A system and method for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water and applications thereof

Abstract

The present application belongs to the technical field of drinking water treatment, and relates to a system and method for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water, and application. The system comprises a flow reaction unit, an external field regulation unit and an interface regulation unit. The flow reaction unit comprises a closed flow reaction channel. The external field regulation unit is used to form a non-uniform alternating electric field with a spatial electric field gradient in the flow reaction channel. The interface regulation unit comprises a dynamic polarization interface functional layer formed by compounding a carbon-based functional material and a hydrophobic polymer. Under the action of a low-intensity non-uniform alternating electric field, the dynamic polarization interface functional layer dynamically adjusts the polarization state and surface potential of the interface, induces the polarization response of new pollutants and promotes the dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment of the new pollutants to the interface region, thereby regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water. The present application does not need to add chemical agents and is suitable for the treatment of new pollutants with dipole response, polarization or hydrophobic characteristics.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of drinking water treatment and environmental engineering technology, specifically relating to a system, method and application for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, some new pollutants have been gradually detected in drinking water, such as persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disruptors and antibiotics. They generally have the characteristics of stable structure, difficulty in degradation and strong bioaccumulation.

[0003] Existing treatment technologies mainly rely on adsorption, membrane separation, and advanced oxidation methods.

[0004] Among them, the adsorption method usually relies on activated carbon or functional materials to remove pollutants. Its mechanism of action is mainly physical or chemical adsorption. Although it can reduce the concentration of pollutants to a certain extent, it has problems such as adsorption saturation, difficulty in regeneration, and limited treatment efficiency for low-concentration pollutants. Moreover, it does not involve the regulation of pollutant migration behavior and bioavailability.

[0005] Membrane separation technology primarily achieves pollutant retention through size sieving or electrostatic repulsion. However, these methods rely on high operating pressures, consume a lot of energy, and also present the problem of concentrate treatment. Furthermore, membrane separation only alters the spatial distribution of pollutants, without changing their molecular state or interfacial behavior in water.

[0006] Advanced oxidation technologies degrade pollutants by generating strong oxidizing substances such as hydroxyl radicals. Although they can destroy the structure of pollutants, these methods usually require high energy consumption and may produce intermediate byproducts, posing safety limitations in drinking water treatment scenarios.

[0007] Furthermore, while some existing technologies attempt to regulate pollutants by introducing electric or magnetic fields, they mostly focus on enhancing electrochemical reactions or promoting pollutant degradation. Their core remains the chemical transformation pathway, or they are merely auxiliary enhancement methods, failing to form a stable structure-external field coupling system. They primarily target pollutant concentration reduction but lack direct control over pollutant migration capacity and bioavailability. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a novel treatment technology that does not require chemical degradation reactions and can operate under drinking water safety conditions. Summary of the Invention

[0008] In view of the above situation, the present invention provides a system, method and application for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water. Under the conditions of not adding chemical agents and not observing obvious chemical degradation of pollutants under the implementation conditions of the present invention, the system can regulate the migration behavior of new pollutants, reduce their cross-interface migration ability and potential bioavailability.

[0009] The technical solution of this invention is as follows: like Figure 1 As shown, a new pollutant migration behavior control system in drinking water is disclosed. The control system includes a flow control unit, an external field control unit, and an interface control unit. The flow control unit is a closed flow reaction channel, which is a microchannel or laminar channel structure with a channel characteristic size of 0.1~5 mm. It is used to make the water body form a stable laminar flow state in the reaction area to reduce flow field disturbance, improve the contact stability between pollutants and the dynamic polarization interface, and control the fluid operation Reynolds number at Re < 2000.

[0010] Preferably, the external field control unit includes electrode structures disposed on both sides or the inner wall of the flow reaction channel to form a non-uniform alternating electric field with a spatial gradient distribution. The electrodes are preferably made of chemically stable and corrosion-resistant conductive materials, and can be selected from one or more of gold, platinum, graphite, boron-doped diamond, indium tin oxide conductive glass, titanium-based conductive layers, and other conductive materials that can remain stable under the operating conditions of this invention. An insulating encapsulation layer can be disposed on the electrode surface, allowing the alternating electric field to act on the fluid via capacitive coupling, reducing electron exchange between the electrode and the water, thereby suppressing Faraday reactions and electrode corrosion. Figure 2 As shown.

[0011] More preferably, the electrodes are an asymmetrical arrangement, a fork-shaped structure, or a strip structure with a gradient in spacing, used to form an alternating electric field with a spatially uneven distribution within the channel; The non-uniform electric field creates a spatial electric field gradient within the flow reaction channel, thereby enhancing the regulation of pollutant polarization response and interfacial migration behavior.

[0012] This system relies on a low-intensity, non-uniform alternating electric field to induce a polarization response in pollutants, and combines a dynamic polarization interface functional layer to regulate pollutant migration behavior. Its main mechanism of action is different from traditional electrophoretic migration and electrochemical oxidation-reduction processes. Under the preferred implementation conditions of this invention, by controlling the electric field parameters, adopting an insulated electrode structure, and combining the operating conditions of the drinking water system, no obvious Faraday reaction, water electrolysis, electrode corrosion, or free radical oxidation reaction was detected in the system.

[0013] Preferably, the interface control unit is a dynamically polarized interface functional layer disposed on the inner wall of the flow reaction channel or filling the channel, and its surface has an adjustable charge and polarity structure. The dynamically polarized interface functional layer refers to a functional interface that can undergo reversible polarization response, interface charge redistribution, and interface potential change under the action of an alternating electric field. Its polarization state can be dynamically adjusted with changes in the applied electric field, and it can return to its initial state after the external field is removed. Figure 3 As shown.

[0014] Under the action of an alternating electric field, the dynamically polarized interface functional layer can form an interface microenvironment with polarization response, dielectric regulation, and interface residence functions. The above functions can be achieved by the same material or multiple materials working together, or they can correspond to different regions within the interface. Each functional region can be continuously gradient distributed, locally overlapping distributed, or alternately layered distributed, and is not limited to forming mutually independent physical structures.

