Aqueous high solids epoxy coating compositions

Abstract

A coating composition comprising Component A and Component B, wherein Component A comprises an epoxy resin-based binder comprising a solid epoxy resin-based binder, a liquid epoxy resin-based binder, and less than 5 wt. % water relative to the total weight of Component A; Component B comprises an amine-based curing agent and greater than 5 wt. % water relative to the total weight of Component B. The composition provides good corrosion protection.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to an epoxy coating composition. The invention provides an epoxy coating composition comprising component A and component B, wherein component A comprises an epoxy resin-based binder comprising a solid epoxy resin-based binder, a liquid epoxy resin-based binder, and less than 5% by weight of water relative to the total weight of component A; component B comprises an amine-based curing agent and more than 5% by weight of water relative to the total weight of component B. These compositions provide good corrosion protection. Background Technology

[0002] Due to their excellent corrosion and chemical resistance, epoxy coatings are primarily used as part of anti-corrosion coating systems on steel substrates. These coatings are designed for corrosive environments such as coastal, offshore, or industrial settings, including offshore platforms, wind turbine towers, steel chimneys, power plants, steel bridges, cranes, and tidal zones requiring saltwater resistance.

[0003] Epoxy coating compositions are typically offered as two-component products: base component A typically contains an epoxy resin-based binder, and component B contains a curing agent.

[0004] Epoxy coatings can be used as a primer layer, i.e., the first coating in a multilayer coating system, followed by a suitable general-purpose coating; or as an intermediate coating, followed by a suitable coating, such as polyurethane or polyurea; or as a topcoat layer. However, epoxy coatings can also be used in a single-layer system.

[0005] Volatile organic compound (VOC) content is a crucial parameter for epoxy coatings. For environmental reasons, minimizing the VOC content of coating systems is beneficial. Waterborne (WB) epoxy coating compositions offer a pathway to VOC reduction; however, they are generally considered to perform worse than similar solvent-based and solvent-free epoxy primers. Waterborne epoxy coating compositions may present challenges regarding their pot life; pot life is a measure of the period during which a coating can be readily applied to a substrate.

[0006] Waterborne epoxy coatings may also be sensitive to curing conditions where moisture evaporates slowly (e.g., high humidity and / or low temperature conditions). Slow curing, in turn, increases the risk of poor film formation.

[0007] Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide novel waterborne epoxy coating compositions that address at least some of the problems in the prior art. The composition should provide good corrosion resistance and be able to cure and form a film at low temperatures and high relative humidity. Furthermore, the composition should provide a good pot life.

[0008] WO2023166212A1 provides a two-component coating composition comprising an aqueous epoxy binder in a first component and a curing agent and silane in a second component (component B), wherein the second component contains less than 5% by weight of water. Invention Overview

[0009] The inventors have discovered that waterborne epoxy-based coating compositions (epoxy resin-based coating compositions or epoxy-based coating compositions) can achieve suitable pot life and good corrosion protection. The inventors have surprisingly found that when the amine moiety is dispersed in the aqueous phase, the waterborne coating compositions provide excellent corrosion protection while reducing the total amount of water. Furthermore, the epoxy moiety comprises a liquid epoxy resin, which provides good compatibility with the waterborne amine moiety.

[0010] Therefore, the present invention provides a coating composition according to claim 1, the use of the coating composition, a coating system, and a substrate. Invention Details

[0011] definition

[0012] As used herein, the term "aqueous composition" refers to a composition in which water is contained as a continuous phase and the main solvent in a ready-to-use paint (i.e., a paint in which all necessary components are mixed together). Typically, water constitutes at least 65% by weight of the solvent contained in the formulation, preferably at least 75% by weight of the solvent is water.

[0013] The term "binder" or "binder system" refers to the film-forming component in a composition. One or more epoxy-based binders in the coating composition are the primary binders in the composition, i.e., they constitute at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 60% by weight, and for example at least 70% by weight of the binders present.

[0014] The term “hydrogen equivalent” as used in this article is intended to cover only reactive hydrogen atoms bonded to nitrogen.

[0015] The numerical value of the "hydrogen equivalent" associated with one or more curing agents is the sum of the contributions of each of the one or more curing agents. The contribution of each of the one or more curing agents to the hydrogen equivalent is defined as the number of grams of curing agent divided by the hydrogen equivalent weight of the curing agent, where the hydrogen equivalent weight of the curing agent is determined as: the number of grams of curing agent relative to 1 mole of active hydrogen. For adducts with epoxy resins, the numerical value of the "hydrogen equivalent" in the epoxy-based adhesive system is determined using the contributions of each reactant after the adduct.

[0016] The numerical value of "epoxy equivalent" associated with one or more epoxy resins is the sum of the contributions of each of the one or more epoxy resins. The contribution of each of the one or more epoxy resins to the epoxy equivalent is defined as the number of grams of epoxy resin divided by the epoxy equivalent weight of the epoxy resin, where the epoxy equivalent weight of the epoxy resin is determined as: the number of grams of epoxy resin relative to 1 mole of epoxy groups. It should be understood that if the epoxy-based adhesive system contains a reactive acrylic modifier, the numerical value of "epoxy equivalent" will increase accordingly. For example, if the epoxy-based adhesive system includes acrylate oligomers containing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups, the value of "α,β-unsaturated carbonyl equivalent" is added to the epoxy equivalent of the one or more epoxy resins to determine the ratio between the hydrogen equivalent of the one or more curing agents and the epoxy equivalent of the one or more epoxy resins.

[0017] Preferably, the ratio of the hydrogen equivalent of the one or more curing agents to the epoxy equivalent of the one or more epoxy resins is in the range of 20:100-120:100.

[0018] In organic chemistry, the amine value is a measure of the nitrogen content of an organic molecule. Specifically, it is commonly used to determine the amine content of compounds with amine functionality. It can be defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) relative to 1 gram of epoxy resin. Therefore, its unit is mg KOH / g.

[0019] The term "paint" refers to a composition comprising the coating composition described herein and any other components (e.g., solvents, fillers, pigments, and / or other additives) in a state suitable for use, for example, by spraying, brushing, or rolling. Thus, the coating composition itself may be a paint, or it may be a concentrate to which solvents or other components have been added to prepare a paint.

