A method for growing a crop of cigar tobacco, mustard and onions and the use thereof

Abstract

This invention provides a planting method and application for cigar tobacco, mustard greens, and onion rotation, belonging to the field of agricultural planting technology. This invention implements a multi-year rotation system based on cigar tobacco-mustard greens-onion, which effectively achieves seamless crop rotation and inter-family planting of different plants, thus reducing continuous cropping obstacles. Experiments show that this planting method, while overcoming continuous cropping obstacles, also increases crop yield and / or adjusts soil biological fertility and / or microbial community structure, enabling stratified and balanced utilization of soil nutrients, continuous accumulation of organic matter, dual biological antibacterial purification of the soil, and interruption of the disease and pest cycle.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application belongs to the field of agricultural planting technology, specifically relating to a planting method and application of crop rotation of cigar tobacco, mustard greens and onions. Background Technology

[0002] Cigar cultivation is a high-efficiency agricultural practice, especially when the primary production objective is the wrapper. However, wrapper tobacco production requires shading, necessitating the construction of shading facilities in the field, which involves a large initial investment and is difficult to move. Under the constraints of shading facilities, wrapper tobacco production faces severe continuous cropping obstacles, not only affecting tobacco yield but also easily leading to decreased soil fertility, increased soil diseases, and soil compaction. Currently, to overcome these obstacles, tilling or planting green manure is commonly used to increase organic matter, degrade allelopathic and autotoxic substances, and optimize soil microbial structure. However, this method has limited effectiveness in soil improvement and low economic benefits. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for crop rotation of cigar tobacco, mustard greens and onions. By rotating mustard greens and onions after tobacco harvesting, not only can economic benefits be improved, but soil structure and fertility can also be effectively improved.

[0004] This invention provides a method for crop rotation of cigar tobacco, mustard greens and onions, which involves cross-year crop rotation in the form of cigar tobacco-mustard greens-onions.

[0005] Preferably, the cigars are transplanted in mid-May of the same year and harvested in mid-August; the mustard greens are sown in late August of the same year and harvested in mid-November; and the onions are transplanted in late November and harvested in early May of the following year.

[0006] Preferably, the process of transplanting the cigars includes land preparation, application of base fertilizer, ridging, and mulching. The application of base fertilizer includes applying organic fertilizer after land preparation and applying base fertilizer in strips when ridging; The organic fertilizer includes 1.3-1.2-1.5% sheep manure organic fertilizer, with an application rate of 400-600 kg / mu; The base fertilizer applied in strips includes 5.3-1.2-1.8 parts of well-rotted soybean, 10-15-15 tobacco-specific compound fertilizer, and potassium nitrate. The application rate of the 5.3-1.2-1.8 parts of well-rotted soybean is 35-45 kg / mu; the application rate of the 10-15-15 tobacco-specific compound fertilizer is 8-12 kg / mu; and the application rate of potassium nitrate is 8-12 kg / mu.

[0007] Preferably, the transplanting density of the cigar tobacco is 1350~1650 plants / mu, the row spacing is 105~115cm, and the plant spacing is 35~45cm; After transplanting, the cigar trees are shaded and drip-irrigated for 2-3 hours. The light transmittance of the shade net is 55%-59%. During the drip irrigation, a water-soluble fertilizer containing macro-elements 12-6-40 is applied as top dressing at a rate of 8-12 kg / mu. 20-25 days after transplanting, perform a second drip irrigation for 3-5 hours; during the second drip irrigation, apply a water-soluble fertilizer containing macro-elements 12-6-40 at a rate of 13-18 kg / mu. The drip rate for the primary or secondary drip irrigation is 0.8~1.2 L / h; Cigars are harvested 50-60 days after transplanting, with 2-4 cigars harvested at a time from bottom to top, and each harvest is spaced 5-7 days apart.

[0008] Preferably, the mustard greens are prepared before sowing, including land preparation, application of base fertilizer, and making ridges; The base fertilizer application includes 1.3-1.2-1.5% sheep manure organic fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and potassium sulfate; the application rate of sheep manure organic fertilizer 1.3-1.2-1.5% is 2000-3000 kg / mu; the application rate of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is 30-40 kg / mu; and the application rate of potassium sulfate is 10-20 kg / mu. The bottom width of the ridge is 1.4~1.6m, the top width of the ridge is 0.9~1.1m, and the height of the ridge is 20~25cm.

[0009] Preferably, when sowing the mustard greens, the furrow depth is 1.5-2cm, two rows are sown per bed, the row spacing is 35-45cm, and the plant spacing is 15-20cm; After sowing, lay drip irrigation pipes along the center line of the seedbed and drip irrigate for 2-3 hours at a rate of 0.8-1.2 L / h. 20-30 days after emergence, drip irrigation for 2-3 hours at a rate of 0.8-1.2 L / h; During the fleshy root enlargement period, apply a water-soluble fertilizer containing macro-elements 12-6-40 at a rate of 5-8 kg / mu.

[0010] Preferably, the onion is prepared before transplanting, including applying base fertilizer, making ridges, and covering with film; The base fertilizer consists of 1.3-1.2-1.5 parts sheep manure organic fertilizer and 10-15-15 parts tobacco-specific compound fertilizer; the application rate of the 1.3-1.2-1.5 parts sheep manure organic fertilizer is 4000-5000 kg / mu; the application rate of the 10-15-15 parts tobacco-specific compound fertilizer is 40-50 kg / mu. The bottom width of the ridge is 1.0~1.2m, the top width of the ridge is 0.7~0.9m, and the height of the ridge is 8~10cm.

[0011] Preferably, when transplanting the onions, the planting density is 11,500 to 12,500 plants per mu; the row spacing is 14 to 16 cm, the plant spacing is 14 to 16 cm, and 4 rows are planted per bed; The onions were provided with insulation and irrigation after transplanting; Water once each 28-35 days and 90-100 days after transplanting, and when the plant has grown to 8-10 leaves; Each drip irrigation lasts 2-5 hours at a drip rate of 0.8-1.2 L / h. For the next two irrigations, apply 20-30 kg / mu of water-soluble fertilizer containing macronutrients 15-15-15 and 8-10 kg / mu of water-soluble fertilizer containing macronutrients 12-6-40.