[0015] Under the influence of an alternating electric field, pollutant molecules undergo dipole polarization and, driven by dielectrophoresis under the electric field gradient created by the non-uniform electric field, migrate directionally towards the interface region. This results in dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment at the dynamically polarized interface, increasing the pollutant's residence time at the interface and thus reducing the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants and their cross-interface migration ability. Dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment refers to the enriched distribution of pollutants under the combined maintenance of the alternating electric field and the dynamically polarized interface. The enrichment effect disappears rapidly after the external electric field is removed. This state differs from the traditional thermodynamic static adsorption equilibrium that does not require an external field. Under continuous steady-state flow conditions, the system macroscopically reaches a kinetic steady state, where the pollutant migration rate and desorption rate at the interface tend to be in equilibrium. At the microscopic level, pollutants continuously undergo dynamic exchange through adsorption and desorption at the interface. Figure 4 As shown.

[0016] More preferably, the dynamic polarization interface functional layer is prepared by combining carbon-based functional materials with hydrophobic polymers.

[0017] More preferably, the carbon-based functional material is one or more of graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene, carbon nanotubes, biochar or porous carbon materials or other carbon-based materials with polarizable properties, used to construct a dynamic polarization interface that can respond to alternating electric fields.

[0018] More preferably, the hydrophobic polymer preferably possesses good hydrophobicity, electric field stability, and the ability to form a stable composite interface with carbon-based functional materials. The hydrophobic polymer satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: Its static water contact angle is greater than 90°; Its dielectric constant is 2~10; Its volume resistivity is higher than 10 10 The voltage is Ω·cm, and the structure remains stable under alternating electric field strength of 0.1~1.0 V / cm and frequency of 10~2000 Hz. It can form a continuous composite interface with carbon-based functional materials to construct a dynamic polarization interface functional layer with a medium gradient.

[0019] More preferably, the hydrophobic polymer is one or more of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), or long-chain alkyl-modified polymers.

[0020] Preferably, the carbon-based functional material accounts for 10-60% of the total mass of the dynamic polarization interface functional layer, and the hydrophobic polymer accounts for 40-90%.

[0021] Carbon-based functional materials and hydrophobic polymers form a composite dynamic polarized interface. Under the action of an alternating electric field, the interface surface undergoes a reversible polarization response, charge redistribution, and interfacial potential change, thereby altering the interfacial microenvironment, promoting the migration of pollutants to the interfacial region, forming dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment, and prolonging their interfacial residence time, thus achieving the regulation of pollutant migration behavior. This invention mainly achieves the regulation of migration behavior through the reconstruction of pollutant spatial distribution, rather than relying on the irreversible adsorption, chemical degradation, or electrochemical oxidation removal of pollutants.

[0022] Optionally, the surface of the dynamic polarization interface functional layer can also be modified with carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, sulfonic acid, and long-chain hydrophobic groups to regulate the interface charge and affinity properties for pollutants. The dynamic polarization interface functional layer is disposed in the flow reaction channel in the form of a coating layer, a porous membrane layer, a particle-filled layer, a fiber layer, or a three-dimensional porous structure.

[0023] Specifically, when the dynamic polarization interface functional layer adopts a coating structure, its thickness is 10~500 μm, preferably 50~200 μm, and the carbon-based material is uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix to form a continuous dispersion network. When the dynamic polarization interface functional layer adopts a porous film structure, its pore size is 10 nm to 10 μm and its porosity is 20% to 80%, preferably 40% to 70%; this is beneficial to increasing the interface contact area. When the dynamic polarization interface functional layer adopts a particle-filled layer structure, the particle size of the composite particles is 50 μm to 5 mm, preferably 100 μm to 1 mm, and the particles are formed by carbon-based functional materials and hydrophobic polymers. When the dynamic polarization interface functional layer adopts a fiber layer structure, the fiber diameter is 100 nm to 100 μm, preferably 500 nm to 20 μm, and the fiber forms a continuous network structure through electrospinning. When the dynamic polarization interface functional layer adopts a three-dimensional porous structure, its porosity is 50%~95% and its specific surface area is 50~1500 m². 2 / g.

[0024] Based on the hydrophobicity, dipole response, ionization characteristics, and interfacial affinity of different types of new pollutants, the types of carbon-based functional materials, hydrophobic polymer matrices, and their ratios in the dynamic polarization interface functional layer can be matched and designed to improve the dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment capacity and migration behavior regulation effect of pollutant interface regions.

[0025] The dynamic polarization interface functional layer can be regenerated by adjusting alternating electric field parameters, reverse fluid flushing, or local concentrated liquid discharge. Those skilled in the art can optimize the regeneration conditions based on the properties of the pollutants. Through the aforementioned structural synergistic effect, pollutants transform from a uniformly dispersed state in the bulk aqueous phase to a dynamically non-equilibrium enriched state at the interface during flow. The proportion of freely dissolved pollutants decreases, the interfacial retention capacity of pollutants increases, and their cross-interfacial migration flux and apparent diffusion capacity are significantly reduced. The hydrophobic polymer is mainly used to construct a stable dynamically polarized interfacial microenvironment and synergistically with carbon-based functional materials to regulate pollutant migration behavior. The type of polymer can be selected according to the properties of the target pollutant.

[0026] In some embodiments, the system may be used in combination with multi-channel parallel, multi-stage series, or membrane separation, adsorption, and other units.

[0027] The method for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water using the aforementioned new pollutant migration behavior regulation system includes: S1. Construct a flow reaction channel with a dynamic polarization interface functional layer and provide continuous flow conditions to the drinking water to be treated. S2. Apply a non-uniform alternating electric field to the flow reaction channel through the external field control unit; S3. Under the synergistic effect of non-uniform alternating electric field and dynamic polarization interface functional layer, new pollutants undergo dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment at the interface. S4. Reduces the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants and inhibits cross-interface migration of pollutants; S5, Output the treated drinking water.

