Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is a terminal supplied with power by environment power generation, and includes a control unit that determines a slot boundary based on modulation applied to a carrier waveform signal, and a transmission unit that performs transmission in a slot determined based on the slot boundary. According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, appropriate setting / control for A-IoT can be performed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to terminals, wireless communication methods, and base stations in next-generation mobile communication systems. Background Technology

[0002] In Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks, Long Term Evolution (LTE) was standardized for the purpose of further increasing data rates and reducing latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Furthermore, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was standardized for the purpose of further increasing capacity and advancing LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] The development of successor systems to LTE is also underway (e.g., also known as the 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), the 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel.15 and later, etc.).

[0004] Existing technical documents

[0005] Non-patent literature

[0006] Non-patent document 1: 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010 Summary of the Invention

[0007] The problem that the invention aims to solve

[0008] As a form of the Internet of Things (IoT) where all objects are connected to the internet, research related to Ambient IoT (A-IoT) has been ongoing in recent years. Ambient IoT can also be described as an ecosystem concept comprised of a large number of Ambient IoT (A-IoT) devices connected to wireless networks. The introduction of A-IoT is also being explored within 3GPP.

[0009] A-IoT devices are IoT devices powered by energy harvesting from the environment, and are either battery-less or have limited energy storage capacity (e.g., using capacitors). Energy harvesting is the technology of collecting energy from surrounding sources (e.g., electromagnetic energy, light energy, kinetic energy, heat energy, etc.) and converting it into electricity. A-IoT devices are expected to have long lifespans and be maintenance-free.

[0010] However, research has not yet made progress on how to configure / control the association for communication between A-IoT devices. Without such a configuration / control method, A-IoT devices cannot implement communication in a proper timing / resource manner, raising concerns that improvements in communication throughput / quality will be suppressed.

[0011] Therefore, one of the purposes of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, wireless communication method, and base station capable of implementing suitable setup / control for A-IoT.

[0012] Methods for solving problems

[0013] One aspect of this disclosure relates to a terminal that is powered by ambient power generation, comprising: a control unit that determines time slot boundaries based on modulation applied to a carrier waveform signal; and a transmission unit that performs transmission in a time slot determined based on the time slot boundaries.

[0014] Invention Effects

[0015] According to one aspect of this disclosure, suitable setup / control for A-IoT can be implemented. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1A as well as Figure 1B This is a diagram illustrating an example of a proposed connectivity topology for A-IoT networks and devices.

[0017] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating an example of time-slotted ALOHA control in A-IoT.

[0018] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the dedicated R2D time slot involved in the first embodiment.

[0019] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating an example of CW-based synchronization as described in Implementation 2.1.

[0020] Figure 5 This is a diagram illustrating an example of CW-based synchronization as described in Implementation 2.2.

[0021] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the schematic structure of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment.

[0022] Figure 7 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the structure of a base station according to one embodiment.

[0023] Figure 8 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the structure of a user terminal according to one embodiment.

[0024] Figure 9 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware structure of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment.

[0025] Figure 10 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. Detailed Implementation

[0026] (Environmental IoT)

[0027] As a form of IoT where all objects are connected to the internet, research related to environmental IoT has been ongoing in recent years. Environmental IoT can also be described as an ecosystem concept realized by a large number of environmental IoT (A-IoT) devices connected to wireless networks. The introduction of A-IoT is also being studied within 3GPP.

[0028] A-IoT devices are IoT devices powered by energy harvesting from the environment, and are either battery-less or have limited energy storage capacity (e.g., using capacitors). Energy harvesting is the technology of collecting energy from surrounding sources (e.g., electromagnetic energy, light energy, kinetic energy, heat energy, etc.) and converting it into electricity. A-IoT devices are expected to have long lifespans and be maintenance-free.

[0029] In this disclosure, A-IoT can also be interchanged with power-enabled IoT, etc. Furthermore, devices, terminals (terminal, user terminal, user equipment (UE)), etc., can also be interchanged.

[0030] In A-IoT, envisioned services can also include Device-Terminated (DT) and Device-Originated (DO). DO services can also include DO Autonomous (DO-A) and DO Device-Terminated Triggered (DO-DTT). For example, DT can also be information sent to the A-IoT UE without any transmission from the UE (e.g., a command). DO-DTT can also be information sent from the A-IoT UE via a network (NW) trigger (e.g., a sensor information report).

[0031] A-IoT devices can also communicate using the reflection / absorption of radio waves without a separate signal generation / amplification unit; in other words, they can perform backscatter communication. Backscatter communication can also be interleaved with Ambient Backscatter Communication (AmBC) and backscattering (transmission, etc.). A-IoT devices can also use a backscatterer that modulates the backscatter of an external carrier wave (Carrier Wave (CW)) for backscatter communication. Backscatter modulation can be achieved, for example, through on-off keying or by switching the antenna impedance.

[0032] A-IoT devices may not have an independent signal generation unit, but instead have an amplification unit for signal reflection. For example, they can amplify the modulated signal to perform backscatter communication.

[0033] In addition, A-IoT devices can also have independent signal generation / amplification units (e.g., active (activated) radio frequency (RF) components for transmission).

[0034] A-IoT devices may also have a receiving unit that receives signals based on envelope detection (also known as envelope wave detection).

[0035] An A-IoT device that lacks both energy storage and an independent signal generation / amplification unit can also be referred to as Device A. An A-IoT device with energy storage but lacking an independent signal generation unit can also be referred to as Device B. Device B can also use the stored energy to amplify the aforementioned signal. An A-IoT device with both energy storage and an independent signal generation unit can also be referred to as Device C.

[0036] Alternatively, the following devices can also be defined:

[0037] • Device 1: Peak power consumption ~1μW, with energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10 parts per million (ppm), no DL or UL amplification within the device. The device's UL transmission is backscattered by an externally supplied carrier.

[0038] • Device 2a: Peak power consumption ≤ hundreds of μW, with energy storage, initial SFO up to 10X ppm, DL / UL amplification within the device [both]. The device's UL transmission is backscattered via a carrier supplied from an external source.

[0039] • Device 2b: Peak power consumption ≤ hundreds of μW, with energy storage, initial SFO up to 10X ppm, DL amplification / UL amplification [both] performed within the device. The device's UL transmission is generated internally.

[0040] The classification of equipment such as equipment A, B, C, 1, 2a, 2b can also be referred to as equipment types.

[0041] A-IoT devices are envisioned to operate within the frequency range (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) defined in 3GPP. Furthermore, the use of at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) in A-IoT devices is under investigation. A-IoT devices utilizing FDD can switch carrier frequencies between downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) carriers.

[0042] Regarding A-IoT, several network topologies are being studied. Figure 1A as well as Figure 1B This is a diagram illustrating an example of the connection topology used for a hypothetical A-IoT network and devices.

[0043] exist Figure 1A In this topology (also known as Topology 1), A-IoT devices communicate directly and bidirectionally with the base station (BS). This communication can also include A-IoT data / signaling. The BS is, for example, a microcell, and is envisioned to perform DL / UL communication with A-IoT devices in close proximity.

[0044] exist Figure 1B In this topology (also known as Topology 2), the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with the intermediate node between the device and the BS. This communication may also include A-IoT data / signaling between the BS and the device. The intermediate node may be, for example, a relay, an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) node, a UE, a repeater, etc. The BS is, for example, a macro cell, and is envisioned to communicate with indoor A-IoT devices via DL / UL (through the Uu interface) through an indoor intermediate node.

[0045] We are currently researching how to make the signal design for A-IoT devices common between Topologies 1 and 2. Other topologies are also under investigation.

[0046] For transmissions from A-IoT devices, a contention-based (CB) access procedure (also known as CB access, CB transmission, etc.) is being investigated. Furthermore, for transmissions from A-IoT devices, the slotted-ALOHA (also known as time-slotted ALOHA) algorithm is being studied as a candidate.

[0047] Slotted ALOHA is an improvement on pure ALOHA. First, pure ALOHA has the following characteristics:

[0048] • The sender can send packets at any time interval;

[0049] When the receiver receives the packet normally, it replies with an acknowledgment signal (ACK).

[0050] If the sender fails to successfully receive an ACK within a certain period of time after the packet is sent, it will retransmit the packet after a random period of time.

[0051] Slotted ALOHA is a method that limits the timing of transmissions from terminals in pure ALOHA to time slot intervals. Compared with pure ALOHA, it reduces the probability of transmission conflicts from multiple terminals and improves throughput.

[0052] Figure 2 This diagram illustrates an example of slotted ALOHA control in A-IoT. Regarding slotted ALOHA in A-IoT, consider the following:

[0053] • Define the length as T slot Time slots;

[0054] • NW triggers transmissions from A-IoT devices without performing device identification;

[0055] The sender (A-IoT device) determines the set of time slots used to send resource candidates (in other words, the set of time slots with a length of T). window (time slot)

[0056] • One or more Ts used for transmission slot From T window [Among them] to choose.

[0057] T slot The time slot can also be referred to as a unit of time or time unit used for transmission.

[0058] Alternatively, device identification can be performed by acquiring information used to identify the A-IoT device (such as a device identifier (ID)). The NW can identify devices through a contention-based access process, and then send device-oriented messages to the identified A-IoT device. Device identification can also be interchanged with pre-identification, or simply identification.

[0059] A device that receives signals from A-IoT devices can also be called a reader. Figure 2 First, NW sends a trigger (trigger signal) to the A-IoT device for transmission. Then, the A-IoT device determines T. window During the period (14 time slots in this example), a time slot within that period is selected (the 10th time slot in this example), and a signal is sent to the reader in that time slot.

