A polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system

Abstract

This invention discloses a transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam, comprising a transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface array and a DC bias control board. The transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface array includes several reconfigurable electromagnetic units. The reconfigurable electromagnetic units are stacked with a receiving patch layer, a DC bias layer, a ground layer, and a transmission patch layer. The receiving patch layer has a first polarization patch, a second polarization patch, and a tunable switch device. Both the first polarization patch and the second polarization patch are electrically connected to the tunable switch device. In use, the first polarization receiving patch is used for reflection control, and the second polarization receiving patch takes into account both reflection and transmission functions. The DC bias control board controls the on and off states of the tunable switch device to achieve switching between three working modes: reflection mode, transmission mode, and transmissive and reflective mode. In the reflection mode and transmission mode, multi-polarization switching and beam reconstruction are achieved, improving the system's independent control capability and mode switching flexibility.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the fields of wireless communication and electromagnetic wave manipulation technology, and in particular to a transmissive and reflective metasurface system that is reconfigurable in both polarization and beam. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of technologies such as wireless communication, radar detection, and satellite communication, the spatial control capability of electromagnetic waves is becoming increasingly important in modern information systems. Traditional antenna systems typically rely on mechanical scanning or complex phased array technology to achieve beam control. However, mechanical scanning methods have slow response speeds, while phased array systems are often complex in structure, high in cost, and consume a lot of power, limiting their application in some scenarios where size, weight, and cost are sensitive. Therefore, developing electromagnetic wave control technologies that are simple in structure, low in cost, and highly flexible has become a current research hotspot.

[0003] In recent years, reconfigurable smart metasurfaces have attracted widespread attention as a novel electromagnetic wave manipulation technology. By introducing tunable devices (such as PIN diodes, varactor diodes, or MEMS devices) into artificial electromagnetic structures, reconfigurable metasurfaces can dynamically control the amplitude, phase, polarization, and propagation direction of incident electromagnetic waves, thereby achieving functions such as beam scanning, beam focusing, and spatial beamforming. Compared with traditional phased array antennas, reconfigurable metasurfaces have advantages such as simple structure, low power consumption, and ease of large-scale integration, and have broad application prospects in future wireless communication, smart reflective surface-assisted communication, and electromagnetic environment reconfiguration.

[0004] Based on different electromagnetic wave manipulation methods, existing reconfigurable metasurfaces can generally be divided into reflective metasurfaces and transmissive metasurfaces. Reflective metasurfaces achieve directional radiation and scanning of reflected beams by controlling the reflection phase of the array elements; transmissive metasurfaces achieve control of transmitted beams by controlling the transmission phase. To further improve spatial coverage capabilities, the research direction of integrated reflective and transmissive metasurfaces has emerged in recent years. This type of structure can simultaneously control electromagnetic waves on both the transmission and reflection sides, thereby achieving dual-sided spatial coverage in the same structure. However, most existing integrated reflective and transmissive metasurface designs only focus on the directional control of reflected and transmitted beams, and their functionality is still mainly limited to a single polarization state, making it difficult to meet the requirements for polarization diversity and system flexibility in complex electromagnetic environments.

[0005] On the other hand, polarization characteristics are also a crucial factor affecting system performance in wireless communication and radar systems. Polarization reconfiguration can effectively mitigate multipath fading, reduce polarization mismatch, and improve the capacity of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. While some research has proposed reflective or transmissive array structures with polarization reconfigurability, these designs typically only support a single operating mode, such as only reflection or only transmission modes. It is difficult to simultaneously achieve multi-mode operation (transmission, reflection, and transflection-transmittance) and multi-polarization switching functions within the same metasurface structure.

[0006] Therefore, existing technologies still need improvement. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of this invention is to provide a transmissive and reflective metasurface system that can be reconfigured in both polarization and beam, in order to solve the problem that the transmissive and reflective functions and polarization reconfiguration functions are difficult to achieve in the same structure in the prior art.