[0028] Preferably, in step S2, the alternating electric field parameters are: the electric field frequency is 10~2000 Hz; and the electric field strength is 0.1~1.0 V / cm. More preferably, the frequency of the alternating electric field is 500~1000 Hz; the strength of the alternating electric field is 0.3~0.8 V / cm, more preferably 0.4~0.6 V / cm; the electric field adopts pulse modulation mode, and the duty cycle is 10~80%, preferably 30~50%.

[0029] The application of the aforementioned new pollutant migration behavior control system or method in the control of new pollutant migration behavior in drinking water, wherein the new pollutants exhibit migration behavior with one or more of the following physicochemical properties: (1) Dipole moment greater than 1 Debye; (2) Molecular polarizability greater than 5×10 -24 cm 3 ; (3) Octyl alcohol-water partition coefficient Greater than 2; (4) The acid-base dissociation constant pKa is between 3 and 11; (5) The molecular structure contains one or more of the following: carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group, hydroxyl group, amino group, amide group, halogenated hydrophobic segment, or aromatic conjugated structure. The above-mentioned physicochemical properties enable pollutants to produce obvious dipole polarization and dielectric response under the action of low-intensity non-uniform alternating electric field, and form a long interfacial residence time and dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment behavior in the dynamic polarized interfacial microenvironment constructed by the interfacial functional layer. Therefore, it is suitable as the target of regulation in this invention.

[0030] Preferably, the novel pollutants include four main categories: UV stabilizers, some endocrine disruptors, ionic antibiotics, and amphiphilic pollutants. UV stabilizers include benzotriazole UV stabilizers; some endocrine disruptors include alkylphenol compounds; ionic antibiotics include sulfonamides and quinolones; and amphiphilic pollutants include perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS). Specifically, benzotriazole UV stabilizers and alkylphenol compounds, due to their high dipole moments and strong hydrophobicity, are more likely to form non-equilibrium enrichment states in the dynamically polarized interface microenvironment; sulfonamides and quinolones, due to their ionizable groups, have higher interfacial retention capacity under the influence of interfacial charge regulation; and PFAS, due to their amphiphilic structure, large dipole response, and strong interfacial activity, can serve as representative objects for verifying the effect of this invention on regulating the migration behavior of amphiphilic novel pollutants.

[0031] The pollutants mentioned above are merely representative examples demonstrating the regulatory effects of this invention, and the invention is not limited to the specific pollutant categories described. Pollutants exhibiting characteristics such as dipole response, polarizability, hydrophobicity, or ionization can have their migration behavior regulated by selecting appropriate dynamic polarization interfaces based on their physicochemical properties.

[0032] Preferably, the present invention is applicable to the operation of natural drinking water systems, where the pH of the drinking water is preferably 5-9 and the conductivity is preferably 50-1500 μS / cm. Under the above operating conditions, combined with a low-intensity alternating electric field and an insulated electrode structure, the system current density remains at a low level, and no significant Faraday reaction, electrode corrosion, or water electrolysis occurs. This allows for the regulation of new pollutant migration behavior under low energy consumption conditions.

[0033] Beneficial effects of this invention: 1. In this invention, an interfacial polarization environment is constructed between a low-intensity alternating electric field, a dynamic polarization interface functional layer, and a flow control unit. By inducing the polarization response of pollutants through the spatial electric field gradient, pollutants are promoted to migrate from the main aqueous phase to the interface and form dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment, thereby improving the pollutant interfacial retention capacity, realizing the spatial distribution reconstruction of pollutants, and thus reducing the cross-interfacial migration capacity of pollutants and potential exposure risks.

[0034] 2. This invention does not rely on chemical degradation of pollutants or traditional adsorption removal. It can regulate the migration behavior of pollutants without the need for strong oxidants or other chemical agents. Under the conditions of this invention, no obvious free radical oxidation reaction or oxidation byproducts were observed. The treatment process mainly relies on the combined effects of dielectric polarization, interfacial polarization and spatial electric field gradient to regulate the migration behavior of pollutants. It is a non-electrochemical physical regulation process.

[0035] 3. This invention establishes a new technical approach for evaluating the migration behavior of new pollutants using indicators such as transmembrane permeability, the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants, the proportion of interfacial enrichment, changes in interfacial zeta potential, and free radical generation.

[0036] 4. This invention can significantly reduce the transmembrane permeability of pollutants and the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants, increase the proportion of pollutant enrichment at the interface, and promote the migration and enrichment of pollutants from the main aqueous phase to the interface region. This process only reconstructs the spatial distribution of pollutants in the water body, without separating and removing pollutants from the water system. By weakening the pollutant diffusion capacity, transinterface migration capacity and potential bioavailability, it achieves the risk reduction of new pollutants. 5. The modular structure design ensures mild overall process operation conditions. The dynamic polarization interface functional layer can restore its control capability through backwashing and changing electric field parameters. It can adjust the interface composition and electric field parameters according to the different physical and chemical properties of pollutants, thereby achieving targeted control of the migration behavior of different types of new pollutants. It has good long-term operational stability, engineering scale-up capability, and applicability to drinking water treatment. Attached Figure Description

[0037] Figure 1 The schematic diagram of the overall structure of the system of the present invention is as follows: 1-1 water inlet, 1-2 asymmetric upper electrode structure, 1-3 asymmetric lower electrode structure, 1-4 carbon-based functional material, 1-5 hydrophobic polymer, 1-6 alternating electric field power supply, 1-7 water outlet. Figure 2 The diagram shows a non-uniform electric field distribution: 2-1 upper electrode, 2-2 lower electrode, 2-3 polarizable pollutant, E1 strong electric field region, E2 weak electric field region, E1 > E2. Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the dynamic polarization interface functional layer structure: 3-1 Water body area, 3-2 Dynamic polarization interface functional layer (carbon-based functional material / hydrophobic polymer composite), 3-3 Polarized pollutants, 3-4 Carbon-based functional material, 3-5 Hydrophobic polymer, 3-6 Channel wall substrate (inert material). Figure 4 Diagram of synergistic mechanism: 4-1 Upper electrode; 4-2 Lower electrode; 4-3 Contaminants; 4-4 Polarized contaminants. Detailed Implementation

[0038] The present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments. For those skilled in the art, equivalent substitutions or modifications made without departing from the concept of the present invention should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0039] Example 1 1. Experimental conditions and test methods (1) Experimental conditions To verify the inhibitory effect of the system of the present invention on the transmembrane migration of new pollutants in drinking water, a simulated drinking water system was constructed with perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), a representative pollutant of PFAS, as the target pollutant, with an initial mass concentration of 100 ng / L.