[0012] This invention provides the application of the planting method in increasing crop yield and / or adjusting soil biofertility and / or microbial community structure.

[0013] Preferably, adjusting the soil microbial community structure includes increasing the number of bacteria and / or actinomycetes in the soil and / or decreasing the number of fungi in the soil.

[0014] This invention provides a method for crop rotation of cigar tobacco, mustard greens, and onions. It proposes a cigar tobacco-mustard greens-onion rotation pattern. Mustard greens are cruciferous plants with a short field growing season and low accumulated temperature requirements. Onions belong to the lily family and can overwinter; the sulfur-containing organic compounds and phenolic acids secreted by their roots have a significant inhibitory effect on soil-borne pathogenic fungi and nematodes. Cigar tobacco production requires favorable light and heat conditions. This planting method effectively achieves crop rotation and inter-family cropping, reducing continuous cropping obstacles while improving land utilization and economic benefits. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 The effects of continuous cropping and crop rotation on the number of bacteria in the soil; Figure 2 The effects of continuous cropping and crop rotation on the number of fungi in the soil; Figure 3 The effects of continuous cropping and crop rotation on the number of actinomycetes in the soil. Detailed Implementation

[0016] This invention provides a method for crop rotation of cigar tobacco, mustard greens and onions, which involves cross-year crop rotation in the form of cigar tobacco-mustard greens-onions.

[0017] In this invention, the cigar-mustard-onion rotation refers to planting cigars first, harvesting them, then planting mustard, and finally harvesting the mustard and then planting onions on the same field. The preferred year-round rotation is as follows: cigars are transplanted in mid-May and harvested by mid-August; mustard is sown in late August and harvested in mid-November; and onions are transplanted in late November and harvested in early May of the following year, achieving three crops per year. Compared to planting only one crop of cigars per year, the cigar-mustard-onion rotation not only improves land utilization and increases the economic income from two crops, but also effectively improves soil fertility, enhances soil physicochemical and microbial structure, reduces continuous cropping obstacles, and lowers the risk of pests and diseases. This planting method is preferably suitable for applications north of the Yangtze River, especially in the Huang-Huai region.

[0018] This invention does not impose any special restrictions on the variety of cigars used; any cigar variety well-known in the art can be employed. In this embodiment, the well-known wrapper variety QX103 is used as an example to illustrate the effect of the crop rotation method. Cigar seedlings are raised in a tobacco seedling greenhouse in March of the same year, and transplanted when they have 7-9 true leaves and a plant height of 10-12 cm.

[0019] In this invention, the cigar planting process preferably includes land preparation, application of base fertilizer, ridging, and mulching before transplanting. This invention does not impose any particular limitations on the land preparation method; any method well-known in the art can be used, such as first tilling and then rotary tilling. Tilling turns the soil layers, breaking up the hard plow pan; it turns surface debris, straw, weeds, insect eggs, and pathogens to the lower layers for decomposition, while the subsoil is turned on top; this deepens the cultivated layer and improves water and aeration. Rotary tilling helps to break up large clods of soil after deep tilling, harrowing and leveling them, mixing in base fertilizer, and forming a fine, loose surface layer for sowing / planting.

[0020] In this invention, the basal fertilizer application preferably includes applying organic fertilizer after land preparation and applying basal fertilizer in strips during ridging. The organic fertilizer preferably comprises 1.3-1.2-1.5% sheep manure organic fertilizer, with an application rate of 400-600 kg / mu, which can be 450-550 kg / mu, or even 500 kg / mu. In the sheep manure organic fertilizer 1.3-1.2-1.5, 1.3-1.2-1.5 refers to the percentage of the three macroelements: total nitrogen (N) 1.3%, phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) 1.2%, and potassium oxide (K2O) 1.5%, and the same applies below. The sheep manure organic fertilizer 1.3-1.2-1.5 is purchased from Shandong Yaonong Bio-fertilizer Co., Ltd.

[0021] In this invention, the preferred base fertilizer for strip application includes 5.3-1.2-1.8 matured soybeans, 10-15-15 tobacco-specific compound fertilizer, and potassium nitrate. The preferred application rate of the 5.3-1.2-1.8 matured soybeans is 35-45 kg / mu, but can be 38-42 kg / mu or even 40 kg / mu. The preferred application rate of the 10-15-15 tobacco-specific compound fertilizer is 8-12 kg / mu, but can be 9-11 kg / mu or even 10 kg / mu. The preferred application rate of the potassium nitrate is 8-12 kg / mu, but can be 9-11 kg / mu or even 10 kg / mu. The 5.3-1.2-1.8 matured soybeans are purchased from the market, crushed in a crusher, and then fermented by the farmer. The 10-15-15 tobacco-specific compound fertilizer is purchased from Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group, product number KD-YC-101515. Potassium nitrate was purchased from Shandong Huayang Dier Chemical Co., Ltd., with product number DE-YX-KNO3-50.

[0022] In this invention, the height of the raised beds is preferably 25-30 cm, but can be 26-29 cm or 27-28 cm. The bottom width of the raised beds is preferably 75-85 cm, but can be 78-82 cm or 80 cm. The top width of the raised beds is preferably 32-38 cm, but can be 34-36 cm or 35 cm. The spacing between the raised beds is preferably 105-115 cm, but can be 108-113 cm or 110 cm.

[0023] In this invention, the mulching involves covering the ridges with a plastic film, which serves to maintain soil temperature and suppress weed growth. The film is preferably a silver-gray film with a thickness of 0.01 mm.