[0008] The present application provides a transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam, which adopts the following technical solution: A transmissive and reflective metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beamwidth, comprising: A transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array is used to generate a reconfigurable reflected beam, a reconfigurable transmitted beam, or simultaneously a reflected beam and a transmitted beam under incident electromagnetic wave irradiation. The transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array includes several reconfigurable electromagnetic units. Each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit is stacked with a receiving patch layer, a DC bias layer, a ground plane layer, and a transmitting patch layer. The receiving patch layer includes a first polarization patch, a second polarization patch, and a tunable switch device. Both the first and second polarization patches are electrically connected to the tunable switch device. The first polarization patch is used to phase-modulate the first polarization component in the incident wave in reflection mode; the second polarization patch is used to phase-modulate the second polarization component in the incident wave in either reflection or transmission mode; and the tunable switch device is used to control the phase state of the first and second polarization patches. A DC bias control board is electrically connected to several of the reconfigurable electromagnetic units; the DC bias control board is used to provide a DC bias voltage to the reconfigurable electromagnetic units to control the on and off states of the tunable switching devices.

[0009] Optionally, in the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive-reflective metasurface system, the first polarization patch is a y-polarization receiving patch; the second polarization patch is an x-polarization receiving patch; the y-polarization receiving patch and the x-polarization receiving patch are arranged in an orthogonal direction; the y-polarization receiving patch is used to receive the y-polarization component in the incident wave and to modulate the phase of the y-polarized reflected wave in reflection mode; the x-polarization receiving patch is used to receive the x-polarization component in the incident wave and to modulate the phase of the x-polarized reflected wave in reflection mode or transmission mode.

[0010] Optionally, in the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system, the x-polarization receiving patch and the transmissive patch layer are electrically connected through a conductive structure; the x-polarization patch is used to couple the received electromagnetic energy to the transmissive patch layer for transmission radiation.

[0011] Optionally, in the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive-reflective metasurface system, the tunable switching device includes: A diode is disposed on the y-polarized receiving patch and is used to control the y-polarized receiving patch to switch between the first reflection phase state and the second reflection phase state. Diodes 2 and 3 are spaced apart on the x-polarized receiving patch and are used to control the x-polarized receiving patch to switch between a reflection state and a transmission state, as well as to switch the phase in the reflection state or the transmission state.

[0012] Optionally, in the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system, the receiving patch layer is further provided with a first parasitic stub and a second parasitic stub at intervals; the first parasitic stub and the second parasitic stub are used to assist in adjusting the reflection amplitude and reflection phase of the x-polarized receiving patch in reflection mode.

[0013] Optionally, in the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive-reflective metasurface system, the DC bias layer comprises: A bias wire is connected to the tunable switch device to regulate the on and off states of the tunable switch device; A choke structure is disposed around the bias conductor; the choke structure forms a capacitive coupling with the ground plane to suppress the leakage of radio frequency signals along the bias conductor.

[0014] Optionally, in the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system, the transmissive patch layer has a slotted structure; the slotted structure is used to adjust the transmission amplitude.

[0015] Optionally, in the aforementioned transmissive and reflective metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam, the reconfigurable electromagnetic unit further includes: The upper dielectric substrate is disposed between the receiving patch layer and the DC bias layer; An adhesive plate is disposed between the DC bias layer and the floor layer; The lower dielectric substrate is disposed between the floor layer and the transmissive patch layer.

[0016] Optionally, in the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive-reflective metasurface system, the DC bias control board includes: The microcontroller unit is used to output digital control signals; A serial-to-parallel conversion device, connected to the microcontroller unit, is used to receive the digital control signal, convert it into multiple parallel bias signals, and input them to the DC bias layer through connectors and ribbon cables to control the on and off states of the tunable switching device. A current-limiting resistor network is connected to the serial-to-parallel conversion device.

