Electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway fire extinguishing linkage system and millisecond level prevention and control fire extinguishing method

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of fire fighting, specifically disclosing an electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway fire suppression linkage system and a millisecond-level prevention and suppression method. The system comprises four main modules: detection, control, storage, and spraying. The detection module collects thermal runaway signals such as temperature, gas, smoke, and BMS in real time. The control module achieves graded early warning and millisecond-level triggering through multi-parameter fusion judgment. The storage module includes a pressure tank and pre-positioned agent containers. The spraying module adopts a high-pressure design of not less than 0.8MPa, equipped with dedicated atomizing nozzles, integrated jet structure, and lightweight pipelines, enabling zoned and directional spraying. The method achieves prevention and control based on multi-source detection, graded decision-making, and precise spraying. This invention solves the problems of slow response, poor spray adaptability, low integration, and easy reignition in existing technologies, improving early identification of thermal runaway, rapid linkage, and efficient fire suppression capabilities, and is adaptable to fire prevention and control of electrochemical energy storage devices in various scenarios.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of fire extinguishing technology, specifically to an electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system and a millisecond-level prevention and extinguishing method. Background Technology

[0002] Electrochemical energy storage devices, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and solid-state batteries, are widely used in energy storage power stations, electric vehicles, charging piles, low-altitude economical aircraft, and special vehicles. Under thermal runaway conditions, electrochemical energy storage devices can rapidly ignite violent fires, characterized by rapid combustion, high risk of reignition, difficulty in extinguishing, and a tendency to generate jet fires and chain reactions of combustion and explosion, posing a serious threat to personnel safety, equipment and property, and operational safety.

[0003] Current fire extinguishing devices and systems for electrochemical energy storage device fires have several key technical defects that fail to meet the requirements for rapid prevention and control of thermal runaway, as follows: First, existing fire extinguishing devices are poorly compatible with high-performance rapid fire extinguishing compositions. Most commercially available fire extinguishing devices are designed to be compatible with traditional water-based, dry powder, or gaseous fire extinguishing agents. Their spray structures (nozzles, pipelines, valves) are not optimized for the physical characteristics of high-concentration, high-viscosity rapid fire extinguishing compositions, resulting in poor spray atomization, insufficient spray distance, and a spray duration that does not match the fire extinguishing requirements, making it difficult to achieve efficient fire extinguishing.

[0004] Secondly, the speed of fire detection and response is severely lagging. Existing mainstream fire detection systems are mainly based on smoke and heat detectors, with response times typically lasting tens of seconds. However, electrochemical energy storage devices can go from thermal runaway to intense combustion in just a few seconds. The traditional detection-response mechanism has a significant time lag, making it impossible to initiate fire suppression actions within the effective fire suppression window, and easily missing the best opportunity for prevention and control.

[0005] Third, the devices have low integration, are heavy, and costly. Existing fire extinguishing devices mostly adopt a decentralized design, with storage tanks, pipelines, nozzles, and detection units installed independently. The pipeline layout is complex, resulting in not only a large overall weight and space occupation, but also a long construction period, high installation difficulty, and high subsequent maintenance costs. This makes it difficult to adapt to the needs of large-scale deployment of energy storage power stations and vehicle-mounted lightweight scenarios.

[0006] Fourth, there is a lack of widely adaptable integrated solutions. Currently, there is no single fire extinguishing device solution that can simultaneously cover various product forms such as fixed, vehicle-mounted, portable, and pre-positioned systems. This makes it unsuitable for diverse application scenarios such as energy storage power stations, electric vehicles, special fire trucks, and on-site emergency response, resulting in poor scenario versatility.

[0007] Fifth, existing detection systems have blind spots in early thermal runaway identification. Current fire detection standards are mainly designed for building fire protection scenarios and are not adapted to the early characteristics of thermal runaway in electrochemical energy storage devices. They are difficult to accurately capture early thermal runaway signals such as abnormal cell temperature, characteristic gas leakage, and sudden changes in voltage resistance. By the time obvious smoke and open flames are detected, the fire has already spread rapidly, and subsequent fire intervention is extremely ineffective, which can easily lead to a chain of accidents.

[0008] In summary, existing fire extinguishing technologies cannot meet the core requirements of millisecond-level prevention and control of thermal runaway in electrochemical energy storage devices, rapid and efficient fire extinguishing, and adaptability to multiple scenarios. There is an urgent need for a fire extinguishing linkage system and prevention and control method that is fast-responding, highly adaptable to different spray types, highly integrated, and widely applicable to various scenarios. Summary of the Invention

[0009] This invention addresses the aforementioned problems of existing technologies by providing an electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system and a millisecond-level prevention and extinguishing method. It solves the problems of slow response, poor spray adaptability, low integration, and easy reignition in existing technologies, achieving millisecond-level linkage and improving the ability to quickly and accurately extinguish thermal runaway and adapt to multiple scenarios.

[0010] To achieve the above objectives, this invention proposes an electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system, comprising: The detection module is used to monitor the thermal runaway signal of the electrochemical energy storage device in real time; The control module is electrically connected to the detection module, receives thermal runaway signals and outputs graded trigger commands; Storage module for storing dedicated rapid fire extinguishing compositions; The spray module, connected to the storage module, receives a trigger command from the control module and sprays the rapid fire extinguishing composition in atomized form onto the thermal runaway area. The detection module, control module, storage module, and spraying module work together, with an overall response time of 15-25ms; the special rapid extinguishing composition is a flame-retardant extinguishing agent adapted for high-pressure atomization above 0.8MPa.

[0011] Preferably, the working pressure of the injection module is 0.8MPa to 3.0MPa; wherein, 1.2MPa to 2.5MPa is suitable for stationary energy storage power stations, and 0.8MPa to 1.8MPa is suitable for vehicle-mounted portable systems.

[0012] Preferably, the spraying module includes an atomizing nozzle, which is at least one of a centrifugal atomizing nozzle, an impact atomizing nozzle, and an air-assisted atomizing nozzle. The centrifugal atomizing nozzle has a nozzle diameter of 1.5mm to 3.0mm, the impact atomizing nozzle has a nozzle diameter of 2.0mm to 3.5mm, and the air-assisted atomizing nozzle has a nozzle diameter of 1.0mm to 2.5mm. The spray angle of the atomizing nozzle is 120°.

