Method for manufacturing glass, glass and display glass

Abstract

The application relates to a glass manufacturing method, glass and display glass. The method comprises the following steps: placing a sleeve containing soluble material on the upper surface of a first glass layer; coating an adhesive layer on the upper surface of the first glass layer, and the adhesive layer covers the sleeve; covering a second glass layer on the adhesive layer and bonding the second glass layer with the first glass layer through the adhesive layer; curing the adhesive layer; and discharging the soluble material from the sleeve after the soluble material is dissolved, and forming a through hole. In the method, the risk of breakage in the glass slotting process is effectively avoided, and the overall product yield is improved. The manufacturing cost is reduced, and the method is suitable for the fields of display glass, display curtain wall and advertising display board.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the technical field of glass manufacturing, and more particularly to a method for manufacturing glass, glass, and display glass. Background Technology

[0002] With the development of architectural decoration and display technologies, multifunctional composite glass is attracting increasing attention. Existing technologies, such as the glass and its manufacturing method disclosed in patents CN111169118B and CN212097840U, involve pre-placing a filler rod (made of materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene or PET) in the adhesive layer between two glass layers, then bonding the two layers together using a lamination process, and finally removing the filler rod, thereby forming through-holes in the adhesive layer. These through-holes can be used to install components such as light-emitting strips, enabling the glass to have both display and light-emitting functions.

[0003] However, in actual production, the aforementioned existing technologies have the following problems: First, the filler rods used are mostly solid materials with a certain degree of elasticity. Under the high-pressure environment of the lamination process, the filler rods are prone to deformation due to the compression of the glass layer and the adhesive layer, resulting in uneven diameter of the final through-holes, with some being thick and some thin. This not only reduces the product yield but also increases production costs and process complexity. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Embodiments of this application provide a method for manufacturing glass, glass, and display glass to improve glass yield and reduce costs.

[0005] In a first aspect, this application provides a method for manufacturing glass, the method comprising the following steps: A sleeve containing soluble material is placed on the upper surface of the first glass layer; An adhesive layer is coated on the upper surface of the first glass layer, and the adhesive layer covers the sleeve; The second glass layer is covered on the adhesive layer and bonded to the first glass layer through the adhesive layer; Curing of the adhesive layer; The soluble material is dissolved and discharged from the sleeve, forming a through hole.

[0006] In this embodiment, the traditional method requires creating grooves in the glass layer to accommodate the filler rod. This grooving process is inherently difficult and prone to glass breakage due to stress concentration, resulting in a high breakage rate. This solution eliminates the need for any grooves in the first glass layer; the sleeve containing the soluble material is directly placed on the glass surface, thus eliminating the grooving process and offering the following technical advantages: First, the procurement cost of soluble materials (such as clay and soluble salts) is much lower than that of filler rods made of special materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene, and the sleeves (such as PVC hoses) are also common industrial consumables, so the cost is controllable. By reducing the expensive equipment and processing time required for the grooving process, the overall manufacturing cost can be significantly reduced.

[0007] Secondly, since there is no need to groove the brittle glass, the risk of glass breakage due to stress concentration is completely avoided. At the same time, soluble materials are discharged through melting rather than physical extraction, completely eliminating the possibility of filler fractures remaining inside the glass. This solution can significantly improve product yield.

[0008] In addition, the direct placement of the sleeve is simple and quick, saving the processing time of several to tens of minutes required for slotting, and eliminating the need for subsequent burr removal, which greatly shortens the production cycle and is suitable for large-scale mass production.

[0009] Finally, the sleeve is flexible and can be placed along any curved path, thus forming curved through-holes (such as arcs, S-shapes, and wavy shapes) within the adhesive layer, which is difficult to achieve with traditional mechanical grooving. These curved through-holes can be used to install flexible light-emitting strips, achieving irregularly shaped light-emitting effects or increasing the light scattering angle.