[0060] In this disclosure, T window It can also be used with a window size of Twindow The period, [time] window, etc. can be rewritten.

[0061] The device can also determine the start / end timing and length of the window based on the trigger signal.

[0062] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the NW, reader, receiving device (of signals from the UE), BS, intermediate node, carrier transmitter, etc., can be interchanged. Additionally, the carrier transmitter can be a device physically different from the reader. Moreover, the trigger signal can be transmitted from a device in the NW described above that is different from the reader.

[0063] In addition, A-IoT devices can also monitor (attempt to receive) the trigger after the charging time has been completed by generating electricity from the environment.

[0064] (Research Project)

[0065] Compared to asynchronous structures, the reasons for focusing research on A-IoT as a system that accompanies time synchronization are as follows:

[0066] From the perspective of NW, it is preferable to reuse traditional frame structures that make it easier for A-IoT to coexist with conventional NR, and it is also preferable that at least the time slot boundaries are consistent in A-IoT communication;

[0067] • It is assumed that the sampling frequency offset (SFO) in the communication of A-IoT devices is relatively large. From the device's perspective, assume the maximum SFO is 10. 5 If the value is ppm, a timing error of 100 μs may be observed within 1 ms, but assuming the maximum SFO is 10... 3 ppm or 10 4 ppm, or a specific SFO (e.g., not the initial SFO but the synchronized SFO), is approximately 10. 2 ppm is assumed to be a timing error that is not too large compared to the length of the time slot / symbol / chip;

[0068] • By aligning the timings between A-IoT devices, more accurate and efficient time-slot ALOHA can be achieved.

[0069] In a time-slot aligned system envisioned for A-IoT, it is assumed that each transmission does not exceed (or will not exceed) the time slot boundary.

[0070] One challenge is how to handle the signal structure in the aforementioned system, taking into account timing errors caused by the large SFO (Scheduled Forward Error) of A-IoT devices. Research on this signal structure has not yet made progress. Without this signal structure, A-IoT devices cannot implement communication in a proper timing / resource context, raising concerns that improvements in communication throughput / quality will be hampered.

[0071] Based on the above research, the inventors of this invention have devised a suitable setting / control method for communication of A-IoT devices.

[0072] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The wireless communication methods involved in each embodiment can be applied individually or in combination.

[0073] (Various rewrites)

[0074] In this disclosure, terms enclosed in parentheses "()" can also indicate explanations of the preceding term (e.g., spelling notes), rewrites, specific examples, supplementary explanations, etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms enclosed in square brackets "[]" can be used to interpret the meaning of the entire article, either including it or ignoring it. Additionally, "()" and "[]" can also be used for purposes / meanings other than these.

[0075] In this disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be rewritten as each other. In addition, in this disclosure, "A / B / C" may also mean "at least one of A, B and C".

[0076] In this disclosure, terms such as notification, activation, deactivation, indication (or indication), selection, configuration, update, and determination can be overridden. Similarly, terms such as support, control, ability to control, operation, and ability to operate can also be overridden.

[0077] In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher-level parameters, fields, Information Elements (IE), settings, etc., can also be modified interchangeably. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) elements (MAC ControlElement (CE)), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc., can also be modified interchangeably.

[0078] In this disclosure, higher-layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocol messages, such as NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) messages), or combinations thereof.

[0079] In this disclosure, MAC signaling may also use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MACCE) or a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Broadcast information may also be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), a Minimum System Information (Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI)), or Other System Information (OSI).

[0080] In this disclosure, physical layer signaling may also be, for example, downlink control information (DCI), uplink control information (UCI), etc.

[0081] In this disclosure, the device can also be rewritten with A-IoT devices, devices powered by ambient electricity generation, devices that implement backscatter communication, etc.

[0082] In this disclosure, the physical channel for transmitting data / information / control signals / services from the reader to the device can also be referred to as the Physical Reader to Device Channel (PRDCH). Additionally, PRDCH can also be referred to by other names, such as the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), A-IoT-oriented PDSCH (A-PDSCH), etc. When the reader is a BS (Browser / Base Station), these can also be defined as DL (Downlink); when the reader is an intermediate node, these can also be defined as DL or sidelink.

[0083] In this disclosure, the physical channel for transmitting data / information / control signals / services from the device to the reader can also be referred to as the Physical Device to Reader Channel (PDRCH). Additionally, PDRCH can also be referred to by other names, such as the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), A-IoT PUSCH (A-PUSCH), etc. When the reader is a BS (Browser / Base Station), these can also be defined as UL (Upper Link); when the reader is an intermediate node, these can also be defined as UL or sidelink.

[0084] R2D transmission can include the preamble, midamble, and postamble of the R2D transmission, as well as data / control signals transmitted via PRDCH, and a carrier for backscattering.

[0085] Unless otherwise specified, "transmit" below can also refer to D2R transmission. D2R transmission can also be interchanged with PDRCH [transmit]. R2D transmission can also be interchanged with PRDCH [transmit]. Furthermore, R2D transmission [from the reader] can be interchanged with R2D reception [in the device]. D2R transmission [from the device] can also be interchanged with D2R reception [in the reader].

[0086] Furthermore, in this disclosure, [R2D / D2R] synchronization signals, timing acquisition signals, preambles / mid-preambles / post-preambles, sequence-based signals, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0087] Additionally, in this disclosure, NR symbol means a symbol defined in an NR (e.g., a period of 14 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols in 1 millisecond if the subcarrier spacing is 15 kHz). Furthermore, in this disclosure, NR slot means a slot defined in an NR (e.g., a period of 14 NR symbols in the case of a conventional cyclic prefix).

[0088] In this disclosure, a time slot may also be associated with one or more NR time slots, or with a time unit (e.g., T) in time slot ALOHA. slot The time slot), one or more NR symbols, a specific time [unit], etc. are mutually rewritten.

[0089] Furthermore, the following implementation methods are envisioned to be applied... Figure 2 The above-mentioned operation based on time slot ALOHA is applied to time slot synchronization systems (systems in which the time slots used by each device are aligned), but it is not limited to this and can also be applied to time slot asynchronous systems (systems in which the time slots used by each device are not aligned).

[0090] (Wireless communication method)

[0091] <First Implementation>

[0092] The first embodiment relates to an R2D synchronization signal. The R2D synchronization signal can be either a synchronization signal used for synchronization between the reader and the device, or it can be transmitted by the reader. The device can also use the R2D synchronization signal to correct timing errors [for time slots / for R2D reception / for D2R transmission].

[0093] R2D synchronization signals can also be transmitted in an R2D-dedicated slot located between two subsets of D2R candidate slots. Furthermore, a D2R transmission window can contain multiple subsets as well as multiple R2D-dedicated slots. A subset of D2R candidate slots can also correspond to a portion of the window formed by dividing the D2R candidate slots using R2D-dedicated slots. Additionally, R2D synchronization signals can be transmitted before / after a subset of D2R candidate slots (where R2D-dedicated slots may exist), rather than / not only between two subsets of D2R candidate slots.

[0094] D2R candidate time slots can also be within the D2R transmission window (as mentioned above, T). windowDuring this period, the device can select the time slot (the time slot where D2R transmission can be performed) for D2R transmission. In this disclosure, D2R candidate time slots, D2R transmission candidate time slots, etc., can also be modified. In this disclosure, D2R transmission windows, windows, etc., can also be modified.

[0095] R2D dedicated time slots can also be time slots defined for R2D or not selected for D2R transmission within the D2R transmission window. R2D dedicated time slots can also be interchanged with D2R transmission prohibited time slots, D2R non-transmission time slots, etc.

[0096] R2D dedicated time slots can also be time slots corresponding to at least one of the following:

[0097] • Periodic time slots within the window;

[0098] • The time slot set / indicated within the window;

[0099] • Continuous time slots / discontinuous time slots;

[0100] • X slot before or after the D2R candidate slot;

[0101] • A time slot determined based on the offset relative to the trigger signal;

[0102] • The time slot is determined based on the offset relative to the start of the window.

[0103] Information for dedicated R2D time slots can be specified in standards, predefined in the system, or communicated to devices via readers. This information can be included in R2D synchronization signals, in R2D transmissions outside of synchronization signals (e.g., PRDCH), or in trigger signals for D2R transmissions.

[0104] The information used for R2D dedicated time slots may also include at least one of the following: information indicating the location of the R2D dedicated time slot [within the window], such as the period / offset based on the start / end time slot, the bitmap corresponding to the location of the R2D dedicated time slot (e.g., '1' indicates presence, '0' indicates absence), the value of X mentioned above, and the offset relative to the start of the trigger signal / window.

[0105] Additionally, the device can also implicitly acquire information for dedicated R2D time slots. For example, if more than two subsets of D2R candidate time slots are set, the device can determine that more than one time slot between the subsets is a dedicated R2D time slot.

[0106] [The device is envisioned] as a signal that is (possibly) transmitted in a dedicated R2D time slot, which may also correspond to at least one of the following:

[0107] • R2D synchronization signal and R2D signal;

[0108] • R2D synchronization signal only.

[0109] In this disclosure, R2D signals, R2D signals without R2D synchronization signals, R2D control signals / data signals, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0110] [The device is envisioned as] a dedicated R2D time slot (potentially capable of transmitting) where both the R2D synchronization signal and the R2D signal (signal type 1) are transmitted can also be called a Type 1 R2D dedicated time slot. [The device is envisioned as] a dedicated R2D time slot where only the R2D synchronization signal (signal type 2) is transmitted can also be called a Type 2 R2D dedicated time slot. Alternatively, no R2D signal may be transmitted within a dedicated R2D time slot.