[0024] In this invention, the cigars are preferably planted on raised beds. The preferred planting density of the cigars is 1350-1650 plants / mu, but it can also be 1400-1600 plants / mu, 1450-1550 plants / mu, or 1500 plants / mu. The preferred row spacing is 105-115cm, but it can also be 108-113cm or 110cm. The preferred plant spacing is 35-45cm, but it can also be 38-42cm or 40cm.

[0025] In this invention, after transplanting the cigar tobacco plants, it is preferable to install a shade net and perform drip irrigation for 2-3 hours. The light transmittance of the shade net is preferably 55%-59%, and can be 57%. The shade net preferably covers the entire tobacco field. During the drip irrigation, it is preferable to apply a water-soluble fertilizer containing macro-elements 12-6-40, with a preferred application rate of 8-12 kg / mu, and can be 10 kg / mu. The preferred drip rate for the drip irrigation is 0.8-1.2 L / h, and can be 1 L / h.

[0026] In this invention, the cigars are preferably irrigated a second time for 3-5 hours, or up to 4 hours, 20-25 days after transplanting. During the second irrigation, a water-soluble fertilizer containing macro-elements 12-6-40 is preferably applied, at a rate of 13-18 kg / mu, or up to 14-17 kg / mu, or even 15 kg / mu. The drip rate for the first or second irrigation is preferably 0.8-1.2 L / h, or up to 1.0 L / h.

[0027] In this invention, the cigar tobacco is preferably harvested 50-60 days after transplanting, with 2-4 leaves harvested each time from bottom to top, and the interval between harvests preferably 5-7 days, for a total of 5-7 harvests. After the tobacco leaves are harvested, the tobacco stalks are pulled out. The cigar tobacco growth process also includes the control of pests and diseases such as aphids, tobacco budworms, red spot disease, climate spot disease, black shank disease, and bacterial wilt. Insect-proof netting is used around the tobacco field to control aphids. Insecticides such as abamectin and emamectin benzoate are used to control tobacco budworms. Bordeaux mixture and fluoxetine·benzoxazole are used to control climate spot disease and red spot disease. For black shank disease, 125-200g / mu of Bacillus subtilis powder (1 billion spores / g), 20-50g / mu of Pythium oligandrum (1 million spores / g), and 1000g / mu of Trichoderma wilt wettable powder (200 million spores / g) are used for root irrigation during transplanting as a preventative measure. 10-15 days after planting, apply a first root drench with a mixture of silver-based fungicide and metalaxyl-mancozeb; before wheat harvest, apply a second root drench with a mixture of silver-based fungicide and cymoxanil; before topping, apply a third root drench with a mixture of silver-based fungicide and metalaxyl-mancozeb. For bacterial wilt, during the vigorous growth period after transplanting, apply 1000-1500 g / mu of 0.1 billion CFU / g Bacillus polymyxa, or 500-700 g / mu of 300 billion CFU / g Pseudomonas fluorescens, etc., for root drench.

[0028] In this invention, the mustard greens are root mustard greens. The planting method of this invention is applicable to various root mustard green varieties. In this embodiment of the invention, the preferred variety of root mustard green is Erdaomei, produced by Jinan Baiwang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., product number 5661933.

[0029] In this invention, the preparation of the mustard greens before sowing preferably includes land preparation, application of base fertilizer, and ridging. This invention does not impose any particular limitation on the land preparation method; any method well-known in the art can be used, such as deep plowing to a depth of 20-30 cm followed by rotary tillage. The application of base fertilizer preferably includes 1.3-1.2-1.5 parts sheep manure organic fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and potassium sulfate. The preferred application rate of the 1.3-1.2-1.5 parts sheep manure organic fertilizer is 2000-3000 kg / mu, and can be 2500 kg / mu. The preferred application rate of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is 30-40 kg / mu, and can be 35 kg / mu. The preferred application rate of potassium sulfate is 10-20 kg / mu, and can be 15 kg / mu. After applying the base fertilizer, rotary tillage is used to incorporate it into the lower soil layer.

[0030] The present invention does not impose any particular limitation on the method of making the raised beds; any method well known in the art, such as mechanical raised bed making, can be used. The bottom width of the raised bed is preferably 1.4~1.6m, and can be 1.5m. The top width of the raised bed is preferably 0.9~1.1m, and can be 1m. The height of the raised bed is preferably 20~25cm, and can be 23cm.

[0031] In this invention, the sowing is preferably done mechanically, with furrowing, sowing, and covering completed in one step. When sowing mustard greens, the furrow depth is preferably 1.5-2 cm, or 1.8 cm. It is preferred to sow two rows per bed, with a row spacing of 35-45 cm, or 40 cm. The plant spacing is preferably 15-20 cm, or 18 cm. After sowing, drip irrigation pipes are preferably laid along the center line of the bed, and drip irrigation is carried out for 2-3 hours at a rate of 0.8-1.2 L / h, or 1 L / h. When the seedlings have grown to 2-3 true leaves, one seedling is retained per hole, and the others are removed.

[0032] In this invention, drip irrigation is preferably applied for 2-3 hours 20-30 days after mustard seedling emergence, at a drip rate of 0.8-1.2 L / h, or 1 L / h. During the fleshy root enlargement period, topdressing with a water-soluble fertilizer containing macro-elements 12-6-40 is preferred, at a rate of 5-8 kg / mu, or 6-7 kg / mu. The fleshy roots are harvested in mid-November, and the leaves are returned to the field.

[0033] This invention controls aphids, diamondback moths, viral diseases, downy mildew, and soft rot during the growth of mustard greens. During periods of low aphid infestation or prevention, imidacloprid or thiamethoxam are sprayed; during periods of high infestation, flupyradifurone, acetamiprid, and deltamethrin are used in rotation for control. For diamondback moth control, chlorantraniliprole, abamectin, indoxacarb, or spinosad are sprayed, focusing on the heart leaves and both sides of the leaves, once every 7 days, for two consecutive applications. For viral diseases, amino oligosaccharides, lentinan, or ningnanmycin are sprayed at the initial stage of disease, once every 7 days, combined with potassium dihydrogen phosphate to enhance plant resistance. For downy mildew, dimethomorph, cymoxanil hydrochloride, or fluoxastrobin are used for treatment at the initial stage of disease, focusing on the middle and lower leaves, once every 10 days, with shorter intervals during the rainy season. To control soft rot, use chemical agents such as thiamethoxam zinc, streptomycin, kasugamycin, or copper hydroxide to spray the roots and stems and the whole plant.