[0010] In some embodiments, the through-hole is entirely located within the adhesive layer. In this embodiment, since the through-hole does not involve the glass layer, the glass layer remains intact and its structural strength is not weakened. Furthermore, the through-hole forming quality depends only on the position and shape of the sleeve, and is not constrained by the processing precision of the glass layer, which helps improve the stability and consistency of the through-hole forming.

[0011] In some embodiments, after the step of placing the sleeve containing the soluble material on the upper surface of the first glass layer, the method further includes: limiting the sleeve by a clamp. In this embodiment, since the sleeve is only placed on the surface of the glass layer and is not limited by the groove, it is prone to displacement or bending during the adhesive application and pressing process. Limiting it by the clamp ensures that the sleeve maintains a preset straight or curved shape during the curing of the adhesive layer, thereby ensuring the positional and shape accuracy of the through hole.

[0012] In some embodiments, the two ends of the sleeve are clamped by a jig, and the sleeve is straightened to limit its position. In this embodiment, for a straight through hole, clamping both ends of the sleeve and applying constant tension ensures that the sleeve remains straight during the pressing process. For a curved through hole, the sleeve can be limited at multiple points along the curved trajectory by a jig to ensure that it conforms to the preset curved path.

[0013] In some embodiments, after the step of discharging the soluble material from the sleeve, the method further includes removing the sleeve from the glass. In this embodiment, after the soluble material is dissolved and discharged, the inside of the sleeve becomes hollow, significantly reducing the friction between it and the adhesive layer, allowing for easy removal. After removal, the inner wall of the through-hole becomes the smooth surface left by the outer wall of the sleeve, requiring no additional polishing. The removed sleeve can be cleaned and reused, further reducing material costs.

[0014] In some embodiments, the soluble material is made of at least one of clay and soluble salts, and the sleeve is a flexible tube. In this embodiment, clay and soluble salts are inexpensive and widely available, and the flexible tube (such as PVC or silicone tube) has good flexibility, can conform to straight or curved paths, and does not stick to the adhesive layer. The combination of the two results in a simple process and controllable cost.

[0015] In some embodiments, the method further includes the steps of: providing a sleeve and an adhesive layer on the lower surface of the first glass layer; covering the adhesive layer on the lower surface of the first glass layer with a third glass layer, and bonding it to the first glass layer through the adhesive layer. In this embodiment, a sleeve is also provided on the lower surface of the glass, which can form a two-layer through-hole structure in the same piece of glass, for installing light groups with different functions or colors, realizing dual-layer display or zoned control, enriching the display effect without increasing the number of glass layers. The two layers of through holes can be staggered in the thickness direction (i.e., the projections do not overlap), avoiding the concentrated through holes weakening the strength of the glass cross section, while providing independent space for the upper and lower light groups to prevent optical interference. The staggered setting can also double the overall through-hole density, which is suitable for high-resolution displays.

[0016] In some embodiments, the adhesive layers on the upper and lower surfaces of the first glass layer are cured simultaneously. In this embodiment, the upper and lower adhesive layers are simultaneously placed in an autoclave for heating and pressurization, eliminating the need for step-by-step processing, simplifying the process, shortening the production cycle, and ensuring that the forming conditions of the two through-holes are consistent, with controllable dimensional accuracy.

[0017] Secondly, this application provides a type of glass manufactured by the glass manufacturing method of any of the above embodiments. Since the above manufacturing methods can avoid glass breakage and filler fracture, and the process steps are simplified and material costs are low, the glass manufactured by this method has excellent qualities such as uniform through-hole size, smooth inner walls, and no residues. It boasts a high product yield and low manufacturing cost, providing a good foundation for subsequent processing into derivative products such as display glass.

[0018] Thirdly, this application provides a display glass, including a light-emitting strip and the glass as described above, with the light-emitting strip passing through a through-hole. Because the through-hole inside the glass has uniform dimensions and a smooth inner wall, the light-emitting strip experiences low resistance and is less prone to jamming during installation, resulting in high installation efficiency. Simultaneously, the through-hole provides physical isolation and protection for the light-emitting strip, shielding it from external wind and rain. Since the glass itself is manufactured using a low-cost, high-yield method, the overall manufacturing cost of this display glass is effectively controlled, making it suitable for mass production and widespread application.