[0013] Preferably, the injection module includes a miniaturized integrated jet structure, which is an array of circular guide holes, and the jet structure is disposed on the pipe wall of the injection module.

[0014] Preferably, the injection module includes lightweight material tubing, the lightweight material being selected from at least one of fiber-reinforced composite materials, aluminum alloys, and special engineering plastics, and employing a quick-connect connection.

[0015] Preferably, the storage module includes a pre-positioned reagent container, which is pre-arranged in an empty position inside the electrochemical energy storage device, and its triggering method is selected from at least one of temperature-sensing triggering, electronic triggering, and mechanical triggering.

[0016] Preferably, the detection module includes a temperature sensor, a gas sensor, a smoke sensor, a cabin pressure sensor, and a battery management system signal interface. The temperature sensor is an NTC type, the gas sensor is used to detect CO, H2, and HF, and the smoke sensor is photoelectric with a response time of no more than 0.8 seconds and a concentration threshold of 0.12. 0.02dB / m.

[0017] Preferably, the control module is configured with a graded early warning strategy and executes a graded spraying strategy. The graded early warning strategy includes three levels: early warning, alert, and fire extinguishing. The early warning level is used for system preparation, pipeline valve opening, and obstacle removal. The alert level provides early prevention for conditions such as battery cell damage, irreversible thermal runaway, gas leakage, and abnormal cabin pressure; if an open flame occurs, the system immediately jumps to the fire extinguishing level. The fire extinguishing level provides comprehensive handling for thermal runaway scenarios involving imminent combustion or open flames. The graded early warning strategy uses a weighted fusion comprehensive scoring algorithm, the calculation formula of which is: ; In the formula, S is the weighted fusion score, T is the normalized score for temperature parameters, and G is the normalized score for gas parameters. The normalized score for smoke parameters is determined by weighting temperature 0.6, gas 0.3, and smoke 0.1. The corresponding thermal runaway level is determined when the comprehensive score is not less than 0.7. The triggering methods are thermal wire mechanical triggering, battery management system linkage triggering, and electronic control triggering. The priority is electronic control triggering over thermal wire mechanical triggering, and thermal wire mechanical triggering over temperature sensing triggering.

[0018] Preferably, the graded early warning strategy sets temperature judgment thresholds based on the thermal runaway characteristics of different electrochemical energy storage devices, combines gas parameter signals for joint judgment, and executes a graded injection strategy. The gas parameters include the concentrations of three characteristic gases—CO, H2, and HF—generated by the thermal runaway of the energy storage device. The judgment rule is that the concentration of any single characteristic gas must meet the standard, not the sum of the concentrations of multiple gases, as detailed below: Warning level: When the battery cell temperature reaches the preset threshold of the corresponding device or the concentration of any characteristic gas reaches the preset concentration threshold, all pipeline valves are opened, obstacles in the spray path are cleared, and the pipeline and nozzle are pressurized and preheated. No fire extinguishing agent is sprayed during this stage. Alert Level: When any of the following conditions exist and no open flame is generated, the thermal runaway area will be precisely sprayed: the cell temperature and the concentration of any characteristic gas simultaneously reach the corresponding preset threshold; or a sudden and significant increase in the concentration of any characteristic gas is detected, or abnormal fluctuations occur in the internal pressure of the energy storage compartment / battery pack. Fire extinguishing level: When an open flame is detected, or the cell temperature reaches the preset threshold for combustion and explosion of the corresponding device, full-area total flooding high-pressure atomization spray is executed; the spray duration is ≥10s, and the system continues to monitor for ≥60s after the spray ends to suppress reignition; Forced skip-level rule: If an open flame is detected during operation at any level, the system will immediately jump to the fire extinguishing level and execute a full-area spraying action.

[0019] A millisecond-level fire suppression method for preventing and extinguishing thermal runaway in electrochemical energy storage, based on an electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway fire suppression linkage system, is applied to fire suppression scenarios involving electrochemical energy storage devices. These scenarios include, but are not limited to, integrated fire suppression systems, vehicle-mounted fire suppression modules, vehicle-mounted fire suppression devices, or handheld fire extinguishers. The method includes the following steps: S1. Real-time acquisition of thermal runaway signals from the electrochemical energy storage device, wherein the thermal runaway signals include at least one or more of temperature signals, gas concentration signals, smoke signals, and battery management system signals; S2. Perform multi-parameter fusion analysis on the collected thermal runaway signals to determine the thermal runaway level as early warning level, alert level, or fire extinguishing level; S3. Based on the determined thermal runaway level, output the corresponding graded trigger command; S4. In response to the graded triggering command, the pre-set special rapid fire extinguishing composition is atomized and sprayed at a pressure of not less than 0.8 MPa; S5. The atomized special rapid fire extinguishing composition covers the thermal runaway area and extinguishes the fire by cooling, suffocating, and inhibiting the chain reaction. It also continuously monitors the fire for a preset time after extinguishing to prevent reignition.

[0020] Therefore, this invention proposes an electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system and a millisecond-level prevention and extinguishing method, the beneficial effects of which are as follows: (1) By adopting multi-source detection and multi-parameter fusion judgment, coupled with multiple trigger redundancy design, millisecond-level detection linkage is achieved, accurately capturing early signals of thermal runaway, solving the problem of traditional response lag, and further grasping the fire extinguishing window period; (2) It is equipped with a high-pressure dedicated spray structure and lightweight pipeline, which has a good atomization effect, can spray in a zoned and directional manner, effectively suppress the spread of fire, prevent reignition, and significantly improve the fire extinguishing efficiency; (3) The system has high integration, light weight, low cost, and multiple product forms. It is suitable for all scenarios such as energy storage power stations and vehicles. It is easy to install and maintain and has strong versatility.

[0021] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 This is an overall architecture diagram of the present invention; Figure 2 This is the control logic flowchart of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the product form of the present invention, wherein, Figure 3 (a) is the fire suppression system for the energy storage compartment of a stationary energy storage power station. Figure 3 (b) is a power battery pack fire extinguishing device adapted for vehicle-mounted portable scenarios. Detailed Implementation

[0023] To make the technical solutions, advantages, and objectives of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. The described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the described embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the protection scope of this application.