[0034] This invention does not impose any particular limitation on the type of onion used; any onion variety well-known in the art can be used. In this embodiment, the onion selected is the drought-resistant, early-maturing variety Tianzheng 201 (red-skinned onion, approval number Lu Nong Shen 2014035). The onions are sown and seedlings raised in late September of the same year. Selected onion seeds are soaked for 10-12 hours before sowing, and seedlings are raised in a tobacco seedling shed to improve utilization. A floating seedling raising method is used. Transplanting is carried out when the onions have grown to 3-5 leaves and a plant height of 12-15 cm.

[0035] In this invention, the onion is preferably treated with base fertilizer, raised beds and covered with mulch before transplanting.

[0036] In this invention, the preferred base fertilizer is 1.3-1.2-1.5 parts sheep manure organic fertilizer and 10-15-15 parts tobacco-specific compound fertilizer. The preferred application rate of the 1.3-1.2-1.5 parts sheep manure organic fertilizer is 4000-5000 kg / mu, but can be 4200-4800 kg / mu or even 4500 kg / mu. The preferred application rate of the 10-15-15 parts tobacco-specific compound fertilizer is 40-50 kg / mu, but can be 42-48 kg / mu or even 45 kg / mu.

[0037] In this invention, the bottom width of the raised beds is preferably 1.0-1.2m, the top width is preferably 0.7-0.9m, and the height is preferably 8-10cm. Two drip irrigation tapes are laid on each bed, with a spacing of 28-32cm between the tapes. The mulching is preferably done with 0.01mm transparent plastic film to suppress weed growth.

[0038] In this invention, the planting density of onions during transplanting is preferably 11,500 to 12,500 plants per mu (approximately 667 square meters), and can be 12,000 plants per mu. The row spacing is 14 to 16 cm, and can be 15 cm. The plant spacing is also 14 to 16 cm, and can be 15 cm. Preferably, four rows are planted per bed.

[0039] In this invention, the onions are provided with insulation and irrigation after transplanting. The insulation measures involve covering each row with a small arched greenhouse, which is then covered with plastic sheeting for wind protection and insulation. Irrigation is preferably performed once after transplanting at 28-35 days, 90-100 days, and when the plants have 8-10 leaves. The first irrigation after transplanting, and the irrigations at 28-35 days and 90-100 days, last for 2-3 hours, up to 2.5 hours. Irrigation when the plants have 8-10 leaves lasts for 3-5 hours, up to 4 hours. The preferred drip rate for each irrigation is 0.8-1.2 L / h. For the subsequent two irrigations, a water-soluble fertilizer of macronutrients 15-15-15 is applied at a rate of 20-30 kg / mu (25 kg / mu), and a water-soluble fertilizer of macronutrients 12-6-40 is applied at a rate of 8-10 kg / mu (9 kg / mu).

[0040] This invention provides the application of the planting method in increasing crop yield and / or adjusting soil biofertility and / or microbial community structure.

[0041] In this invention, increasing crop yield includes increasing tobacco yield and increasing income from mustard greens and onions. Adjusting soil biofertility involves improving soil fertility through crop rotation of mustard greens and onions with cigar tobacco. These three crops belong to completely different families and complement each other in terms of root depth, nutrient requirements, root exudates, plant residue characteristics, antibacterial substances, and microbial regulation. This simultaneously enhances overall soil fertility across six dimensions: soil physicochemical properties, balanced nutrient supply, organic matter accumulation, microbial community, elimination of continuous cropping autotoxicity, and prevention of soil-borne diseases. This completely overcomes the continuous cropping obstacles caused by long-term monoculture of cigar tobacco, such as acidification, compaction, nutrient imbalance, microbial decay, and high incidence of black shank / bacterial wilt.

[0042] In this invention, adjusting the soil microbial community structure preferably includes increasing the number of bacteria and / or actinomycetes in the soil and / or decreasing the number of fungi in the soil.

[0043] The following detailed description, in conjunction with embodiments, illustrates a planting method and application of cigar tobacco, mustard greens, and onion rotation provided by the present invention, but these should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0044] Example 1 A method for rotating cigar tobacco, mustard greens, and onions. A planting experiment was conducted on 2.0 mu (approximately 0.33 hectares) of land in a town in Linyi City, Shandong Province, from 2024 to 2025. The experimental field was divided into two areas: a crop rotation area and a continuous cropping area. The continuous cropping area was planted with cigar tobacco, which was left fallow after the cigar tobacco harvest.