[0020] As used herein, the term "filler" refers to a compound that increases the volume or bulk of a coating composition. Fillers are substantially insoluble in the coating composition and are dispersed therein.

[0021] The term "volatile organic compounds (VOCs)" refers to compounds with a boiling point below 250°C.

[0022] The term "modified" used for polyamine or epoxy (resin) components is usually used to mean "hydrophilic modification," that is, the presence of hydrophilic functional groups such as polyoxyethylene groups. Similarly, if a polyamine or epoxy component is "unmodified," it means that it does not contain hydrophilic functional groups such as polyoxyethylene groups.

[0023] Corrosive environments are rated from C2 to C5 according to ISO 12944, where C2 is a mildly corrosive environment and C5 is a highly corrosive environment.

[0024] The epoxy coating compositions disclosed herein are designed to cure at ambient temperatures (i.e., typically the temperature of the location where the coating composition is applied, such as in a paint shop or outdoors where the temperature will depend on the general climate of the geographical location), for example at temperatures of 0-50°C (in cold or very hot regions of the world), such as 5-30°C, particularly about 15-25°C, such as about 20°C. In other words, the coating compositions disclosed herein are of the non-thermosetting type.

[0025] This invention provides an epoxy coating composition comprising component A and component B. The epoxy coating composition may be in the form of a "multi-part kit" in which component A and component B are stored separately. Because the coating composition is an epoxy coating composition, it is curable. Curing occurs between the active epoxy functional groups of component A and the amine-based curing agent (amine-based curing agent or amine-based curing agent) of component B.

[0026] As determined by the method described herein, the total volume solids (VS) of the epoxy coating composition suitably is at least 70%, preferably at least 75%.

[0027] The relative content of component A and component B in the epoxy coating composition is suitably 1.5:1-3:1 V / V. The total volume solids (VS%) of the coating composition is suitably 75% or more, thereby reducing the solvent content of the composition.

[0028] To further improve corrosion resistance, component A and / or component B may include zinc particles, such as fine zinc powder or zinc powder.

[0029] Component A

[0030] Component A of the coating composition comprises one or more epoxy-based binders (epoxy-based binders, epoxy resin-based binders, or epoxy resin-based binders). The epoxy-based binder is one of the most important components in the primer composition, particularly in terms of corrosion protection. Specifically, component A contains 15-40% by weight, preferably 15-30% by weight, of one or more epoxy-based binders relative to the total dry weight of component A. These weight percentages refer to the total amount of epoxy-based binders (i.e., liquid and solid) in component A.

[0031] The one or more epoxy-based adhesives include solid epoxy-based adhesives and liquid epoxy-based adhesives. Suitably, the one or more epoxy-based adhesives consist of solid epoxy-based adhesives and liquid epoxy-based adhesives.

[0032] The content of solid epoxy binder in component A is 3-10 dry weight, preferably 5.5-8 dry weight, more preferably 5.8-7.6 dry weight.

[0033] Suitable solid epoxy-based binders include:

[0034] - Solid epoxy resin Uapoly330 is a self-emulsifying epoxy resin, obtained from Aqua Union, China;

[0035] - Solid epoxy resin WE3163A, which is a bisphenol A, obtained from Harz Performance Materials, China;

[0036] - Solid epoxy resin RSS4656 is a solution of a dispersible solid epoxy resin in propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PM), obtained from Westlake, USA.

[0037] - Solid epoxy resin XQ83031 is a self-emulsifying bisphenol A epoxy resin, obtained from Olin, Germany.

[0038] The liquid epoxy binder is selected from bisphenol A epoxy resin, bisphenol F epoxy resin, and mixtures of bisphenol A epoxy resin and bisphenol F epoxy resin.

[0039] Suitablely, the liquid epoxy binder is a hydrophilically modified liquid epoxy binder, preferably selected from hydrophilically modified bisphenol A epoxy resin, hydrophilically modified bisphenol F epoxy resin, and mixtures of hydrophilically modified bisphenol A epoxy resin and hydrophilically modified bisphenol F epoxy resin.

[0040] The viscosity of the liquid epoxy binder is suitably 50-16000 mPa·s, determined according to ISO 2555 at 25+ / -0.5°C.

[0041] The content of liquid epoxy binder in component A is suitably 14-22% dry weight, preferably 15-20% dry weight.

[0042] Suitable liquid epoxy-based adhesives include:

[0043] -Liquid epoxy resin HDE3267 is a hydrophilic modified bisphenol A epoxy resin, obtained from Handai, China;

[0044] - Banco 5120 liquid epoxy resin is a modified bisphenol A epoxy resin, obtained from Aqua Union, China;

[0045] - Liquid epoxy resin WE3107 is a modified bisphenol A / bisphenol F epoxy resin, obtained from Harz Performance Materials, China;

[0046] - Liquid epoxy resin EP257 is a modified epoxy resin bisphenol A / bisphenol F containing a modifier, obtained from Westlake, USA;

[0047] - Liquid epoxy resin EP147W is a liquid bisphenol A / bisphenol F epoxy resin containing a crosslinking emulsifier, obtained from Allnex, USA;

[0048] - DER354 liquid epoxy resin is an unmodified bisphenol F epoxy resin obtained from Olin, Germany;

[0049] - Liquid epoxy resin RSE2633 is an unmodified bisphenol A / bisphenol F epoxy resin, obtained from Westlake, USA;

[0050] - Liquid epoxy resin EP816 is an unmodified bisphenol A epoxy resin containing glycidyl neodecanoate as a reactive diluent, derived from Westlake, USA;

[0051] - Liquid epoxy resin KEM-1065M is an unmodified bisphenol A / bisphenol F epoxy resin, derived from Kukdo, Korea.

[0052] The one or more epoxy-based adhesives include solid epoxy-based adhesives.