[0019] Fourthly, this application provides a display wall, including the display glass as described above.

[0020] Fifthly, this application provides an advertising display board, including the display glass or the display wall as described above. The display wall and advertising display board utilize the aforementioned display glass. Because the through-hole molding quality of the display glass is stable and reliable, and the light-emitting components are easy to install and replace, the overall manufacturing and maintenance costs of the wall and advertising board are reduced. Simultaneously, due to the high manufacturing yield of the display glass and the low scrap rate during large-scale production, the unit cost is further reduced, giving it good market competitiveness. Attached Figure Description

[0021] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a glass provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 A glass manufacturing process method provided in this application embodiment; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the glass structure in this embodiment before the soluble substance is removed. Attached Figure Description

[0024] 1000, Glass; 100. First glass layer; 200. Second glass layer; 300. Adhesive layer; 500, Supporting medium; 510, Soluble material; 520, Sleeve; 600, through hole. Implementation

[0025] The following section will first explain some of the terms used in the embodiments of this application.

[0026] The terms "first," "second," "third," "fourth," etc., used in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this application are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments of this application described herein can be implemented, for example, in orders other than those illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion; for example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that comprises a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units not explicitly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products, or apparatus.

[0027] In this specification, the terms "vertical" and "parallel" are explained.

[0028] Perpendicularity: The perpendicularity defined in this application is not limited to an absolute perpendicular intersection (with an included angle of 90 degrees). It is permissible for non-absolute perpendicular intersections caused by factors such as assembly tolerances, design tolerances, and structural flatness. It is permissible for errors within a small angular range, such as an assembly error range of 80 to 100 degrees, which can all be understood as a perpendicular relationship.

[0029] Parallelism: Parallelism as defined in this application is not limited to absolute parallelism. This definition of parallelism can be understood as basic parallelism, allowing for situations where there is no absolute parallelism due to factors such as assembly tolerances, design tolerances, and structural flatness. However, this application also defines such situations as parallelism.

[0030] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a glass 1000 provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0031] Reference Figure 1The glass 1000 includes a first glass layer 100 and a second glass layer 200 stacked together, and an adhesive layer 300 bonded between the first glass layer 100 and the second glass layer 200. Multiple through holes 600 are formed within the glass 1000, with each end of the through hole 600 penetrating the side surface of the glass 1000 in its extending direction. The through holes 600 are completely located within the adhesive layer 300, keeping the glass layers intact. The cross-sectional shape of the through holes 600 is circular, but they can also extend along a curve to form arc-shaped, S-shaped, or wavy channels. Furthermore, the glass 1000 of this application may also include a double-layer through-hole 600 structure: through holes 600 are formed in the upper and lower adhesive layers of the first glass layer 100, and the upper and lower through holes 600 are staggered in the thickness direction of the glass 1000, thereby increasing the number of functional channels without weakening the strength of the glass 1000, realizing dual-layer display or zoned control. The glass 1000 in this embodiment has excellent qualities such as uniform through-hole size 600, smooth inner wall, and no residue, which greatly improves the product yield and significantly reduces the manufacturing cost, providing a good foundation for subsequent processing into derivative products such as display glass.

[0032] In order to produce the glass 1000 described above, the present application provides the following manufacturing method.

[0033] Reference Figures 1-3 This embodiment provides a method for manufacturing glass that eliminates the need to create any grooves in the first glass layer. The method includes the following steps: Step S110: Place the sleeve 520 containing the soluble material 510 directly on the upper surface of the first glass layer 100.

[0034] The sleeve 520 is made of flexible tubing, such as PVC, silicone, rubber, polyurethane, or PTFE. The inner diameter of the tubing matches the diameter of the required through-hole 600, for example, 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm, etc., can be selected as needed. Soluble material 510 is filled inside the sleeve 520, and can be clay (kaolin, bentonite, etc.) or soluble salts (sodium chloride, calcium chloride, etc.). The filling method for soluble material 510 is as follows: for clay, it is prepared into a slurry and injected into the sleeve, then dried and solidified; for soluble salts, the salt powder is loaded into the sleeve and vibrated and compacted, or melted and injected, then cooled and solidified.

