High pier column concrete formwork misalignment prevention method and system

Abstract

The application relates to a high-pier concrete formwork dislocation prevention method and system, belonging to the technical field of building construction, which comprises a strain sensing network arranged on the reinforced back fillet of the bridge pier formwork, the panel joint and the symmetrical direction. In the concrete pouring process, the strain sensing network synchronously obtains real-time strain data of each measuring point, and determines the driving factors leading to the formwork deformation based on the obtained data. The driving factors are classified into formwork defects and concrete construction disturbances. According to the specific driving factors determined, corresponding intervention control instructions are generated, the intervention control instructions include adjusting pouring parameters, adjusting construction operation or executing structure reinforcement. The application can analyze and identify the specific reasons leading to the dislocation through the real-time strain data, and give targeted construction intervention strategies, so that the prevention and control of the formwork dislocation in the concrete construction pouring process of the high-pier is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of building construction technology, specifically to a method and system for preventing misalignment in concrete formwork for high pier columns. Background Technology

[0002] In the construction of bridge pier concrete pouring, formwork misalignment is a common quality defect. It not only seriously affects the appearance of the structure, but may also cause the thickness of the concrete cover for the reinforcing steel to fail to meet design requirements, thereby weakening the durability and safety of the structure.

[0003] Currently, most existing technologies employ proactive intervention before construction and targeted testing afterward. For example, monitoring in engineering projects often involves manual visual inspection, measurement, or installation of displacement sensors at key points after pouring. Proactive intervention measures generally utilize industry-standard techniques, such as lowering the formwork during wall and column formwork construction and using tie bolts to connect and limit the old wall to the newly poured formwork to prevent misalignment. However, these traditional methods have significant limitations: direct displacement measurement is often complex to install, susceptible to contamination and collision interference at the construction site, and its monitoring data exhibits a significant lag. More importantly, existing methods mostly only provide simple results such as "misalignment has occurred" or "deformation exceeds the standard." Moreover, because misalignment has multiple causes (driving factors), the problem may still occur even after proactive measures are taken.

[0004] Moreover, the causes of formwork misalignment are complex and can be summarized into two main categories: internal and external factors. Internal factors mainly stem from the formwork system itself, including insufficient rigidity of the formwork panels, failure of connector fasteners, loose or improperly placed tie bolts, and insufficient load-bearing capacity of the support system. External factors are mostly directly related to construction operations, such as uneven concrete placement leading to a surge in local lateral pressure, excessively fast pouring speed exceeding the instantaneous load-bearing capacity of the formwork system, and excessive or improperly positioned vibration operations causing instantaneous impact loads. For example, Chinese patent application CN202211140363.6 proposes a real-time monitoring method for the joints of secondary lining formwork. It proposes a novel solution for the concrete pouring process of the secondary lining arch: using a bow-shaped strain gauge to monitor the joint deformation at the joints of the secondary lining structure, thereby preventing the occurrence of misalignment in the secondary lining formwork. However, this method mainly focuses on joint deformation monitoring and is difficult to decouple and distinguish from multiple driving factors such as uneven material distribution and excessive vibration. Factors leading to misalignment during concrete pouring also include insufficient stiffness and failure of the reinforcement system. Concrete construction disturbances include uneven material distribution, excessively fast pouring speed, and excessive vibration. Existing technologies can only address misalignment caused by a single driving factor during construction, which directly affects the intervention control strategy before misalignment occurs. These factors often couple and work together, making it difficult to accurately trace the cause by simply observing displacement results.

[0005] Therefore, if the specific causative factors cannot be effectively identified and located from the monitoring data, construction personnel will find it difficult to take targeted control measures and will often have to make post-event repairs, which will not only lead to increased costs and delays in the construction period but also affect the construction quality. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This invention provides a method and system for preventing misalignment of concrete formwork for high pier columns. By setting a strain sensing network on the formwork of the bridge pier column to obtain real-time strain data of the formwork, the specific causes of misalignment can be identified by analyzing the real-time strain data and providing targeted construction intervention strategies, thereby preventing misalignment of the formwork during the concrete pouring process of high pier columns.

[0007] A method for preventing misalignment in concrete formwork for high pier columns includes:

[0008] Strain sensing networks are deployed at the reinforcing back ribs, panel joints, and symmetrical locations of the bridge pier column formwork. The strain sensing network includes a stiffness monitoring group, a joint safety group, and a symmetry monitoring group.

[0009] During the concrete pouring process, the strain sensing network synchronously acquires real-time strain data from each measuring point and extracts the time-domain, frequency-domain, and spatial distribution characteristics of the strain signal by combining the timestamp.