[0111] When multiple dedicated R2D time slots exist within a window, each dedicated R2D time slot can contain different signals. For example, a dedicated R2D time slot within a window may contain only an R2D synchronization signal, while another dedicated R2D time slot within the same window may contain both an R2D synchronization signal and an R2D signal.

[0112] The start / end timing of an arbitrary / continuous signal transmitted in a dedicated R2D time slot can also correspond to at least one of the following:

[0113] • The start (beginning) / end (final) of this dedicated R2D time slot;

[0114] • The timing offset begins from the start (initial) of this dedicated R2D time slot;

[0115] • Before the end (final) timing offset of this R2D dedicated time slot.

[0116] In addition, the [start / end] timing can be the same or different in both Type 1 R2D dedicated time slots and Type 2 R2D dedicated time slots.

[0117] Information for dedicated R2D time slots may also include at least one of the [start / end] timing of signals transmitted within that time slot, the timing offset mentioned above, etc.

[0118] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a dedicated R2D time slot according to the first embodiment. In this example, the window (T) windowThree time slots (time slots 4, 8, and 12) during this period are designated as dedicated R2D time slots. That is, the period of the dedicated R2D time slots in this example is 4 time slots. The first subset of D2R candidate time slots is time slots 1-3, the second subset is time slots 5-7, the third subset is time slots 9-11, and the fourth subset is time slots 13-14.

[0119] In the dedicated R2D time slot, signal type 1 / 2 as shown in the diagram can also be sent from the reader. Figure 3 Signal type 1 is set to the R2D synchronization signal + R2D signal ending timing offset arriving earlier than the last time slot. Figure 3 Signal type 2 is set such that the end timing of the R2D synchronization signal arrives with a timing offset earlier than the last time slot.

[0120] Signal type 1 can also contain the preamble of R2D [synchronization signal] + R2D signal + (if present) the postamble of R2D [synchronization signal].

[0121] In addition, the trigger signal can also have a different signal structure than the dedicated R2D time slot. Figure 3 The trigger signal is set such that an R2D synchronization signal exists at the beginning of the time slot, and the R2D signal continues until the end of the time slot.

[0122] exist Figure 3 During the window period, the device sends a D2R signal to the reader in the 10th time slot (more specifically, the preamble of the D2R [synchronization signal] + the D2R signal + (if present) the postamble of the D2R [synchronization signal]).

[0123] The device can also send D2R synchronization signals at specific intervals within a D2R transmission. The reader can correct timing errors of [time slots] based on the D2R synchronization signal, correct timing associated with any D2R transmission, and control the reception processing of any D2R transmission.

[0124] The device may also choose not to receive all of the transmitted R2D synchronization signals.

[0125] For example, the device may also, in order to transmit the D2R, not receive any other R2D synchronization signals within the window if it receives the last X (X≥1) R2D synchronization signals before the D2R transmission. In this disclosure, "last" and "most recent" can be interchanged.

[0126] In addition, the device may also not receive other R2D synchronization signals within the window [for the purpose of this D2R transmission] if there is a sufficient time gap before receiving the last X (X≥1) R2D synchronization signals before the D2R transmission.

[0127] Alternatively, the device can also transmit D2R transmissions in multiple time slots / subsets within a window. In this case, the aforementioned D2R transmission can be rewritten as each D2R transmission only requires the device to receive the final X (X≥1) R2D synchronization signals [with sufficient time gaps] prior to each D2R transmission.

[0128] Furthermore, if the R2D synchronization signal / R2D signal indicates that subsequent R2D synchronization signals are not directed to the aforementioned device, the device may also choose not to receive R2D synchronization signals for a certain time window period. Additionally, the information indicating whether the R2D synchronization signal is directed to or not directed to a specific device can also be information used to identify the device (e.g., device ID). Furthermore, R2D synchronization signals directed to a specific device can also be generated based on information used to identify that specific device (e.g., device ID) (e.g., sequences / resources can also be associated with the device ID).

[0129] Alternatively, if the D2R transmission is scheduled in such a way that there is no sufficient time gap between the D2R transmission in the time slot and its last preceding R2D synchronization signal, the device may not receive the last R2D synchronization signal.

[0130] The aforementioned time window [duration], sufficient time interval, and X, etc., can be specified in the standard, predefined in the system, or notified to the device by the reader.

[0131] The device can also receive part or all of the R2D synchronization signal from time tk to time t when D2R is transmitted at time t. Alternatively, the device can choose not to receive [part or all] of the R2D synchronization signal after the corresponding R2D reception (transmission) and before time tk. Furthermore, in this disclosure, not receiving can be interchanged with skipping receiving.

[0132] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the R2D transmission corresponding to a certain D2R transmission can mean either including a T used to determine that D2R transmission. slot The R2D transmission of information can also correspond to the trigger signal of the D2R transmission.

[0133] The aforementioned k can be specified in the standard, predefined in the system, or notified to the device via a reader. k can also depend on at least one of the following: device, device type, capability, device status (e.g., active / inactive / dormant), and service type, specifically the initial SFO. This initial SFO can also correspond to at least one of the following: maximum SFO, average SFO, or assumed SFO. The unit of k can also be ms / μs, a time slot, or a chip. k can be negative, positive, or zero.

[0134] Instead of defining the time duration for receiving R2D synchronization signals, the number (or number of) R2D synchronization signals received can also be defined. In this disclosure, the period / duration of the R2D synchronization signal and the number of R2D synchronization signals can also be interchanged.

[0135] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "receiving / receiving R2D synchronization signal" can also be rewritten as "transmitting / transmitting D2R synchronization signal".

[0136] The device can also receive R2D signals in one or more of the following dedicated R2D time slots (or is capable of receiving them):

[0137] • All dedicated R2D time slots;

[0138] • Only the dedicated R2D time slot after the completion of all D2R transmissions by the aforementioned equipment itself, or only before the completion of all D2R transmissions;

[0139] • R2D dedicated time slots other than those where the transmit-receive (or receive-transmit) switching gap is insufficient (in other words, there is no sufficient gap above the aforementioned switching gap between the device's own D2R transmission and the reception of the R2D signal in a certain time slot).

[0140] In addition, the device can receive R2D synchronization signals in R2D dedicated time slots that do not correspond to any of the above one or more (i.e., only not receive R2D signals), or it can not receive both R2D synchronization signals and R2D signals.

[0141] R2D dedicated time slots can be counted to determine the window, or they can be left uncounted. In other words, the length of the window can be either the sum of the R2D dedicated time slots and the D2R candidate time slots, or it can be the length of only the D2R candidate time slots. D2R candidate time slots can be defined as either containing R2D dedicated time slots or not containing R2D dedicated time slots.

[0142] Alternatively, the R2D synchronization signal can also be sent before (e.g., immediately before) the start time slot of the window. In this case, the device can use the R2D synchronization signal to properly implement synchronization for D2R transmission in the start time slot of the window.

[0143] The reader can also skip transmitting R2D synchronization / R2D signals that are [intended to be] not received by the device. This reduces the reader's load or allows for efficient use of wireless resources (resources can be used for other signals).

[0144] According to the first embodiment described above, the device can appropriately receive R2D synchronization signals and use them for synchronization, and appropriately implement D2R transmission.

[0145] <Second Implementation>

[0146] The second embodiment relates to carrier wave (CW)-based synchronization. In this disclosure, the carrier, carrier waveform, carrier waveform signal, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0147] The device can also synchronize and perform D2R transmission based on CW reception. CW can also be modulated [via a CW transmitter] so that the device can identify a specific timing. This specific timing can be, for example, the boundary (start or end timing) of a symbol / slot / [sub]frame.

[0148] The modulation method applied to CW can be at least one of amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). Additionally, ASK, which represents a binary (1-bit) signal by whether a signal is emitted (or detected), can also be called on-off keying (OOK). In this disclosure, amplitude and power can also be interconverted. As PSK, binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) can be used, for example.

[0149] The device can also determine slot boundaries based on the modulation applied to CW and perform D2R transmission in the slots determined based on those slot boundaries. The device can identify the slots where D2R transmission should be performed by counting the slots within a window.

[0150] CW can also be modulated and transmitted per symbol / slot / [sub]frame with a different shift amount (e.g., amplitude shift, frequency shift, phase shift) associated with the modulation. The device can also detect changes in this shift amount used for CW modulation, with the timing at which the shift is assumed / determined to be a slot boundary. Furthermore, the shift amount, shift value, phase value (described later), and amplitude value can be interchanged.

[0151] During a certain period, CW may also be modulated and transmitted in a manner different from other periods, with a modulation-related offset. The device may also detect that the offset used in the modulation of CW during a certain period is different from other periods, and assume / determine that the beginning / end of that period is the specific timing mentioned above.

[0152] When more than two offsets are used in CW modulation, the device can also determine the slot index based on the offset for each slot.

[0153] <<Implementation Method 2.1>>

[0154] In implementation 2.1, CW can also be applied with a phase offset that varies for each time slot. When the phase of CW changes (e.g., from 0 to π), the device can also assume / determine the timing of the phase change as the time slot boundary.

[0155] More than two phase values ​​(phase offsets) can also be defined. In this case, each phase value can also be used to represent a slot [boundary] index. For example, it is also possible to define three phase values ​​applied to CW, with the first phase value (e.g., +π / 2) applied in slot #i (i = 3j or 3j+1 or 3j+2. Here, j is any integer), the second phase value (e.g., +π) applied in slot #i+1, and the third phase value (e.g., -π / 2) applied in slot #i+2.

[0156] Figure 4 This diagram illustrates an example of CW-based synchronization as described in Implementation Method 2.1. This example is related to... Figure 2 The two are largely the same, except that BPSK is applied to CW (e.g., the phase value is 0 in odd-numbered time slots and π in even-numbered time slots).