[0024] Unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in this invention shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.

[0025] like Figures 1-3 As shown, the present invention provides an electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system and a millisecond-level prevention and extinguishing method.

[0026] The electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system includes: The detection module is used to monitor the thermal runaway signal of the electrochemical energy storage device in real time; The control module is electrically connected to the detection module, receives thermal runaway signals and outputs graded trigger commands; Storage module for storing dedicated rapid fire extinguishing compositions; The spray module, connected to the storage module, receives a trigger command from the control module and sprays the rapid extinguishing composition in atomized form onto the thermal runaway area. The detection module, control module, storage module, and injection module work together, with an overall response time of 15–25 ms.

[0027] The special rapid extinguishing composition is a flame-retardant extinguishing agent suitable for high-pressure atomization above 0.8MPa, and has the characteristics of cooling, suffocation, inhibiting thermal runaway chain reaction and preventing reignition.

[0028] The working pressure of the injection module is 0.8MPa~3.0MPa; among them, 1.2MPa~2.5MPa is suitable for stationary energy storage power stations, and 0.8MPa~1.8MPa is suitable for vehicle-mounted portable units.

[0029] The spray module includes an atomizing nozzle, which is at least one of a centrifugal atomizing nozzle, an impact atomizing nozzle, and an air-assisted atomizing nozzle. The centrifugal atomizing nozzle has an orifice diameter of 1.5mm to 3.0mm, the impact atomizing nozzle has an orifice diameter of 2.0mm to 3.5mm, and the air-assisted atomizing nozzle has an orifice diameter of 1.0mm to 2.5mm. The spray angle of the atomizing nozzle is 120°.

[0030] The injection module includes a miniaturized integrated jet structure, which is a circular swirling flow guiding and injection array with a jet diameter of 2.0 mm and a nozzle diameter of 0.5 to 2.0 mm. One set is arranged every 10 cm along the pipeline axis. The jet structure is set on the pipeline wall of the injection module to enhance the atomization and mixing effect.

[0031] The spraying module includes lightweight material tubing, which is selected from at least one of fiber-reinforced composite materials, aluminum alloys, and special engineering plastics. The spraying module uses a rectangular tube with an internal intermediate tube. The intermediate tube is 2~3mm thick, has a pressure resistance of ≥3.0MPa, and uses a quick-connect connection.

[0032] The storage module includes a pre-positioned reagent container, which is pre-positioned in an empty position inside the electrochemical energy storage device. Its triggering method is selected from at least one of temperature-sensing triggering, electronic triggering, and mechanical triggering.

[0033] The pre-positioned reagent container is a cylindrical aluminum alloy container with a pressure resistance of ≥2.0MPa; the volume is configured differently according to different application scenarios.

[0034] The detection module includes a temperature sensor, a gas sensor, a smoke sensor, an internal pressure sensor, and a battery management system signal interface.

[0035] The temperature sensor is an NTC type, with a range of -40℃ to 200℃, an accuracy of ±0.3℃, and a sampling frequency of 200Hz.

[0036] The gas sensor is used to detect CO, H2, and HF, with a range of 0–1000 ppm and an accuracy of [missing information]. 5ppm, sampling frequency 100Hz.

[0037] The smoke sensor is photoelectric, with a response time of no more than 0.8 seconds and a concentration threshold of 0.12. 0.02dB / m.

[0038] The control module configures a graded early warning strategy and executes a graded spraying strategy. The graded early warning strategy includes three levels: early warning level, alert level, and fire extinguishing level.

[0039] The early warning level is used for system preparation, pipeline valve opening and obstacle removal; the alert level is used for early prevention and control of battery cell damage, irreversible thermal runaway, gas leakage and abnormal cabin pressure, and will directly switch to the fire extinguishing level if an open flame occurs; the fire extinguishing level is used for comprehensive handling of thermal runaway scenarios that are close to combustion or explosion or have already produced an open flame.

[0040] The tiered early warning strategy employs a weighted fusion comprehensive score algorithm, the calculation formula of which is: ; In the formula, S is the weighted fusion score, T is the normalized score for temperature parameters, and G is the normalized score for gas parameters. The normalized score for smoke parameters is determined by weighting temperature 0.6, gas 0.3, and smoke 0.1. The corresponding thermal runaway level is determined when the comprehensive score is not less than 0.7. The triggering methods are thermal wire mechanical triggering, battery management system linkage triggering, and electronic control triggering. The priority is electronic control triggering over thermal wire mechanical triggering, and thermal wire mechanical triggering over temperature sensing triggering.

[0041] The tiered early warning strategy sets temperature thresholds based on the thermal runaway characteristics of different electrochemical energy storage devices, combines this with gas parameter signals for joint judgment, and executes a tiered injection strategy. The gas parameters include the concentrations of three characteristic gases—CO, H2, and HF—generated by the thermal runaway of the energy storage device. The judgment rule is that the concentration of any single characteristic gas must reach the threshold, not the sum of the concentrations of multiple gases, as detailed below: Warning level: When the battery cell temperature reaches the preset threshold of the corresponding device or the concentration of any characteristic gas reaches the preset concentration threshold, all pipeline valves are opened, obstacles in the spray path are cleared, and the pipeline and nozzle are pressurized and preheated. No fire extinguishing agent is sprayed during this stage. Alert Level: When any of the following conditions exist and no open flame is generated, the thermal runaway area will be precisely sprayed: the cell temperature and the concentration of any characteristic gas simultaneously reach the corresponding preset threshold; or a sudden and significant increase in the concentration of any characteristic gas is detected, or abnormal fluctuations occur in the internal pressure of the energy storage compartment / battery pack. Fire extinguishing level: When an open flame is detected, or the cell temperature reaches the preset threshold for combustion and explosion of the corresponding device, full-area total flooding high-pressure atomization spray is executed; the spray duration is ≥10s, and the system continues to monitor for ≥60s after the spray ends to suppress reignition; Forced skip-level rule: If an open flame is detected during operation at any level, the system will immediately jump to the fire extinguishing level and execute a full-area spraying action.

[0042] A millisecond-level fire suppression method for preventing thermal runaway in electrochemical energy storage is proposed. Based on an electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway fire suppression linkage system, it is applied to fire suppression scenarios of electrochemical energy storage devices. The fire suppression scenarios include, but are not limited to, integrated fire suppression systems, vehicle-mounted fire suppression modules, vehicle-mounted fire suppression devices, or handheld fire extinguishers.