[0010] Based on the extracted feature data, the driving factors causing the formwork deformation were identified. The driving factors were classified into defects in the formwork itself and disturbances during concrete construction. Among them, defects in the formwork itself include insufficient stiffness and failure of the reinforcement system, while disturbances during concrete construction include uneven material distribution, excessive pouring speed, and excessive vibration.

[0011] Based on the identified specific driving factors, corresponding interference control instructions are generated, including adjusting pouring parameters, adjusting construction operations, or performing structural reinforcement.

[0012] Furthermore, the specific deployment method of the strain sensing network is as follows: the stiffness monitoring group is arranged at the geometric center of the template panel and the mid-span position of the back rib to monitor in-plane bending deformation; the joint safety group is arranged in pairs on both sides of the joint of adjacent templates to monitor the relative deformation trend on both sides of the joint; the symmetry monitoring group is arranged at the relative position of the pier column section to monitor the asymmetric deformation caused by eccentric loading.

[0013] Furthermore, the method for judging the defects of the template itself is as follows: after excluding the disturbance factors of concrete construction, if the strain difference between two adjacent measuring points in the joint safety group diverges monotonically over time, it is judged that the reinforcement system design is improper or the bolts are loose; if the strain value of the measuring point in the stiffness monitoring group exceeds the strain threshold corresponding to the elastic limit of the template material, or if the residual deformation does not fall back during the pouring pause, it is judged that the template panel stiffness is insufficient.

[0014] Furthermore, the interference control instructions for the defects of the template itself include: when a risk of failure of the reinforcement system is identified, suspend the pouring operation and output the specific coordinates of the joints that need to be reinforced and the recommended preload torque parameters.

[0015] Furthermore, the method for determining uneven fabric distribution is as follows: Select the data from two strain sensors at relatively opposite positions in the symmetrical monitoring group, and calculate their symmetrical difference index. This index is the ratio of the absolute value of the difference between the readings of the two strain sensors to the larger of the two values. When the symmetrical difference index exceeds the preset off-center load threshold, and the strain growth rates on both sides show opposite or significantly different trends, it is determined that there is uneven fabric distribution caused by concentrated material feeding at a single point.

[0016] Furthermore, the interference control instructions for uneven fabric distribution include: calculating the current off-center load orientation, generating a suggested fabric nozzle movement path, and instructing the feed point to be moved to the side with the smaller current strain value.

[0017] Furthermore, the method for determining that the pouring speed is too fast is as follows: perform time differentiation processing on the strain data of the stiffness monitoring group and the joint safety group to obtain the real-time strain growth rate; when the strain growth rate of the whole or most measuring points exceeds the preset rate safety threshold at the same time, it is determined that the lateral pressure growth rate caused by the current pouring speed is too fast.

[0018] Furthermore, the method for determining excessive vibration is as follows: calculate the dynamic fluctuation energy of the strain signal within a preset time window. This energy is obtained by calculating the cumulative deviation between the real-time strain value and the average strain value within the current window. When the dynamic fluctuation energy of a certain measuring point continuously exceeds the preset vibration threshold and the duration exceeds the preset trigger time threshold, it is determined that the vibrator has caused fixed-point excessive vibration or touched the template near that measuring point.

[0019] Furthermore, the intervention control instructions for excessive vibration include: issuing an audible and visual alarm to prompt construction personnel to immediately stop the vibration operation at the current location, and suggesting that the site be left to stand for a period of time to allow local stress to relax.

[0020] A system for preventing misalignment in concrete formwork for high-pier columns is configured to: differentiate the risk of misalignment caused by insufficient formwork rigidity, reinforcement failure, uneven material distribution, excessively rapid pouring, and excessive vibration, and provide targeted intervention control instructions, including:

[0021] Strain sensing network is used to acquire real-time strain data during the formwork casting process;

[0022] The data acquisition module is used to connect to the strain sensor network deployed on the template to sample data.

[0023] The edge computing module is used to extract multi-dimensional features from real-time strain data by combining timestamps, and to determine specific driving factors based on real-time strain rate, symmetric difference index, and dynamic fluctuation energy.

[0024] The interference execution terminal includes an alarm device and a mobile display terminal. The mobile display terminal is used to receive interference control commands, and the alarm device is used to provide early warnings.