[0017] Optionally, in the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system, the serial-to-parallel conversion device includes several shift registers; the several shift registers are connected in a cascaded manner to expand the number of input / output interfaces of the microcontroller unit.

[0018] Compared with the prior art, the embodiments of the present invention have the following advantages: This application integrates three working modes—reflection mode, transmission mode, and transflection-transmittance mode—into the same metasurface system, and achieves multi-polarization switching between reflection and transmission modes, thereby overcoming the limitation in the prior art that the transflection-transmittance function and polarization reconstruction function are difficult to achieve in the same structure.

[0019] This application achieves dynamic adjustment of reflection and transmission phases by encoding and controlling the state of diodes in each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit, enabling the system to realize directional radiation, beam scanning, and polarization state reconstruction, significantly improving the flexibility of electromagnetic wave spatial control.

[0020] This application achieves simultaneous control of reflection, transmission, and reflection within a single reconfigurable electromagnetic unit by setting a first polarization patch, a second polarization patch, a transmission patch layer, and three diodes. This results in a compact structure, a small number of tunable devices, and a high degree of functional reuse.

[0021] In this application, the first polarization receiving patch is mainly used for reflection control, while the second polarization receiving patch takes into account both reflection and transmission functions. The two have a clear division of labor in terms of function and do not affect each other, which helps to reduce mutual interference between different working paths and improve the system's independent control capability and mode switching flexibility. Attached Figure Description

[0022] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments recorded in the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the integrated transmissive and reflective metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam in the embodiments of this application. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the reconfigurable electromagnetic unit of the transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam in the embodiments of this application. Figure 3 This is a top view of the receiving patch layer in the embodiments of this application; Figure 4 This is a top view of the DC bias layer in the embodiments of this application; Figure 5 This is a top view of the floor layer in an embodiment of this application; Figure 6 This is a top view of the transmissive patch layer in the embodiments of this application; Figure 7 The random sequential rotation layout of the transmissive patch layer in the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array in this application embodiment is shown. Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the reflection amplitude of the reconfigurable electromagnetic unit in an embodiment of this application; Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the reflection phase of the reconfigurable electromagnetic unit in the embodiments of this application; Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the transmission amplitude of the reconfigurable electromagnetic unit in an embodiment of this application; Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the transmission phase of the reconfigurable electromagnetic unit in an embodiment of this application; Figure 12 This is the radiation pattern of the left-hand circularly polarized metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam in the reflection mode of the embodiment of this application. Figure 13The radiation pattern of the right-hand circularly polarized metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam in the reflection mode is shown in the embodiment of this application. Figure 14 This is the radiation pattern of the +45° linearly polarized metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam in the reflection mode of the integrated transmissive and reflective metasurface system in the embodiments of this application. Figure 15 This is the radiation pattern of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system in the embodiment of this application with -45° linear polarization in reflection mode. Figure 16 This is the radiation pattern of the left-hand circularly polarized metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam in the transmission mode of the embodiment of this application. Figure 17 This is the radiation pattern of the right-hand circularly polarized metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam in the transmission mode of the embodiment of this application. Figure 18 This is the radiation pattern of the +45° linearly polarized metasurface system in the transmission mode of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system in the embodiments of this application. Figure 19 This is the radiation pattern of the -45° linear polarization of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system in the transmission mode of the embodiment of this application. Figure 20 The radiation pattern of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system in the embodiments of this application is shown in the transmissive and reflective mode. Figure 21 The axial ratio of the left-hand circular polarization in the xz plane of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive-reflective metasurface system in the reflection mode of the embodiment of this application. Figure 22 The axial ratio of the left-hand circular polarization in the yz plane of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive-reflective metasurface system in the reflection mode of the embodiment of this application. Figure 23 The axial ratio of the right-hand circular polarization in the xz plane of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive-reflective metasurface system in the reflection mode of the embodiment of this application. Figure 24 The axial ratio of the right-hand circular polarization in the yz plane of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive-reflective metasurface system in the reflection mode of the embodiment of this application. Figure 25 The axial ratio of the left-hand circular polarization in the xz plane of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system in the transmission mode of the embodiments of this application. Figure 26The axial ratio of the left-hand circular polarization in the yz plane of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system in the transmission mode of the embodiments of this application. Figure 27 The axial ratio of the right-hand circular polarization in the xz plane of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system in the transmission mode of the embodiments of this application. Figure 28 The axial ratio of the right-hand circular polarization in the yz plane of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system in the transmission mode of the embodiments of this application. Figure 29 The gain and aperture efficiency of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system in the embodiments of this application for four polarizations in reflection mode; Figure 30 The gain and aperture efficiency of the polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective metasurface system in the embodiments of this application are shown for four polarizations in transmission mode.