[0157] The device can also determine that the timing of the phase value switching applied to the received / detected CW is a time slot boundary. Furthermore, the device can determine the time slot index based on the phase value applied to the received / detected CW. The device can also identify and determine a time slot for D2R transmission based on this time slot boundary / time slot index, and implement D2R transmission in that time slot.

[0158] <<Implementation Method 2.2>>

[0159] In implementation 2.2, CW may also be applied with an amplitude offset different from other periods during a certain period. If the amplitude of CW is a specific value (e.g., 0) during a certain period, the device may also assume / determine that the beginning / end of that period is the specific timing mentioned above.

[0160] The aforementioned period can be one or more chip periods (chip lengths), or it can be specified in the standard, or it can be notified to the device by the reader.

[0161] More than two amplitude values ​​(amplitude offsets) can also be defined. In this case, each amplitude value can also be used to represent a slot [boundary] index. For example, it is also possible that, in the case of defining 3 amplitude values ​​applied to CW, the first amplitude value (e.g., 0) is applied during the aforementioned period of slot #i (i = 3j or 3j+1 or 3j+2. Here, j is any integer), the second amplitude value (e.g., 1 / 3) is applied during the aforementioned period of slot #i+1, and the third amplitude value (e.g., 2 / 3) is applied during the aforementioned period of slot #i+2. Alternatively, a fourth amplitude value (or the default amplitude value) (e.g., 1) can be applied during periods other than those mentioned above.

[0162] Figure 5 This diagram illustrates an example of CW-based synchronization as described in Implementation 2.2. This example is related to... Figure 2 They are largely the same, except that the amplitude value of 1 / 2 is applied at the timing (the length of which is one cycle of the waveform) at the beginning of the time slot equivalent to CW (while the amplitude value of 1 is applied at other timings).

[0163] The device can also determine that the initial timing of the CW amplitude value applied to the received / detected signal (CW) is 1 / 2, which is the time slot boundary. Based on this time slot boundary, the device can also identify and determine the time slot for transmitting D2R and implement D2R transmission in that time slot.

[0164] <<Modifications of the Second Embodiment>>

[0165] The content described in embodiments 2.1 and 2.2 can also be rewritten and utilized by applying any modulation scheme to the CW. In addition, the CW-based synchronization (e.g., the determination of time slot boundaries / indices) can be implemented either after the trigger signal is received [and until the end of the window], or before / at the time of receiving the trigger signal.

[0166] In the second embodiment, at least one of the following related information can be predefined in the system, determined based on information used to identify the device (e.g., device ID), or notified to the device via a reader:

[0167] • Modulation methods applied to CW;

[0168] • A set of offsets used for modulation (e.g., the phase values ​​and amplitude values ​​mentioned above);

[0169] • The length of the aforementioned specific timing / period [as described above].

[0170] When using the CW-based synchronization of the second embodiment, the R2D synchronization signal in the first embodiment may or may not be transmitted. For example, the device may implement first-level synchronization based on the R2D synchronization signal and second-level synchronization based on CW. The first-level synchronization may be finer or coarser than the second-level synchronization. For example, the first-level synchronization may be symbol (or time slot) level synchronization, and the second-level synchronization may also be time slot (or symbol) level synchronization.

[0171] According to the second embodiment described above, the device can appropriately implement synchronization based on the modulation applied to the received (detected) CW.

[0172] <Supplement>

[0173] <<Information Notification to UE>>

[0174] The notification of any information from the network (NW) (e.g., base station (BS)) to the UE in the above-described embodiments (in other words, the reception of any information from the BS in the UE) can also be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), specific signals / channels (e.g., DCI, PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signals), or combinations thereof.

[0175] In the case where the above notification is made via MAC CE, the MAC CE can also be identified by the fact that a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) not specified in the existing standard is included in the MAC subheader.

[0176] When the above notification is made through a DCI, the notification can also be made through specific fields of the DCI, the Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used in the scrambling of the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0177] Furthermore, the notification of any information to the UE in the above embodiments can also be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or non-periodically.

[0178] <<Notifications from UE>>

[0179] The notification of any information from the UE (to the NW) in the above embodiments (in other words, the transmission / reporting of any information from the UE to the BS) can also be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MACCE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signals), or combinations thereof.

[0180] In the case where the above notification is made via MAC CE, the MAC CE can also be identified by the fact that a new LCID, which is not specified in the existing standard, is included in the MAC subheader.

[0181] In cases where the above notification is sent via UCI, the notification may also be sent using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0182] Furthermore, the notification of any information from the UE in the above embodiments can also be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or non-periodically.

[0183] <<Application of Each Implementation Method>>

[0184] In the UE / BS, a specific processing / operation / control / conception / information regarding at least one of the above-described embodiments may also be applied (or used) if any one or more of the following conditions are met:

[0185] • High-level parameters are set to represent the specific processing / operation / control / conception / information mentioned above;

[0186] The specific processing / operation / control / concept / information mentioned above is determined based on associated high-level parameters;

[0187] The aforementioned specific processing / operation / control / conception / information is specified / activated / triggered via MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS;

[0188] • The report or support indicates (or is associated with) the specific UE capability of the aforementioned specific processing / operation / control / conception / information.

[0189] The application of the aforementioned specific processing / operation / control / conception / information is judged based on specific conditions.

[0190] The specific UE capability mentioned above can also represent at least one of the following:

[0191] • Supports the specific processing / operation / control / concept / information mentioned above;

[0192] It is an A-IoT device;

[0193] • The terminal that supplies electricity through environmentally generated electricity;

[0194] • Supports dedicated R2D time slots [within a window];

[0195] • Supports synchronization based on modulated CW.

[0196] Furthermore, the aforementioned specific UE capabilities can be applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), or per frequency (e.g., one or a combination of cells, bands, band combinations, BWPs, component carriers, etc.), or per frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), or per subcarrier spacing (SCS), or per feature set (FS) or per feature set per component carrier (FSPC), or per function / model.

[0197] Furthermore, the aforementioned specific UE capabilities can be either the ability to be applied across all duplex modes (commonly regardless of the duplex mode) or the capability for each duplex mode (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0198] If the above conditions are not met, the UE / BS may also follow the operations specified in the existing 3GPP version.

[0199] (Postscript)

[0200] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure, the following invention is noted.

[0201] [Appendix 1]

[0202] A terminal, which is a terminal that receives electricity through environmental power generation, has the following features:

[0203] The control unit, based on instructions received from the base station, determines the timing of transmission within a certain window; and

[0204] The receiving unit receives the synchronization signal in a dedicated time slot among a subset of time slots selectable for transmission within the window.

[0205] [Appendix 2]

[0206] The terminal described in Appendix 1,

[0207] The control unit controls the selection of the dedicated time slot as the timing for the transmission.

[0208] [Appendix 3]

[0209] The terminal described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2,

[0210] If the receiving unit receives one or more synchronization signals prior to the transmission, it will not receive other synchronization signals within the window.

[0211] [Appendix 4]

[0212] The terminal described in any of Notes 1 to 3,

[0213] The receiving unit receives data or control signals other than the synchronization signal only in the dedicated time slot after the transmission.

[0214] (Postscript)

[0215] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure, the following invention is noted.

[0216] [Appendix 1]

[0217] A terminal, which is a terminal that receives electricity through environmental power generation, has the following features:

[0218] The control unit determines time slot boundaries based on the modulation applied to the carrier waveform signal; and

[0219] The transmitting unit performs transmission in the time slot determined based on the time slot boundary.

[0220] [Appendix 2]

[0221] The terminal described in Appendix 1,

[0222] The control unit determines that the timing at which the offset used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal changes is the time slot boundary.

[0223] [Appendix 3]

[0224] The terminal described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2,

[0225] If the offset used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal during a certain period is different from the offset used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal during other periods, the control unit determines that the last or the first period is the time slot boundary.

[0226] [Appendix 4]

[0227] The terminal described in any of Notes 1 to 3,

[0228] When more than two offsets are used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal, the control unit determines the time slot index based on the offset.

[0229] (Wireless communication system)

[0230] The structure of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of this disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one or a combination of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of this disclosure.

[0231] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the schematic structure of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may also be simply referred to as System 1) may also be a system that uses Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5GNR) as standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0232] Furthermore, the wireless communication system 1 can also support dual connectivity between multiple radio access technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC can also include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0233] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the Master Node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the Secondary Node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0234] Wireless communication system 1 can also support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (e.g., MN and SN are dual connectivity between NR base stations (gNB) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0235] The wireless communication system 1 may also include a base station 11 forming a macro cell C1 with a relatively wide coverage area, and a base station 12 (12a-12c) configured within the macro cell C1 and forming a small cell C2 narrower than the macro cell C1. The user terminal 20 may also be located within at least one cell. The configuration, number, shape, size, etc., of each cell and the user terminal 20 are not limited to the manner shown in the figure. Hereinafter, without distinguishing between base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0236] Alternatively, the wireless communication system 1 can also utilize Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). For example, a cell can be formed by one antenna / base station 10 or by multiple antennas / base stations 10. A [virtual] cell (e.g., also referred to as a super cell) can also be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (e.g., also referred to as sub-cells). A super cell can also correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a sub-cell can also correspond to a cell with a semi-static / dynamically varying physical range. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 can also be referred to as a cellless system.

[0237] User terminal 20 may also connect to at least one of multiple base stations 10. User terminal 20 may also utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CC) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0238] Each CC can also be included in at least one of the first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and the second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). Macro cell C1 can also be included in FR1, and small cell C2 can also be included in FR2. For example, FR1 can also be a frequency band below 6 GHz (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 can also be a frequency band above 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). In addition, the frequency bands, definitions, etc. of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these; for example, FR1 can also correspond to a frequency band higher than FR2.