[0043] The method includes the following steps: S1. Real-time acquisition of thermal runaway signals from the electrochemical energy storage device, including at least one or more of temperature signals, gas concentration signals, smoke signals, and battery management system signals; S2. Perform multi-parameter fusion analysis on the collected thermal runaway signals to determine the thermal runaway level as early warning level, alert level, or fire extinguishing level; S3. Based on the determined thermal runaway level, output the corresponding graded trigger command; S4. In response to the graded triggering command, the pre-set special rapid fire extinguishing composition is atomized and sprayed at a pressure of not less than 0.8 MPa; S5. The atomized special rapid fire extinguishing composition covers the thermal runaway area and extinguishes the fire by cooling, suffocating, and inhibiting the chain reaction. It also continuously monitors the fire for a preset time after extinguishing to prevent reignition.

[0044] This invention uses a 10MW / 20MWh stationary lithium iron phosphate energy storage power station energy storage unit and a pure electric heavy-duty commercial vehicle power battery pack as implementation objects to verify the system and millisecond-level fire prevention and extinguishing method in stationary large-scale energy storage scenarios and vehicle-mounted mobile energy storage scenarios, with millisecond-level linkage response, accurate identification of graded early warning, high-pressure atomization efficient fire extinguishing, thermal runaway suppression and anti-reignition capabilities. At the same time, it verifies the core performance of the system's modular integration, lightweight adaptability and multi-scenario compatibility.

[0045] Example 1: Fire Extinguishing Test for Thermal Runaway Prevention in a Stationary Electrochemical Energy Storage Power Station; The 10MW / 20MWh stationary lithium iron phosphate energy storage power station adopts a single energy storage unit, which integrates 12 cells and has a sealed energy storage cabin structure. The critical temperature for cell combustion and explosion of the energy storage power station is set at 300℃. 200℃ is only the stage of rapid temperature rise and development of thermal runaway, and has not yet reached the conditions for combustion and explosion.

[0046] This experiment uses electric heating to simulate thermal runaway of the battery cell, and is equipped with a thermoelectric coupling detection unit, which can effectively detect temperatures in the range of 300 to 500℃.

[0047] The ambient temperature was set at 25°C and normal pressure. The energy storage compartment was completely sealed with no active ventilation or heat dissipation, simulating the actual operating conditions of a power plant.

[0048] Complete hardware deployment to meet the high-voltage, high-flow, and high-capacity usage requirements of stationary energy storage power stations: NTC-type temperature sensors (range -40℃ to 200℃, accuracy ±0.3℃, sampling frequency 200Hz) are installed at the tabs and gaps between the 12 cells to achieve full cell coverage; multi-component gas sensors (detecting CO, H2, and HF, range 0 to 1000ppm) and photoelectric smoke sensors (response time ≤0.8s) are installed on the top of the energy storage compartment and the sides of the battery cluster; synchronously connected to the BMS signal interface of the energy storage power station to collect real-time operating data such as cell voltage and internal resistance; a gas warning threshold is set: the concentration of any characteristic gas ≥35ppm.

[0049] Equipped with an embedded control unit, it features a three-level graded early warning strategy and a weighted fusion comprehensive score algorithm (temperature weight 0.6, gas weight 0.3, smoke weight 0.1, comprehensive score S≥0.7 to determine the thermal runaway level); trigger priority settings: electronic control trigger > thermal line mechanical trigger > temperature sensing trigger; pre-stores the injection logic and pressure parameters corresponding to each level of early warning, and completes sensor signal calibration and linkage logic debugging.

[0050] It is equipped with a high-pressure storage tank and a pre-loaded agent container. The container is made of cylindrical aluminum alloy with a pressure resistance of ≥2.5MPa. It is located in the empty area inside the battery cluster and adopts a dual trigger mode of electronic control and temperature sensing. The container is filled with a special rapid fire extinguishing composition adapted to 1.2~2.5MPa high-pressure atomization. The agent storage capacity meets the usage requirements of spray flow rate ≥10L / min.

[0051] The system operating pressure is set at 2.0 MPa (within the 1.2–2.5 MPa range suitable for stationary energy storage power stations); the pipeline is made of fiber-reinforced composite material with a wall thickness of 2–3 mm and a pressure resistance of ≥3.0 MPa, and adopts quick-connect connection; it is equipped with centrifugal + air-assisted composite atomizing nozzles with a nozzle spray angle of 120°; the pipeline wall is arranged with a circular guide hole array every 10 cm to enhance the atomization effect, and all nozzles are oriented to 12 battery cell areas, supporting zoned directional spraying.

[0052] Based on the thermal runaway characteristics and safety thresholds of energy storage power stations, a three-level early warning system is established, and a mandatory skip-level rule is implemented: Warning level: The battery cell temperature reaches the preset threshold or the concentration of any characteristic gas is ≥35ppm; Action to be taken: Open all pipeline valves, clear obstacles in the spray path, pressurize and preheat the pipeline, and do not spray fire extinguishing agents.

[0053] Alert Level: The cell temperature and the concentration of any characteristic gas simultaneously reach the preset threshold, and there is no open flame inside the chamber; Action: Targeted and precise spraying of the thermal runaway area for 10 seconds.

[0054] Fire extinguishing level: If an open flame is detected or the battery cell temperature rises to 300℃, the system will perform the following action: full-area flooding high-pressure atomization spray, with a spray duration of 10 seconds. After the spray ends, the system will continue to monitor for ≥60 seconds.

[0055] Forced skip-level rule: If an open flame is detected at any stage of system operation, the system will directly jump to the fire extinguishing level and execute full-area spraying.

[0056] A segmented electric heating method was used to simulate the entire operating condition of an energy storage power station from the initiation of thermal runaway to the critical combustion and explosion point: Early warning level operating condition simulation: The battery cell is slowly heated. When the battery cell temperature reaches the early warning threshold, and at the same time the concentration of any characteristic gas in the cabin rises to above 35 ppm, the early warning level judgment condition is triggered.