[0024] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 10, Transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface array; 20, Reconfigurable electromagnetic unit; 21, Receiver patch layer; 211, Y-polarized receiver patch; 212, X-polarized receiver patch; 213, First parasitic stub; 214, Second parasitic stub; 215, Diode 1; 216, Diode 2; 217, Diode 3; 22, Upper dielectric substrate; 23, DC bias layer; 231, First bias wire; 232, Second bias wire; 233, Third bias wire; 234, Choke structure; 24, Adhesive plate; 25, Ground plane layer; 26, Lower dielectric substrate; 27, Transmissive patch layer; 271, Slotted structure; 30, DC bias control board. Detailed Implementation

[0025] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] The present application will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0027] To address the limitations of existing technologies where reflective reconfigurable metasurfaces typically only enable reflected beam manipulation and transmissive reconfigurable metasurfaces typically only enable transmitted beam manipulation, as well as the difficulty of simultaneously achieving multiple operating mode switching, multi-polarization switching, and beam reconfiguration in a single structure, this invention provides a transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam. This system can switch between reflection mode, transmission mode, and transmissive-reflective mode, and achieve multi-polarization state switching and beam reconfiguration within the reflection and transmission modes, thereby enhancing the system's spatial electromagnetic wave manipulation capability and application adaptability.

[0028] To achieve the above objectives, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown in the figure, this application discloses a transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beamwidth, including a transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface array 10 and a DC bias control board 30; the transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface array 10 includes a plurality of reconfigurable electromagnetic units 20; the reconfigurable electromagnetic units 20 are stacked with a receiving patch layer 21, a DC bias layer 23, a ground layer 25 and a transmission patch layer 27; the receiving patch layer 21 is provided with a first polarization patch, a second polarization patch and a tunable switching device; the first polarization patch and the second polarization patch are electrically connected to the tunable switching device. The circuit is configured such that: the first polarization patch is used to phase-modulate the first polarization component in the incident wave in reflection mode; the second polarization patch is used to phase-modulate the second polarization component in the incident wave in either reflection or transmission mode; the tunable switch is used to control the phase state of the first and second polarization patches; the DC bias control board 30 is electrically connected to a plurality of the reconfigurable electromagnetic units 20; and the DC bias control board 30 is used to provide a DC bias voltage to the reconfigurable electromagnetic units 20 to control the on and off states of the tunable switch.

[0029] The transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array 10 is used to generate reconfigurable reflected beams, reconfigurable transmitted beams, or simultaneously reflective and transmitted beams under incident electromagnetic wave irradiation. A receiving patch layer 21, a DC bias layer 23, a ground layer 25, and a transmission patch layer 27 are stacked together. The DC bias layer 23 provides independently or group-controlled DC bias voltages to each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20. The transmission patch layer 27 receives energy coupled from the second polarization patch and radiates transmitted electromagnetic waves to the other side of the array. In practical use, by controlling the state of the tunable switching device, the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface system, which allows for reconfigurable polarization and beams, can achieve beam reconstruction and multi-polarization switching in both reflection and transmission modes; or simultaneously perform reflected and transmitted beam radiation in both modes.

