Method for semi-submersible barge and crane vessel combined operation of jacket vertical launching installation

Abstract

This invention provides a method for vertically launching and installing a jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel. The method includes the following steps: vertically mounting the jacket structure on a semi-submersible barge, which then transports the jacket structure to the target sea area; controlling the crane vessel and semi-submersible barge to the pre-launching position; attaching lifting slings to the crane vessel and the jacket structure, ensuring the slings are under slight stress; removing the lashing devices; controlling the semi-submersible barge to submerge to a preset depth; controlling the crane vessel to lift the jacket structure and separate it from the semi-submersible barge; controlling the semi-submersible barge to leave the work area; controlling the crane vessel to gradually lower the jacket structure; and finally, installing the jacket structure onto the seabed. This invention is applicable to the vertical loading and transportation of jacket structures. This launching and installation method utilizes the submersible barge's submersible operation capability to provide buoyancy to the jacket structure, reducing the lifting weight and center of gravity height. Using a crane vessel to lift and launch the jacket structure lowers the capability requirements of the installation vessel.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of jacket installation technology, and more specifically, to a method for vertically launching and installing a jacket using a combination of a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel. Background Technology

[0002] Deep waters hold abundant oil and gas resources, making offshore oil and gas a key area for increasing reserves and production. As offshore oil and gas and offshore wind power develop towards deeper waters, offshore oil and gas platforms and offshore wind power booster stations are becoming increasingly larger, leading to a corresponding increase in the size and weight of jacket structures. Some jacket structures have large leg spacing, necessitating vertical loading, transportation, and installation on ships. Due to limitations in installation resources, the difficulty and cost of installing deep-water and large jacket structures at sea are rising.

[0003] Traditional methods for installing jacket structures often involve lifting with a crane vessel or launching horizontally from a barge. Successful applications of vertical launching are rare. Large jacket structures are large in size and weight, often exceeding the lifting capacity of crane vessels; or, due to the large size and weight of the jacket structures, there are fewer crane vessel options available on the market, resulting in high installation costs. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, the present invention proposes a method for vertical launching and installation of jacket structures using a combination of a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel, aiming to solve the problems of high difficulty and cost in the current offshore installation of deep-water and large jacket structures.

[0005] This invention proposes a method for vertically launching and installing a jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel. The method includes the following steps: Step S1, vertically installing the jacket structure on the semi-submersible barge and securing it with lashing devices, and controlling the semi-submersible barge to transport the jacket structure to the target sea area; Step S2, according to the installation position of the jacket structure, controlling the crane vessel and the semi-submersible barge to the pre-launching installation position, and maintaining a preset safe distance between the crane vessel and the positioned semi-submersible barge; Step S3, attaching lifting slings to the crane vessel and the jacket structure, and adjusting the slings to a state of slight stress; Step S4, removing the jacket structure... Step S5: Control the semi-submersible barge to submerge to a preset depth; Step S6: Control the crane vessel to lift the jacket structure, separating the jacket structure from the semi-submersible barge until a gap h greater than or equal to a preset safety gap is maintained between the jacket structure and the semi-submersible barge, so that the jacket structure can be suspended on the water surface under the action of the lifting force and the buoyancy of the jacket structure; Step S7: Control the semi-submersible barge to leave the work area; Step S8: Control the crane vessel to lift the jacket structure, and gradually lower the jacket structure until it is lowered to a preset position; Step S9: Install the jacket structure on the seabed.

[0006] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned method for vertically launching and installing the jacket structure using a combination of a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel, during the lowering process of the jacket structure, when the weight and buoyancy of the jacket structure are balanced, the legs of the jacket structure are filled with water while it is being lowered.

[0007] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned method for vertically launching and installing the jacket structure using a combination of a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel, after the jacket structure is positioned and installed on the seabed, the lifting slings are removed, and the jacket structure is then installed and secured.

[0008] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned method for vertically launching and installing the jacket structure in conjunction with a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel, the preset safety gap is 1m.

[0009] Furthermore, the above-mentioned method for vertically launching and installing the jacket structure in conjunction with a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel includes the following steps before vertically installing the jacket structure on the semi-submersible barge and securing it with lashing devices: determining whether it is necessary to install buoys on the jacket structure; if it is necessary to install buoys on the jacket structure, then installing buoys on the jacket structure.