[0035] Since no grooves need to be created, the processing requirements for the first glass layer 100 are greatly reduced in this step. The first glass layer 100 can be unprocessed flat glass. To ensure the accuracy of the sleeve 520's position, lines can be pre-drawn or positioning marks can be set on the upper surface of the first glass layer 100, and the sleeve 520 can be placed aligned with the positioning marks. For multiple parallel sleeves 520, a positioning fixture with multiple parallel grooves or holes can be used. Each sleeve 520 is placed into its corresponding groove or hole, and then the positioning fixture is placed on the first glass layer 100 to ensure the spacing and positional accuracy of each sleeve 520. The spacing can be set according to the display resolution requirements, such as 5mm, 10mm, 20mm, or 50mm.

[0036] Step S120: Clamp both ends of the sleeve 520 with a clamp and straighten the sleeve 520 to limit the position of the sleeve 520.

[0037] Since the sleeve 520 is placed only on the surface of the glass layer without being restrained by the groove, it is prone to displacement or bending during the adhesive application and pressing process. By clamping and straightening both ends of the sleeve 520 with a fixture, and applying constant tension, the sleeve 520 is kept straight in subsequent processes. The fixture can be a spring clamp, pneumatic gripper, or mechanical clamping device. Using a fixture for restraint helps improve product yield. It is understood that in some other embodiments, step S120 may be omitted.

[0038] Step S130: Apply an adhesive layer 300 to the upper surface of the first glass layer 100, and the adhesive layer 300 covers the sleeve 520.

[0039] The adhesive layer 300 is used for subsequent bonding of the second glass layer 200. The adhesive layer 300 can be PVB film, SGP film, EVA film, UV adhesive, or epoxy resin. Application methods include laying, scraping, rolling, or spraying. The thickness of the adhesive layer 300 should be greater than the diameter of the sleeve 520, generally 0.5-2 mm thicker than the sleeve diameter to ensure complete coverage of the sleeve.

[0040] Step S140: Cover the adhesive layer 300 with the second glass layer 200 and bond it to the first glass layer 100 through the adhesive layer 300.

[0041] Step S150: Cure the adhesive layer at 300°C.

[0042] To cure the adhesive layer 300, in one embodiment, the first glass layer 100 coated with the adhesive layer 300 is first placed entirely into a high-temperature resistant vacuum bag. The vacuum bag is preferably made of polyimide film or high-temperature resistant silicone cloth, which has high temperature resistance. After sealing the edges of the vacuum bag, a vacuum pump is connected to evacuate the bag until all the air inside is expelled, so that the adhesive layer 300 and the first glass layer 100 are tightly bonded together, eliminating interface bubbles.

[0043] After vacuuming is completed, the sealed vacuum bag is sent into an autoclave for heating and pressurization to set the shape.

[0044] Step S160: The soluble material 510 is melted and discharged from the sleeve 520, forming a through hole 600, which is completely located within the adhesive layer 300.

[0045] The solvent is selected according to the type of soluble material 510: water-soluble salts are dissolved in water, clay is softened in water or diluted acid and then rinsed, and soluble organic matter is dissolved in hot water. The solvent enters from both ends of the sleeve, dissolves the soluble material, and then exits.

[0046] Step S170: Remove the sleeve 520 from the glass to form a through hole 600.

[0047] After the soluble material is discharged, a cavity is formed inside the sleeve 520, significantly reducing the adhesion between the sleeve and the adhesive layer, allowing for easy pull-out or mechanical winding removal. After removal, the inner wall of the through-hole 600 becomes the smooth surface left by the outer wall of the sleeve, requiring no additional polishing. If the removed sleeve 520 is undamaged, it can be cleaned and reused. It is understood that in some other embodiments, the sleeve 520 may not need to be removed.

