0061] Preferably, the first annealing temperature is 100-150℃ and the first annealing time is 10-20 minutes; the second annealing temperature is 120-150℃ and the second annealing time is 10-30 minutes.

[0062] The present invention also provides a photovoltaic module, the photovoltaic module comprising the aforementioned perovskite solar cell.

[0063] The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0064] Example 1:

[0065] Fabrication of inverted perovskite solar cells.

[0066] (1) A slurry containing commercially available hole transport layer active material NiOm was coated on the surface of conductive glass FTO. The specific coating method can be spin coating, with a spin coating speed of 2000 rpm and a spin coating time of 30 seconds. Then, a first annealing treatment was performed at 150°C for 10 minutes to obtain a hole transport layer with a thickness of 15 nm.

[0067] (2) Preparation of perovskite precursor, wherein the perovskite precursor is CsI obtained by mixing FAI, CsI and PbI2 in a certain proportion and dissolving them in an organic solvent. 0.15 FA 0.85 PbI3, wherein the organic solvent is an organic solvent obtained by mixing dimethyl sulfoxide (i.e., (DMSO)) and γ-butyrolactone (i.e., GBL) in a volume ratio of 7:3.

[0068] To prepare the conductive gel, polypyrrole, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide, and ferric chloride initiator, at concentrations of 0.1 mol / L, 0.1 mol / L, 0.001 mol / L, and 0.05 mol / L, respectively, were mixed with an organic solvent and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain the conductive gel.

[0069] The perovskite precursor and conductive gel precursor prepared above were mixed at a mass ratio of 15:1 and ultrasonically blended at 40°C for 25 minutes to obtain a mixture containing perovskite precursor and conductive gel.

[0070] The aforementioned mixture containing perovskite precursor and conductive gel was coated onto the hole transport layer by spin coating at a speed of 4000 rpm for 20 seconds. Then, a second annealing treatment was performed at a temperature of 150°C for 15 minutes to obtain a perovskite active layer with a thickness of 500 nm.

[0071] (3) An electron transport layer C with a thickness of 30 nm is formed on the aforementioned perovskite active layer by thermal evaporation. 60 The perovskite solar cell is prepared by thermally evaporating a 100 nm thick silver electrode onto the electron transport layer.

[0072] Example 2:

[0073] Same as Example 1, except that the conductive polymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-polystyrenesulfonic acid) and the ionic liquid with cations is 1-butyl-3-methylhexafluorophosphate imidazoline.

[0074] Example 3:

[0075] Same as Example 1, except that the conductive polymer is polyaniline and the ionic liquid with cations is tetramethylguanidine tetrachloroborate.

[0076] Example 4:

[0077] Same as Example 1, except that the conductive polymer is polyurethane and the ionic liquid with cationicity is 1,3-bis(cyanomethyl)imidazolium chloride.

[0078] Example 5:

[0079] Same as Example 1, except that the crosslinking agent is a disulfide-containing crosslinking agent—(2,5-dioxopyrrolidone-1-yl)5-(dithiocyclopentane-3-yl)valerate.

[0080] Example 6:

[0081] Same as Example 1, except that the crosslinking agent is a disulfide crosslinking agent—polythioctic acid.

[0082] Example 7:

[0083] Same as Example 1, except that the crosslinking agent is replaced with a crosslinking agent containing disulfide bonds—a disulfide-terminated active ester (i.e., NHS-SS-NHS).

[0084] Example 8:

[0085] Same as in Example 1, the mass ratio of perovskite precursor to conductive gel is 46:1.

[0086] Comparative Example 1

[0087] according to Figure 2 As shown, this demonstrates the fabrication of a perovskite solar cell in the prior art.

[0088] Similar to steps (1) and (2) of Example 1, the difference lies in that an interface passivation layer, propane-1,3-diammonium iodide (PDAI2), is prepared on the perovskite layer by spin coating. Figure 2 3. Its concentration was 0.5 mg / ml, the spin coating speed was 4000 rpm, the spin coating time was 30 seconds, and the thickness was 60 nm.