[0010] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned method for vertically launching and installing the jacket structure using a combination of a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel, the buoys are removed after the jacket structure is in place and installed on the seabed.

[0011] Furthermore, the above-mentioned method for vertically launching and installing the jacket structure using a combination of a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel determines whether or not pontoons need to be installed on the jacket structure based on the lifting weight of the crane vessel, the weight of the jacket structure, and the buoyancy of the jacket structure.

[0012] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned method for vertically launching and installing the jacket structure using a combination of a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel, the preset depth is determined based on the weight and buoyancy of the jacket structure and the stability of the vessel.

[0013] Furthermore, the above-mentioned method for vertically launching and installing the jacket structure using a combination of a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel includes the following steps before launching and installing: determining whether the current environmental conditions meet the environmental conditions for jacket structure construction and the environmental conditions for vessel construction; if they do, then construction can proceed.

[0014] Furthermore, the above-mentioned method for vertically launching and installing the jacket structure using a combination of a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel determines the environmental conditions for jacket structure construction based on the lateral environmental forces acting on the jacket structure during the semi-submersible barge's submersion process; and determines the environmental conditions for vessel construction based on the movement of the semi-submersible barge in wind and waves.

[0015] The present invention provides a method for vertically launching and installing jacket structures using a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel. This method is applicable to the vertical loading and transportation of jacket structures onto ships. The jacket structure is transported to the target sea area by a semi-submersible barge. The semi-submersible barge and the crane vessel are positioned according to the installation location of the jacket structure. The crane vessel and the jacket structure are secured with lifting slings, and the lashings between the jacket structure and the barge are removed. The semi-submersible barge submerges to a preset depth, and the crane vessel lifts the jacket structure and separates it from the semi-submersible barge. The semi-submersible barge slowly sails out of the work area, and the crane vessel lowers the jacket structure to the predetermined position. The jacket structure is then filled with water and lowered to complete the installation. This launching and installation method utilizes the submersible barge's submersible operation capability to provide a certain buoyancy to the jacket structure, which can reduce the lifting weight and center of gravity height of the jacket structure. The use of a crane vessel to lift and launch the jacket structure reduces the capability requirements of the installation vessel, lowers the cost of launching and installing jacket structures, and solves the problems of high difficulty and cost of existing deep-water and large-scale offshore installation of jacket structures, especially addressing the limitations of existing installation vessel resources and operational capabilities.

[0016] Furthermore, adding pontoons to the jacket can further improve the buoyancy of the jacket structure and reduce the demand on the crane vessel's operational capabilities. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate and analyze the floating state and buoyancy of the jacket structure and pontoons. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of preferred embodiments. The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:

[0018] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating the method for vertical launching and installation of a jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel, as provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the semi-submersible barge transport jacket provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0020] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the semi-submersible barge and crane vessel in place according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0021] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the crane vessel and the jacket structure with the lifting slings attached, provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the structure for removing the lashing components between the jacket and the barge, provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a submersible barge slowly descending to a preset depth, as provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0024] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure for separating the lifting jacket from the barge provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure for launching a barge out of the work area, provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the slow lowering of the lifting guide frame of the crane vessel provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the structure for filling the pile legs with water according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 11 A schematic diagram of the crane vessel's lifting and positioning of the guide frame provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 12 A side view of the crane vessel lowering the jacket structure to the seabed, provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 13 A frontal view of the crane vessel lowering the jacket structure to the seabed, provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 14 This is another flowchart illustrating the method for vertical launching and installation of a jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel, as provided in this embodiment of the invention.

[0032] Figure 15 This is another flowchart illustrating the method for vertical launching and installation of a jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel, as provided in this embodiment of the invention. Detailed Implementation

[0033] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure may be implemented in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided to enable a more thorough understanding of the present disclosure and to fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described herein can be combined with each other. The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0034] See Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the vertical launching and installation method of the jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel, as provided in this embodiment of the invention. As shown, the vertical launching and installation method of the jacket structure includes the following steps:

[0035] Step S1: Install the jacket vertically on the semi-submersible barge and secure it with lashing devices, and control the semi-submersible barge to transport the jacket to the target sea area.

[0036] Specifically, firstly, the jacket structure 1 is loaded onto the ship at the dock, vertically installed on the semi-submersible barge 2, and secured with lashing devices; then, as... Figure 2 As shown, it is transported to the target sea area by semi-submersible barge 2.