[0045] The cigar wrapper variety chosen is QX103. Cigar seedlings were raised in a tobacco seedling greenhouse in March 2024. Transplanting was carried out when the seedlings had 7-9 true leaves and were 10-12cm tall. The soil in the field was first tilled, then rotary tilled, with 400kg of sheep manure organic fertilizer (1.3-1.2-1.5g) applied per acre. After another rotary tillage, ridges were formed. The ridges were 25cm high, 75cm wide at the base, 32cm wide at the top, and spaced 105cm apart. Apply base fertilizer in strips during ridging: 35 kg of well-rotted soybeans (5.3-1.2-1.8 g / m²) per acre (market-purchased soybeans, crushed and with moisture content adjusted to approximately 9%), piled into a fermentation heap approximately 3 m wide at the bottom, 2.5 m wide at the top, 0.5 m high, and 6 m long. Cover with a transparent film. The total fermentation time is approximately 15 days. The initial fermentation temperature is approximately 13℃, and the humidity is approximately 55%; the mid-fermentation temperature is approximately 58℃, and the humidity is approximately 63%; the final fermentation temperature is approximately 43℃, and the humidity is approximately 51%. Turn the soil twice during fermentation); 8 kg of tobacco-specific compound fertilizer (10-15-15) (purchased from Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group, product number KD-YC-101515); and 8 kg of potassium nitrate (purchased from Shandong Huayang Dier Chemical Co., Ltd., product number DE-YX-KNO3-50). Cover with a 0.01 mm thick silver-gray film after fertilization. Transplanting is done in mid-May, with row spacing of 110-115cm and plant spacing of 38-42cm. Shading is applied immediately after transplanting, with the shade net having a light transmittance of 55%, ensuring complete coverage of the tobacco field. Drip irrigation begins immediately after transplanting, for 2 hours at a rate of 1L / h, along with 8kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) as a top dressing. Twenty days after transplanting, drip irrigation resumes for 3 hours at a rate of 1L / h, with 13kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) as a top dressing. Harvesting begins 50 days after transplanting, harvesting 2-4 leaves at a time from bottom to top, with an interval of 5-7 days between harvests, for a total of 5-7 harvests. During the growth process, conventional methods are used to control aphids, tobacco budworms, red spot disease, climate spot disease, black shank disease, and bacterial wilt. Insect-proof netting is used around the tobacco field to control aphids. Aphid traps are installed, and insecticides such as abamectin are applied to control tobacco budworms. Bordeaux mixture and fluoxetine·benzoxazole are used to control climate spot disease and red spot disease. For black shank disease, use 150g / mu of Bacillus subtilis powder (1 billion spores / g), 30g / mu of Pythium oligandrum (1 million spores / g), and 1000g / mu of Trichoderma wilt wettable powder (200 million spores / g) for root drenching at transplanting for prevention. 10-15 days after planting, use silver-based fungicide + metalaxyl-mancozeb for the first root drenching; before wheat harvest, use silver-based fungicide + cymoxanil for the second root drenching; and before topping, use silver-based fungicide + metalaxyl-mancozeb for the third root drenching. For bacterial wilt, from transplanting to the vigorous growth stage, use 1200g / mu of Bacillus polymyxa (0.1 billion CFU / g) or 500-700g / mu of Pseudomonas fluorescens (300 billion CFU / g) for root drenching.

[0046] The root mustard variety selected is Erdaomei. Within one week of tobacco harvest, mechanically remove the tobacco stalks, deep plow to a depth of 20cm, and then rotary till. Apply 2000kg of sheep manure organic fertilizer (1.3-1.2-1.5%), 30kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and 10kg of potassium sulfate per acre. After fertilization, rotary till, then mechanically create raised beds with a bottom width of 1.4m, a top width of 0.9m, and a height of 20cm. Sow in late August using mechanical rope sowing, completing furrowing, sowing, and covering in one operation. The furrow depth is 1.5cm. Sow two rows per bed with a row spacing of 35cm and a plant spacing of 15cm. After sowing, lay drip irrigation pipes along the center line of the bed and drip irrigate for 2 hours at a rate of 1L / h. Thin the seedlings when they have 2-3 true leaves, leaving one plant per hole. 20 days after emergence, drip irrigate for 2 hours at a rate of 1L / h. During the fleshy root enlargement stage, apply 5 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) per acre. Control aphids, diamondback moths, viral diseases, downy mildew, and soft rot during the growth process. Spray imidacloprid or thiamethoxam during periods of low aphid infestation or prevention; rotate flupyradifurone, acetamiprid, and deltamethrin during periods of high infestation. For diamondback moth control, spray chlorantraniliprole, abamectin, indoxacarb, or spinosad, focusing on the heart leaves and both sides of the leaves, spraying once every 7 days for two consecutive applications. For viral diseases, spray amino oligosaccharides, lentinan, or ningnanmycin at the initial stage of disease, spraying once every 7 days, combined with potassium dihydrogen phosphate to enhance plant resistance. For downy mildew, treat with dimethomorph, cymoxanil hydrochloride, or fluoxastrobin at the initial stage of disease, focusing on the middle and lower leaves, spraying once every 10 days, shortening the interval during the rainy season. To control soft rot, use chemical agents such as thiamethoxam zinc, kasugamycin, kasugamycin, or copper hydroxide, spraying the rhizomes and the entire plant. Harvest the fleshy roots in mid-November and return the leaves to the field.

[0047] The drought-resistant and early-maturing onion variety Tianzheng 201 was selected. Sowing and seedling raising were carried out in late September. Selected onion seeds were soaked for 10 hours before sowing, and seedlings were raised using a floating seedling raising method in a tobacco seedling shed. After harvesting root mustard greens, 4000 kg of sheep manure organic fertilizer (1.3-1.2-1.5) and 40 kg of tobacco-specific compound fertilizer (10-15-15) were applied per acre. The soil was then rotary tilled to create raised beds with a bottom width of 1.0 m, a top width of 0.7 m, and a bed height of 8 cm. Two drip irrigation tapes were laid on each bed, spaced 28 cm apart, and covered with 0.01 mm transparent mulch. Transplanting was carried out in late November, with a row spacing of 14 cm and a plant spacing of 14 cm, planting 4 rows per bed, resulting in 12,500 plants per acre. After transplanting, each bed was covered with a small arched greenhouse. Water once after planting, then drip irrigate for 2 hours at a rate of 1 L / h. In early January, water once more, then drip irrigate for 2-3 hours at a rate of 1 L / h. In March of the following year, water once more, then drip irrigate for 2 hours at a rate of 1 L / h, and apply 8 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) per acre with the irrigation water. When the plants have grown to 8-10 leaves, drip irrigate once more, for 3 hours at a rate of 1 L / h, and apply 20 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (15-15-15) and 8 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) per acre with the irrigation water. Harvest in early May.