[0040] Simulated water quality substrate conditions: water temperature 25±1℃; pH=7.2±0.2; conductivity 320±20 μS / cm; Ca 2+ Concentration 45 mg / L, Mg 2+ Concentration 12 mg / L; dissolved natural organic matter (NOM, calculated as humic acid) 2.0 mg / L; the experimental influent was pre-degassed by ultrasonication for 30 min to eliminate microbubble interference with the electric field distribution.

[0041] The experimental setup employs a closed-loop microchannel flow reactor, comprising an inlet, a buffer stabilization section, a reaction section, and an outlet. The reaction section has a dynamically polarized interface functional layer on its inner wall, and asymmetric finger-shaped electrodes on both sides to create a non-uniform alternating electric field. The microchannels have a rectangular cross-section and are made of high-transmittance quartz glass, with a channel width of 1 mm, a height of 1 mm, an effective reaction length of 100 mm, and an effective reaction volume of 100 μL. The buffer stabilization section, 20 mm long, is used to eliminate inlet disturbances. The calculated Reynolds number Re ≈ 180, ensuring a stable laminar flow state after the fluid enters the reaction zone.

[0042] In this embodiment, the asymmetric forked electrode is fabricated on the surface of a quartz substrate at the bottom of a microchannel using conventional micro / nano fabrication processes, such as photolithography combined with metal deposition and patterning. In this embodiment, an electrode layer, an insulating encapsulation layer, and a dynamically polarized interface functional layer are sequentially formed on the surface of the quartz substrate. In this specific embodiment, the asymmetric forked electrode consists of a 100 nm thick gold (Au) layer and a 5 nm thick titanium (Ti) adhesion layer, deposited on the quartz glass surface by magnetron sputtering and then subjected to a lift-off process. The Au / Ti electrode exhibits high chemical stability and corrosion resistance, reducing the risk of metal ion leaching during long-term operation. Combined with the insulating encapsulation layer, it helps maintain the non-electrochemically regulated process described in this invention. The electrode fork width is 50 μm, the fork spacing is 50 μm, and the fork overlap length is 80 mm. A 2 μm thick layer of parylene (Parylene C) was spin-coated onto the electrode surface as an insulating encapsulation layer, creating an insulating barrier between the electrode and the water. The alternating electric field was applied to the fluid via capacitive coupling, thereby reducing electron transfer across the interface. Under the operating conditions of this embodiment, no significant Faraday reaction, electrode corrosion, or water electrolysis was observed. The power supply outputs an alternating electric field in the form of a square wave pulse.

[0043] (2) Preparation of dynamic polarization interface functional layer The dynamically polarized interface functional layer was prepared by composite composition of graphene oxide (GO) and PVDF at a mass ratio of 3:7. The average sheet diameter of the graphene oxide (GO) used was approximately 0.15 μm, the average number of layers was approximately 4, and the carbon-to-oxygen atomic ratio (C / O) was approximately 2.3. The PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) used had a static water contact angle greater than 90°, a dielectric constant of approximately 8, and a volume resistivity of 1.5 × 10⁻⁶. 12 Ω·cm. The preparation steps are as follows: ① Substrate pretreatment: The inner wall of the microchannel (quartz surface) was ultrasonically cleaned with acetone, ethanol and deionized water for 15 min each, dried and then treated with oxygen plasma for 5 min (power 100W) to increase the surface energy and introduce hydroxyl groups to enhance the interfacial bonding force. ② Slurry preparation: Graphene oxide was added to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at a mass concentration of 10 mg / mL and ultrasonically dispersed for 30 min to form a uniform dispersion; then PVDF powder was added and magnetically stirred at 60℃ for 4 h to fully dissolve the PVDF and form a uniform casting slurry; in this example, 1.5 wt% of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, molecular weight approximately 40,000) was added as a leveling agent; ③ Film Formation: The slurry was uniformly coated onto the pretreated inner wall of the microchannel using a precision doctor blade and dried in a vacuum drying oven at 60℃ for 12 h to remove residual solvent, forming a composite dynamic polarization interface functional layer. The resulting dynamic polarization interface functional layer has a thickness of approximately 100 μm.

[0044] Under the action of an alternating electric field, the graphene oxide dispersed phase undergoes a reversible polarization response, and the PVDF continuous matrix provides a stable dielectric environment. Together, they form a microenvironment with a dynamic polarization interface, which is conducive to promoting the dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment of pollutants in the interface region and prolonging their interfacial residence time.

[0045] (3) Electric field application and operating conditions The experiment employed a constant flow pump for continuous liquid supply, with the influent flow rate controlled at 1 mL / min and the effluent flow rate kept consistent with the influent flow rate. A pulsed power supply was connected to the asymmetric finger-shaped electrode, outputting a square wave pulsed alternating electric field with a frequency of 500 Hz, an applied voltage peak-to-peak value (Vpp) of 5 V, and a duty cycle of 40%. Due to the asymmetric structure and edge effect of the finger-shaped electrode, a non-uniform alternating electric field with gradient distribution along the transverse direction and flow direction of the microchannel was constructed within the reaction section. The average equivalent electric field strength in the reaction region was 0.5 V / cm, with local differences in electric field strength compared to the average equivalent electric field strength, thus forming a spatially non-uniform electric field distribution. Sampling and analysis were initiated after the system reached steady state following continuous operation for 30 min.

[0046] (4) Test method To evaluate the regulatory effect of the system of the present invention on the migration behavior of pollutants, the transmembrane permeability, bioavailability, interfacial enrichment ratio, zeta potential change and free radical generation were measured.