[0057] Alert-level operating condition simulation: The heating power is continuously increased so that the cell temperature and the concentration of any characteristic gas simultaneously reach the alert threshold. No open flame is generated in the energy storage compartment, and thermal runaway enters the irreversible development stage.

[0058] Fire extinguishing level operation simulation: Increase the heating power to rapidly raise the temperature. The battery cell temperature exceeds 300℃, the battery cell explosion-proof valve opens, a large amount of high-temperature flammable gas is ejected and an open flame is generated, triggering the fire extinguishing level determination condition.

[0059] The entire system maintains a stable response time of 17–23 ms, meeting millisecond-level prevention and control requirements. Early warning level linkage: The detection module collects temperature and gas signals in real time and transmits them to the control module. After weighted fusion calculation, the comprehensive score is ≥0.7, which is judged as an early warning level. The control module outputs a pre-start command to complete preparatory work such as pipeline pressurization and injection path clearing, and the system maintains a real-time monitoring status.

[0060] Alert-level linkage: When both temperature and gas parameters reach the standard, the control module determines that the alarm level has been reached and issues a directional injection command. The injection module starts high-pressure atomization injection at a standard flow rate of 10L / min and continues to spray for 10 seconds. The atomized agent precisely covers the abnormal cell, preventing the thermal runaway from spreading to other cells.

[0061] Fire extinguishing level linkage: When the detection module simultaneously detects an open flame signal and a 450℃ high temperature signal, it triggers a forced jump-level rule, and the system directly switches to the fire extinguishing level. The spray module performs full-area total flooding spray at a working pressure of 2.0MPa for 10 seconds, ensuring that the atomized agent fully covers the entire battery cluster area without any blind spots.

[0062] The energy storage compartment is a completely sealed structure. After the fire started, the temperature of the battery cell body rose to 630-720℃, and the thermoelectric coupling detection unit monitored the temperature to stabilize in the range of 320-430℃. After 10 seconds of spraying fire extinguishing, the temperature dropped slowly to 260-350℃, without rapid cooling, which fully meets the heat dissipation characteristics of a sealed energy storage compartment.

[0063] After the spraying was completed, the system automatically monitored for 30 seconds, and then extended the monitoring for 24 hours: the open flame in the energy storage compartment was completely extinguished, and there was no secondary heating of the 12 cells; the concentrations of flammable and toxic gases such as CO, H2, and HF all dropped below the safety threshold; the carbonized barrier layer on the surface of the cells was intact and firm, and there were no problems of reignition or thermal runaway diffusion throughout the process.

[0064] Throughout the entire test cycle, the sensor signal acquisition of the detection module was stable and without delay; the graded judgment of the control module was accurate, with no false triggering or missed triggering; the high-pressure atomization state of the spray module was stable, with no leakage in the pipeline and no blockage in the nozzle; the agent spraying of the storage module was thorough, and the triggering mechanism operated reliably.

[0065] The system has a millisecond-level response capability of 15-25ms, which can effectively intervene before the battery cells of the energy storage power station reach 300℃, firmly grasping the fire extinguishing window period; with a spray flow rate of ≥10L / min and a standard spray duration of 10s, combined with the core fire extinguishing mechanism of chain breaking and carbonization barrier, it can achieve efficient fire extinguishing and long-term suppression of reignition in high-temperature and closed environments above 600℃. The system hardware architecture is adapted to the high flow, high voltage, and large capacity requirements of fixed energy storage power stations. Its modular design makes installation convenient and operation stable, and it can be applied on a large scale to fire prevention and control of various energy storage power stations.

[0066] Example 2: Fire Extinguishing Test for Thermal Runaway Prevention of Vehicle-Mounted Power Battery Pack; It adopts a pure electric heavy-duty commercial vehicle power battery pack, with 10 cells integrated in a single pack. The battery pack has a sealed cavity structure. The key thresholds for thermal runaway of the power battery are: 60℃ to enter thermal runaway, 80℃ for irreversible thermal runaway, and 110℃ for violent combustion and explosion.

[0067] The simulation of a closed vehicle cabin environment, with an ambient temperature of 25°C and no external ventilation or heat dissipation, replicates the actual operating conditions of a vehicle.

[0068] Taking into account the characteristics of vehicle-mounted lightweight design, limited space, and vibration conditions, the system modules are designed to be miniaturized and lightweight: Miniature NTC temperature sensors, multi-component gas sensors, and photoelectric smoke sensors are installed in the gaps between battery pack cell modules and around the explosion-proof valve, while a BMS linkage interface is reserved. The sensor sampling frequency and response parameters are consistent with the original design, and any characteristic gas concentration ≥35ppm is set as the gas warning threshold.

[0069] It adopts a miniaturized embedded control unit with a built-in three-level warning logic and weighted fusion algorithm dedicated to the power battery (the parameter weights and judgment criteria remain unchanged). The triggering priority is still: electronic control trigger > thermal wire mechanical trigger > temperature sensing trigger, which is suitable for use in vehicle vibration and confined spaces.

[0070] It adopts small pre-positioned agent containers, which are evenly arranged along the inner wall of the battery pack. The containers are pressure ≥2.0MPa and adopt a dual trigger mode of temperature sensing + electronic control. The total agent reserve of a single power battery is 1.5L, which meets the minimum agent configuration requirements for vehicles. The interior is filled with a special fire extinguishing composition adapted to high-pressure atomization of 0.8~1.8MPa.

[0071] The system working pressure is set at 1.5MPa (within the vehicle's 0.8-1.8MPa range); the pipeline is made of lightweight aluminum alloy and uses quick-connect fittings for a compact structure; it is equipped with an impact-type atomizing nozzle with a 120° spray angle, simplifying the external jet structure to fit the limited space of the battery pack, and the nozzle is positioned directly over 10 battery cells to achieve full coverage spraying.

[0072] Early warning levels are classified according to the thermal runaway temperature node of the power battery, and a mandatory skip-level rule is superimposed: Warning level: The battery cell temperature rises to 60℃ (thermal runaway initiation temperature) or the concentration of any characteristic gas is ≥35ppm; Action: Open pipeline valves, complete pipeline pressurization and preheating, only perform system preparation, do not spray fire extinguishing agents.

[0073] Alert Level: The cell temperature rises to 80℃ (thermal runaway irreversible temperature) and the concentration of any characteristic gas simultaneously reaches the standard, with no open flame inside the battery pack; Action: directional and precise spraying to the thermal runaway area for 10 seconds.