[0025] The beneficial effects of the above-described technical solutions provided in the embodiments of the present invention include at least the following:

[0026] 1. By using strain sensor networks to capture real-time strain data during the formwork construction process, early warnings are issued through alarm devices and mobile terminals before misalignment occurs. This proactive management effectively reduces the incidence of misalignment in bridge piers and columns, ensures the geometric accuracy and appearance quality of concrete structures, and prevents misalignment of formwork during the concrete pouring process of high piers and columns.

[0027] 2. It can distinguish between external disturbances such as excessive vibration, uneven material distribution, and excessively rapid pouring, and defects in the formwork itself such as insufficient formwork rigidity and reinforcement failure. This enables the construction site to take specific intervention control measures for specific driving factors, which significantly improves the effectiveness of intervention, avoids ineffective work stoppages, and ensures the efficiency of high pier column concrete construction.

[0028] Other features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and will be apparent in part from the description, or may be learned by practicing the invention. The objects and other advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the structures particularly pointed out in the written description, claims, and drawings.

[0029] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0030] The accompanying drawings are provided to further illustrate the invention and form part of the specification. They are used in conjunction with embodiments of the invention to explain the invention and do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0031] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the process for preventing misalignment of concrete formwork for high pier columns disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 2 This is a structural schematic diagram of the high pier column concrete formwork misalignment prevention system disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0033] Figure label:

[0034] 1. Data acquisition module; 2. Edge computing module; 3. Interference execution terminal; 31. Alarm device; 32. Mobile display terminal; 4. Strain sensing network. Detailed Implementation

[0035] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure may be implemented in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.

[0036] This invention proposes a method for preventing misalignment of concrete formwork for high pier columns, which will be described in detail below.

[0037] Figure 2 The diagram shows a structural schematic of the high pier column concrete formwork misalignment prevention system disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention, which includes: a strain sensing network 4, a data acquisition module 1, an edge computing module 2, and an interference execution terminal 3.

[0038] The strain sensor adopts a fiber optic grating strain sensor. The strain sensing network 4 consists of multiple strain sensors, forming a stiffness monitoring group, a joint safety group, and a symmetry monitoring group. The specific layout of the strain sensing network 4 is as follows: the stiffness monitoring group is arranged at the geometric center of the template panel and the mid-span of the back rib to monitor in-plane bending deformation; the joint safety group is arranged in pairs on both sides of the joint of adjacent templates, such as at the transverse and longitudinal joints of the template, with sensor pairs symmetrically arranged across both sides of the joint line to monitor the relative deformation trend on both sides of the joint; the symmetry monitoring group is arranged at the relative positions of the pier section, such as at the same height in the four directions of east, south, west, and north of the pier, to monitor asymmetric deformation caused by eccentric loading.

[0039] The data acquisition module 1 samples the real-time strain data acquired by the strain sensing network 4 according to the set sampling frequency, such as 50 Hz. The edge computing module 2 is used to extract multi-dimensional features from the real-time strain data by combining the timestamp, and to determine the specific driving factors based on the real-time strain rate, symmetry difference index and dynamic fluctuation energy.

[0040] Interference execution terminal 3 includes an alarm device 31 and a mobile display terminal 32. The mobile display terminal 32 is used to receive and display interference control commands, and the alarm device 31 is used for early warning, including but not limited to red / yellow audible and visual alarm lights and / or high-decibel buzzers set on site. For example, when the system detects "over-vibration" or "vibrator touching the template", the alarm device 31 will be activated immediately because the high-frequency fluctuation energy of the strain signal instantaneously exceeds the standard. The system will simultaneously push the warning information of "over-vibration" or "vibrator touching the template" to the mobile display terminal 32, and generate corresponding interference control commands. The interference control commands include adjusting pouring parameters, adjusting construction operations, or performing structural reinforcement.

[0041] like Figure 1 and 2 As shown below, the method for preventing misalignment of concrete formwork for high pier columns is described in detail, including the following steps:

[0042] S1, a strain sensing network 4 is installed at the reinforcing back ribs, panel joints, and symmetrical positions of the bridge pier column formwork. The strain sensing network 4 includes a stiffness monitoring group, a joint safety group, and a symmetry monitoring group.

[0043] Real-time strain data of the formwork was collected during the concrete pouring process by the stiffness monitoring group, joint safety group, and symmetry monitoring group, which served as the basis for subsequent analysis and identification of the specific driving factors that caused the formwork deformation.

[0044] S2, during the concrete pouring process, the strain sensing network 4 synchronously acquires the real-time strain data of each measuring point, and extracts the time domain characteristics, frequency domain characteristics and spatial distribution characteristics of the strain signal by combining the timestamp.