[0047] The transmembrane permeability was determined using a nanofiltration membrane simulation system. Under stable operating conditions, the contaminant concentrations on both the feed and permeate sides were measured. PFOS concentration was detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS). A C18 reversed-phase column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) was used. Mobile phase A was 5 mmol / L ammonium acetate aqueous solution, and mobile phase B was methanol. Gradient elution was employed at a flow rate of 0.3 mL / min, a column temperature of 40℃, and an injection volume of 10 μL. The transmembrane permeability was calculated using the following formula:

[0048] in, Transmembrane permeability; The concentration of contaminants in the permeate; This represents the concentration of pollutants in the influent.

[0049] The potential bioavailability was characterized by the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants. The concentration of freely dissolved PFOS in the system was determined using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers. The SPME fibers were PDMS / DVB composite extraction fibers, with an extraction temperature of 25℃, an extraction time of 30 min, and a desorption time of 5 min. Subsequently, LC-MS / MS analysis was performed, and the change in the concentration of freely dissolved PFOS before and after treatment was used to evaluate the degree of change in the potential bioavailability of pollutants.

[0050] The interface enrichment ratio was determined by analyzing the distribution of pollutants in the dynamically polarized interface functional layer and the bulk aqueous phase. After the experiment, following steady-state sampling, an alternating electric field was continuously applied for approximately 1 minute after the liquid influent was stopped to stabilize the interface enrichment state. Subsequently, the reactor was disassembled, the interface coating was removed, and the mixture was ultrasonically extracted with methanol / water (volume ratio 8:2) for 30 minutes. The extract was collected. After solid-phase extraction enrichment of the bulk aqueous phase, the pollutant content was also detected by LC-MS / MS, and the interface enrichment ratio was calculated according to the following formula:

[0051] in, The enrichment ratio of the interface; The mass of contaminants detected in the extract from the interface region is expressed in ng. The value represents the mass of pollutants obtained from the main aqueous phase detection, expressed in ng. This enrichment ratio is the result of a short-term retention period after shutdown, and the value can be used for parallel comparisons between groups. It may deviate slightly from the in-situ instantaneous enrichment level under continuous flow conditions.

[0052] The Zeta potential was measured using either the flow potential method or electrophoretic light scattering method to characterize the surface potential change trend of the dynamically polarized interface functional layer. The apparent Zeta potential of the coating surface was measured under in-situ aqueous conditions, with two sets of data collected: one without an electric field and the other with an applied steady-state alternating electric field. Each set of data was tested in parallel at least three times.

[0053] The generation of free radicals was detected using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technology. The microwave frequency was approximately 9.8 GHz, the microwave power was 20 mW, the modulation frequency was 100 kHz, the DMPO concentration was 100 mmol / L, and the detection time was 5 min. 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrrolline-N-oxide (DMPO) was used as a spin trapping agent to detect hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and sulfate radicals (SO4). • Signal intensity. When no corresponding characteristic peak is observed, or the signal intensity is below the instrument detection limit, it can be considered that no significant free radical generation was detected within the detection conditions and instrument detection limit range of this embodiment.

[0054] 2. Comparative Experimental Design The following experimental groups were set up: Control group 1: The inner wall of the microchannel was a blank quartz surface, no dynamic polarization interface functional layer was set, no alternating electric field was applied, and the other experimental conditions were the same as in Example 1; Control group 2: The inner wall of the microchannel was a blank quartz surface, and only a 500 Hz, 0.5 V / cm alternating electric field was applied. The other experimental conditions were the same as in Example 1. Control group 3: A dynamic polarization interface functional layer was set up (same as in Example 1), no alternating electric field was applied, and the other experimental conditions were kept the same as in Example 1; Control group 4: The dynamic polarization interface functional layer uses a homogeneous PVDF film without a dielectric gradient, only keeping the film thickness consistent, without adding graphene oxide, and only using pure PVDF to prepare a homogeneous film layer with a thickness of about 100 μm to eliminate the dielectric gradient structure. The remaining experimental conditions are the same as in Example 1. Control group 5: A uniform alternating electric field was formed using flat plate electrodes. The electric field frequency was 500 Hz, the duty cycle was 40%, the average electric field strength was 0.5 V / cm, and no spatial electric field gradient was formed. The other experimental conditions were the same as in Example 1. Experimental group (Scheme of Embodiment 1 of the present invention): A dynamic polarization interface functional layer is set up at the same time, and a non-uniform alternating electric field is applied by asymmetric finger-shaped electrodes. The alternating electric field frequency is 500 Hz, the duty cycle is 40%, the average equivalent electric field strength is 0.5V / cm, and the other conditions are the same as those in Embodiment 1.

[0055] 3. Inhibition effect on transmembrane migration The permeability of pollutants across the membrane was tested using a nanofiltration membrane model, and the results are shown in Table 1.

[0056] Table 1. Results of pollutant transmembrane permeability

[0057] The results show that the uniform alternating electric field can reduce the transmembrane migration of pollutants to some extent under the conditions of this embodiment, but the inhibition effect is significantly lower than that of the experimental group using a non-uniform alternating electric field. Analysis of the test results from this embodiment indicates that the non-uniform alternating electric field and the dynamically polarized interface functional layer work synergistically to promote the dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment of pollutants in the interface region and prolong their interfacial residence time, thereby reducing the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants and their transfacial migration ability. Therefore, the transmembrane permeability of the experimental group decreased to 52%.

[0058] 4. Potential changes in bioavailability The concentration of freely dissolved PFOS in the system was determined by solid phase microextraction (SPME), and its potential bioavailability was characterized by the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0059] Table 2 Results of potential bioavailability of pollutants

[0060] The results show that a uniform alternating electric field can reduce the proportion of freely dissolved PFOS in the system, but the reduction is significantly less than that achieved by the non-uniform alternating electric field used in this invention. This indicates that under the test conditions of this embodiment, the spatial electric field gradient and the dynamic polarization interface functional layer work synergistically to promote the migration of pollutants from the bulk aqueous phase to the interface region and reduce the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants. The concentration of freely dissolved PFOS in the experimental group decreased to 38 ng / L, a reduction rate of 62%, and its potential bioavailability decreased significantly.