[0048] Example 2 A method for rotating cigar tobacco, mustard greens, and onions. A planting experiment was conducted on 2.0 mu (approximately 0.33 hectares) of land in a town in Linyi City, Shandong Province, from 2024 to 2025. The experimental field was divided into two areas: a crop rotation area and a continuous cropping area. The continuous cropping area was planted with cigar tobacco, which was left fallow after the cigar tobacco harvest.

[0049] The cigar wrapper variety chosen was QX103. Cigar seedlings were raised in a tobacco seedling greenhouse in March 2024. Transplanting was carried out when the seedlings had 7-9 true leaves and were 10-12cm tall. The soil in the field was first tilled, then rotary tilled, with 600kg of sheep manure organic fertilizer (1.3-1.2-1.5) applied per acre. After another rotary tillage, ridges were formed. The ridge height was 30cm, the ridge bottom width was 85cm, the ridge top width was 38cm, and the ridge spacing was 115cm. Base fertilizer was applied in strips during ridge formation: 35kg of well-rotted soybeans (5.3-1.2-1.8, prepared as described in Example 1); 8kg of tobacco-specific compound fertilizer (10-15-15); and 8kg of potassium nitrate per acre; fertilizer sources were the same as above. After fertilization, the soil was covered with a 0.01mm thick silver-gray film. Transplanting was carried out in mid-May, with a row spacing of 110-115cm and a plant spacing of 40-42cm. Shading was applied immediately after transplanting, with the shade net having a light transmittance of 59%, completely covering the tobacco field. Drip irrigation was initiated immediately after transplanting, for 3 hours at a rate of 1 L / h, and 12 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) was applied as a top dressing via drip irrigation. 20-25 days after transplanting, drip irrigation was resumed for 5 hours at a rate of 1 L / h, and 18 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) was applied as a top dressing via drip irrigation. Harvesting began 60 days after transplanting, with 2-4 leaves harvested from the bottom up, with an interval of 5-7 days between harvests, for a total of 5-7 harvests. During the growth process, conventional methods were used to control pests and diseases such as aphids, tobacco budworms, red spot disease, climate spot disease, black shank disease, and bacterial wilt, as detailed in Example 1.

[0050] The root mustard variety selected is Erdaomei. Within one week of tobacco harvest, mechanically remove the tobacco stalks, deep plow to a depth of 30cm, and then rotary till. Apply 3000kg of sheep manure organic fertilizer (1.3-1.2-1.5%), 40kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and 20kg of potassium sulfate per acre. After fertilization, rotary till, then mechanically create raised beds with a bottom width of 1.6m, a top width of 1.1m, and a height of 25cm. Sow in late August using mechanical rope sowing, completing furrowing, sowing, and covering in one operation. Furrows are 2cm deep, with two rows sown per bed, a row spacing of 45cm, and a plant spacing of 20cm. After sowing, lay drip irrigation pipes along the center line of the bed, drip irrigation for 3 hours at a rate of 1L / h. Thin the seedlings when they have 2-3 true leaves, leaving one plant per hole. 30 days after emergence, drip irrigation for 3 hours at a rate of 1L / h. Apply 8 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) per acre during the fleshy root enlargement period. Control aphids, diamondback moths, viral diseases, downy mildew, soft rot, and other pests and diseases during the growth process, as detailed in Example 1.

[0051] The drought-resistant and early-maturing onion variety Tianzheng 201 was selected. Sowing and seedling raising were carried out in late September. Selected onion seeds were soaked for 12 hours before sowing, using a floating seedling raising method in a tobacco seedling shed. After harvesting root mustard greens, 5000 kg of sheep manure organic fertilizer (1.3-1.2-1.5) and 50 kg of tobacco-specific compound fertilizer (10-15-15) were applied per acre. The soil was then rotary tilled to create raised beds, 1.2 m wide at the bottom, 0.9 m wide at the top, and 10 cm high. Two drip irrigation tapes were laid on each bed, spaced 32 cm apart, and covered with 0.01 mm transparent mulch. Transplanting was carried out in late November, with a row spacing of 16 cm and a plant spacing of 16 cm, planting 4 rows per bed, resulting in 11,500 plants per acre. After transplanting, each bed was covered with a small arched greenhouse. Water once after planting, then drip irrigate for 3 hours at a rate of 1 L / h. In early January, water once more, drip irrigate for 3 hours at a rate of 1 L / h. In March of the following year, water once more, drip irrigate for 2-3 hours at a rate of 1 L / h, and apply 10 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) per acre with the irrigation water. When the plants have grown to 8-10 leaves, drip irrigate once more, drip irrigate for 5 hours at a rate of 1 L / h, and apply 30 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (15-15-15) and 10 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) per acre with the irrigation water. Harvest in early May.

[0052] Example 3 A planting method for crop rotation of tobacco, mustard, and onion. A planting experiment was conducted on 2.0 mu (approximately 0.33 hectares) of land in a town in Linyi City, Shandong Province, from 2024 to 2025. The experimental field was divided into two areas: a crop rotation area and a continuous cropping area. The continuous cropping area was planted with cigar tobacco, which was left fallow after the cigar tobacco harvest.

[0053] The cigar wrapper variety chosen was QX103. Cigar seedlings were raised in a tobacco seedling greenhouse in March 2024. Transplanting was carried out when the seedlings had 7-9 true leaves and were 10-12cm tall. The soil in the field was first tilled, then rotary tilled. 500kg of sheep manure organic fertilizer (1.3-1.2-1.5) was applied per acre, followed by rotary tilling and ridging. The ridging height was 28cm, the bottom width was 80cm, the top width was 35cm, and the ridge spacing was 110cm. Base fertilizer was applied in strips during ridging: 35kg of well-rotted soybeans (5.3-1.2-1.8, prepared as described in Example 1); 8kg of tobacco-specific compound fertilizer (10-15-15); and 8kg of potassium nitrate per acre; fertilizer sources were the same as in Example 1. After fertilization, the soil was covered with a 0.01mm thick silver-gray film. Transplanting was carried out in mid-May, with a row spacing of 105-110cm and a plant spacing of 38-40cm. Shading was applied immediately after transplanting, with the shade net having a light transmittance of 57%, ensuring complete coverage of the tobacco field. Drip irrigation was initiated immediately after transplanting, for 2.5 hours at a rate of 1L / h, along with the application of 10kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) containing macronutrients. 20-25 days after transplanting, drip irrigation was resumed for 4 hours at a rate of 1L / h, with the application of 15kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) containing macronutrients again. Harvesting began 55 days after transplanting, with 2-4 leaves harvested at a time from bottom to top, at intervals of 5-7 days, for a total of 5-7 harvests. During the growth process, conventional methods were used to control pests and diseases such as aphids, tobacco budworms, red spot disease, climate spot disease, black shank disease, and bacterial wilt, as described in Example 1.