[0239] In addition, in each CC, the user terminal 20 can also use at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) for communication.

[0240] Multiple base stations 10 can also be connected via wired (e.g., fiber optic cable based on the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wireless (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication between base stations 11 and 12 is used as a backhaul, base station 11, which is equivalent to a host station, can also be referred to as an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which is equivalent to a relay station, can also be referred to as an IAB node.

[0241] Base station 10 may also be connected to core network 30 via other base stations 10 or directly. Core network 30 may include at least one of Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 5G Core Network (5GCN), Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

[0242] The core network 30 may also include, for example, user plane functions (UPF), access and mobility management functions (AMF), session management functions (SMF), unified data management (UDM), application functions (AF), data network (DN), location management functions (LMF), and network functions (NF) such as operation, administration and maintenance (OAM). Alternatively, a single network node may provide multiple functions. Furthermore, communication with external networks (e.g., the Internet) can also be conducted via the DN.

[0243] User terminal 20 can also be at least one terminal that supports communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

[0244] In wireless communication system 1, wireless access methods based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can also be used. For example, in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) links, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) can also be used.

[0245] Wireless access methods can also be referred to as waveforms. In addition, in wireless communication system 1, other wireless access methods (e.g., other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) can also be applied in the wireless access methods of UL and DL.

[0246] As a downlink channel, the wireless communication system 1 can also use downlink shared channels (physical downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH))), broadcast channels (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH))), downlink control channels (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)) and so on, which are shared among the user terminals 20.

[0247] In addition, as uplink channels, the wireless communication system 1 may also use uplink shared channels (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)), uplink control channels (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), random access channels (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)) and so on, which are shared by each user terminal 20.

[0248] User data, high-level control information, and System Information Blocks (SIBs) are transmitted via PDSCH. User data and high-level control information can also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Blocks (MIBs) can be transmitted via PBCH.

[0249] Lower-layer control information can also be transmitted via PDCCH. This lower-layer control information may include, for example, downlink control information (DCI), which includes scheduling information for at least one of PDSCH and PUSCH.

[0250] Additionally, the DCI for scheduling PDSCH can also be called DL allocation, DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling PUSCH can also be called UL authorization, UL DCI, etc. Furthermore, PDSCH can be rewritten as DL data, and PUSCH can be rewritten as UL data.

[0251] In PDCCH detection, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) and a search space can be utilized. A CORESET corresponds to the resources used to search for DCIs. The search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. A CORESET can also be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE can also monitor CORESETs associated with a specific search space based on search space settings.

[0252] A search space can also correspond to a PDCCH candidate that matches one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces can also be referred to as a search space set. In addition, the terms "search space", "search space set", "search space setting", "search space set setting", "CORESET", "CORESET setting" etc. disclosed herein can be rewritten interchangeably.

[0253] The PUCCH can also be used to transmit at least one uplink control information (uplink control information (UCI)) including Channel State Information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (e.g., also known as Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACK knowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and Scheduling Request (SR). The PRACH can also be used to transmit the random access preamble used for establishing a connection with the cell.

[0254] Additionally, in this disclosure, terms such as downlink and uplink may be used without the word "link". Furthermore, the term "physical" may be omitted from the beginning of various channel names.

[0255] In wireless communication system 1, synchronization signals (SS) and downlink reference signals (DL-RS) can also be transmitted. In wireless communication system 1, as DL-RS, cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), positioning reference signals (PRS), and phase tracking reference signals (PTRS) can also be transmitted.

[0256] Synchronization signals can be, for example, at least one of the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and the secondary synchronization signal (SSS). A signal block containing SS (PSS, SSS) and PBCH (and DMRS for PBCH) can also be called an SS / PBCH block, SS block (SSB), etc. In addition, SS, SSB, etc. can also be called reference signals.

[0257] Furthermore, as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS), measurement reference signals (sounding reference signals (SRS)) and demodulation reference signals (DMRS) can also be transmitted in the wireless communication system 1. Additionally, DMRS can also be referred to as a user terminal-specific reference signal (UE-specific reference signal).

[0258] (Base station)

[0259] Figure 7This diagram illustrates an example of the structure of a base station according to one embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transmit / receive unit 120, a transmit / receive antenna 130, and a transmission path interface (transmission line interface) 140. Alternatively, the control unit 110, the transmit / receive unit 120, the transmit / receive antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140 may each be provided in more than one manner.

[0260] Furthermore, while this example primarily illustrates the functional blocks of the characteristic portions of this embodiment, it is also conceivable that the base station 10 may also possess other functional blocks required for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may also be omitted.

[0261] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., which are described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0262] The control unit 110 can also control signal generation and scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping). The control unit 110 can also control transmission, reception, and measurement using the transmit / receive unit 120, transmit / receive antenna 130, and transmission path interface 140. The control unit 110 can also generate data, control information, sequences, etc., to be transmitted as signals and forward them to the transmit / receive unit 120. The control unit 110 can also perform call processing (setting, releasing, etc.) of the communication channel, status management of the base station 10, and management of wireless resources.

[0263] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may also include a transmitting processing unit 1211 and a receiving processing unit 1212. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuitry, baseband circuitry, filters, phase shifters, measurement circuitry, transmitting / receiving circuitry, etc., as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0264] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 can be configured as a single integrated transmitting and receiving unit, or it can be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit can also be composed of a transmitting processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit can also be composed of a receiving processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0265] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be constructed from an antenna, such as an array antenna, as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0266] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can also transmit the aforementioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can also receive the aforementioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0267] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 may also use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc., to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0268] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (transmitting processing unit 1211) may, for example, perform processing at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer (e.g., RLC retransmission control), and Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (e.g., HARQ retransmission control) on the data and control information obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0269] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (transmitting processing unit 1211) can also perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may also include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filter processing, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (as needed), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output the baseband signal.

[0270] For baseband signals, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) can also perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., to the wireless frequency band, and transmit the wireless frequency band signals through the transmitting and receiving antenna 130.

[0271] On the other hand, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) can also amplify, filter, demodulate baseband signals, etc., for signals in the wireless frequency band that are received by the transmitting and receiving antenna 130.

[0272] For the acquired baseband signal, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 (receiving and processing unit 1212) can also perform receiving and processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (as needed), filter processing, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may also include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to acquire user data.

[0273] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (measurement unit 123) can also perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 can also perform radio resource management (RRM) measurements, channel state information (CSI) measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 can also measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results can also be output to the control unit 110.

[0274] The transmission path interface 140 can also transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between the device included in the core network 30 (e.g., the network node providing the NF), other base stations 10, etc., and can also acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0275] In addition, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the base station 10 in this disclosure may also be composed of at least one of the transmitting and receiving unit 120, the transmitting and receiving antenna 130 and the transmission path interface 140.

[0276] Additionally, base station 10 can be separated into three elements: Radio Unit (RU), Distributed Unit (DU), and Central Unit (CU). For example, the RU can implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level physical layer functions (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU can implement higher-level physical layer functions (from coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU can implement PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer functions.

[0277] In this disclosure, base station 10 may include a single device that implements all the functions of RU, DU, and CU, or it may include multiple devices that implement a portion of the functions of RU, DU, and CU respectively and are interconnected. In this disclosure, base station 10 and RU / DU / CU may also be rewritten.

[0278] In addition, base station 10 can be Figure 1A BS can also be Figure 1B The base station 10, acting as an intermediate node, can also forward A-IoT communication between the user terminal 20 and another base station 10.

[0279] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can also send a transmission instruction [within a certain window] to a terminal that is powered by environmental power generation. The control unit 110 can also control the transmission of synchronization signals in dedicated time slots among a subset of time slots selectable for transmission within the window.

[0280] The control unit 110 can also apply modulation to the carrier waveform signal (CW) to enable the determination of time slot boundaries. The transmit / receive unit 120 can also transmit the carrier waveform signal to a terminal that is powered by ambient electricity generation.

[0281] (User terminal)

[0282] Figure 8 This diagram illustrates an example of the structure of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting / receiving unit 220, and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. Alternatively, the control unit 210, the transmitting / receiving unit 220, and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230 may each be provided as one or more.

[0283] Furthermore, while this example primarily illustrates the functional blocks of the characteristic portions of this embodiment, it is also conceivable that the user terminal 20 may also possess other functional blocks required for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may also be omitted.

[0284] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., which are described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0285] The control unit 210 can also control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 can also control transmission, reception, measurement, etc., using the transmission / reception unit 220 and the transmission / reception antenna 230. The control unit 210 can also generate data, control information, sequences, etc., to be transmitted as signals and forward them to the transmission / reception unit 220.

[0286] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may also include a transmitting processing unit 2211 and a receiving processing unit 2212. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0287] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 can be configured as a single integrated transmitting and receiving unit, or it can be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit can also be composed of a transmitting processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit can also be composed of a receiving processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0288] The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be constructed from an antenna, such as an array antenna, as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0289] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also receive the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc., mentioned above. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also transmit the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc., mentioned above.

[0290] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 may also use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc., to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0291] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (transmitting processing unit 2211) may, for example, perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control) on the data and control information obtained from the control unit 210, and generate the bit string to be transmitted.

[0292] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (transmitting processing unit 2211) can also perform channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filter processing, DFT processing (as needed), IFFT processing, precoding, digital-to-analog conversion and other transmission processing on the bit string to be transmitted, and output the baseband signal.

[0293] Furthermore, whether or not to apply DFT processing can also be based on the transform precoding settings. For a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), if transform precoding is active (enabled), the transmit / receive unit 220 (transmit processing unit 2211) can perform DFT processing as described above in order to transmit the channel using the DFT-s-OFDM waveform. If not, the transmit / receive unit 220 (transmit processing unit 2211) can perform the above transmission processing without performing DFT processing.