[0061] 5. Interface enrichment behavior analysis The dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment behavior of pollutants at the interface was characterized by the method of measuring the distribution of pollutants at the interface, and the results are shown in Table 3.

[0062] Table 3 Results of pollutant interface enrichment ratio

[0063] The results show that a uniform alternating electric field can promote the migration of pollutants to the interface, but the pollutant retention capacity at the interface is limited due to the lack of a spatial electric field gradient. In contrast, this invention uses a non-uniform alternating electric field to form a strong electric field region, a weak electric field region, and a transition region, which is conducive to the migration of pollutants to the interface region and results in a higher interface enrichment ratio, thus further increasing the interface enrichment ratio to 68%.

[0064] 6. Zeta potential change test The Zeta potential on the surface of the dynamically polarized interface functional layer was measured, with each group repeated three times. The results show that, without an applied electric field, the Zeta potential on the surface of the dynamically polarized interface functional layer is approximately [value missing]. 12 mV; After applying an alternating electric field, the Zeta potential changes to The value was 28 mV, with a variation range of approximately 16 mV. This indicates that the surface charge at the interface redistributes under the influence of the external field, causing a change in the interfacial potential and providing the interfacial charge conditions for the dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment of pollutants at the interface.

[0065] 7. Verification of Free Radical Generation Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to detect the generation of free radicals in the system. No hydroxyl radicals (·OH) or sulfate radicals (SO4) were detected. The presence of a · signal indicates that no significant free radical generation was detected under the detection conditions of this embodiment, and no obvious free radical oxidation reaction was observed in the treatment process of this invention. Simultaneously, no obvious bubble precipitation or color change on the electrode surface was observed during the experiment. Combined with the EPR detection results, this indicates that the migration behavior regulation process of this invention mainly relies on dielectric polarization and interfacial polarization, rather than a free radical oxidation degradation process.

[0066] 8. The Influence of Electric Field Parameters The effect of different electric field strengths on the inhibition of pollutants across the membrane was investigated, and the results are shown in Table 4.

[0067] Table 4. Results of the effect of electric field strength on the reduction rate of pollutant transmembrane permeability.

[0068] The results show that within the test range of this embodiment, the effect of inhibiting pollutant transmembrane migration gradually improves with the increase of electric field strength. When the electric field strength reaches about 0.5 V / cm, further increases result in a gradual improvement in the regulation effect of pollutant migration behavior. Therefore, this embodiment preferably uses about 0.5 V / cm as the operating parameter.

[0069] The effect of different alternating electric field frequencies on the transmembrane inhibition of pollutants was further investigated, and the results are shown in Table 5.

[0070] Table 5. Effect of alternating electric field frequency on the reduction rate of pollutant transmembrane permeability.

[0071] 9. Optimization of the functional layer composition of the dynamic polarization interface To further optimize the composition of the dynamic polarization interface functional layer, the experimental conditions in Example 1, including microchannel structure, electric field parameters, flow rate, and initial pollutant concentration, were kept unchanged. Only the mass ratio of graphene oxide (GO) to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was changed. To ensure the comparability of the experiments, the thickness of the dynamic polarization interface functional layer in each group was controlled at 100±5 μm, and all other experimental conditions remained consistent with those in Example 1. The experiment can examine the effect of different interface compositions on the regulation of pollutant migration behavior. The experimental results are shown in Table 6.

[0072] Table 6. Effects of different GO / PVDF mass ratios on pollutant migration regulation performance.

[0073] The results show that with the increase of graphene oxide content, the polarization response capability of the dynamic polarization interface functional layer gradually increases, and the inhibition effect of pollutant cross-interface migration continuously improves. This is speculated to be related to the change in dielectric response characteristics of the composite interface after further increasing the proportion of carbon-based materials. Considering the reduction rate of transmembrane permeability, the reduction rate of free dissolved state, and the proportion of interface enrichment, the comprehensive regulation effect is best when the mass ratio of graphene oxide to PVDF is 3:7. Therefore, this composition is preferred as the ratio of the dynamic polarization interface functional layer. In other embodiments, the polarization rate of the target pollutant can also be adjusted according to the polarizability of the target pollutant, The values, dipole moments, or ionization characteristics are used to optimize the types of carbon-based functional materials, hydrophobic polymers, and their ratios in order to obtain better control effects on the migration behavior of different types of new pollutants.

[0074] 10. Experimental Conclusions The above experimental results show that: (1) Under the synergistic effect of a low-intensity non-uniform alternating electric field and a dynamic polarization interface functional layer, the PFOS transmembrane permeability of the system of the present invention can be reduced from 100% to 52%, indicating that the ability of pollutants to migrate across the interface is significantly reduced. (2) After treatment, the concentration of free dissolved PFOS decreased from 100 ng / L to 38 ng / L, a reduction rate of 62%, indicating that the pollutants were reconstructed from the main aqueous phase to the interface region and formed a dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment state. (3) The enrichment ratio of pollutants at the interface increased to 68%, and the Zeta potential on the surface of the interface functional layer changed from -12 mV to -28 mV, indicating that the interface charge distribution under the action of alternating electric field underwent dynamic redistribution, which corresponds to the dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment behavior of pollutants at the interface and enhanced the residence behavior of pollutants in the interface region. (4) Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detection results showed that no hydroxyl radicals (·OH) or sulfate radicals (SO4) were detected in the system. - The signal indicates that no obvious free radical oxidation reaction was observed under the detection conditions of this embodiment; instead, the pollutant migration behavior was regulated through physical control. (5) Both electric field strength and alternating electric field frequency have a significant impact on the pollutant migration regulation effect. Among them, the electric field strength of 0.5 V / cm and the alternating electric field frequency of 500~1000 Hz have a better regulation effect, which can achieve a higher transmembrane migration inhibition efficiency while ensuring low energy consumption. (6) The composition of the dynamic polarization interface functional layer has a significant impact on the regulation effect of pollutant migration. When the mass ratio of graphene oxide to PVDF is 3:7, a better transmembrane migration inhibition effect is obtained, indicating that the optimization of the interface composition can further improve the regulation performance of the present invention; (7) Although the uniform alternating electric field formed by the planar electrodes can induce a certain polarization response in pollutants, the pollutant interfacial retention capacity is significantly reduced due to the lack of a spatial electric field gradient. Its migration inhibition effect is lower than that of the experimental group using a non-uniform alternating electric field in this invention. This indicates that the synergistic effect of the non-uniform electric field distribution and the dynamic polarization interface functional layer is beneficial to improving the regulation of pollutant migration behavior. The non-uniform alternating electric field used in this invention does not only provide an electric field effect, but also constructs an interfacial polarization environment through the synergistic effect of the spatial electric field gradient and the dynamic polarization interface functional layer, thereby promoting the formation of dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment of pollutants at the interface, improving the interfacial retention capacity, and realizing the regulation of migration behavior.