[0045] Before pouring (in the empty mold state), the system records the initial state of each measuring point as the zero-point reference for subsequent feature extraction. The strain sensing network 4 uses the data acquisition module 1, such as a multi-channel modem, to perform concurrent scanning of the strain sensors distributed at various locations on the template at a set sampling frequency. During the acquisition process, an absolute timestamp is marked for each frame of data.

[0046] The aforementioned measuring points are defined as the contact points where the strain sensor and the template physically couple. For example, stiffness monitoring measuring points are located at the geometric center of the template panel or the center of two longitudinal / transverse back ribs, used to sense the bending of the template; joint safety measuring points are arranged in pairs on both sides of the joint line of two adjacent templates, for example, 5cm away from the joint line, used to sense the stability of the joint; symmetry monitoring measuring points are located in the relative orientation of the pier column section, such as east-west symmetry or south-north symmetry, used to sense the symmetry of the construction load.

[0047] Edge computing module 2 is communicatively connected to data acquisition module 1. Edge computing module 2 is an industrial control computer embedded processor or other computer device with computing capabilities. It is used to perform multi-dimensional feature processing on the acquired real-time strain data with timestamps to extract the time-domain features, frequency-domain features, and spatial distribution features of the strain signal, wherein:

[0048] The time-domain characteristics reflect the linear and nonlinear laws governing the evolution of formwork stress over time. The system continuously tracks the trajectory of strain values ​​at each measuring point over time, utilizes existing sliding window technology to extract strain sequences within specific time periods, and analyzes the dynamic evolution trend of these sequences. In this process, the instantaneous rate of strain growth is obtained by calculating the first derivative of the strain sequence, which measures the increase in lateral pressure on the concrete. Simultaneously, statistical indicators such as maximum, minimum, and average values ​​are extracted from the sequence, and linear fitting is used to determine whether the strain exhibits a monotonically increasing trend over time or produces irreversible plastic residues, thereby constructing a time-dimensional characteristic reflecting the stress history of the formwork.

[0049] Frequency domain features are used to identify dynamic disturbances hidden beneath static deformation. The system utilizes existing signal processing techniques to convert the original strain signal from the time dimension to the frequency dimension. By filtering out slowly changing DC static components, the system extracts the high-frequency oscillation components hidden in the signal. Subsequently, the system performs bandpass filtering on the frequency range of common mechanical disturbances in construction sites, scans and captures the characteristic spectrum matching the operating frequency of the vibrator, and calculates the energy distribution density within that specific frequency band. If a significant surge in energy peak value is detected at a specific frequency, it is defined as a mechanical vibration fingerprint to identify the instantaneous physical impact of external dynamic loads on the formwork system.

[0050] Spatial characteristics reflect the overall coordination of the formwork's stress through the geometric positional relationships between measuring points. The system establishes a geometric correlation matrix between measuring points based on their three-dimensional spatial coordinate mapping on the formwork system. It assesses the overall structural coordination by comparing the stress differences at different physical locations. During extraction, the system focuses on comparing the strain deviations of measuring points at radially symmetrical positions on the piers to identify whether the load center of gravity has shifted. Simultaneously, it calculates the differential displacement of measuring points on both sides of adjacent formwork joints to monitor the stability of the connection. By analyzing the gradient distribution of the strain field along the height and circumference, the system can identify the asymmetry and discontinuity of the force field, thereby constructing a distribution characteristic reflecting the overall spatial deformation modes of the formwork.

[0051] To ensure the accuracy of multidimensional feature extraction, this embodiment employs a timestamp-based preprocessing mechanism to transform the raw data stream into physically meaningful feature vectors. The edge computing module 2 first performs time-series alignment and sliding window division on the strain data of each channel based on the absolute timestamp marked for each frame of data by the data acquisition module 1. The specific mathematical calculation model and parameter definitions are as follows:

[0052] Temporal feature extraction: Real-time strain growth rate The dynamic inrush strength is used to sense the lateral pressure of concrete and determine whether the pouring speed is too fast. The calculation formula is: In the formula, for Real-time strain growth rate at any given moment For the current moment The collected strain values, The strain value at the previous sampling time. The difference between two adjacent sampled data points is used as the timestamp difference. Using the timestamp difference as the denominator of the differential can effectively eliminate the rate calculation error caused by network transmission jitter.