[0294] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) can also modulate, filter, and amplify the baseband signal to the wireless frequency band, and transmit the wireless frequency band signal through the transmitting and receiving antenna 230.

[0295] On the other hand, the transmitting and receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) can also amplify, filter, demodulate, etc., the signals of the wireless frequency band received by the transmitting and receiving antenna 230.

[0296] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (receiving and processing unit 2212) can also perform receiving and processing on the acquired baseband signal, such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (as needed), filter processing, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may also include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing, to obtain user data.

[0297] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (measurement unit 223) can also perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 can also perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 can also measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results can also be output to the control unit 210.

[0298] Additionally, the measurement unit 223 can also derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. Channel measurement resources can be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. Furthermore, the measurement unit 223 can also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. Interference measurement resources can be at least one of NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. Additionally, CSI-IM can also be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM), and can be interchanged with zero power (ZP) CSI-RS. Furthermore, in this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZPCSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc., can also be interchanged.

[0299] Alternatively, the transmitting and receiving units of the user terminal 20 in this disclosure may also be composed of at least one of the transmitting and receiving unit 220 and the transmitting and receiving antenna 230.

[0300] Alternatively, user terminal 20 can also be a terminal (A-IoT device) that receives power through environmental power generation. In this case, user terminal 20 may also have an environmental power generation unit for environmental power generation. For example, the environmental power generation unit may be composed of a transmitting / receiving antenna 230, circuitry included in the transmitting / receiving unit 220, etc., and may generate power based on electromagnetic waves. Furthermore, the environmental power generation unit may be composed of elements that convert energy such as vibration, heat, and light, and may also generate power based on these energies. In addition, user terminal 20 may also have an energy storage unit (energy storage element) for storing the generated power.

[0301] Furthermore, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 does not have a separate signal generation / amplification unit; it can perform backscatter communication, for example, it can also have a backscatterer. Alternatively, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 can have an amplification unit for signal reflection, for example, it can amplify the modulated signal for backscatter communication. Furthermore, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also have a separate signal generation / amplification unit. Additionally, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also have an envelope detector for signal reception.

[0302] The environmental power generation unit, energy storage unit, backscatterer, envelope detector, etc., can be composed of circuits, components, etc., described based on common knowledge in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains.

[0303] The control unit 210 can also determine the timing of transmission within a window based on an indication (e.g., a trigger) received from the base station. The transmission and reception unit 220 can also receive a synchronization signal (R2D synchronization signal) in a dedicated time slot (R2D dedicated time slot) among a subset of time slots selectable for transmission within the window.

[0304] The control unit 210 can also control the selection of the dedicated time slot as the timing for the transmission.

[0305] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 may also refuse to receive other synchronization signals within the window if it receives the last or more synchronization signals before the transmission.

[0306] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 may also receive data or control signals other than the synchronization signal only in the dedicated time slot after the transmission.

[0307] Furthermore, the control unit 210 can also determine the time slot boundary based on the modulation applied to the carrier waveform signal. The transmit / receive unit 220 can also perform transmission (D2R transmission) in the time slot determined based on the time slot boundary.

[0308] The control unit 210 can also determine that the timing of the change in the offset used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal is the time slot boundary.

[0309] Alternatively, if the offset used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal during a certain period is different from the offset used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal during other periods, the control unit 210 determines that the last or the first period is the time slot boundary.

[0310] When more than two offsets are used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal, the control unit 210 can also determine the time slot index based on the offset.

[0311] (Hardware structure)

[0312] Furthermore, the block diagrams used in the description of the above embodiments illustrate functional units. These functional blocks (structural units) are implemented through any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Moreover, the implementation method of each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block can be implemented using a single device that is physically or logically combined, or it can be implemented by directly or indirectly (e.g., using wired, wireless, etc.) connecting two or more physically or logically separate devices. A functional block can also be implemented by combining one or more of the aforementioned devices with software.

[0313] Here, the functions include judgment, decision, determination, calculation, calculation, processing, export, investigation, search, confirmation, receiving, sending, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, regard as, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assigning, but are not limited to these. For example, a functional block (structural unit) that implements the sending function can also be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As described above, the implementation method is not particularly limited.

[0314] For example, in one embodiment of this disclosure, the base station, user terminal, etc., can also function as a computer for processing the wireless communication method of this disclosure. Figure 9 This diagram illustrates an example of the hardware structure of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment. The base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above can also be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage device 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0315] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit can be interchanged. The hardware structure of base station 10 and user terminal 20 can be configured to include one or more of the apparatuses shown in the figures, or it can be configured not to include some of the apparatuses.

[0316] For example, only one processor 1001 is shown, but there can be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing can be performed by one processor, or simultaneously, sequentially, or by two or more processors using other methods. Additionally, processor 1001 can be implemented using more than one chip.

[0317] The functions of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 are implemented, for example, by reading specific software (programs) into hardware such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, so that the processor 1001 performs calculations and controls communication via the communication device 1004, or controls at least one of reading out and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage device 1003.

[0318] The processor 1001, for example, enables the operating system to operate and control the computer as a whole. The processor 1001 may also be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) that includes interfaces with peripheral devices, control devices, arithmetic devices, registers, etc. For example, at least some of the control unit 110 (210), the transmit / receive unit 120 (220), etc. described above may also be implemented by the processor 1001.

[0319] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc., from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002, and performs various processes accordingly. As a program, a program that causes the computer to perform at least a portion of the operations described in the above embodiments can be used. For example, the control unit 110 (210) can also be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and operated in the processor 1001; similar implementations can be made for other functional blocks.

[0320] The memory 1002 may also be a computer-readable recording medium, such as being composed of at least one of read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), or other suitable storage media. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory (main storage device), etc. The memory 1002 is capable of storing executable programs (program code), software modules, etc., for implementing the wireless communication method according to one embodiment of this disclosure.

[0321] Storage device 1003 may also be a computer-readable recording medium, such as at least one of a flexible disc, floppy disk, optical disk (e.g., compact disc ROM, CD-ROM), digital multifunction disk, Blu-ray disc, removable disk, hard disk drive, smart card, flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive), stripe, database, server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage device 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0322] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting and receiving device) used for communication between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network. It is also referred to as a network device, network controller, network interface card (NIC), communication module, etc. To implement at least one of, for example, Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD), the communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. For example, the aforementioned transmitting and receiving unit 120 (220) and transmitting and receiving antenna 130 (230) can also be implemented by the communication device 1004. The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (220) can also be implemented by physically or logically separating the transmitting unit 120a (220a) and the receiving unit 120b (220b).

[0323] Input device 1005 is an input device that receives input from external sources (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, etc.). Output device 1006 is an output device that performs output to external sources (e.g., display, speaker, light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.). Alternatively, input device 1005 and output device 1006 can also be an integrated structure (e.g., a touch panel).

[0324] Furthermore, the processor 1001, memory 1002, and other devices are connected via a bus 1007 for communication of information. The bus 1007 can be configured as a single bus or as different buses between the devices.

[0325] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 can also be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and can also use this hardware to implement part or all of the functional blocks. For example, the processor 1001 can also be implemented using at least one of these hardware components.

[0326] In addition, the devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes providing NF) can also be implemented through the functional block / hardware structure described above.

[0327] (Modified example)

[0328] Furthermore, the terms described in this disclosure, as well as those necessary for understanding this disclosure, can be replaced with terms that have the same or similar meanings. For example, channel, symbol, and signal (signal or signaling) can be interchanged. Additionally, a signal can also be a message. A reference signal can also be abbreviated as RS, and may be referred to as pilot, pilot signal, etc., depending on the applied standard. Furthermore, a component carrier (CC) can also be referred to as cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0329] A radio frame can also be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of these periods (frames) that constitute a radio frame can also be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe can also be composed of one or more time slots in the time domain. A subframe can also be a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) independent of the parameter set (numerology).

[0330] Here, the parameter set can also refer to communication parameters applied in at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. For example, the parameter set can also represent at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering processing performed by the transmitter and receiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processing performed by the transmitter and receiver in the time domain.

[0331] In the time domain, a time slot can also be composed of one or more symbols (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols, etc.). In addition, a time slot can also be a time unit based on a set of parameters.

[0332] A time slot can also contain multiple mini-time slots. Each mini-time slot can also consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. Furthermore, a mini-time slot can also be called a sub-time slot. A mini-time slot can also consist of fewer symbols than a time slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a mini-time slot can also be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using mini-time slots can also be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0333] Radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols all represent time units for transmitting signals. Radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols can also use their respective other names. Furthermore, the time units such as frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols in this disclosure can be interchanged.

[0334] For example, a subframe can also be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes can also be called a TTI, and a time slot or a mini-time slot can also be called a TTI. That is to say, at least one of the subframe and TTI can be a subframe in the existing LTE (1ms), a period shorter than 1ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1ms. In addition, the unit representing TTI may not be called a subframe, but a time slot, mini-time slot, etc.

[0335] Here, TTI refers, for example, to the smallest unit of time for scheduling in wireless communication. For instance, in an LTE system, the base station schedules radio resources (frequency bandwidth, transmit power, etc., available to each user terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0336] TTI can also be a unit of time for transmitting channel-coded data packets (transmission blocks), code blocks, codewords, etc., and can also be a unit of processing such as scheduling and link adaptation. In addition, when a TTI is given, the actual time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) mapped to transmission blocks, code blocks, codewords, etc. can be shorter than the TTI.