[0054] The root mustard variety selected is Erdaomei. Within one week of tobacco harvest, mechanically remove the tobacco stalks, deep plow to a depth of 25cm, and then rotary till. Apply 2500kg of sheep manure organic fertilizer (1.3-1.2-1.5), 35kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and 15kg of potassium sulfate per acre. After fertilization, rotary till, then mechanically create raised beds with a bottom width of 1.5m, a top width of 1m, and a height of 22cm. Sow in late August using mechanical rope sowing, completing furrowing, sowing, and covering in one operation. Furrow depth is 1.5-2cm. Sow two rows per bed with a row spacing of 40cm and a plant spacing of 18cm. After sowing, lay drip irrigation pipes along the center line of the bed and drip irrigate for 2.5 hours at a rate of 1L / h. Thin the seedlings when they have 2-3 true leaves, leaving one plant per hole. 25 days after emergence, drip irrigate for 2.5 hours at a rate of 1L / h. Apply 7 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) per mu during the fleshy root enlargement period. During the growth process, prevent and control aphids, diamondback moths, viral diseases, downy mildew, soft rot, and other pests and diseases, as described in Example 1.

[0055] The drought-resistant and early-maturing onion variety Tianzheng 201 was selected. Sowing and seedling raising were carried out in late September. Selected onion seeds were soaked for 11 hours before sowing, using a floating seedling raising method in a tobacco seedling shed. After harvesting root mustard, 4500 kg of sheep manure organic fertilizer (1.3-1.2-1.5) and 45 kg of tobacco-specific compound fertilizer (10-15-15) were applied per acre. The soil was then rotary tilled to create raised beds with a bottom width of 1.1m, a top width of 0.8m, and a height of 9cm. Two drip irrigation tapes were laid on each bed, spaced 30cm apart, and covered with 0.01mm transparent mulch. Transplanting was carried out in late November, with a row spacing of 15cm and a plant spacing of 15cm, planting 4 rows per bed, resulting in 12,000 plants per acre. After transplanting, each bed was covered with a small arched greenhouse. Water once after planting, then drip irrigate for 2.5 hours at a rate of 1 L / h. In early January, water once more, then drip irrigate for 2-3 hours at a rate of 1 L / h. In March of the following year, water once more, then drip irrigate for 2.5 hours at a rate of 1 L / h, and apply 9 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) per acre with the irrigation water. When the plants have grown to 8-10 leaves, drip irrigate once more, for 4 hours at a rate of 1 L / h, and apply 25 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (15-15-15) and 9 kg of water-soluble fertilizer (12-6-40) per acre with the irrigation water. Harvest in early May.

[0056] Example 4 After harvesting tobacco leaves, root mustard, and onions using the planting methods of Examples 1-3, the yields were weighed and calculated. The yields were calculated based on the average values ​​of the continuous cropping or rotation areas in Examples 1-3.

[0057] The results are shown in Table 1. Compared with the continuous cropping group, the crop rotation group significantly increased tobacco yield, while also allowing for the harvest of root mustard and onions. The net benefit of the crop rotation group was calculated to be 6344.6 yuan / mu, more than three times that of the continuous cropping group.

[0058] Table 1 Comparison of Output and Benefits

[0059] Note: The purchase price for root mustard greens and onions is calculated at 0.60 yuan / kg. The output value of tobacco leaves is calculated based on the price and corresponding weight of each grade. Total input mainly includes seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, mulch film, machinery, and labor.

[0060] The content of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in soil samples from continuous cropping areas and crop rotation areas was also tested, specifically using the dilution plating method.

[0061] See results Figures 1-3Compared to the continuous cropping group, the crop rotation group increased the number of bacteria in the soil. Soil bacteria include a large number of ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and phosphorus / potassium-solubilizing bacteria, which can decompose straw, organic fertilizer, and root residues, converting organic nitrogen and insoluble phosphorus and potassium into readily absorbable nutrients for crops. This enhances the soil's nutrient supply capacity, reduces reliance on chemical fertilizers, and promotes root development and vigorous growth in seedlings. Therefore, the increased bacterial count improves nutrient activation in the soil, resulting in faster nutrient supply. Simultaneously, beneficial Bacillus and Pseudomonas bacteria in the soil compete for root space, secreting antibacterial substances that inhibit bacterial pathogens such as bacterial wilt, soft rot, and clubroot, reducing the probability of root rot and seedling death, thus suppressing soil-borne bacterial diseases. Furthermore, bacterial metabolism produces polysaccharides and organic matter that bind soil particles together to form aggregates, improving soil aeration, water and fertilizer retention, and alleviating compaction, thereby improving soil aggregate structure.