[0053] Frequency domain / time-frequency feature extraction: dynamic fluctuation energy The formula used to quantify the intensity of instantaneous signal fluctuations and determine the presence of vibration disturbances is as follows:

[0054] In the formula, For the dynamic fluctuation energy at the current moment, For the current calculation time, The preset sliding time window length, To use timestamps to filter the set of sampling points within a window, The first one in the current sliding window Real-time strain measurement values ​​at each sampling point The arithmetic mean of all strain values ​​within this time window. To achieve instantaneous dispersion, the static DC component is removed. It accurately extracts the high-frequency wave energy generated by mechanical vibration.

[0055] Spatial feature extraction: Symmetric difference exponent Used to assess the symmetry of load distribution and determine whether the fabric is uniform. The calculation formula is: In the formula, Symmetric difference exponent, In the symmetrical monitoring group, the real-time strain values ​​of two strain sensors arranged at opposite positions on the pier section are... The absolute difference in strain between the two measuring points represents the absolute deviation of the force. The larger of the absolute values ​​of strain at the two measuring points is used as the normalization denominator to ensure that the index objectively reflects the relative eccentricity. For timestamps,

[0056] The above-mentioned extraction of time-domain, frequency-domain, and spatial distribution features of strain signals based on real-time strain data combined with timestamps uses existing technology. After obtaining the time-domain, frequency-domain, and spatial distribution features of the real-time strain data of the template captured during construction, the driving factors causing template deformation are identified, as shown in step S3.

[0057] S3. Based on the extracted feature data, the driving factors causing the formwork deformation are identified. The driving factors are classified into defects in the formwork itself and disturbances during concrete construction. Among them, defects in the formwork itself include insufficient stiffness and failure of the reinforcement system, while disturbances during concrete construction include uneven material distribution, excessive pouring speed, and excessive vibration.

[0058] First, the system identifies and eliminates construction disturbance factors: It monitors the frequency domain characteristics of each measuring point in real time. If a high-frequency energy pulse highly overlaps with the frequency of the vibrator in the signal, the system defines the strain fluctuation at that moment as a vibration disturbance. Only when the entire spectrum returns to a low-frequency steady state and there are no abnormal energy peaks is the system confirmed that the vibration disturbance factor has been eliminated. The system retrieves the spatial characteristics of the symmetrical monitoring group. If the strain difference index at the symmetrical position is within a safe threshold, such as 20%, it indicates that the current concrete liquid level and distribution are basically balanced, thus eliminating the material placement disturbance. If the difference index is too large, the system determines that the strain mutation is caused by "eccentric loading." Only when the load centers are basically aligned will the system proceed to determine the formwork's inherent defects. Data can also be obtained during construction breaks, when concrete pumping and vibration have stopped; this can also be considered as eliminating concrete construction disturbances.

[0059] Secondly, after eliminating the aforementioned construction disturbance factors, the defects of the formwork itself are judged: if the strain difference between two adjacent measuring points in the joint safety group monotonically diverges over time, it is judged as improper reinforcement system design or loose bolts; if the strain value of the measuring point in the stiffness monitoring group exceeds the strain threshold corresponding to the elastic limit of the formwork material, or if the residual deformation does not fall back during the pouring pause, it is judged as insufficient stiffness of the formwork panel. The strain threshold refers to the maximum allowable micro-strain value set based on the mechanical properties of the formwork material and structural design specifications, characterizing the formwork panel or back rib within the safe range of elastic deformation limit. This threshold is usually taken as 0.6 to 0.8 times the strain value corresponding to the yield strength of the formwork material as a safety factor. For example, for Q235 steel formwork, its yield strain is about 1100 micro-strains, so the strain threshold can be set to 800 micro-strains to judge insufficient formwork stiffness. When the measured strain exceeds this value, it means that the formwork may undergo irreversible plastic deformation, and the risk of formwork bulging is extremely high.

[0060] After identifying the driving factors that cause the template deformation, the edge computing module 2 issues an early warning through the alarm device 31 and the mobile display terminal 32, and simultaneously provides corresponding interference control instructions and pushes them to the mobile display terminal 32. The interference control instructions for the template's own defects include: when the risk of failure of the reinforcement system is identified, suspend the pouring operation, and output the specific coordinate position of the joint that needs to be reinforced and the recommended pre-tightening torque parameters.