[0337] Additionally, where a time slot or a mini-time slot is referred to as a TTI, more than one TTI (i.e., more than one time slot or more than one mini-time slot) can also serve as the minimum time unit for scheduling. Furthermore, the number of time slots (mini-time slots) constituting the minimum time unit of the schedule can also be controlled.

[0338] A TTI with a duration of 1 ms can also be referred to as a normal TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel.8-12), a standard TTI, a long TTI, a normal subframe, a standard subframe, a long subframe, a time slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI can also be referred to as a shortened TTI, a short TTI, a partial TTI (partial or fractional TTI), a shortened subframe, a short subframe, a mini time slot, a sub-time slot, a time slot, etc.

[0339] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) can also be rewritten as a TTI with a duration of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) can also be rewritten as a TTI with a duration of less than a long TTI but more than 1 ms.

[0340] A resource block (RB) is a unit of resource allocation in both the time and frequency domains. In the frequency domain, it can also contain one or more consecutive subcarriers. The number of subcarriers in an RB can be the same regardless of the parameter set, for example, it can be 12. The number of subcarriers in an RB can also be determined based on the parameter set.

[0341] Furthermore, an RB can contain one or more symbols in the time domain, and can also be a time slot, a mini-time slot, a subframe, or the length of a TTI. A TTI, a subframe, etc., can also be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0342] In addition, one or more RBs can also be referred to as Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs), Sub-Carrier Groups (SCGs), Resource Element Groups (REGs), PRB pairs, RB pairs, etc.

[0343] In addition, a resource block can also consist of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, an RE can also be a radio resource area consisting of a subcarrier and a symbol.

[0344] The Bandwidth Part (BWP) (also referred to as partial bandwidth, etc.) can also represent a subset of consecutive common resource blocks (RBs) used for a certain parameter set in a certain carrier. Here, common RBs can also be determined by the index of RBs based on the common reference point of the carrier. PRBs can also be defined in a BWP and appended with numbers within that BWP.

[0345] A BWP can also include a UL BWP (the BWP used by UL) and a DL BWP (the BWP used by DL). For a UE, one or more BWPs can also be set within a single carrier.

[0346] At least one of the configured BWPs can be active, and the UE may not intend to transmit or receive specific signals / channels outside of the active BWPs. Furthermore, the terms "cell," "carrier," etc., in this disclosure can be rewritten as "BWP."

[0347] Furthermore, the structures described above, such as radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols, are merely illustrative. For example, the number of subframes contained in a radio frame, the number of time slots in each subframe or radio frame, the number of mini-time slots contained within a time slot, the number of symbols and RBs contained in a time slot or mini-time slot, the number of subcarriers contained in an RB, and the number of symbols in a TTI, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length can be varied in many ways.

[0348] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc., described in this disclosure can be represented by absolute values, relative values ​​with respect to a specific value, or other corresponding information. For example, wireless resources can also be indicated by a specific index.

[0349] In this disclosure, the names used for parameters, etc., are not limiting names in any respect. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions, etc., using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. Various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements can be identified by any suitable name; therefore, the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not limiting names in any respect.

[0350] The information, signals, etc., described in this disclosure can also be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc., which may be mentioned throughout the above description, can also be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0351] Furthermore, information, signals, etc., can be output in at least one of the following directions: from higher level (upper layer) to lower level (lower layer), and from lower layer to higher level. Information, signals, etc., can also be input and output via multiple network nodes.

[0352] Input and output information, signals, etc., can be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or managed using management tables. Input and output information, signals, etc., can be overwritten, updated, or appended. Output information, signals, etc., can also be deleted. Input information, signals, etc., can also be sent to other devices.

[0353] Regarding any information (e.g., variables, quantities, parameters) recorded in this disclosure, even if not specifically stated in the above embodiments, information representing / determining the value of such arbitrary information (or associated with such arbitrary information) may be notified from any first device (e.g., UE / base station) to any second device (e.g., base station / UE).

[0354] The notification of information is not limited to the methods / implementations described in this disclosure, and may also be carried out by other methods. For example, the notification of information in this disclosure may also be implemented by physical layer signaling (e.g., downlink control information (Downlink Control Information (DCI))), uplink control information (Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC)) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB)), System Information Block (SIB) etc.), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or combinations thereof.

[0355] In addition, physical layer signaling can also be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signals), L1 control information (L1 control signals), etc. Furthermore, RRC signaling can also be referred to as RRC messages, such as RRC connection setup messages, RRC connection reconfiguration messages, etc. Additionally, MAC signaling can also be notified using, for example, the MAC control element (CE).

[0356] Furthermore, notification of specific information (e.g., a notification of “is X”) is not limited to explicit notification, but can also be implicit (e.g., by not providing that specific information, or by providing other information).

[0357] The determination can be made by a value represented by a single bit (0 or 1), by a true or false value (boolean), or by a numerical comparison (e.g., a comparison with a specific value).

[0358] Whether it is called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or any other name, software should be broadly interpreted as instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, program, subprogram, software module, application, software application, software package, routine, subroutine, object, executable file, execution thread, process, function, etc.

[0359] Furthermore, software, instructions, and information can also be sent and received via a transmission medium. For example, when software is sent from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technologies (coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) etc.) and wireless technologies (infrared, microwave, etc.), at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included within the definition of a transmission medium.

[0360] The terms “system” and “network” as used in this disclosure are interchangeable. “Network” may also mean devices included in a network (e.g., base stations).

[0361] In this disclosure, the terms “precoding”, “precoder”, “weight (precoding weight)”, “quasi-co-location (QCL)”, “transmission configuration indication state (TCI state)”, “spatial relation”, “spatial domain filter”, “transmit power”, “phase rotation”, “antenna port”, “layer”, “number of layers”, “rank”, “resource”, “resource set”, “beam”, “beamwidth”, “beam angle”, “antenna”, “antenna element”, “panel”, “UE panel”, “transmitting entity”, and “receiving entity” are used interchangeably.

[0362] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the antenna port and the antenna port used for any signal / channel (e.g., the DeModulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port) can be mutually modified. In this disclosure, the resources and the resources used for any signal / channel (e.g., reference signal resources, SRS resources, etc.) can also be mutually modified. Additionally, the resources may also include time / frequency / code / spatial / power resources. Furthermore, the spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0363] The aforementioned groups may include, for example, at least one of the following: spatial relation group, code division multiplexing (CDM) group, reference signal (RS) group, control resource set (CORESET) group, PUCCH group, antenna port group (e.g., DMRS port group), layer group, resource group, beam group, antenna group, panel group, etc.

[0364] Furthermore, in this disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET Pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), RS, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0365] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, and joint TCI state can also be rewritten to each other.

[0366] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL", "QCL concept", "QCL relationship", "QCL type information", "QCL property (QCLproperty / properties)", "specific QCL type (e.g., type A, type D) property", and "specific QCL type (e.g., type A, type D)" can be rewritten interchangeably.

[0367] In this disclosure, indexes, identifiers (IDs), indicators, indications, resource IDs, etc., can be interchanged. Sequences, lists, sets, groups, clusters, subsets, etc., can also be interchanged.

[0368] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) can be interchanged. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" and "a set of spatial relationship information (TCI states)," or "one or more spatial relationship information," can also be interchanged. TCI state and TCI can also be interchanged. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship can also be interchanged.

[0369] In this disclosure, the terms "Base Station (BS)", "Wireless Base Station", "Fixed Station", "NodeB", "eNB (eNodeB)", "gNB (gNodeB)", "Access Point", "Transmission Point (TP)", "Reception Point (RP)", "Transmission / Reception Point (TRP)", "Panel", "Cell", "Sector", "Cell Group", "Carrier", and "Component Carrier" are used interchangeably. There are also instances where terms such as macro cell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell are used to refer to base stations.

[0370] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, its overall coverage area can be divided into several smaller areas, each of which can also provide communication services through a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). Terms such as "cell" or "sector" refer to a portion or all of the coverage area of ​​the base station and at least one of the base station subsystems providing communication services within that coverage area.

[0371] In this disclosure, the act of a base station sending information to a terminal and the act of the base station instructing the terminal to perform control / operation based on that information can be rewritten in turn.

[0372] In this disclosure, the terms “Mobile Station (MS)”, “user terminal”, “user equipment (UE)”, and “terminal” are used interchangeably.

[0373] There are also instances where mobile stations are referred to as subscriber stations, mobile units, subscriber units, wireless units, remote units, mobile devices, wireless devices, wireless communication devices, remote devices, mobile subscriber stations, access terminals, mobile terminals, wireless terminals, remote terminals, handsets, user agents, mobile clients, clients, or several other appropriate terms.

[0374] At least one of the base station and the mobile station can also be referred to as a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Additionally, at least one of the base station and the mobile station can also be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0375] The term "mobile body" refers to a movable object whose speed is arbitrary, including situations where the body is stationary. Examples of such mobile bodies include vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, autonomous two-wheelers, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, trailers, rickshaws, ships (bottles and other watercraft), airplanes, rockets, artificial satellites, drones, multi-rotor aircraft, quadcopters, balloons, and objects carried on them, but are not limited to these. Furthermore, the mobile body can also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on operational commands.

[0376] The mobile entity can be a means of transportation (e.g., a vehicle, an airplane, etc.), a mobile entity moving in an unmanned manner (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (humanized or unmanned). Additionally, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may include a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also be an IoT (Internet of Things) device such as a sensor.

[0377] Figure 10 This figure illustrates an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a gear shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, a speed sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a gear shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0378] The drive unit 41 is comprised of at least one of an engine, a motor, or a combination of an engine and a motor. The steering unit 42 is configured to include at least a steering wheel (also called a handlebar) and to steer at least one of the front wheel 46 and the rear wheel 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0379] The electronic control unit 49 consists of a microprocessor 61, a memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (e.g., an input / output (IO) port) 63). Signals from various sensors 50-58 present in the vehicle are input into the electronic control unit 49. The electronic control unit 49 can also be referred to as an electronic control unit (ECU).