[0048] The method in this embodiment has the following significant advantages: In terms of cost and efficiency: the glass grooving process is eliminated, eliminating the need for expensive grooving equipment and lengthy machining, significantly shortening the production cycle. Soluble materials and tubing are both extremely low-cost materials, and the tubing is reusable, resulting in very low unit cost.

[0049] In terms of yield and structural strength: the risk of breakage caused by glass grooving is completely avoided, resulting in a significant improvement in overall yield. The glass layer remains intact, and the structural strength is not weakened in any way. Soluble materials melt and drain without the risk of breakage, and the through-hole penetration rate is extremely high.

[0050] In terms of design flexibility: the flexible hose has excellent flexibility and can be placed along any curved path, thus achieving curved through holes. This method requires no mechanical processing of the glass, making it particularly suitable for ultra-thin glass or applications requiring extremely high strength.

[0051] The glass 1000 produced by the method of this embodiment has uniform through-hole 600 size, smooth inner wall, no residue, and extremely low diameter deviation. The manufacturing cost is significantly reduced compared with traditional methods, providing a high-quality foundation for display glass and other derivative products.

[0052] This application also provides a manufacturing method for forming curved through holes in glass.

[0053] The difference between this embodiment and the previous embodiment is that the sleeve 520 is not placed in a straight line, but along a curved path. This method is particularly suitable for high-end scenarios such as artistic curtain walls and curved displays that require irregularly shaped lighting effects.

[0054] Specifically, on the upper surface of the first glass layer 100, a sleeve 520 containing soluble material 510 is placed along a preset curved path.

[0055] The curved path can be an arc, S-shape, wave, spiral, or any free curve. To ensure curve accuracy, a curve positioning template can be pre-fabricated with guide grooves that match the shape of the target curve. The sleeve 520 is then embedded in the guide grooves. For complex curves, multiple sets of clamps can be used to clamp and limit the curve at multiple points along the curve path. The radius of curvature of the curve should be greater than 10 times the diameter of the sleeve to avoid excessive bending that could cause blockage inside the sleeve.

[0056] The subsequent steps (applying adhesive layer, covering with second glass layer, curing, melting and draining, and removing the sleeve) are the same as in the above embodiment, and will not be repeated here.

[0057] The glass produced by the method of this embodiment has curved through-holes inside. These curved through-holes can be used to install flexible LED light strips or optical fibers. Light propagates along the curved path, producing dynamic light and shadow effects (such as arc-shaped light strips or wavy light strips), or the curve can be used to increase the scattering angle of light, making the display more uniform and softer. Traditional mechanical grooving cannot process curved grooves, giving this method an irreplaceable technical advantage.

[0058] This application also provides a manufacturing method for forming double-layer through holes and misaligned settings on glass.

[0059] This embodiment provides a manufacturing method in which through holes are formed on both the upper and lower sides of the first glass layer, which is suitable for occasions requiring dual-layer display, partitioned control or high-density layout.

[0060] Specifically: Step S310: Place a sleeve (containing soluble material 510) on the upper surface of the first glass layer 100 and arrange it along a preset path (straight line or curve).

[0061] Step S320: Place a lower sleeve (containing soluble material 510) on the lower surface of the first glass layer 100, arranged along a preset path.

[0062] The paths of the upper and lower sleeves can be the same or different. For example, the upper through-hole is used for red LED display and uses a straight path; the lower through-hole is used for blue LED display and uses a wavy path.

[0063] In one embodiment, the upper and lower sleeves are staggered in the glass thickness direction, meaning their projections do not overlap. The stagger distance can be set as needed, for example, by half a sleeve spacing. This staggered arrangement prevents the upper and lower through-holes from overlapping in the vertical direction, thus preventing the concentrated through-holes from weakening the glass cross-section strength. Simultaneously, the staggered channel provides independent space for the upper and lower lamp groups, avoiding optical interference and improving display clarity. Furthermore, the stagger allows for a higher density of upper and lower through-holes, suitable for high-resolution displays.

[0064] Step S330: Apply an adhesive layer to the upper surface of the first glass layer 100 to cover the upper sleeve; apply a lower adhesive layer to the lower surface of the first glass layer 100 to cover the lower sleeve. The materials of the upper and lower adhesive layers can be the same or different.