[0062] Compared to areas with continuous cropping, the number of actinomycetes in the soil of crop rotation areas increased significantly. Actinomycetes are a core disease-resistant fungal group in agriculture. The vast majority of actinomycetes (mainly Streptomyces) secrete antibiotics and chitinases, which have a strong inhibitory effect on harmful fungi that cause root rot, damping-off, and wilt, such as Fusarium, Phytophthora, and Rhizoctonia. This reduces the incidence of diseases caused by continuous cropping at the root and provides broad-spectrum resistance to soil-borne diseases. At the same time, actinomycetes have the characteristic of efficiently decomposing recalcitrant organic matter, decomposing cellulose, lignin, and straw residues, accelerating decomposition, and continuously releasing long-lasting nutrients, thus alleviating the accumulation of toxins in continuously cropped fields. In addition, actinomycetes also promote growth and stress resistance by secreting gibberellins and auxin-like substances. These metabolites stimulate root development and enhance the crop's resistance to drought, waterlogging, and salinity.

[0063] Compared to areas with continuous cropping, the number of soil fungi in crop rotation areas is significantly reduced. Since the pathogens causing root rot, wilt, damping-off, downy mildew, and soil-borne Phytophthora are mostly classified as fungi, the decrease in total number directly alleviates the problems associated with continuous cropping and reduces pesticide use. The proliferation of harmful fungi produces spores that are dispersed by water and agricultural activities; a reduction in their numbers lowers the risk of disease outbreaks the following year. Furthermore, some saprophytic harmful fungi deplete soil carbon and nitrogen nutrients, inhibiting root absorption; with a lower total fungal population, more nutrients are available to bacteria and crop roots.

[0064] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method of growing a rotation of cigar tobacco, mustard and onions, characterized by, Implement a year-long crop rotation system based on a cigar-mustard-onion rotation pattern.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein, The cigars were transplanted in mid-May of the same year and harvested in mid-August; the mustard greens were sown in late August of the same year and harvested in mid-November; the onions were transplanted in late November and harvested in early May of the following year.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein, Before transplanting, the process for growing cigars includes land preparation, applying base fertilizer, ridging, and mulching. The application of base fertilizer includes applying organic fertilizer after land preparation and applying base fertilizer in strips when ridging; The organic fertilizer includes 1.3-1.2-1.5% sheep manure organic fertilizer, with an application rate of 400-600 kg / mu; The base fertilizer applied in strips includes 5.3-1.2-1.8 parts of well-rotted soybean, 10-15-15 tobacco-specific compound fertilizer, and potassium nitrate. The application rate of the 5.3-1.2-1.8 parts of well-rotted soybean is 35-45 kg / mu; the application rate of the 10-15-15 tobacco-specific compound fertilizer is 8-12 kg / mu; and the application rate of potassium nitrate is 8-12 kg / mu.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein, The transplanting density of the cigars is 1350~1650 plants / mu, the row spacing is 105~115cm, and the plant spacing is 35~45cm; After transplanting, the cigar trees are shaded and drip-irrigated for 2-3 hours. The light transmittance of the shade net is 55%-59%. During the drip irrigation, a water-soluble fertilizer containing macro-elements 12-6-40 is applied as top dressing at a rate of 8-12 kg / mu. 20-25 days after transplanting, perform a second drip irrigation for 3-5 hours; during the second drip irrigation, apply a water-soluble fertilizer containing macro-elements 12-6-40 at a rate of 13-18 kg / mu. The drip rate for the primary or secondary drip irrigation is 0.8~1.2 L / h; Cigars are harvested 50-60 days after transplanting, with 2-4 cigars harvested at a time from bottom to top, and each harvest is spaced 5-7 days apart.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein, Before sowing the mustard greens, the process includes land preparation, application of base fertilizer, and making raised beds; The base fertilizer application includes 1.3-1.2-1.5% sheep manure organic fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and potassium sulfate; the application rate of sheep manure organic fertilizer 1.3-1.2-1.5% is 2000-3000 kg / mu; the application rate of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is 30-40 kg / mu; and the application rate of potassium sulfate is 10-20 kg / mu. The bottom width of the ridge is 1.4~1.6m, the top width of the ridge is 0.9~1.1m, and the height of the ridge is 20~25cm.

6. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, When sowing the mustard greens, the furrow depth is 1.5-2cm, and two rows are sown per bed with a row spacing of 35-45cm and a plant spacing of 15-20cm. After sowing, lay drip irrigation pipes along the center line of the seedbed and drip irrigate for 2-3 hours at a rate of 0.8-1.2 L / h. 20-30 days after emergence, drip irrigation for 2-3 hours at a rate of 0.8-1.2 L / h; During the fleshy root enlargement period, apply a water-soluble fertilizer containing macro-elements 12-6-40 at a rate of 5-8 kg / mu.

7. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Before transplanting, the onions include applying base fertilizer, making ridges, and mulching. The base fertilizer consists of 1.3-1.2-1.5 parts sheep manure organic fertilizer and 10-15-15 parts tobacco-specific compound fertilizer; the application rate of the 1.3-1.2-1.5 parts sheep manure organic fertilizer is 4000-5000 kg / mu; the application rate of the 10-15-15 parts tobacco-specific compound fertilizer is 40-50 kg / mu. The bottom width of the ridge is 1.0~1.2m, the top width of the ridge is 0.7~0.9m, and the height of the ridge is 8~10cm.

8. The planting method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, When transplanting the onions, the planting density is 11,500 to 12,500 plants per mu; the row spacing is 14 to 16 cm, the plant spacing is 14 to 16 cm, and 4 rows are planted per bed; The onions were provided with insulation and irrigation after transplanting; Water once each 28-35 days and 90-100 days after transplanting, and when the plant has grown to 8-10 leaves; Each drip irrigation lasts 2-5 hours at a drip rate of 0.8-1.2 L / h. For the next two irrigations, apply 20-30 kg / mu of water-soluble fertilizer containing macronutrients 15-15-15 and 8-10 kg / mu of water-soluble fertilizer containing macronutrients 12-6-40.

9. The application of the planting method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 in improving planting yield and / or adjusting soil biofertility and / or microbial community structure.

10. The application according to claim 9, characterized in that, The adjustment of soil microbial community structure includes increasing the number of bacteria and / or actinomycetes in the soil and / or decreasing the number of fungi in the soil.

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