[0074] Fire extinguishing level: Detects open flame or battery cell temperature rises to 200℃; Action: Full-area total flooding high-pressure atomization spray, spray duration 10s, system continues to monitor for ≥60s after spraying ends.

[0075] Forced skip-level rule: If an open flame is detected at any stage of system operation, the system will immediately switch to the fire extinguishing level and execute full-area spraying.

[0076] The method combines cell overcharging with localized heating to simulate the real thermal runaway evolution process of vehicle power batteries: Warning-level operating condition simulation: The battery cell is heated. When the temperature rises to 60°C and the concentration of any characteristic gas in the battery pack reaches 35ppm or higher, the warning level is triggered and the battery cell officially enters the thermal runaway stage.

[0077] Alert-level operating condition simulation: Continuous heating and temperature rise, the cell temperature stabilizes at 80℃ (irreversible thermal runaway node), the concentration of any characteristic gas simultaneously exceeds the standard, there is no open flame in the battery pack, and thermal runaway begins to spread to the surrounding cells.

[0078] Fire extinguishing level simulation: The heating intensity is further increased, the cell temperature exceeds the critical combustion and explosion temperature of 200℃, the explosion-proof valve sprays high-temperature smoke and generates open flame, triggering the fire extinguishing level determination condition.

[0079] The entire system has a response time of 16–24 ms, achieving millisecond-level prevention and control standards. Early warning level linkage: When the miniature sensor array collects signals of 60℃ high temperature and the concentration of any characteristic gas exceeding the standard, the signals are transmitted to the control module and weighted fusion is used to determine whether an early warning level has been reached. The system automatically completes pipeline pressurization and injection path checks, and enters real-time monitoring standby mode.

[0080] Alert-level linkage: When the cell temperature reaches 80℃ and the concentration of any characteristic gas simultaneously exceeds the standard, the control module determines it to be at the alert level and outputs a directional spray command. A 1.5MPa high-pressure agent is atomized and directionally sprayed to the faulty cell area for 10 seconds to suppress the continued spread of thermal runaway.

[0081] Fire extinguishing level linkage: Upon detecting an open flame and a temperature of 200℃, the system triggers a forced skip-level rule, directly executing fire extinguishing level full-area spray. The atomized agent fully covers 10 battery cell areas, with a spray duration of 10 seconds, ensuring uniform atomization without blind spots.

[0082] The vehicle battery pack has a fully enclosed structure. After the fire starts, the internal cell temperature reaches 750-800℃. After the fire is extinguished by spraying for 10 seconds, the temperature drops slowly to 280-360℃. The cooling rate is slow and is completely consistent with the heat dissipation law of the vehicle's enclosed cavity.

[0083] After the spraying was completed, the system continued to monitor for 30 seconds and extended the monitoring for 24 hours: the open flame inside the battery pack was completely extinguished, and the temperature of the 10 cells did not rebound; the concentration of flammable and toxic gases dropped to a safe range; the carbonized barrier layer on the surface of the cells was intact, and no secondary fire or thermal runaway propagation occurred throughout the process.

[0084] The vehicle-mounted lightweight module exhibits excellent vibration resistance, and no faults were found in the sensors, control units, pipelines, or nozzles during the test. The triggering mechanism is highly sensitive, with no missed or false triggering issues, making it suitable for complex vehicle operating conditions.

[0085] The system can accurately identify the three key nodes of thermal runaway initiation, irreversibility, and combustion and explosion of power batteries. The millisecond-level response of 15-25ms can complete effective treatment before combustion and explosion. With a single group of ≥1.5L of agent and a standard spraying time of 10s, relying on the dual mechanisms of chain breakage and carbonization barrier, it can achieve stable fire extinguishing and long-term prevention of reignition in a high-temperature sealed battery pack above 600℃. The lightweight and compact hardware design, coupled with a low-pressure injection range of 0.8 to 1.8 MPa, perfectly fits the limited installation space of power battery packs in passenger cars and commercial vehicles, making it suitable for large-scale deployment in automotive scenarios.

[0086] Example 3: Application of vehicle-mounted fire extinguishing module and handheld fire extinguisher in the prevention and control of thermal runaway of battery packs in electric passenger vehicles; This embodiment uses the power battery pack (nominal voltage 400V, capacity 80kWh) of a certain brand of pure electric passenger vehicle as the application object to verify the effectiveness of the millisecond-level fire prevention and extinguishing method of the present invention when integrated into the vehicle fire extinguishing module and handheld fire extinguisher.

[0087] (a) Application of vehicle-mounted fire extinguishing module; Hardware integration: The system is highly integrated into a compact modular unit, which is installed in the anti-collision cavity reserved on the outside of the battery pack.

[0088] The module integrates a miniaturized MEMS temperature / gas sensor array, an embedded control chip, a pre-installed pressure tank, and a miniaturized solenoid valve assembly. The injection pipe uses a 3mm rectangular tube made of special engineering plastic, which leads directly to the gap between every two battery cell modules inside the battery pack, and a miniature centrifugal atomizing nozzle is installed at the end, which is suitable for the layout of confined spaces in vehicles.

[0089] Triggering Simulation: Thermal runaway of a battery cell within the battery pack is triggered by a needle puncture. The cell rapidly enters a thermal runaway state, with the cell's temperature climbing to 740℃~790℃. The thermoelectric coupling detection unit monitors the temperature and stabilizes it in the 310℃~420℃ range. This range represents the stage of rapid development of thermal runaway. Early intervention by the system can effectively prevent a full-scale combustion explosion. At this point, the concentration of any characteristic gas surges to 450ppm.

[0090] Method execution: Data acquisition: The MEMS sensor acquires data in real time at a frequency of 200Hz.

[0091] When the cell temperature exceeds 60℃ (warning threshold), the control chip initiates pre-start actions such as pre-charging of the pipeline and checking the injection path. When the cell temperature exceeds 80℃ (thermal runaway irreversible threshold) and the concentration of any characteristic gas far exceeds the threshold, the multi-parameter fusion comprehensive score exceeds 0.9, the system directly determines it to be fire extinguishing level and triggers the full-domain injection logic.