[0065] Step S340: The second glass layer 200 is placed over the upper adhesive layer, and the third glass layer is placed over the lower adhesive layer. The upper and lower adhesive layers are simultaneously cured using a lamination process (e.g., by placing the entire laminated layer into an autoclave for heating and pressurization), bonding the three glass layers together. Simultaneous curing eliminates the need for step-by-step processing, simplifying the process, shortening the production cycle, and ensuring consistent forming conditions for the through-holes in both layers.

[0066] Step S350: Dissolve and drain the soluble material inside the upper and lower sleeves (e.g., by immersing in water or injecting solvent), forming two layers of through holes. If further smoothing of the inner wall is required, the sleeves can be removed.

[0067] The double-layered perforated glass manufactured using the method described in this embodiment allows for the installation of red LED light strips in the upper perforation and blue LED light strips in the lower perforation, enabling zoned display or dual-color overlay effects and enhancing the richness of the displayed content. Because the upper and lower perforations are staggered, the glass strength remains unaffected, and the overall density can be doubled, making it particularly suitable for high-pixel-density display walls.

[0068] This application also provides a display glass, comprising a light-emitting strip and glass manufactured by any of the above methods, wherein the light-emitting strip is disposed within a through-hole. The light-emitting strip can be an LED strip (with LED beads encapsulated in a transparent strip), LED beads soldered onto a flexible circuit board, or a combination of optical fiber and light source. Because the through-hole has uniform size and smooth inner wall, the light-emitting strip passes through smoothly and is protected by the through-hole, resulting in a long service life. When the light-emitting strip is damaged, it can be easily removed and replaced, resulting in low maintenance costs.

[0069] This application also provides a display wall, including the aforementioned display glass. A display wall can be formed by splicing multiple display glasses, with adjacent glass sides bonded together and fixed by structural adhesive or mechanical connectors. When the display glass is curved, it can also form a curved display wall.

[0070] This application also provides an advertising display board, including the aforementioned display glass or display wall. The advertising display board can be used in bus stops, glass skybridges, glass railings, shop window advertisements, shopping mall displays, building lighting, and other applications.

[0071] The above description is merely an embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any variations or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present invention should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing glass, characterized in that, The method includes the following steps: A sleeve containing soluble material is placed on the upper surface of the first glass layer; An adhesive layer is coated on the upper surface of the first glass layer, and the adhesive layer covers the sleeve; The second glass layer is placed over the adhesive layer and bonded to the first glass layer through the adhesive layer; The adhesive layer is cured; The soluble material is dissolved and discharged from the sleeve, forming a through hole.

2. The method for manufacturing glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The through-hole is located entirely within the adhesive layer.

3. The method for manufacturing glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, After the step of placing the sleeve containing the soluble material on the upper surface of the first glass layer, the method further includes: The sleeve is positioned by a clamp.

4. The method for manufacturing glass according to claim 3, characterized in that, The two ends of the sleeve are clamped by a clamp and the sleeve is straightened to limit the position of the sleeve.

5. The method for manufacturing glass according to claim 3, characterized in that, After the step of dissolving the soluble material and discharging it from the sleeve, the method further includes: Remove the sleeve from inside the glass.

6. The method for manufacturing glass according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The soluble material is made of at least one of clay and soluble salts, and the sleeve is a flexible tube.

7. The method for manufacturing glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method further includes the following steps: A sleeve and an adhesive layer are also provided on the lower surface of the first glass layer; A third glass layer is placed on the adhesive layer on the lower surface of the first glass layer and bonded to the first glass layer through the adhesive layer.

8. The method for manufacturing glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The adhesive layers on the upper and lower surfaces of the first glass layer cure simultaneously.

9. A type of glass, characterized in that, The glass is formed by the glass manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1-8.

10. A display glass, characterized in that, The glass comprises a light-emitting strip and a glass manufactured by the method of manufacturing the glass as described in any one of claims 1-8, wherein the light-emitting strip is disposed within the through hole.

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