[0075] The above results demonstrate that the present invention achieves spatial distribution reconstruction of pollutants, dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment of interfaces, and inhibition of cross-interface migration through the synergistic effect of low-intensity alternating electric fields and dynamic polarization interface functional layers. It does not involve the chemical degradation of pollutants and has the characteristics of low energy consumption, recyclable operation, and applicability to the regulation of migration behavior of various types of new pollutants.

[0076] Example 2 To verify the regulatory effect of the system of the present invention on the migration behavior of novel pollutants with high hydrophobicity and high dipole response, a simulated drinking water system was constructed with benzotriazole UV stabilizer (UV-328) as the target pollutant, with an initial mass concentration of 500 ng / L.

[0077] The experimental setup and testing methods were the same as those described in Example 1, and the microchannel flow reactor channels were the same as those in Example 1. The dynamic polarization interface functional layer adopted a porous membrane structure, which was formed by the composite of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), wherein rGO accounted for 40% by mass and PTFE accounted for 60% by mass.

[0078] The porous membrane layer has a thickness of approximately 150 μm, an average pore size of approximately 500 nm, and a porosity of approximately 60%.

[0079] The electric field application unit uses asymmetric finger-shaped electrodes to form a non-uniform alternating electric field with an alternating electric field frequency of 500 Hz, a duty cycle of 40%, an average equivalent electric field strength of 0.5 V / cm, and a local electric field strength that is gradient distributed along the interface space.

[0080] The transmembrane permeability, the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants, the proportion of interfacial enrichment, and the change in zeta potential were determined using the same method as in Example 1.

[0081] Experimental results show that, under the conditions of simultaneous application of an alternating electric field and a dynamically polarized interface functional layer, the transmembrane transmittance of benzotriazole UV stabilizers decreases by approximately 42%, the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants decreases by approximately 55%, and the interface enrichment ratio reaches 61%. The zeta potential on the surface of the dynamically polarized interface functional layer changes from -10 mV to -24 mV.

[0082] The results show that, under the conditions of this embodiment, the system of the present invention can reduce the cross-interface migration ability of benzotriazole UV stabilizers, increase their interfacial enrichment ratio, and reduce the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants, indicating that the present invention can also regulate the migration behavior of pollutants with corresponding physicochemical properties.

[0083] Example 3 To verify the effect of the system of the present invention on the regulation of the migration behavior of antibiotic pollutants, a simulated drinking water system was constructed with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as the target pollutant, and its initial mass concentration was 1000 ng / L.

[0084] The experimental setup and testing methods were the same as described in Example 1, and the microchannel flow reactor was the same as in Example 1. The dynamic polarization interface functional layer adopted a fiber layer structure, which was formed by the composite of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), with CNTs accounting for 20% by mass and PDMS accounting for 80% by mass. The fiber layer was formed into a continuous network structure by electrospinning, with an average fiber diameter of about 5 μm and a layer thickness of about 200 μm. The electric field application unit formed a non-uniform alternating electric field with a frequency of 800 Hz, a duty cycle of 40%, and an average equivalent electric field strength of 0.5 V / cm. The local electric field strength showed a gradient distribution along the interface space.

[0085] The transmembrane permeability, the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants, the proportion of interfacial enrichment, and the change in zeta potential were determined using the same method as in Example 1.

[0086] Experimental results show that under the conditions of simultaneous application of an alternating electric field and a dynamically polarized interface functional layer, the transmembrane permeability of sulfamethoxazole decreases by approximately 40%, the proportion of freely dissolved contaminants decreases by approximately 51%, and the interface enrichment ratio reaches 58%. The zeta potential on the surface of the dynamically polarized interface functional layer is [data missing]. 11 mV change to 27 mV.

[0087] The results show that, under the conditions of this embodiment, the system of the present invention can also reduce the cross-interface migration ability of sulfamethoxazole, increase the interfacial enrichment ratio, and reduce the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants, indicating that the present invention can also regulate the migration behavior of pollutants with corresponding physicochemical properties.

[0088] Example 4 To verify the applicability of this invention to different types of novel pollutants, PFOS, UV-328, and sulfamethoxazole were used as novel pollutants meeting the applicability conditions of this invention for verification. Bisphenol S was used as a comparative example, and its octanol-water partition coefficient was... The value is less than 2, and the hydrophobic retention capacity at the interface is weak. Therefore, it is used as a representative pollutant that is not the preferred target of this invention for comparison. Corresponding dynamic polarization interface functional layers were selected according to the different physicochemical properties of the pollutants. The remaining experimental methods followed the methods described in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 7.

[0089] Table 7 Summary of the effects of regulating the migration behavior of different types of new pollutants

[0090] The results show that the present invention exhibits good regulation effects on the migration behavior of PFOS, UV-328, and SMX; in comparison, the regulation effect on BPS is relatively low. Combined with the physicochemical property analysis of different pollutants, the present invention has good applicability to novel pollutants with high hydrophobicity, strong dipole response, or certain ionization characteristics.