[0053] Suitably, component A may also contain (a3) ​​a reactive epoxy diluent. This reactive diluent may include functional glycidyl ethers or esters derived from aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic compounds to reduce viscosity and improve application and physical properties. The reactive diluent is preferably present in an amount of 0.1-30% dry weight, more preferably 0.5-10% dry weight, and even more preferably 1-5% dry weight of the coating composition. Examples of suitable commercially available reactive epoxy diluents include:

[0054] Polypox R24, derived from Ulf Prummer, Germany, is an aliphatic monofunctional diglycidyl ether.

[0055] Araldite DY-L / BD, obtained from Huntsmann Advanced Materials, Germany, is polyoxypropylene triglycidyl ether.

[0056] Grilonit RV 1812, obtained from EMS-Primid, Switzerland, hexanediol diglycidyl ether;

[0057] Epodil 757, from Air Products Plc, USA, cyclohexanediethanol diglycidyl ether;

[0058] Epilox P 13-20, from Leuna, Germany, hexanediol diglycidyl ether.

[0059] Suitably, the epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) of the liquid or solid epoxy binder is 150-1200 g / eq, preferably 150-880 g / eq. More preferably, all epoxy binders in component A have EEW within these ranges.

[0060] The coating composition (typically its component A) may contain one or more epoxy accelerators. Examples of suitable commercially available epoxy accelerators are:

[0061] Ancamine K 54, from Air Products Plc, United Kingdom; Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol TL 0712, from Vantico Ltd., Germany; Phenol-free Mannich base.

[0062] Hiescat HI-K54, derived from Keum Jung, Korea, tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol.

[0063] Component A contains less than 5% by weight of water relative to its total weight. Suitably, component A contains less than 2% by weight of water relative to its total weight, preferably less than 1% by weight. Most preferably, component A is water-free. Despite reducing or eliminating water in component A, the coating compositions of the present invention can provide good corrosion resistance and pot life.

[0064] Component B

[0065] Component B includes (b1) an amine-based curing agent (amine-based curing agent, or amine-based curing agent) suitable for curing one or more epoxy-based adhesives in component A. Appropriately selected amine-based curing agents for the aforementioned epoxy-based adhesives in component A can achieve good corrosion resistance and acceptable service life.

[0066] The amine curing agent (b1) includes b1a) a polyether amine and b1b) a first polyamine adduct having an amine value of more than 200 mg KOH / g.

[0067] Therefore, polyetheramine exists in the amine curing agent together with another component (a first polyamine adduct with a specific amine value).

[0068] Polyetheramines are characterized by repeating propylene oxide units in their backbone and one or more amine functional groups, such as amination-modified polyalkoxy ethers (e.g., those commercially sold under the name "Jeffamine"). For example, JEFFAMINE T-403 is a trifunctional primary amine with an average molecular weight of about 440. Its amino group is located on a secondary carbon atom at the end of the aliphatic polyether chain. JEFFAMINE T-403 exhibits high hydrophilicity and low viscosity. Other suitable polyetheramines for use in this invention are Anquamine401 (from Evonik, USA), ZT-143 and ZD-123 (from Shandong Zhengda, China) and D230 (from Huntsman, USA).

[0069] The first polyamine adduct may be modified or unmodified. Suitably, the first polyamine adduct is a modified polyamine adduct. In one aspect, the first polyamine adduct is an aliphatic amine adduct. The first polyamine adduct may be a polyamide adduct, or may further include polyamide adducts.

[0070] Suitably, the first polyamine adduct comprises an aliphatic or cyclic amine moiety. The amine curing agent may also comprise a second polyamine adduct. The second polyamine adduct suitably comprises a cyclic amine moiety. The second polyamine adduct suitably has an amine value of less than 200 mg KOH / g.

[0071] Amine-based curing agent b1) is water-compatible. The curing agent is completely water-soluble, water-miscible, or can be emulsified at a weight ratio of up to 1:6 (amine:water).

[0072] Preferably, the curing agent is a polyamine containing at least two amino groups. To obtain a crosslinked network, the curing agent ideally contains at least three "reactive" hydrogen atoms. A "reactive" hydrogen atom is a hydrogen atom that transfers from a nucleophile to an oxygen atom in the epoxide during a ring-opening reaction. Therefore, the curing-reactive amine group cannot be a tertiary amine. However, compounds containing tertiary amines can be added to the composition as curing accelerators. The curing agent typically contains at least two curing-reactive functional groups.

[0073] The amine portion of the first or second polyamine adduct suitably includes: primary amines, such as ethylenediamine (EDA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), and other higher polyethylene polyamines; aliphatic primary diamines, such as 1,3-propanediamine, 1,4-butanediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane, and 1,6-hexanediamine; and primary diamines containing cyclic structures, such as 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, isophorone diamine (IPDA), 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,4-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)benzene (MXDA), and 1,4-bis(aminomethyl)benzene.

[0074] Suitable (first or second) polyamine adducts for use in this invention include:

[0075] Beckopox VEH 2106w / 80WA (from Allnex, USA), ERSC2294, EPIKURE TM 8530, EPIKURE8545-W-52 (obtained from Westlake, USA), Sunmide WH900, Sunmide WH-1000, 469 (obtained from Evonik, USA) 37. 38-1CI (obtained from Huntsman, USA), HDH-6545, HDH6806-WB (obtained from Handai, China), and WH3903B, WH3908B (obtained from Harz, China).

[0076] Aliphatic polyamine adducts or polyamine adducts preferably contain a cyclic amine moiety. Suitable cyclic amine moiety is m-xylenediamine (MXDA) or isophoronediamine (IPDA).

[0077] The amine curing agent (b1) may also include polyamide adducts. Suitable polyamide adducts include Ancamide 2839 (from Evonik, USA).

[0078] The polyetheramine suitably has an AHEW of 50-150 g / eq, preferably 60-100 g / eq. Furthermore, the aliphatic polyamine adduct suitably has an AHEW of 100-190 g / eq, preferably 150-185 g / eq. The polyamine adduct has an AHEW of 80-350 g / eq, more preferably 100-250 g / eq.

[0079] The first polyamine adduct suitably has an amine value of 200 mg KOH / g or higher, more preferably 200-350 mg KOH / g. The viscosity of the aliphatic polyamine adduct or polyamine adduct suitably is 1000-50000 mPa·s, determined according to ISO 2555 at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5 °C.