[0092] Spraying: The chip immediately outputs a total flooding spray command, the solenoid valve opens, and the system drives the special fire extinguishing composition to be sprayed through the atomizing nozzle at a working pressure of 1.8MPa. The spraying time is ≥10s, and the total spray volume of the agent in a single module is about 1.6L, which meets the module-level fire extinguishing agent reserve requirements. The high-pressure atomized agent fully covers the faulty battery cell and surrounding modules.

[0093] Effect monitoring: After the spraying operation was completed, the open flame inside the sealed battery pack was completely extinguished. Due to the heat dissipation characteristics of the sealed cavity, the temperature of the battery cell body gradually dropped to 270℃~350℃, which is consistent with the temperature change pattern of the vehicle-mounted sealed battery pack.

[0094] The system was continuously monitored for 24 hours without interruption. No temperature rebound, flue gas re-ignition, or thermal runaway propagation occurred throughout the process. The carbonized barrier layer remained intact, successfully locking the thermal runaway within a single module and preventing it from spreading to the entire battery pack.

[0095] The entire detection-linkage-spray process takes only 21ms, with a stable response time in the 15~25ms millisecond range.

[0096] (ii) Application of handheld fire extinguishers; Hardware form: Designed as a handheld fire extinguisher, with a total weight of approximately 1.8kg and an effective spray capacity of 0.8L.

[0097] The fire extinguisher nozzle is a replaceable impact atomizing nozzle, and the trigger handle is connected to a high-sensitivity puncture valve. The front of the fire extinguisher integrates a disposable temperature / smoke detector and a micro battery.

[0098] Use cases: During the inspection of energy storage power stations and electric vehicles, when early signs of thermal runaway such as abnormal temperature of battery clusters / packs, excessive characteristic gases, and the generation of dense smoke (without open flame) are found, on-site emergency control measures can be taken; at the same time, it can be used as standard emergency protective equipment for maintenance personnel of energy storage stations and car manufacturers to intervene in the early stage of thermal runaway.

[0099] Method execution: The inspectors discovered obvious signs of impending thermal runaway in a certain electrical outlet, and immediately took out a handheld fire extinguisher and pulled out the safety pin.

[0100] Manual / Automatic Fusion Trigger: Aim the nozzle at the smoky area and press the trigger handle. Simultaneously, the detector at the front of the fire extinguisher verifies the ambient temperature and smoke parameters in real time. Once thermal runaway is confirmed, the indicator light illuminates, indicating normal spraying. The fire extinguisher sprays the extinguishing mixture at a working pressure of 1.2 MPa, forming a uniform atomized jet through the impact nozzle, directly acting on the high-temperature battery cell area.

[0101] The spraying operation lasts for 10 seconds, with a total spray volume of approximately 0.6L. Upon contact with the high-temperature area, the agent immediately terminates the combustion chain reaction and forms a carbonized barrier layer on the surface of the battery cell, preventing combustion from occurring at its source.

[0102] Effect monitoring: In this case, the battery cell was in the stage of thermal runaway and smoke, and local smoldering. It did not develop into open flame or violent explosion. Before the intervention, the temperature of the battery cell body reached 220-290℃. After the chemical treatment, the temperature of the high-temperature area gradually dropped to 160-230℃. There was no open flame or re-ignition throughout the process.

[0103] After 24 hours of follow-up monitoring, all parameters of the battery cluster returned to stability, the risk of thermal runaway was completely eliminated, and the evolution of thermal runaway into open flame and explosion conditions was effectively prevented, allowing sufficient time for equipment shutdown and maintenance and professional fire fighting.

[0104] Example 4: Application of a simple device in the prevention and control of thermal runaway in outdoor portable energy storage power supplies; This embodiment uses a portable outdoor energy storage power supply with a rated power of 1 kW·h as an example to verify the feasibility of integrating the method of the present invention into a simple device with extreme cost optimization.

[0105] Hardware Integration: The system is simplified into a single, integrated "detection-jet" device. A temperature-controlled mechanical trigger made of shape memory alloy is directly connected to the vent of a miniature pre-filled reagent container (50mL capacity, pre-charged to 1.0MPa pressure). The vent is designed as a simple single-hole jet structure, consisting of multiple evenly distributed jet holes at the top, with each hole having a diameter of 2.0mm to 2.4mm. The entire device is fixed in the unused space above the battery cells inside the energy storage power supply.

[0106] Trigger simulation: An overcharge test is performed on the energy storage power supply, causing an internal short circuit in the battery cell and a sharp rise in temperature.

[0107] Method execution: When the cell temperature reaches 200°C, the shape memory alloy trigger deforms, mechanically opening the vent of the medicine container.

[0108] The special fire extinguishing composition with a pressure of 1.0MPa inside the container is instantly sprayed out through multiple sets of jet holes with a diameter of 2.0mm to 2.4mm at the top, forming a directional jet and combining with the cavity space to atomize itself again.

[0109] Simplified implementation: In this simple device, temperature detection and determination are integrated by the physical properties of shape memory alloy (action occurs when a specific temperature is reached); the trigger command is a mechanical action; high-pressure atomization is completed by preset pressure; fire extinguishing is achieved through jet impact cooling.

[0110] Effect monitoring: Although the atomization effect is not as good as that of complex nozzles, the instantaneous cooling and local suffocation effect brought by the high-speed jet successfully suppressed the temperature of the thermal runaway battery cell from 580-650℃ to 250-320℃ and stopped it from rising further, thus preventing the energy storage power supply casing from cracking and catching fire. This verifies the huge application potential of the method of this invention in low-cost, disposable protection scenarios.

[0111] Therefore, this invention provides an electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system and a millisecond-level prevention and extinguishing method. Through multi-source detection, graded early warning, dedicated high-pressure injection and modular integrated design, it achieves early identification of thermal runaway, millisecond-level linkage triggering and precise and efficient extinguishing. It is compatible with various types of electrochemical energy storage devices and all application scenarios, effectively solving the problems of slow response, poor injection adaptability, low integration, easy reignition and insufficient versatility of existing technologies.