[0091] Based on the above experimental results, this invention is preferably applicable to new pollutants that meet one or more of the following physicochemical properties: (1) Dipole moment greater than 1 Debye; (2) Molecular polarizability greater than 5×10 -24 cm 3 ; (3) Octyl alcohol-water partition coefficient Greater than 2; (4) The acid-base dissociation constant pKa is between 3 and 11; (5) The molecular structure contains one or more of the following: carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group, hydroxyl group, amino group, amide group, halogenated hydrophobic segment or aromatic conjugated structure.

[0092] The above embodiments further illustrate that the present invention can match and design the composition and operating parameters of the dynamic polarization interface functional layer according to the physicochemical properties of the target pollutant. For pollutants that do not fully possess the above physicochemical properties, the effect of regulating their migration behavior may be relatively reduced, but it does not rule out the possibility of obtaining an improved effect by adjusting the composition and operating parameters of the interface functional layer.

[0093] The above embodiments demonstrate that the present invention can achieve spatial distribution reconstruction of pollutants, dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment of the interface, and regulation of migration behavior through the synergistic effect of a low-intensity non-uniform alternating electric field and a dynamic polarized interface functional layer. This process is mainly a physical regulation process and does not depend on the chemical degradation, irreversible adsorption, or electrochemical oxidation-reduction processes of pollutants.

[0094] The above embodiments are merely illustrative examples and are not intended to limit the implementation. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other variations or modifications can be made based on the above description. It is neither necessary nor possible to exhaustively list all possible implementations; therefore, any obvious variations or modifications derived therefrom remain within the scope of protection of this invention.

Claims

1. A system for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water, characterized in that, The control system includes a flow control unit, an external field control unit, and an interface control unit. The flow control unit is a closed flow reaction channel, which is a microchannel or laminar flow channel structure. The external field control unit includes an electrode structure disposed on both sides or the inner wall of the flow reaction channel. The electrodes include asymmetric finger electrodes, asymmetric strip electrodes, or gradient-spaced electrodes, which are used to form a non-uniform alternating electric field in the channel. The interface control unit includes a dynamic polarization interface functional layer disposed on the inner wall of the flow reaction channel or filled inside the channel. The dynamic polarization interface functional layer includes a composite structure formed by carbon-based functional materials and hydrophobic polymers. The composite structure undergoes reversible polarization response and interface charge redistribution under the action of the non-uniform alternating electric field to form a dynamic polarization interface. The hydrophobic polymer satisfies the following characteristics: (1) The static water contact angle is greater than 90°; (2) The dielectric constant is 2~10; (3) Volume resistivity higher than 1×10 10 Ω·cm; The new pollutant has the following physicochemical properties: (1) Dipole moment greater than 1 Debye; (2) Molecular polarizability greater than 5×10 -24 cm 3 ; (3) Octyl alcohol-water partition coefficient Greater than 2; (4) The acid-base dissociation constant pKa is between 3 and 11; (5) The molecular structure contains one or more of the following: carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group, hydroxyl group, amino group, amide group, halogenated hydrophobic segment or aromatic conjugated structure.

2. The system for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water according to claim 1, characterized in that, The carbon-based functional material accounts for 10-60% of the total mass of the dynamic polarization interface functional layer, and the hydrophobic polymer accounts for 40-90%.

3. The system for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water according to claim 2, characterized in that, The carbon-based functional material is graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene, carbon nanotubes, biochar, or porous carbon material.

4. The system for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water according to claim 1, characterized in that, The hydrophobic polymer is one or more of polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, or long-chain alkyl-modified polymers.

5. The system for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water according to any one of claims 2-4, characterized in that, The dynamic polarization interface functional layer is disposed in the flow reaction channel in the form of a coating layer, a porous membrane layer, a particle-filled layer, a fiber layer, or a three-dimensional porous structure. When a coating structure is used, its thickness is 10~500 μm; carbon-based functional materials are uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix to form a continuous dispersion network; When a porous membrane structure is used, the pore size is 10 nm to 10 μm and the porosity is 20% to 80%. When a particle-filled layer structure is used, the particle size of the filling particles is 50 μm to 5 mm. When a fiber layer structure is used, the fiber diameter is 100 nm to 100 μm; When a three-dimensional porous structure is used, its porosity is 50%~95% and its specific surface area is 50~1500 m². 2 / g.

6. A method for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water using the regulation system described in any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, include: S1. Construct a flow reaction channel with a dynamic polarization interface functional layer and provide continuous flow conditions to the drinking water to be treated. S2. Apply a non-uniform alternating electric field to the flow reaction channel through the external field control unit; S3. Under the synergistic effect of non-uniform alternating electric field and dynamic polarization interface functional layer, new pollutants undergo dipole polarization and form dynamic non-equilibrium enrichment at the interface. S4. Reduces the proportion of freely dissolved pollutants and inhibits cross-interface migration of pollutants; S5. Output treated drinking water.

7. The method for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step S2, the frequency of the alternating electric field is 10~2000 Hz; the intensity of the alternating electric field is 0.1~1.0 V / cm; the waveform of the alternating electric field is one or more of square wave, pulse wave, sine wave or triangular wave, and when square wave or pulse wave is used, the duty cycle is 10~80%.

8. The method for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water according to claim 7, characterized in that, The frequency of the alternating electric field is 500~1000 Hz; the strength of the alternating electric field is 0.3~0.8 V / cm; and the duty cycle of the alternating electric field is 30~50%.

9. The application of the system for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water according to any one of claims 1 to 5 or the method for regulating the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water according to any one of claims 6 to 8 in the regulation of the migration behavior of new pollutants in drinking water, characterized in that: The new pollutants are one or more of the following: perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl compounds, benzotriazole UV stabilizers, and sulfonamide antibiotics.

10. The application according to claim 9, characterized in that, The drinking water has a pH of 5-9 and a conductivity of 50-1500 μS / cm.

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