[0080] Component B contains (b2) more than 5% by weight of water relative to the total weight of component B, for example, 20-60% by weight of water.

[0081] The specific coating composition is as follows:

[0082] A coating composition, wherein component A comprises:

[0083] a1) One or more epoxy-based binders comprising 15-40% dry weight, preferably 15-25% dry weight, relative to the total weight of component A, wherein the epoxy-based binders include solid epoxy-based binders and liquid epoxy-based binders (a mixture of bisphenol A epoxy resin and bisphenol F epoxy resin), wherein the content of solid epoxy-based binders in component A is 3-10% dry weight, preferably 3-7% dry weight;

[0084] a2) Less than 5% by weight of water relative to the total weight of component A;

[0085] Component B includes:

[0086] b1) An amine curing agent, comprising: b1a) a polyether amine, and b1b) a first polyamine adduct having an amine value of 200 mg KOH / g or higher; and

[0087] b2) More than 5% by weight of water relative to the total weight of component B, for example, 20-60% by weight of water.

[0088] fillers and pigments

[0089] The coating composition optionally includes fillers and colored pigments.

[0090] The fillers include organic fillers and inorganic fillers. Inorganic fillers can be naturally occurring (i.e., mined) or synthetically derived (i.e., precipitated), and may or may not undergo surface treatment.

[0091] Non-limiting examples of fillers that can be used in the coating compositions of the present invention include nepheline syenite, talc, plastorite, chlorite, olivine, mica, pyrophyllite, feldspar, bentonite, kaolin, mica / mica, clay, wollastonite, quartz, galena, glass flakes, glass fiber, fumed silica, calcium silicate, pumice, diatomaceous earth, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium sulfate, dolomite, barium sulfate, iron oxide, mica iron oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, flake aluminum powder, flake zinc flakes, and solid organosilicon resins (which are typically condensed branched polysiloxanes). Some fillers, such as fumed silica and clay, may have a thickening effect on the coating compositions. Inorganic core-shell particles containing organic compounds such as dyes, resins, and / or organic liquids may also be used.

[0092] Pigments can be inorganic, organic, or mixtures thereof. Pigments can undergo surface treatment.

[0093] Representative examples of pigments include black iron oxide, red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, carbon black, graphite, red molybdate, yellow molybdate, zinc sulfide, antimony oxide, sodium aluminum sulfosilicate, quinacridone, phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, indane blue, cobalt aluminum oxide, carbazole dioxazine, isoindolinone orange, diacetyl acetyl toluene diol, benzimidazolone, quinaquinone yellow, isoindolinone yellow, tetrachloroisoindolone and quinaphthalone yellow, and sheet-like metallic materials (e.g., aluminum sheets). Preferred pigments are black iron oxide, red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, and titanium dioxide. In a preferred embodiment, titanium dioxide is surface-treated with a siloxane compound, zirconium compound, aluminum compound, or zinc compound.

[0094] Pigments and fillers may be added to the paint composition in the form of powder, slurry or concentrate.

[0095] Based on the total weight of the coating composition, the amount of at least one filler or pigment (including anti-corrosion pigment) is preferably 1-60% dry weight, more preferably 10-55% dry weight, more preferably 30-55% dry weight, and even more preferably 40-53% dry weight.

[0096] additive

[0097] The coating compositions of the present invention optionally comprise one or more additives. Examples of additives that may be present in the coating compositions of the present invention include rheology modifiers such as thixotropic agents, thickeners and antisettling agents, dispersants, wetting agents, coalescing additives, surfactants, surface-active additives such as surface tension reducing additives, defoamers, plasticizers, flash rust inhibitors, can corrosion inhibitors, and biocides. Suitable additives are not necessarily limited to those developed and marketed for paints. Additives developed and marketed for, for example, adhesives, building materials, plastics / resins, drilling fluids, paper coatings, and pigment concentrates may also be used if compatible with the coating composition. Since the effectiveness of any additive used in a waterborne coating composition can be greatly influenced by other raw materials and additives contained therein, it is important to determine the appropriate type and concentration of additives experimentally. In many cases, it may be necessary and / or may be useful to add several different types of additives, i.e., two or more defoamers or two or more rheology modifiers, to achieve the desired performance / efficacy.

[0098] For example, biocides can be used to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi inside the container. There are no particular restrictions on the type of biocide; any suitable biocide can be used.

[0099] Surfactant additives may be added to, for example, adjust the surface tension of the coating composition.

[0100] Rheology modifiers can be used to adjust the rheological properties of paints to prevent sedimentation and floating problems, thereby extending the shelf life of paints, and to adjust flowability and improve anti-sagging, processability, application performance, and stability of pigment and extender particles.

[0101] Wetting agents and dispersants can be added to paint compositions to, for example, promote the dispersion and wetting of pigment and filler particles, thereby making it easier to break up agglomerates during production, prevent re-flocculation and sedimentation in wet paint and the formation of Bénard cells in cured paint, reduce paint viscosity, and increase its color intensity and color stability.

[0102] solvent

[0103] The coating composition of the present invention is an aqueous composition, that is, a composition containing water as the main solvent.

[0104] The coating composition typically contains no more than 30% by weight of water relative to the total weight of the entire composition. Preferably, the composition contains 5-30% by weight of water, more preferably 5-25% by weight, for example 5-20% by weight, even more preferably 6-15% by weight, and most preferably 7-12% by weight of water relative to the total weight of the entire composition.

[0105] Organic solvents are typically present in the composition, or in components A and B, or both components A and B. Organic solvents are often added to waterborne coating compositions to improve freeze-thaw stability and open time, reduce surface tension and viscosity, and promote film formation. There are no particular restrictions on the type of solvent; any suitable solvent can be used. Suitable solvents can be, but are not limited to, aromatics, ketones, esters, alcohols, glycol ethers, ethers, and polyethers.

[0106] Examples of solvents suitable for the composition include toluene, xylene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl amyl ketone, methyl isopentyl ketone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (Texanol). TM ), ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, diacetone alcohol, benzyl alcohol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol propyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, propylene glycol phenyl ether, tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether, ethylene glycol propyl ether, and ethylene glycol butyl ether.