[0037] Step S2: Based on the installation position of the jacket, control the crane vessel and semi-submersible barge to move to the pre-launching installation position, and maintain a preset safe distance between the crane vessel and the positioned semi-submersible barge.

[0038] Specifically, the semi-submersible barge 2 and crane vessel 3 can be positioned according to the installation location of the jacket structure 1, and the installation of the jacket structure 1 should be carried out during a suitable weather window. Figure 3 As shown, the semi-submersible barge 2 and the crane vessel 3 are positioned according to the installation location of the jacket structure and proceed to the pre-launching installation location. A preset safety distance is maintained between the crane vessel 3 and the semi-submersible barge 2 to ensure a certain safety distance. The preset safety distance can be determined according to the actual situation, and no limitation is made on it in this embodiment.

[0039] Step S3: Hang the lifting slings on the crane vessel and the jacket, and adjust the lifting slings to be under slight stress.

[0040] Specifically, such as Figure 4 As shown, the crane vessel 3 is attached to the jacket 1 with the lifting sling 4, and the lifting sling 4 is adjusted to be in a state of slight stress. The slight stress state can be determined according to the actual situation, for example, the force is less than or equal to the preset force, ensuring that the upper rope of the lifting sling 4 is in a state of tension.

[0041] Step S4: Remove the lashing between the jacket and the semi-submersible barge.

[0042] Specifically, using a cutting tool, cut the lashing fittings connecting the jacket 1 and the semi-submersible barge 2. For example... Figure 5 As shown, all the bindings are removed so that the catheter holder 1 can be lifted.

[0043] Step S5: Control the semi-submersible barge to descend to the preset depth.

[0044] Specifically, such as Figure 6 As shown, the semi-submersible barge 2 is controlled to slowly descend to a preset depth. The descent depth of the semi-submersible barge, i.e. the preset depth, can be determined based on the weight and buoyancy of the jacket 1 and the ship's stability calculations.

[0045] Step S6: Control the crane vessel to lift the jacket structure, so that the jacket structure separates from the semi-submersible barge, until a gap greater than or equal to the preset safety gap is maintained between the jacket structure and the semi-submersible barge, so that the jacket structure can be suspended on the water surface under the action of the lifting force and the buoyancy of the jacket structure.

[0046] Specifically, such as Figure 7 As shown, the crane vessel 3 slowly lifts the jacket 1, separating the jacket 1 from the semi-submersible barge 2, so that a gap h greater than or equal to the preset safety gap is maintained between the jacket 1 and the semi-submersible barge 2. The preset safety gap can be 1 meter. That is to say, the jacket 1 should maintain a safety gap of at least 1 meter with the semi-submersible barge 2, which can ensure that the jacket 1 can be suspended on the water surface under the action of the lifting force and the buoyancy of the jacket 1.

[0047] Step S7: Control the semi-submersible barge to leave the work area.

[0048] Specifically, such as Figure 8 As shown, the semi-submersible barge 2 was started and slowly sailed out of the work area.

[0049] Step S8: Control the crane vessel to hoist the jacket structure, and gradually lower the jacket structure until it reaches the preset position.

[0050] Specifically, such as Figure 9 As shown, the crane vessel 3 slowly lowers the jacket frame 1. Figure 10 As shown, during the lowering process of the jacket 1, when the weight and buoyancy of the jacket 1 are balanced, the legs of the jacket 1 are filled with water and lowered while filling with water.

[0051] Step S9: Position and install the jacket onto the seabed.

[0052] Specifically, such as Figure 11 As shown, the jacket foundation 1 was filled with water to achieve the required stability on the seabed, and the crane vessel 3 lifted the jacket foundation 1 into precise position. Figure 12 and Figure 13 As shown, after positioning is completed, the crane vessel 3 lowers the jacket 1 to the seabed, removes the lifting slings 4, and the jacket 1 is launched and installed. The jacket 1 is then installed and fixed.

[0053] See Figure 14 This is another flowchart illustrating the method for vertically launching and installing a jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel, as provided in this embodiment of the invention. As shown in the figure, the method includes the following steps:

[0054] Step S10: Determine whether it is necessary to install buoys on the jacket. If it is necessary to install buoys on the jacket, then install buoys on the jacket.

[0055] Specifically, first, based on the lifting weight of the crane vessel, the weight of the jacket, and the buoyancy of the jacket, it is determined whether pontoons need to be installed on the jacket. Then, if it is necessary to install pontoons on the jacket, then pontoons are installed on the jacket.