[0030] In this embodiment, the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array 10 is composed of a periodically arranged array of multiple reconfigurable electromagnetic units 20 of the metasurface. A DC bias control board 30 is electrically connected to the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array 10 and is used to provide bias control signals to the tunable devices in the reconfigurable electromagnetic units 20 to change the electromagnetic response state of each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20. Through programmed control of the operating state of each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20 in the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array 10, the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface system described in this embodiment, which is reconfigurable in both polarization and beamforming, can selectively operate in one of the following three operating modes. The first operating mode is the reflection mode. In the reflection mode, the incident electromagnetic wave, after being modulated by the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array 10, forms a directional reflected beam in the incident space of the array, achieving beamforming and scanning. The second operating mode is the transmission mode. In the transmission mode, the incident electromagnetic wave passes through the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array 10 and forms a directional transmission beam in the transmission space of the array, achieving beamforming and scanning of the transmission beam. The third operating mode is a hybrid transmission and reflection mode. In this mode, the different polarization channels inside the integrated transmission and reflection metasurface array 10 are configured to operate in reflection and transmission states, respectively. Specifically, some polarization channels reflect and modulate the incident electromagnetic wave to form a reflected beam, while other polarization channels couple electromagnetic energy to the transmission side to form a transmitted beam, thereby simultaneously forming independent reflected and transmitted beams on the incident and transmission sides of the array.

[0031] In both reflection and transmission modes, the polarization- and beam-reconfigurable integrated transmissive and reflective metasurface system of this application can achieve multi-polarization state switching, including but not limited to: +45° linear polarization, -45° linear polarization, left-hand circular polarization, and right-hand circular polarization. Therefore, joint control of operating mode switching, beam reconfiguration, and polarization reconfiguration can be achieved within the same metasurface system.

[0032] In embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 1 and Figure 7 As shown, the transmissive and reflective metasurface array 10 is a planar array with a 12×12 cell arrangement. Of course, this application is not limited to this, and can also be designed with other array sizes M×N according to actual needs, where M and N are both integers greater than 1.

[0033] In this embodiment, as Figure 3As shown, the first polarization patch is a y-polarized receiving patch 211; the second polarization patch is an x-polarized receiving patch 212; the y-polarized receiving patch 211 and the x-polarized receiving patch 212 are arranged in an orthogonal direction; the y-polarized receiving patch 211 is used to receive the y-polarized component in the incident wave and to modulate the phase of the y-polarized reflected wave in reflection mode; the x-polarized receiving patch 212 is used to receive the x-polarized component in the incident wave and to modulate the phase of the x-polarized reflected wave in reflection mode or transmission mode. In one embodiment, the x-polarized receiving patch and the transmission patch layer 27 are electrically connected through a conductive structure; the x-polarized receiving patch is used to couple the received electromagnetic energy to the transmission patch layer 27 for transmission radiation. The conductive structure includes any one of conductive vias or conductive pillars.

[0034] The tunable switching device includes: a first diode 215, a second diode 216, and a third diode 217. The first diode 215 is disposed on the y-polarized receiving patch 211 and is used to control the y-polarized receiving patch 211 to switch between a first reflection phase state and a second reflection phase state. The second diode 216 and the third diode 217 are disposed alternately on the x-polarized receiving patch 212 and are used to control the x-polarized receiving patch to switch between a reflection state and a transmission state, as well as phase switching in the reflection state or the transmission state. The x-polarized receiving patch 212 operates in reflection mode when both the second diode 216 and the third diode 217 are either off or both are on, and operates in transmission mode when one of the second diode 216 and the third diode 217 is on and the other is off.