[0107] Among the solvents mentioned above, solvents that can help the water-based coating composition form a film are particularly preferred. Such solvents are commonly referred to as coalescing agents or film-forming agents.

[0108] In this waterborne coating composition, the waterborne epoxy system comprises a mixture of low molecular weight liquid epoxy resin and high molecular weight self-emulsifying solid epoxy resin, as well as a waterborne epoxy curing agent. In this waterborne epoxy system, the curing agent functions as both a crosslinking agent and an emulsifier. The curing agent is based on a polyamine, which links nonpolar groups in the polyamine molecular chain to give it amphiphilic (hydrophilic and lipophilic) properties, allowing for better dissolution or dispersion in water. It also exhibits good emulsification of epoxy resins and improves compatibility with epoxy resins.

[0109] For waterborne epoxy coating compositions to form a continuous film, the epoxy resin-based binder dispersion particles or emulsion droplets must coalesce and flow together with the amine-based curing agent. During the film drying process, coalescing additives or coalescing agents facilitate this process.

[0110] An example of a suitable coalescing agent is 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (Texanol). TM ), benzyl alcohol, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, propylene glycol phenyl ether, tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether and diacetone alcohol.

[0111] An example of a preferred solvent is benzyl alcohol. Benzyl alcohol can be present alone or in combination with ethylene glycol ethers (e.g., propylene glycol n-butyl ether and dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether).

[0112] The composition may contain 0-15% by weight, preferably 0.5-10% by weight, and most preferably 0.5-3% by weight of an organic solvent.

[0113] Specific embodiments of the present invention

[0114] In one embodiment, the epoxy coating composition comprises:

[0115] 15-20% by weight of liquid epoxy binder;

[0116] 5-10% by weight of solid epoxy-based binder;

[0117] 2-5% by weight of polyetheramine;

[0118] 1-3% by weight of polyamines with an amine value of 200 mg KOH / g or higher;

[0119] 3-6% by weight of polyamines with an amine value below 200 mg KOH / g;

[0120] 45-65% by weight of pigments and fillers;

[0121] 5-10% by weight of water.

[0122] In another embodiment, the epoxy coating composition comprises:

[0123] 15-20% by weight of liquid epoxy binder;

[0124] 5-10% by weight of solid epoxy-based binder;

[0125] 2-5% by weight of polyetheramine;

[0126] 1-3% by weight of polyamines with an amine value of 200 mg KOH / g or higher;

[0127] 3-6% by weight of polyamines with an amine value below 200 mg KOH / g;

[0128] 45-65% by weight of pigments and fillers;

[0129] 5-10% by weight of water.

[0130] In another embodiment, the epoxy coating composition comprises:

[0131] 15-20% by weight of liquid epoxy binder with EEW of 150-300 g / eq;

[0132] 5-10% by weight of solid epoxy-based binder;

[0133] 2-5% by weight of polyetheramine;

[0134] 1-3% by weight of polyamines with an amine value of 200 mg KOH / g or higher;

[0135] 3-6% by weight of polyamines with an amine value below 200 mg KOH / g;

[0136] 45-65% by weight of pigments and fillers;

[0137] 5-10% by weight of water.

[0138] In yet another embodiment, the epoxy coating composition comprises:

[0139] 15-20% by weight of liquid epoxy binder;

[0140] 5-10% by weight of solid epoxy-based binder;

[0141] 2-5% by weight of polyetheramine;

[0142] 1-3% by weight of polyamines having an amine value of 200-350 mg KOH / g, preferably 220-350 mg KOH / g;

[0143] 3-6% by weight of polyamines with an amine value below 200 mg KOH / g;

[0144] 45-65% by weight of pigments and fillers;

[0145] 5-10% by weight of water.

[0146] application

[0147] The compositions described herein can, for example, be used to prepare appropriate concentrations of paint. In this case, the composition itself is a paint. Alternatively, the composition can be a concentrate for preparing paint. In this case, additional solvents and optional other components are added to the compositions described herein to form a paint. Preferred solvents are as described above with respect to the compositions.

[0148] After mixing, and optionally after adding solvent, the coating composition or paint is preferably filled into a container. Suitable containers include cans, barrels, and tanks.

[0149] The coating composition may be supplied in single, double, or triple packaging. Preferably, the composition is supplied in double packaging.

[0150] The coating compositions and paints of the present invention preferably have a solid content of 60-90% by weight, more preferably 80-90% by weight. In terms of volume percentage solids (volume solids%), the coating compositions and paints of the present invention preferably have a solid content of 60-90%, more preferably 70-80%.

[0151] Preferably, the coating compositions and paints of the present invention have a volatile organic compound (VOC) content of less than 120 g / L, more preferably less than 100 g / L. Even more preferably, the VOC content is in the range of 35-55 g / L. The VOC content can be calculated or determined (US EPA Method 24 or ISO 11890-1).

[0152] The ratio of the total epoxy equivalent of the reactive components of component A to the total active hydrogen equivalent of component B is preferably 100:40-100:120, more preferably 100:50-100:80, and even more preferably 100:60-100:70.

[0153] Preferably, the two components in the coating composition are formulated to obtain a uniform mixing ratio by volume. The term "uniform mixing ratio" can be understood as a mixing ratio A:B such that A is an integer (e.g., 4:1, 3:1, 2:1). The preferred range for the mixing ratio A:B is 1.5:1 to 3:1 v / v.

[0154] The coating composition of the present invention can be applied to any suitable surface, such as a metal substrate, including carbon steel, galvanized steel, stainless steel, or aluminum. Furthermore, the coating composition can be applied to metal substrates with suboptimal surface treatments, such as rusted substrates, high-pressure water-jet substrates, substrates containing old paint residues, and pre-coated substrates. The composition can also be applied to concrete substrates.

[0155] The coating composition according to the invention can be applied in one, two or more layers.

[0156] Therefore, the use of the coating compositions described herein in a coating method comprising the following steps is provided:

[0157] - Apply the coating composition as defined herein to the surface.