[0056] Step S1: Install the jacket vertically on the semi-submersible barge and secure it with lashing devices, and control the semi-submersible barge to transport the jacket to the target sea area.

[0057] Step S2: Based on the installation position of the jacket, control the crane vessel and semi-submersible barge to move to the pre-launching installation position, and maintain a preset safe distance between the crane vessel and the positioned semi-submersible barge.

[0058] Step S3: Hang the lifting slings on the crane vessel and the jacket, and adjust the lifting slings to be under slight stress.

[0059] Step S4: Remove the lashing between the jacket and the semi-submersible barge.

[0060] Step S5: Control the semi-submersible barge to descend to the preset depth.

[0061] Step S6: Control the crane vessel to lift the jacket structure, so that the jacket structure separates from the semi-submersible barge, until a gap greater than or equal to the preset safety gap is maintained between the jacket structure and the semi-submersible barge, so that the jacket structure can be suspended on the water surface under the action of the lifting force and the buoyancy of the jacket structure.

[0062] Step S7: Control the semi-submersible barge to leave the work area.

[0063] Step S8: Control the crane vessel to hoist the jacket structure, and gradually lower the jacket structure until it reaches the preset position.

[0064] Step S9: Position and install the jacket onto the seabed.

[0065] Step S11: After the jacket is installed on the seabed, the buoy is removed.

[0066] See Figure 15 This is another flowchart illustrating the method for vertically launching and installing a jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel, as provided in this embodiment of the invention. As shown in the figure, the method includes the following steps:

[0067] Step S12: Determine whether the current environmental conditions meet the environmental conditions for jacket construction and ship construction. If they do, proceed with the construction operation.

[0068] Specifically, the construction environment conditions for the jacket are determined based on the lateral environmental forces acting on the jacket during the submersible barge's descent; the construction environment conditions for the vessel are determined based on the movement of the semi-submersible barge in the wind and waves; then, before construction, it is determined whether the current environmental conditions meet the construction environment conditions for both the jacket and the vessel. If they do, construction is carried out; otherwise, construction is cancelled under the current environmental conditions.

[0069] Step S10: Determine whether it is necessary to install buoys on the jacket. If it is necessary to install buoys on the jacket, then install buoys on the jacket.

[0070] Step S1: Install the jacket vertically on the semi-submersible barge and secure it with lashing devices, and control the semi-submersible barge to transport the jacket to the target sea area.

[0071] Step S2: Based on the installation position of the jacket, control the crane vessel and semi-submersible barge to move to the pre-launching installation position, and maintain a preset safe distance between the crane vessel and the positioned semi-submersible barge.

[0072] Step S3: Hang the lifting slings on the crane vessel and the jacket, and adjust the lifting slings to be under slight stress.

[0073] Step S4: Remove the lashing between the jacket and the semi-submersible barge.

[0074] Step S5: Control the semi-submersible barge to descend to the preset depth.

[0075] Step S6: Control the crane vessel to lift the jacket structure, so that the jacket structure separates from the semi-submersible barge, until a gap greater than or equal to the preset safety gap is maintained between the jacket structure and the semi-submersible barge, so that the jacket structure can be suspended on the water surface under the action of the lifting force and the buoyancy of the jacket structure.

[0076] Step S7: Control the semi-submersible barge to leave the work area.

[0077] Step S8: Control the crane vessel to hoist the jacket structure, and gradually lower the jacket structure until it reaches the preset position.

[0078] Step S9: Position and install the jacket onto the seabed.

[0079] Step S11: After the jacket is installed on the seabed, the buoy is removed.

[0080] In summary, the method for vertically launching and installing jacket structures using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel provided in this embodiment is suitable for vertically loading and transporting jacket structures onto ships. The semi-submersible barge transports the jacket structure to the target sea area. The semi-submersible barge and crane vessel are positioned according to the installation location of the jacket structure. The crane vessel attaches lifting slings to the jacket structure, the lashings between the jacket structure and the barge are removed, the semi-submersible barge submerges to a preset depth, the crane vessel lifts the jacket structure and separates it from the semi-submersible barge, the semi-submersible barge slowly sails out of the work area, and the crane vessel lowers the jacket structure to the predetermined position. The jacket structure was lowered into the water and the installation was completed. This method of installation utilizes the submersible barge's ability to provide buoyancy to the jacket structure, which reduces the lifting weight and center of gravity of the jacket structure. The use of a crane vessel to lift and lower the jacket structure into the water reduces the capability requirements of the installation vessel, eliminates the dependence on specialized jacket structure lowering barges, and lowers the cost of jacket structure installation. It solves the problems of high difficulty and cost of existing deep-water and large jacket structure offshore installation, especially the limitations of existing installation vessel resources and operational capabilities.