[0112] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit them. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can still be made to the technical solutions of the present invention, and these modifications or equivalent substitutions cannot cause the modified technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims

1. An electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system, characterized in that, include: The detection module is used to monitor the thermal runaway signal of the electrochemical energy storage device in real time; The control module is electrically connected to the detection module, receives thermal runaway signals and outputs graded trigger commands; Storage module for storing dedicated rapid fire extinguishing compositions; The spraying module, connected to the storage module, receives a trigger command from the control module and sprays the rapid fire extinguishing composition in atomized form onto the thermal runaway area. The detection module, control module, storage module, and spraying module work together, with an overall response time of 15-25ms; the special rapid extinguishing composition is a flame-retardant extinguishing agent adapted for high-pressure atomization above 0.8MPa.

2. The electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The working pressure of the injection module is 0.8MPa to 3.0MPa; of which, 1.2MPa to 2.5MPa is suitable for stationary energy storage power stations, and 0.8MPa to 1.8MPa is suitable for vehicle-mounted portable systems.

3. The electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The spraying module includes an atomizing nozzle, which is at least one of a centrifugal atomizing nozzle, an impact atomizing nozzle, and an air-assisted atomizing nozzle. The centrifugal atomizing nozzle has a nozzle diameter of 1.5mm to 3.0mm, the impact atomizing nozzle has a nozzle diameter of 2.0mm to 3.5mm, and the air-assisted atomizing nozzle has a nozzle diameter of 1.0mm to 2.5mm. The spray angle of the atomizing nozzle is 120°.

4. The electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The injection module includes a miniaturized integrated jet structure, which is an array of circular guide holes and is disposed on the pipe wall of the injection module.

5. The electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The injection module includes lightweight material tubing, which is selected from at least one of fiber-reinforced composite materials, aluminum alloys, and special engineering plastics, and uses a quick-connect design.

6. The electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The storage module includes a pre-positioned reagent container, which is pre-arranged in an empty position inside the electrochemical energy storage device. Its triggering method is selected from at least one of temperature-sensing triggering, electronic triggering, and mechanical triggering.

7. The electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The detection module includes a temperature sensor, a gas sensor, a smoke sensor, an internal pressure sensor, and a battery management system signal interface. The temperature sensor is an NTC type. The gas sensor is used to detect CO, H2, and HF. The smoke sensor is photoelectric with a response time of no more than 0.8 seconds and a concentration threshold of 0.

12. 0.02dB / m.

8. The electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The control module is configured with a tiered early warning strategy and executes a tiered spraying strategy. The tiered early warning strategy includes three levels: early warning, alert, and fire extinguishing. The early warning level is used for system preparation, pipeline valve opening, and obstacle removal. The alert level provides early prevention for conditions such as battery cell damage, irreversible thermal runaway, gas leakage, and abnormal cabin pressure; if an open flame occurs, the system immediately jumps to the fire extinguishing level. The fire extinguishing level provides comprehensive handling for thermal runaway scenarios involving imminent combustion or open flames. The tiered early warning strategy uses a weighted fusion comprehensive scoring algorithm, the calculation formula of which is: ； In the formula, S is the weighted fusion score, T is the normalized score for temperature parameters, and G is the normalized score for gas parameters. The normalized score for smoke parameters is determined by weighting temperature 0.6, gas 0.3, and smoke 0.

1. A comprehensive score of not less than 0.7 is used to determine the corresponding thermal runaway level. The triggering methods are thermal wire mechanical triggering, battery management system linkage triggering, and electronic control triggering. The priority is electronic control triggering over thermal wire mechanical triggering, and thermal wire mechanical triggering over temperature sensing triggering.

9. The electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway extinguishing linkage system according to claim 8, characterized in that, The graded early warning strategy sets temperature thresholds based on the thermal runaway characteristics of different electrochemical energy storage devices, combines this with gas parameter signals for joint judgment, and executes a graded injection strategy. The gas parameters include the concentrations of three characteristic gases—CO, H2, and HF—generated by the thermal runaway of the energy storage device. The judgment rule is that the concentration of any single characteristic gas must meet the standard, not the sum of the concentrations of multiple gases, as detailed below: Warning level: When the battery cell temperature reaches the preset threshold of the corresponding device or the concentration of any characteristic gas reaches the preset concentration threshold, all pipeline valves are opened, obstacles in the spray path are cleared, and the pipeline and nozzle are pressurized and preheated. No fire extinguishing agent is sprayed during this stage. Alert Level: When any of the following conditions exist and no open flame is generated, the thermal runaway area will be precisely sprayed: the cell temperature and the concentration of any characteristic gas simultaneously reach the corresponding preset threshold; or a sudden and significant increase in the concentration of any characteristic gas is detected, or abnormal fluctuations occur in the internal pressure of the energy storage compartment / battery pack. Fire extinguishing level: When an open flame is detected, or the cell temperature reaches the preset threshold for combustion and explosion of the corresponding device, full-area total flooding high-pressure atomization spray is executed; the spray duration is ≥10s, and the system continues to monitor for ≥60s after the spray ends to suppress reignition; Forced skip-level rule: If an open flame is detected during operation at any level, the system will immediately jump to the fire extinguishing level and execute a full-area spraying action.

10. A millisecond-level fire extinguishing method for preventing and extinguishing thermal runaway in electrochemical energy storage, characterized in that, The electrochemical energy storage thermal runaway fire suppression linkage system according to any one of claims 1-9 is applied to fire suppression scenarios of electrochemical energy storage devices, wherein the fire suppression scenarios include, but are not limited to, integrated fire suppression systems, vehicle-mounted fire suppression modules, vehicle-mounted fire suppression devices, or handheld fire extinguishers; the method includes the following steps: S1. Real-time acquisition of thermal runaway signals from the electrochemical energy storage device, wherein the thermal runaway signals include at least one or more of temperature signals, gas concentration signals, smoke signals, and battery management system signals; S2. Perform multi-parameter fusion analysis on the collected thermal runaway signals to determine the thermal runaway level as early warning level, alert level, or fire extinguishing level; S3. Based on the determined thermal runaway level, output the corresponding graded trigger command; S4. In response to the graded triggering command, the pre-set special rapid fire extinguishing composition is atomized and sprayed at a pressure of not less than 0.8 MPa; S5. The atomized special rapid fire extinguishing composition covers the thermal runaway area and extinguishes the fire by cooling, suffocating, and inhibiting the chain reaction. It also continuously monitors the fire for a preset time after extinguishing to prevent reignition.

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