[0061] Subsequently, specific judgments are made based on the specific types of construction disturbances:

[0062] (1) The method for judging uneven material distribution is as follows: Select the data of two strain sensors at relatively opposite positions in the symmetrical monitoring group, and calculate the symmetry difference index between them. This index is the ratio of the absolute value of the difference between the readings of the two strain sensors to the larger value of the two. When the symmetry difference index exceeds the preset eccentric load threshold, and the strain growth rates on both sides show opposite or significantly different trends, it is judged that there is uneven material distribution caused by concentrated material distribution at a single point. The eccentric load threshold refers to the dimensionless percentage limit that characterizes the degree of unbalanced force on the two symmetrical directions of the pier column section. It is the safety tolerance calculated based on the overall eccentricity or overturning moment allowed by the formwork system. This threshold is defined as the upper limit of the symmetry difference index, which is usually set between 20% and 30% to judge uneven material distribution. When the calculated symmetry difference index, i.e., the difference between the two sides divided by the larger value, exceeds this percentage, it indicates that the concrete is accumulating on one side, causing a dangerous shift in the overall center of gravity of the formwork.

[0063] When edge computing module 2 performs the judgment of uneven material distribution, it first locks one or more pairs of strain sensors located at the relative positions of the pier section in the symmetrical monitoring group as the data source. Edge computing module 2 reads the strain readings of these two sensors in real time, first compares the magnitude of the two values ​​to determine the larger value, then calculates the absolute value of the difference between the two, and divides the absolute value by the larger value to obtain the symmetry difference index characterizing the degree of current load eccentricity. If edge computing module 2 detects that the symmetry difference index exceeds the preset off-center load threshold, and trend analysis reveals that the strain growth rate on both sides shows a significant difference trend of rapid increase on one side and stagnation or even decrease on the other side, the module determines that there is uneven material distribution caused by concentrated material distribution at a single point, and outputs a control command to adjust the material distribution position.

[0064] After identifying the driving factors that cause template deformation, the edge computing module 2 issues an early warning through the alarm device 31 and the mobile display terminal 32, and simultaneously provides corresponding interference control instructions and pushes them to the mobile display terminal 32. The interference control instructions for uneven fabric distribution include: calculating the current off-center load orientation, generating a suggested moving path for the fabric nozzle, and instructing the unloading point to be moved to the area with the smaller current strain value.

[0065] (2) The method for judging excessive pouring speed is as follows: Perform time differential processing on the strain data of the stiffness monitoring group and the joint safety group to obtain the real-time strain growth rate. When the strain growth rate of the global or most measuring points exceeds the preset rate safety threshold at the same time, it is judged that the lateral pressure growth rate caused by the current pouring speed is too fast. The rate safety threshold refers to the upper limit of the strain increase per unit time. It maps the correspondence between the concrete pouring height rise rate and the lateral pressure growth, and characterizes the dynamic response capability of the formwork reinforcement system to adapt to load changes. This threshold is determined by converting the maximum pouring speed specified in the construction specification, such as 2 meters per hour, into the strain growth rate. It is usually set to increase by 30 to 50 micro-strains per minute to judge excessive pouring speed. If this rate is exceeded, it means that the lateral pressure generated by the newly poured concrete does not have time to support itself through setting and hardening, and is all transferred to the formwork, which is very likely to cause the formwork to burst.

[0066] When edge computing module 2 performs the judgment of excessive pouring speed, it continuously receives real-time strain data streams from stiffness monitoring group and joint safety group, and performs time-division differentiation processing on the data stream. Specifically, it calculates the difference between the strain value at the current sampling time and the strain value at the previous sampling time, and divides it by the sampling time interval to obtain the real-time strain growth rate of each measuring point. Edge computing module 2 performs a global scan of the rate of all measuring points. When it identifies that the strain growth rate of most measuring points in the global range or exceeding a preset proportion simultaneously exceeds the preset rate safety threshold, edge computing module 2 determines that the current concrete pouring speed is too fast, causing the lateral pressure growth rate to exceed the expected bearing capacity of the formwork system. It then outputs control commands to reduce pumping speed or suspend pouring to mobile display terminal 32 and issues a warning through alarm device 31. Construction personnel make corresponding adjustments based on the control commands to reduce pumping speed or suspend pouring.

[0067] (3) The method for determining excessive vibration is as follows: calculate the dynamic fluctuation energy of the strain signal within a preset time window. When the vibrator approaches, the high-frequency pulse will cause this energy to surge. This energy is obtained by calculating the cumulative deviation between the real-time strain value and the average strain value within the current window. When the dynamic fluctuation energy of a certain measuring point continuously exceeds the preset vibration threshold and the duration exceeds the preset trigger time threshold, it is determined that the vibrator has caused fixed-point excessive vibration or touched the template near the measuring point. The vibration threshold refers to the lower limit of the energy density or amplitude deviation of the high-frequency dynamic component extracted from the original strain signal. It is used to distinguish the background environmental noise of the construction site, such as the passing of vehicles, wind load, and high forced vibration generated by the operation of the vibrator. This threshold is usually set to 5% to 10% of the static average strain value, or 3 to 5 times the fluctuation measured when the background noise is unloaded, to determine the occurrence of a vibration event. Only when the dynamic fluctuation energy exceeds this line will the system consider that vibration operation is taking place near the strain sensor.