[0081] Furthermore, adding pontoons to the jacket can further improve the buoyancy of the jacket structure and reduce the demand on the crane vessel's operational capabilities. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate and analyze the floating state and buoyancy of the jacket structure and pontoons.

[0082] It should be noted that in the description of this invention, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "inner", "outer", etc., which indicate directions or positional relationships, are based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings. This is only for the convenience of description and is not intended to indicate or imply that the device or element must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, it should not be construed as a limitation of this invention.

[0083] Furthermore, it should be noted that, in the description of this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "joining" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0084] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this invention without departing from its spirit and scope. Therefore, if these modifications and variations fall within the scope of the claims of this invention and their equivalents, this invention also intends to include these modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A method for vertically launching and installing a jacketed structure using a semi-submersible barge and a crane vessel in a combined operation, characterized in that... The steps include the following: Step S1: Install the jacket vertically on the semi-submersible barge and secure it with lashing devices, and control the semi-submersible barge to transport the jacket to the target sea area. Step S2: According to the installation position of the jacket, control the crane ship and the semi-submersible barge to be carried to the pre-launching installation position, and control the crane ship and the semi-submersible barge to maintain a preset safe distance. Step S3: Hang the lifting slings on the crane vessel and the jacket frame, and adjust the lifting slings to be under slight stress. Step S4: Remove the lashing devices between the jacket and the semi-submersible barge; Step S5: Control the semi-submersible barge to descend to the preset depth; Step S6: Control the crane vessel to lift the jacket structure, so that the jacket structure is separated from the semi-submersible barge, until a gap greater than or equal to the preset safety gap is maintained between the jacket structure and the semi-submersible barge, so that the jacket structure can be suspended on the water surface under the action of the lifting force and the buoyancy of the jacket structure. Step S7: Control the semi-submersible barge to leave the work area; Step S8: Control the crane vessel to lift the jacket structure, and gradually lower the jacket structure until it reaches the preset position; Step S9: Position and install the jacket onto the seabed.

2. The method for vertical launching and installation of the jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel in conjunction with claim 1, characterized in that, During the lowering of the jacket, when the weight and buoyancy of the jacket are balanced, the legs of the jacket are filled with water while it is being lowered.

3. The method for vertical launching and installation of the jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel in conjunction with claim 1, characterized in that, After the jacket is in place and installed on the seabed, the slings are removed and the jacket is installed and secured.

4. The method for vertical launching and installation of the jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel in conjunction with claim 3, characterized in that, The preset safety gap is 1m.

5. The method for vertical launching and installation of the jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel in conjunction with claim 3, characterized in that, Before the vertical installation of the jacket on the semi-submersible barge and its securing with lashing devices, the following steps are also included: Determine whether buoys need to be installed on the jacket. If so, install buoys on the jacket.

6. The method for vertical launching and installation of the jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel in conjunction with claim 5, characterized in that, After the jacket is installed on the seabed, the buoys are removed.

7. The method for vertical launching and installation of a jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel in conjunction with any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, Based on the lifting weight of the crane vessel, the weight of the jacket, and the buoyancy of the jacket, determine whether it is necessary to install pontoons on the jacket.

8. The method for vertical launching and installation of a jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel in conjunction with any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, The preset depth is determined based on the weight and buoyancy of the jacket and the ship's stability calculations.

9. The method for vertical launching and installation of a jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel in conjunction with any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, Before proceeding with the drainage installation, the following steps are also included: Determine whether the current environmental conditions meet the requirements for jacket construction and ship construction. If they do, proceed with the construction work.

10. The method for vertical launching and installation of a jacket structure using a semi-submersible barge and crane vessel in conjunction with any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, Based on the lateral environmental forces exerted on the jacket during the submersible barge's descent, the environmental conditions for jacket construction operations are determined. The environmental conditions for ship construction operations are determined by the movement of semi-submersible barges in windy and wave environments.

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