[0158] - To cure the coating composition to provide a cured coating composition,

[0159] - Optionally, one or more additional coating compositions may be applied to the cured coating composition.

[0160] A coating system is provided, comprising an epoxy coating prepared by applying and curing the coating composition described herein, and one or more additional coatings.

[0161] A substrate is also provided, which is coated with an epoxy coating prepared by applying and curing the coating composition described herein.

[0162] Preferably, the coating composition described above is the first coating layer of the system, i.e., a coating applied directly to the substrate. Optionally, the substrate may be pretreated with a shop primer and / or a zinc-rich primer before applying the coating composition of the present invention.

[0163] The additional coating composition may form a "topcoat" layer (topcoat layer), which, as defined herein, refers to the outermost layer forming a multilayer paint system. The components of the topcoat layer can be appropriately selected depending on the application of the coating system. For example, when the coating system is used for outdoor applications, a suitable topcoat layer that provides protection against outdoor environments (e.g., UV radiation and / or moisture) can be selected. A topcoat layer can also refer to a coating used for underwater applications to prevent the growth of marine organisms. This type of coating is called an antifouling coating. If an antifouling coating is to be applied over a primer layer, an adhesive layer may be required between the primer layer and the antifouling layer.

[0164] The coating composition can be cured at ambient temperature and high temperature (e.g., 18-40°C), or even at lower temperature (e.g., 0-18°C).

[0165] The coating composition of the present invention can be cured at a relative humidity of 90% or less, more preferably 85% or less.

[0166] The dry film thickness of each coating of the coating composition of the present invention is preferably 75-550 μm, more preferably 100-450 μm, and most preferably 150-360 μm.

[0167] The wet film thickness of the coating composition of the present invention is preferably 75-1000 μm, more preferably 100-800 μm, and most preferably 125-600 μm.

[0168] Therefore, the present invention can also be considered to relate to coating compositions as described above, wherein the wet film thickness of the composition is 75-1000 μm, and can be cured at a temperature of 5-40°C and a relative humidity of 90% or less, preferably 85% or less. Sufficient ventilation is always necessary when curing waterborne paints, especially when curing at high relative humidity.

[0169] The present invention also relates to a substrate coated with a cured coating formed from the coating composition described above, and a method for applying the coating composition to the substrate, the method comprising, for example, applying the coating composition described herein to the substrate by spraying and curing the coating composition.

[0170] The substrate is typically any surface that should be protected by an anti-corrosion coating, especially for surfaces with high to extreme atmospheric corrosivity. Examples include the surface of marine structures, preferably those submerged during use. The surface may be permanently or intermittently underwater (e.g., due to tidal movements, different cargo loading, or swells). Typical marine structures include vessels (including, but not limited to, small boats, yachts, motorboats, steamboats, ocean liners, tugboats, tankers, container ships and other cargo ships, submarines, and various types of naval vessels), pipelines, onshore and offshore machinery, various types of buildings and objects such as docks, piles, bridge substructures, hydraulic facilities and structures, underwater oil well structures, nets and other aquaculture facilities, nuclear, coal-fired and gas-fired facilities, towers and buoys, etc. The surface of the substrate can be a "natural" surface (e.g., a steel surface).

[0171] The coating composition and paint can be applied by any convenient method, such as by painting (e.g., with a brush or roller) or more preferably by spraying the paint onto the article. Typically, the surface needs to be separated from seawater for coating. After application, it is preferable to dry and cure the coating. Example

[0172] Example 1: Preparation of coating composition

[0173] Paints can be prepared using any suitable technology commonly used in the paint production field. Therefore, various components can be mixed together using high-speed dispersers, ball mills, pearl mills, three-roll mills, etc. The paints according to the invention can be filtered using bag filters, patron filters, line gap filters, wedge line filters, metal edge filters, EGLMturnoclean filters (from Cuno), DELTA strain filters (from Cuno), and Jenag Strainer filters (from Jenag), by vibration filtration, or by pressure filtration.

[0174] The paint composition used in the method of the present invention is prepared by mixing two or more components, such as two premixes, one premix containing one or more epoxy resins as component A, and the other premix containing one or more curing agents as component B.

[0175] Component A is prepared as follows: one or more epoxy resins are mixed with any other base components (e.g., reactive diluents, any solvents, pigments, fillers, additives, epoxy accelerators, and rheology modifiers) in a container and stirred until the desired fineness is achieved. Any fillers and pigments are dispersed into the base components using a high-speed dissolver.

[0176] Component B is prepared as follows: the amine component is added to a container and mixed until it appears uniform.

[0177] Just before application, add component 2 to component 1 and mix the paint composition into a homogeneous mixture.

[0178] It should be understood that when referring to a paint composition, it means a mixed paint composition prepared for application. All amounts expressed as % by weight of the paint should be understood as % by weight of the mixed paint composition prepared for application. Furthermore, all amounts expressed as % by solid volume of the paint should be understood as % by solid volume of the mixed paint composition prepared for application.

[0179] Multi-part kit

[0180] The present invention also provides a multi-part kit suitable for the methods described herein. The multi-part kit includes at least a first container and a second container.

[0181] In one aspect, the first container includes component A, while the second container includes component B.

[0182] Using the above kit, the curing agent and epoxy resin-containing components can be stored separately before use.

[0183] Preparation of test plate

[0184] Cold-rolled low-carbon steel sheets of 150×75×4mm and 150×75×6mm were sandblasted to Sa 2. 1 / 2 (ISO 8501-1), surface profile equivalent to medium (G) (ISO 8503-1). All panels are 1.5 mm thick. Test paint was applied by airless spraying to a DFT of 200 μm.

[0185] Neutral salt spray test according to ISO 9227 / ASTM B117

[0186] This method is used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of metallic materials with permanent or temporary corrosion protection.

[0187] Neutral salt spray testing is applicable to organic coatings on metallic materials.

[0188] The salt spray test is conducted under the following conditions: continuous spraying with a 5% NaCl solution at 35°C. A scribing technique is prepared according to ISO 17872, and the scribing is applied to the substrate.