[0089] Test case

[0090] Examples 1-8 and Comparative Example 1 were tested according to test methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, the photoelectric conversion efficiency was tested according to GB / T 6495.1-2022, and the test results are shown in Table 1 below:

[0091] Table 1

[0092]

[0093] A comparison of the data from Examples 1-8 and Comparative Example 1 in Table 1 shows that adding conductive gel improves both the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of the device, thereby enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Specifically, Examples 1-4 and 8, compared to the passivation layer in Comparative Example 1, exhibit enhanced open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current, reflecting the effective improvement in conductivity of the present invention. This is because the charge transport channels formed by the conductive gel promote carrier migration, reduce recombination losses, and enhance the short-circuit current. The conductive gel passivates defects, reduces defect density, optimizes energy level arrangement, reduces interface losses, and enhances the open-circuit voltage. The crosslinking agent described in Examples 5-7 is a disulfide bond-containing crosslinking agent; its dynamic and reversible bond breaking and recombination stabilize the structure, further enhancing the battery's self-healing ability, preventing further defect generation, and improving both open-circuit voltage and photoelectric conversion efficiency. In summary, introducing a conductive gel comprising conductive polymers and ionic liquids with cations into the perovskite precursor can achieve a balance between photoelectric conversion efficiency and conductivity.

[0094] The foregoing embodiments are examples of inverted perovskite solar cells, but the present invention is also applicable to conventional perovskite solar cells.

[0095] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention. Various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A conductive gel for use in perovskite solar cells, characterized in that, The conductive gel comprises a conductive polymer and an ionic liquid containing cations, wherein the mass ratio of the conductive polymer to the ionic liquid containing cations is 1:0.1-1:

1.

2. The conductive gel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The conductive polymer is at least one of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonic acid), polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene derivatives, polyurethane, and polyurethane derivatives.

3. The conductive gel according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The ionic liquid containing cations is at least one of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt, 1-butyl-3-methylhexafluorophosphate imidazoline, 1,3-bis(cyanomethyl)imidazolium chloride, tetramethylguanidine tetrachloroborate, and methylamine formate.

4. The conductive gel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The conductive gel also includes at least one of an organic solvent, a crosslinking agent, and an initiator.

5. The conductive gel according to claim 4, characterized in that, The concentration of the conductive polymer is 0.05-0.3 mol / L, and / or the concentration of the ionic liquid with cations is 0.05-0.2 mol / L, and / or the concentration of the crosslinking agent is 0.001-0.005 mol / L, and / or the concentration of the initiator is 0.01-0.15 mol / L.

6. The conductive gel according to claim 4, characterized in that, The crosslinking agent is a crosslinking agent containing disulfide bonds.

7. A perovskite solar cell, characterized in that, The perovskite solar cell includes a perovskite active layer, which is prepared from a mixture containing a perovskite precursor and a conductive gel according to any one of claims 1-6.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, The general chemical formula for the solute in the perovskite precursor is represented by Cs. x (FA y MA 1-y ) 1-x Pb(I 1-z Br z 3. (FAPbI3) 1-x (MAPbBr3) x MA x FA 1-x PbI3, FA 1- x Cs x PbI3, MAPbI 3-x Cl x At least one of the following, wherein FA is formamidin, MA is methylamine, 0≤x≤0.15, 0≤y≤0.15, and 0≤z≤0.

15.

9. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, In the mixture, the perovskite grains are encapsulated by the conductive gel, forming a core-shell structure with the perovskite grains as the core and the conductive gel as the shell.

10. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, The perovskite solar cell comprises, in sequence, conductive glass, a hole transport layer, the perovskite active layer, an electron transport layer, and an electrode. The thickness of the conductive glass is 1-2 mm, and / or the thickness of the hole transport layer is 10-20 nm, and / or the thickness of the perovskite active layer is 400-600 nm, and / or the thickness of the electron transport layer is 25-50 nm, and / or the thickness of the electrode is 80-160 nm.

11. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 7-10, characterized in that, The open-circuit voltage of the perovskite solar cell is 0.9-1.2V, and the short-circuit current density is 20-24mA / cm². 2 The photoelectric conversion efficiency is 15-23%.

12. A method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 7-10, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) A slurry containing a hole transport layer active material is coated on the surface of conductive glass and subjected to a first annealing treatment to obtain a hole transport layer. (2) A mixture containing a perovskite precursor and a conductive gel is coated on the hole transport layer, and then a second annealing treatment is performed to obtain a perovskite active layer. (3) An electron transport layer and an electrode are sequentially formed on the perovskite active layer by vapor deposition to obtain the perovskite solar cell.

13. A photovoltaic module comprising the perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 7-10.

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