[0068] When edge computing module 2 performs the over-vibration judgment, it extracts a sliding short time window on the time axis based on the strain signal sampled by data acquisition module 1. First, it calculates the arithmetic mean of the strain data within the window as a baseline. Then, it calculates the deviation of the instantaneous strain value at each moment within the window from the baseline, and accumulates and sums the absolute or squared values ​​of these deviations to quantify the dynamic fluctuation energy within the time window. When edge computing module 2 detects that the dynamic fluctuation energy value of a specific measuring point continuously exceeds the preset vibration threshold, and the duration of this over-threshold state exceeds the preset trigger time threshold, such as more than 30 seconds, the module determines that the vibrator has caused fixed-point over-vibration or physical contact with the template in the vicinity of the measuring point, and outputs an audible and visual alarm command to stop vibration. The time threshold refers to the maximum continuous duration for which the dynamic fluctuation energy is allowed to continuously exceed the vibration threshold. This duration is set according to the upper limit requirement of single-point vibration time in the concrete construction process specification and is used to determine over-vibration. If the duration of high-frequency vibration exceeds this threshold, the system will determine it as a violation and will need to intervene immediately to prevent the joints from loosening and misaligning due to prolonged liquefaction vibration.

[0069] After identifying the driving factors that cause the template deformation, the edge computing module 2 issues an early warning through the alarm device 31 and the mobile display terminal 32, and simultaneously provides corresponding interference control instructions and pushes them to the mobile display terminal 32. The interference control instructions for excessive vibration include: issuing an audible and visual alarm, prompting the construction personnel to immediately stop the vibration operation at the current location, and suggesting that the site be left to stand for a period of time to allow the local stress to relax.

[0070] S4 generates corresponding interference control instructions based on the identified specific driving factors. These instructions include adjusting pouring parameters, adjusting construction operations, or performing structural reinforcement.

[0071] It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the disclosed process is an example of an exemplary method. Based on design preferences, it should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the process may be rearranged without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The appended method claims provide elements of various steps in an exemplary order and are not intended to limit the scope to the specific order or hierarchy described.

[0072] In the detailed description above, various features are combined together in a single embodiment to simplify this disclosure. This approach to disclosure should not be construed as reflecting an intention that embodiments of the claimed subject matter require more features than are explicitly stated in each claim. Rather, as reflected in the appended claims, the invention is presented with fewer features than all of the features in a single disclosed embodiment. Therefore, the appended claims are hereby explicitly incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim representing a separate preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0073] Those skilled in the art will also understand that the various illustrative logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in conjunction with the embodiments herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination thereof. To clearly illustrate the interchangeability between hardware and software, the various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps described above are generally described in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art can implement the described functionality in alternative ways for each specific application; however, such implementation decisions should not be construed as departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0074] The steps of the methods or algorithms described in conjunction with the embodiments herein can be directly embodied in hardware, software modules executed by a processor, or a combination thereof. The software modules can reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disks, removable disks, CD-ROMs, or any other form of storage medium well known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is connected to the processor, enabling the processor to read information from and write information to the storage medium. Of course, the storage medium can also be a component of the processor. The processor and storage medium can reside in an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a user terminal. Alternatively, the processor and storage medium can exist as discrete components in the user terminal.

[0075] For software implementation, the techniques described in this application can be implemented using modules (e.g., procedures, functions, etc.) that perform the functions described in this application. This software code can be stored in memory units and executed by a processor. The memory units can be implemented within the processor or outside the processor; in the latter case, they are communicatively coupled to the processor via various means, as is well known in the art.

[0076] The foregoing description includes examples of one or more embodiments. It is certainly impossible to describe all possible combinations of components or methods in order to describe the above embodiments, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the various embodiments can be further combined and arranged. Therefore, the embodiments described herein are intended to cover all such changes, modifications, and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, the term "comprising" as used in the specification or claims is interpreted in a manner similar to the term "including," as interpreted when used as a conjunction in the claims. Additionally, the use of any term "or" in the specification of the claims is intended to mean "non-exclusive or."