[0189] According to ISO 4628-2 and ISO 4628-3, blistering and corrosion around the plate and the scribing (mm from the center) are evaluated at selected inspection intervals during and after exposure. Cracking is evaluated according to ISO 4628-4. Peeling is evaluated according to ISO 4628-5. After exposure, adhesion is further evaluated according to ISO 4624 (pull-off test). Delamination and corrosion at the scribing are evaluated according to ISO 4628-8, by removing the paint film at the scribing and measuring the width of the corrosion at 9 points, from which the M-max and M-avg values ​​are calculated. The test is passed if the corrosion creep is less than or equal to 1.5 mm.

[0190] Determination of volumetric solids (%)

[0191] Volume solids % (VS%) was determined according to ISO 3233-1, except that it was dried at 23°C and 50% relative humidity for 7 days.

[0192] Ten test subjects were prepared (i.e., repeated 10 times).

[0193] Volume solids (VS) values ​​are expressed as percentages as follows:

[0194] (Dry film thickness measured after 7 days) / (Wet film thickness measured immediately after application) x 100%.

[0195] Volume solids are typically slightly higher than theoretical values ​​(referred to as "solid volume"), which are calculated based on the paint composition, taking into account the specific gravity and solids content of each ingredient. Volume solids account for the small amount of solvent typically retained, and air may be trapped in the dry paint film as cavitation or gaps. Volume solids generally provide a more accurate representation of the actual measured dry film thickness than theoretical values.

[0196] Determination of PVC (%)

[0197] Pigment volume concentration (PVC) is calculated using the formula PVC = (V / V). 颜料 / (V 颜料 +V 粘结剂 The ratio of pigment volume to total paint volume is calculated. Pigment volume includes all pigments and fillers.

[0198] Determination of VOC (g / L)

[0199] The theoretical volatile organic compound (VOC) content of the composition was calculated.

[0200] Viscosity measurement

[0201] Viscosity was determined using a cone and plate (C&P) viscometer according to ISO 2884-1 and ASTM D4287.

[0202] The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its ability to resist gradual deformation caused by shear stress, expressed in mPa·s or Poise (1 mPa·s = 1 cP) and measured at 25 °C / 77 °F.

[0203] The cone-plate instrument consists of an electric motor that drives a cone at a constant speed, with the apex of the cone contacting a rigid temperature-controlled plate. In use, the liquid only fills the narrow gap between the plate and the cone.

[0204] Determine the drying time (in hours).

[0205] The drying time was determined using a Beck Koller drying time recorder (BK) according to ASTM D5895-20 Stage III (BKIII), which is the point in hours at which the needle stops tearing or cutting the film to leave a visible mark on the film surface.

[0206] Determining adhesion force

[0207] According to ISO 4624, the adhesion before and after exposure was determined using a pneumatic adhesion tester. The adhesion was tested on the coated surface and the test column (dolly). Lightly sand the sample and apply epoxy resin adhesive. Allow the adhesive to cure for at least 24 hours. Before testing, drill a sample around the test column until the bare metal is exposed.

[0208] After conditioning for another week at standard atmospheric pressure, 23±2℃ and 50±5% relative humidity, the adhesion was evaluated. Three test columns were adhered to each plate.

[0209] Continuous condensation test

[0210] A continuous condensation test (Blister Box Test) was conducted to evaluate the water resistance of the coating system using controlled condensation according to ISO 6270.

[0211] The surface of the coated plate is exposed to saturated water vapor at an angle of 15° / 60° to the horizontal plane at 38±2°C. The reverse side of the plate is exposed to room temperature. During and at selected inspection intervals after exposure, blistering and corrosion are assessed according to ISO 4628-2 and ISO 4628-3. Cracking is assessed according to ISO 4628-4. The test passes if no significant blistering, corrosion, or cracking is observed.

[0212] Cyclic aging test (C5-VH)

[0213] The corrosion resistance was tested according to ISO 12944-6-2018. The fully cured coating system was horizontally scribed down to the exposed metal. The scribing line was 2 mm wide and 50 mm long, at least 12.5 mm from each edge of the plate and at least 25 mm from the short edge of the plate.

[0214] Expose the plate to the following cycle:

[0215] -72-hour accelerated weathering test (QUV-A) (according to ISO 16474-3:2003),

[0216] -72-hour neutral salt spray test (SST-A) (according to ISO 9227), and

[0217] -24 hours of exposure to low temperatures (-20±2℃).

[0218] The cycle with very high C5 (C5-VH) lasted for 2688 hours.

[0219] After exposure, blistering is evaluated according to ISO 4628-2, rust according to ISO 4628-3, cracking according to ISO 4668-4, and peeling according to ISO 4648-5. Delamination and corrosion creep at the scribe lines are evaluated according to ISO 4628-8. At the scribe lines, the paint film is removed, and the board is rinsed with fresh tap water. The width of corrosion creep is measured at 9 points, and the Mavg value is calculated from these measurements. The corroded area can usually be visually observed through the color difference compared to the uncorroded substrate. The test is passed if the corrosion creep is less than or equal to 3.0 mm.

[0220] After exposure, the adhesion is evaluated according to ISO 4624 (pull-off test / adhesion test).

[0221] Other implementation schemes and their many anticipated advantages will be readily understood, as they can be better understood by referring to the detailed description.

[0222] List of raw materials used

[0223]

[0224]

[0225] 1) Supplier Information

[0226] 2) Sim 3267 is a bisphenol A resin prepared by mixing YD-128 (KUKDO, Korea), NC-513 (Cardolite, USA), adhesion promoter a-187 (Momentive, USA) and solvent TPnB (tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether) (DOW, USA).

[0227] Table 1 – Formulation of water-based epoxy primers

[0228]

[0229] Table 1 shows that the curing agent requires a combination of polyetheramine and a polyamine adduct with an amine value of ≥200 mg KOH / g. While acceptable drying times and pot life may be achieved by using one or more polyamine adducts with an amine value of ≥200 mg KOH / g alone, this comes at the cost of poorer corrosion resistance.