[0380] The signals from various sensors 50-58 include current signals from current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, speed signals from the front wheel 46 / rear wheel 47 obtained by speed sensor 51, air pressure signals from the front wheel 46 / rear wheel 47 obtained by air pressure sensor 52, vehicle speed signals obtained by vehicle speed sensor 53, acceleration signals obtained by acceleration sensor 54, accelerator pedal 43 depress amount signals obtained by accelerator pedal sensor 55, brake pedal 44 depress amount signals obtained by brake pedal sensor 56, shift lever 45 operation signals obtained by shift lever sensor 57, and detection signals obtained by object detection sensor 58 for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc.

[0381] The information service unit 59 comprises various devices such as a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, display, television, and radio, used to provide (output) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information obtained from external devices via the communication module 60, etc., to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0382] The information service unit 59 may include input devices that accept input from the outside (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, touch panel, etc.) or output devices that implement output to the outside (e.g., display, speaker, LED light, touch panel, etc.).

[0383] The driver assistance system unit 64 comprises various devices used to provide functions for preventing accidents or reducing the driver's workload, such as millimeter-wave radar, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning devices (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyroscope systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)) and Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. Furthermore, the driver assistance system unit 64 sends and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driver assistance or autonomous driving functions.

[0384] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and the constituent elements of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 sends and receives data (information) with the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and various sensors 50-58 in the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, gear shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, electronic control unit 49 of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63.

[0385] The communication module 60 is controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and is a communication device capable of communicating with external devices. For example, it can transmit and receive various types of information between external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 can be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device can be, for example, the aforementioned base station 10, user terminal 20, etc. Furthermore, the communication module 60 can be, for example, at least one of the aforementioned base station 10 and user terminal 20 (or it can function as at least one of the base station 10 and user terminal 20).

[0386] The communication module 60 can also wirelessly transmit to an external device at least one of the signals input to the electronic control unit 49 from the various sensors 50-58, information obtained based on those signals, and information based on input from an external source (user) obtained via the information service unit 59. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc., can also be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 can also contain information based on the aforementioned inputs.

[0387] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, inter-vehicle information, etc.) sent from external devices and displays it to the information service unit 59 provided by the vehicle. The information service unit 59 can also be referred to as an information output unit (e.g., outputting information to devices such as displays and speakers based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or the data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0388] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices into a memory 62 that can be utilized by the microprocessor 61. The microprocessor 61 can also control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, gear shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, and various sensors 50-58 of the vehicle 40 based on the information stored in the memory 62.

[0389] Furthermore, the base station in this disclosure can also be rewritten as a user terminal. For example, various methods / implementations of this disclosure can be applied to structures where communication between the base station and the user terminal is rewritten as communication between multiple user terminals (e.g., also referred to as device-to-device (D2D) or vehicle-to-everything (V2X)). In this case, it can also be configured such that the user terminal 20 has the functions of the base station 10 described above. In addition, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" can also be rewritten as terms corresponding to communication between terminals (e.g., "sidelink"). For example, uplink channel, downlink channel, etc., can also be rewritten as sidelink channel.

[0390] Similarly, the user terminal in this disclosure can also be rewritten as a base station. In this case, it can also be configured such that the base station 10 has the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0391] In this disclosure, operations purported to be performed by a base station are sometimes also performed by its upper node, depending on the circumstances. Clearly, in a network containing one or more network nodes having a base station, the various operations performed for communication with a terminal can obviously be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (e.g., considering a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc., but not limited to these), or combinations thereof.

[0392] The various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can be used individually or in combination, and can be switched as needed during execution. Furthermore, the processing procedures, timing sequences, flowcharts, etc., of the various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can be rearranged as long as they do not contradict each other. For example, for the method described in this disclosure, the illustrated order is used to indicate various steps, but the order in which they are indicated is not limited.

[0393] The various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can also be applied to Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or a decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Futuregeneration radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE This includes 802.11 (Wi-Fi, a registered trademark), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX, a registered trademark), IEEE 802.20, Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, systems utilizing other appropriate wireless communication methods, and next-generation systems extended, modified, established, or defined based on them. Furthermore, multiple systems can be combined (e.g., LTE or LTE-A, combinations with 5G, etc.) for application.

[0394] As used in this disclosure, the word "based on" does not mean "based on only" unless otherwise specified. In other words, the word "based on" means both "based on only" and "based on at least".

[0395] Any reference to an element using the designations "first," "second," etc., as used in this disclosure does not comprehensively limit the quantity or order of these elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Therefore, references to the first and second elements do not imply that only two elements may be used, or that the first element must take precedence over the second element in some form.

[0396] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure can encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" can also refer to judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (search, inquiry) (e.g., searching in a table, database, or other data structure), and ascertaining.

[0397] In addition, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), inputting, outputting, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc., as situations where "judgment (decision)" is performed.

[0398] Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to situations where resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, or comparing are considered as making a "judgment (decision)". In other words, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to certain actions as situations where a "judgment (decision)" is made. In this disclosure, "judgment (decision)" and the aforementioned operations can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[0399] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" can be interchanged with "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," and "consider / considering." Additionally, in this disclosure, "not assuming to proceed..." and "assuming not to proceed..." can also be interchanged.

[0400] In this disclosure, "expect" can also be interchanged with "be expected." For example, "expect(s)..." (where "..." can also be expressed using a that clause, a to infinitive, etc.) can also be interchanged with "be expected..." or "to perform..." (where "..." is a to infinitive, the verb is obtained by removing "to"). Similarly, "does not expect..." can also be interchanged with "be not expected..." or "does not perform..." (where "..." is a to infinitive, the verb is obtained by removing "to"). Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected..." can also be interchanged with "Apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect..." (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B can also be a base station).

[0401] The term "maximum transmit power" as used in this disclosure can refer to the maximum value of the transmit power, the nominal maximum transmit power (the nominal UE maximum transmit power), or the rated maximum transmit power (the rated UE maximum transmit power).

[0402] As used in this disclosure, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or all variations thereof, refer to all direct or indirect connections or combinations between two or more elements, and can include cases where there is one or more intermediate elements between two mutually “connected” or “coupled” elements. The connections or combinations between elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, “connection” can also be rewritten as “access.”

[0403] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, it is possible to consider using more than one wire, cable, printed electrical connection, etc. to be "connected" or "combined" with each other, and as several non-limiting and non-inclusive examples, electromagnetic energy with wavelengths in the wireless frequency domain, microwave region, light (both visible and invisible) region can be used to be "connected" or "combined" with each other.

[0404] In this disclosure, the term "A is different from B" can also mean "A and B are different from each other". Additionally, this term can also mean "A and B are different from C respectively". Terms such as "separate" and "combined" can also be interpreted in the same way as "different".

[0405] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms, like the term "comprising," mean inclusive. Furthermore, the term "or" as used in this disclosure does not mean XOR.

[0406] In this disclosure, for example, in cases where articles are added through translation such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may also include cases where the noun following these articles is in a plural form.

[0407] In this disclosure, terms such as "below," "less than," "above," "more than," and "equal to" can be interchanged. Furthermore, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "large," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," and "narrow," etc., are not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees and can be interchanged. Additionally, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "large," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," and "narrow," when used as expressions with the prefix "i" (where i is any integer), are not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees and can be interchanged (for example, "highest" and "i-th highest" can also be interchanged).

[0408] In this disclosure, "of", "for", "regarding", "related to", "associated with", etc., can be interchanged.

[0409] In this disclosure, phrases such as "when A, B", "if A, then B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "based on A", "B during / while A", "before A", "at the same time as / on A", "after A", "since A", and "until A" can be rewritten interchangeably. Furthermore, A and B can be appropriately rewritten as nouns, gerunds, or ordinary sentences depending on the context. Additionally, the time difference between A and B can be approximately 0 (immediately following or immediately preceding). Moreover, a time offset can be applied to the time A occurs. For example, "A" can also be rewritten interchangeably with "before / after the time offset of A". The time offset (e.g., more than one symbol / slot) can be predetermined or determined by the UE based on the information it is notified of.

[0410] In this disclosure, timing, moment, time, time instance, arbitrary time unit (e.g., time slot, sub-time slot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0411] The inventions disclosed herein have been described in detail above. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the inventions disclosed herein are not limited to the embodiments described herein. The description herein is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the inventions disclosed herein in any way.

Claims

1. A terminal that is supplied with electricity through environmental power generation, comprising: The control unit determines time slot boundaries based on the modulation applied to the carrier waveform signal; and The transmitting unit performs transmission in the time slot determined based on the time slot boundary.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein, The control unit determines that the timing at which the offset used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal changes is the time slot boundary.

3. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein, If the offset used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal during a certain period is different from the offset used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal during other periods, the control unit determines that the last or the first period is the time slot boundary.

4. The terminal according to claim 2 or claim 3, wherein, When more than two offsets are used in the modulation of the carrier waveform signal, the control unit determines the time slot index based on the offset.

5. A wireless communication method for a terminal that is supplied with electricity through environmental power generation, comprising: The steps for determining time slot boundaries based on modulation applied to the carrier waveform signal; and The step of transmitting is performed in the time slot determined based on the time slot boundary.

6. A base station, comprising: The control unit modulates the carrier waveform signal to enable the determination of time slot boundaries; and The transmitting unit transmits the carrier waveform signal to a terminal that is powered by environmentally generated electricity.

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