Claims

1. A method for preventing misalignment in concrete formwork for high pier columns, characterized in that, include: Strain sensing networks are deployed at the reinforcing back ribs, panel joints, and symmetrical locations of the bridge pier column formwork. The strain sensing network includes a stiffness monitoring group, a joint safety group, and a symmetry monitoring group. During the concrete pouring process, the strain sensing network synchronously acquires real-time strain data from each measuring point, and extracts the time domain characteristics, frequency domain characteristics, and spatial distribution characteristics of the strain signal by combining the timestamp. Based on the extracted feature data, the driving factors causing the formwork deformation were identified. The driving factors were classified into defects in the formwork itself and disturbances during concrete construction. Among them, defects in the formwork itself include insufficient stiffness and failure of the reinforcement system, while disturbances during concrete construction include uneven material distribution, excessive pouring speed, and excessive vibration. Based on the identified specific driving factors, corresponding interference control instructions are generated, including adjusting pouring parameters, adjusting construction operations, or performing structural reinforcement.

2. The method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The specific deployment method of the strain sensor network is as follows: the stiffness monitoring group is arranged at the geometric center of the template panel and the mid-span of the back rib to monitor in-plane bending deformation; the joint safety group is arranged in pairs on both sides of the joint of adjacent templates to monitor the relative deformation trend on both sides of the joint; the symmetry monitoring group is arranged at the relative position of the pier column section to monitor the asymmetric deformation caused by eccentric loading.

3. The method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The method for judging the defects of the template itself is as follows: after excluding the disturbance factors of concrete construction, if the strain difference between two adjacent measuring points in the joint safety group diverges monotonically with time, it is judged that the reinforcement system design is improper or the bolts are loose; if the strain value of the measuring point in the stiffness monitoring group exceeds the strain threshold corresponding to the elastic limit of the template material, or if the residual deformation does not fall back during the pouring pause, it is judged that the template panel stiffness is insufficient.

4. The method as described in claim 3, characterized in that, Interference control instructions for defects in the template itself include: when a risk of failure of the reinforcement system is identified, suspend the pouring operation and output the specific coordinates of the joints that need to be reinforced and the recommended preload torque parameters.

5. The method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The method for determining uneven fabric is as follows: Select the data from two strain sensors at relatively opposite positions in the symmetrical monitoring group, and calculate the symmetry difference index between them. This index is the ratio of the absolute value of the difference between the readings of the two strain sensors to the larger of the two values. When the symmetry differential index exceeds the preset off-center load threshold and the strain growth rates on both sides show opposite or significantly different trends, it is determined that there is uneven material distribution caused by concentrated material feeding at a single point.

6. The method as described in claim 5, characterized in that, Interference control instructions for uneven fabric distribution include: calculating the current off-center load orientation, generating a suggested fabric nozzle movement path, and instructing the feed point to be moved to the side with the smaller current strain value.

7. The method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The method for determining that the pouring speed is too fast is as follows: perform time differentiation processing on the strain data of the stiffness monitoring group and the joint safety group to obtain the real-time strain growth rate; when the strain growth rate of the whole or most measuring points exceeds the preset rate safety threshold at the same time, it is determined that the lateral pressure growth rate caused by the current pouring speed is too fast.

8. The method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The method for determining excessive vibration is as follows: calculate the dynamic fluctuation energy of the strain signal within a preset time window. This energy is obtained by calculating the cumulative deviation between the real-time strain value and the average strain value within the current window. When the dynamic fluctuation energy of a certain measuring point continuously exceeds the preset vibration threshold and the duration exceeds the preset trigger time threshold, it is determined that the vibrator has caused fixed-point excessive vibration or touched the template near that measuring point.

9. The method as described in claim 8, characterized in that, Interference control instructions for excessive vibration include: issuing an audible and visual alarm to prompt construction personnel to immediately stop vibration work at the current location, and suggesting that the site be left to stand for a period of time to allow local stress to relax.

10. A system for preventing misalignment in concrete formwork for high pier columns, using the method described in any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, The system is configured to: differentiate between risks of misalignment caused by insufficient formwork rigidity, reinforcement failure, uneven material distribution, excessive pouring speed, and excessive vibration, and provide targeted intervention control instructions, including: Strain sensing network is used to acquire real-time strain data during the formwork casting process; The data acquisition module is used to connect to the strain sensor network deployed on the template to sample data. The edge computing module is used to extract multi-dimensional features from real-time strain data by combining timestamps, and to determine specific driving factors based on real-time strain rate, symmetric difference index, and dynamic fluctuation energy. The interference execution terminal includes an alarm device and a mobile display terminal. The mobile display terminal is used to receive interference control commands, and the alarm device is used to provide early warnings.

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