[0035] Specifically, the y-polarized receiving patch 211 is used to receive the y-polarized component in the incident wave and to perform 1-bit phase modulation on the y-polarized reflected wave in reflection mode; the x-polarized receiving patch 212 is used to receive the x-polarized component in the incident wave and operates in either reflection or transmission mode under the control of diodes 216 and 217, achieving 1-bit phase modulation in both modes. In this embodiment, diode 215 is disposed on the current path corresponding to the y-polarized receiving patch 211 to change the equivalent resonant length of the y-polarized receiving patch 211, thereby forming a 180° phase difference in the two reflection phase states; diodes 216 and 217 are disposed on the x-polarized receiving patch 212 and its related branches to change the equivalent resonant length of the x-polarized receiving patch and the coupling method with the underlying transmission structure, thereby enabling the x-polarized electromagnetic wave to switch between reflection and transmission modes and to achieve a 180° phase difference between the two phase states in the corresponding operating mode.

[0036] In one embodiment of the present invention, such as Figure 3 As shown, the reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20 further includes an upper dielectric substrate 22, an adhesive substrate 24, and a lower dielectric substrate 26. The upper dielectric substrate is disposed between the receiving patch layer 21 and the DC bias layer 23; the adhesive substrate 24 is disposed between the DC bias layer 23 and the ground plane layer 25; and the lower dielectric substrate is disposed between the ground plane layer 25 and the transmissive patch layer 27. The receiving patch layer 21 is also provided with a first parasitic branch 213 and a second parasitic branch 214 at intervals; the first parasitic branch 213 and the second parasitic branch 214 are used to assist in adjusting the reflection amplitude and reflection phase of the x-polarized receiving patch in reflection mode.

[0037] Specifically, the reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20 adopts a stacked structure composed of a multilayer dielectric substrate and a multilayer metal pattern. Specifically, the reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20 includes, from top to bottom: a receiving patch layer 21, an upper dielectric substrate 22, a DC bias layer 23, an adhesive plate 24, a ground plane layer 25, a lower dielectric substrate 26, and a transmissive patch layer 27. The receiving patch layer 21 is the first metal layer, used to form the top receiving structure to receive incident electromagnetic waves and regulate the reflected electromagnetic response; the DC bias layer 23 is the second metal layer, used to form a DC bias circuit corresponding to the tunable device; the ground plane layer 25 is the third metal layer, used to isolate the upper and lower electromagnetic paths and assist in directional radiation; the transmissive patch layer 27 is the fourth metal layer, used to form the bottom transmissive structure to radiate energy coupled from the upper layer to the other side of the array, thereby achieving the transmission function.

[0038] Specifically, the upper dielectric substrate 22 and the lower dielectric substrate 26 are both F4B265, and the adhesive board 24 is Rogers 4450F. The upper dielectric substrate 22 is 3mm thick, the lower dielectric substrate 26 is 1.5mm thick, and the adhesive board 24 is 0.1mm thick. The relatively thick upper dielectric substrate 22 is used to reduce the coupling capacitance between the top receiving patch 21 and the ground plane 25, making the reflection impedance change smoother and thus expanding the reflection phase tuning range.

[0039] In embodiments of the present invention, the first metal layer and the fourth metal layer can be connected via conductive vias or conductive pillars to form an energy coupling channel. The number, position, diameter, and connection method of the conductive vias or conductive pillars can be designed according to the requirements of transmission phase modulation and impedance matching.

[0040] In this embodiment, as Figure 4 , Figure 5 and Figure 6As shown, the DC bias layer 23 includes a bias conductor and a choke structure 234; the bias conductor is connected to the tunable switching device through a blind via or a via, and is used to regulate the on and off states of the tunable switching device; the choke structure 234 is arranged around the bias conductor; the choke structure 234 forms a capacitive coupling with the ground plane 25 to suppress the leakage of radio frequency signals along the bias conductor; the choke structure 234 is a fan-shaped stub structure.