[0230] Table 2 - Formulations of epoxy primers

[0231]

[0232] Table 2 shows that solid epoxy resins and polyetheramines are necessary for compositions containing bisphenol F type liquid epoxy resin and polyamine adducts with an amine value of ≥200 mg KOH / g to achieve acceptable drying times or acceptable pot life. The A / C properties of the compositions within these acceptable ranges were further tested, and they also passed the C5-H test.

[0233] Table 3 - Formulations of epoxy primers

[0234]

[0235] Table 3 shows that the mixture of bisphenol A and bisphenol F liquid epoxy resins achieved acceptable drying time and acceptable pot life, and further passed the A / C performance test. Drying time increases when the amine value is below 200 mg KOH / g.

[0236] Table 4 - Formulations of epoxy primers

[0237]

[0238] Table 4 shows that the embodiments of the present invention containing modified bisphenol A resin and solid epoxy resin require a combination of polyether amine and a polyamine adduct having an amine value of more than 200 mg KOH / g as a curing agent.

[0239] Table 5 - Formulations of epoxy primers

[0240]

[0241] Table 5 shows that compositions containing modified bisphenol A, when also containing a solid epoxy resin and a cured amine package containing a polyether amine and a polyamine adduct with an amine value of ≥200 mg KOH / g, passed the A / C performance test and had acceptable drying time and pot life. When the amine value was below 200 mg KOH / g, the pot life was shortened.

[0242] Table 6 - Formulations of epoxy primers

[0243]

[0244] Table 6 shows that compositions containing modified bisphenol A passed the A / C performance test and had acceptable drying time and pot life when they also contained solid epoxy resin and a cured amine package containing polyether amine and a polyamine adduct with an amine value of ≥200 mg KOH / g. When the amine value was below 200 mg KOH / g or solid epoxy resin was absent, the pot life was shortened, the film softened, or the A / C performance failed.

Claims

1. An epoxy coating composition comprising component A and component B, wherein: Component A includes: a1) 15-40% (dry weight) of one or more epoxy-based adhesives relative to the total dry weight of component A, said epoxy-based adhesives comprising solid epoxy-based adhesives and liquid epoxy-based adhesives, wherein said liquid epoxy-based adhesive is selected from bisphenol A epoxy resin, bisphenol F epoxy resin, and mixtures of bisphenol A epoxy resin and bisphenol F epoxy resin; and a2) Less than 5% by weight of water relative to the total weight of component A; and Component B includes: b1) An amine-based curing agent comprising b1a) a polyether amine and b1b) a first polyamine adduct having an amine value of ≥200 mg KOH / g; and b2) More than 5% by weight of water relative to the total weight of component B, for example, 20-60% by weight of water.

2. The coating composition according to claim 1, having a total volume solids (VS) content of at least 70%, preferably at least 75%.

3. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the liquid epoxy-based binder is a hydrophilic modified liquid epoxy-based binder, preferably selected from hydrophilic modified bisphenol A epoxy resin, hydrophilic modified bisphenol F epoxy resin, and a mixture of hydrophilic modified bisphenol A epoxy resin and hydrophilic modified bisphenol F epoxy resin.

4. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein component A further comprises a3) a reactive epoxy diluent.

5. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the liquid epoxy-based binder or the solid epoxy-based binder has an epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) of 150-1200 g / eq, preferably 150-880 g / eq.

6. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the liquid epoxy-based binder has a viscosity of 50-16000 mPa·s.

7. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein component A contains less than 2% by weight of water relative to the total weight of component A, preferably less than 1% by weight of water, and more preferably component A is water-free.

8. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the amine-based curing agent (b1) further comprises a second polyamine adduct having an amine value of less than 200 mg KOH / g.

9. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first polyamine adduct is a modified polyamine adduct.

10. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first polyamine adduct is an aliphatic amine adduct.

11. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first polyamine adduct is a polyamide adduct or further comprises a polyamide adduct.

12. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first polyamine adduct comprises a cyclic amine moiety.

13. The coating composition according to claim 12, wherein the cyclic amine moiety is m-xylenediamine (MXDA) or isophoronediamine (IPDA).

14. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the polyetheramine has an AHEW of 50-150 g / eq, preferably 60-100 g / eq.

15. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first polyamine adduct is an aliphatic polyamine adduct having a concentration of 200 mg KOH / g or more, preferably 220 mg KOH / g or more.

16. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the viscosity of the first polyamine adduct is 1000-50000 mPa·s.

17. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the content of liquid epoxy-based binder in component A is 14-22% by dry weight, preferably 15-20% by dry weight.

18. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the content of solid epoxy-based binder in component A is 3-10% by weight, preferably 5.5-8% by weight, more preferably 5.8-7.6% by weight.

19. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein component A comprises: a1) One or more epoxy-based adhesives comprising 15-40% dry weight, preferably 15-25% dry weight, relative to the total weight of component A, wherein the epoxy-based adhesive comprises a solid epoxy-based adhesive and a liquid epoxy-based adhesive, wherein the liquid epoxy-based adhesive is a mixture of bisphenol A epoxy resin and bisphenol F epoxy resin, wherein the content of the solid epoxy-based adhesive in component A is 3-10% dry weight, preferably 5.8-7.6% dry weight; a2) Less than 5% by weight of water relative to the total weight of component A; Component B includes: b1) An amine-based curing agent comprising b1a) a polyether amine and b1b) a first polyamine adduct having an amine value of ≥200 mg KOH / g; and b2) More than 5% by weight of water relative to the total weight of component B, for example, 20-60% by weight of water.

20. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, having a total volume solids (VS) content of 75% or more.

21. The coating composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein component A and / or component B comprises zinc particles.

22. Use of the coating composition according to any one of claims 1-21 in a coating method, wherein the coating method comprises the following steps: Applying the coating composition of any one of claims 1-21 to a surface, and curing the coating composition to provide a cured coating composition, and Optionally, one or more additional coating compositions may be applied to the cured coating composition.

23. A coating system comprising an epoxy coating prepared by applying and curing the coating composition of any one of claims 1-21, and one or more additional coatings.

24. A substrate coated with an epoxy coating, wherein the epoxy coating is prepared by applying the coating composition of any one of claims 1-21 and allowing it to cure.

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