[0041] In actual use, such as Figure 4 As shown, a first bias wire 231 for diode 215, a second bias wire 232 for diode 216, and a third bias wire 233 for diode 217 are disposed on the DC bias layer 23. The first bias wire 231, the second bias wire 232, and the third bias wire 233 are electrically connected to diodes 215, 216, and 217 respectively via metal vias to provide bias voltages to the corresponding diodes, thereby controlling their on / off states. To reduce the influence of the bias lines on the high-frequency current distribution, a fan-shaped stub structure is provided in the bias wires. This fan-shaped stub structure is equivalent to a low-pass filter, allowing DC current to pass through while preventing high-frequency current leakage.

[0042] In this embodiment, diodes 215 (number 1), 216 (number 2), and 217 (number 3) constitute a three-digit code for controlling the state. The first digit of the three-digit code corresponds to diode 215 (number 1), the second digit corresponds to diode 216 (number 2), and the third digit corresponds to diode 217 (number 3). A 0 in the code indicates that the corresponding diode is off, a 1 indicates that the corresponding diode is on, and X indicates that the diode is in any state.

[0043] The y-polarized receiving patch 211 has its reflected electromagnetic wave phase state controlled by diode 215. When diode 215 is in different states, the equivalent current length of the y-polarized receiving patch 211 changes, thus forming two different reflection phase states. The phase difference between the two states is preferably close to 180°. The corresponding codes can be represented as 0XX and 1XX, where 0XX is the first phase state of y-polarized reflection and 1XX is the second phase state of y-polarized reflection.

[0044] The x-polarization receiving patch 212 is jointly controlled by diodes 216 (second) and 217 (third). When diodes 216 and 217 are simultaneously off or on, the x-polarization receiving patch 212 operates in reflection mode. In this mode, the x-polarization receiving patch 212 is used to control the reflection of the x-polarization electromagnetic wave component, forming two different reflection phase states, with a preferred phase difference of approximately 180°, corresponding to codes X00 and X11, where X00 is the first phase state of x-polarization reflection and X11 is the second phase state of x-polarization reflection. When one of diodes 216 and 217 is on and the other is off, the x-polarization channel operates in transmission mode. At this time, the electromagnetic energy received by the x-polarization receiving patch 212 is coupled to the underlying transmission structure through conductive vias or conductive pillars and radiated to the other side of the array, thereby forming a transmitted wave. The transmission mode also corresponds to two different transmission phase states, with a phase difference preferably close to 180°, and the corresponding codes are X10 and X01, respectively, where X10 is the first phase state of x-polarized transmission and X01 is the second phase state of x-polarized transmission.

[0045] Through the aforementioned three-bit coding control method, the unit of this application can simultaneously achieve 1-bit control of the y-polarized reflection phase, 1-bit control of the x-polarized reflection phase, and 1-bit control of the x-polarized transmission phase, as well as switching of the x-polarized channel between reflection and transmission modes. This provides a foundation for array-level beamforming and polarization reconstruction.

[0046] In one embodiment, the transmissive patch layer 27 is provided with a slotted structure 271; the slotted structure 271 is used to adjust the transmission amplitude. The slotted structure 271 includes an open ring and / or a triangular groove.

[0047] Specifically, the fourth metal layer constitutes the bottom transmissive patch layer 27 structure. The transmissive patch layer 27 is connected to the x-polarized receiving patch 212 in the receiving patch layer 21 through conductive vias or conductive pillars, for receiving energy coupled from the x-polarized channel and re-radiating it to the other side of the array. In embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 6 As shown, the transmission patch layer 27 adopts an octagonal patch structure, and an open ring structure and a triangular groove structure are set on the patch to adjust the transmission amplitude. Under different diode states, the transmission patch layer 27 can form a surface current distribution in opposite directions, thereby obtaining two transmission phase states, with a phase difference preferably close to 180°. At the same time, by changing the rotational orientation of the transmission patch layer 27, the transmitted wave can obtain linear polarization components in different directions, thereby realizing polarization reconstruction in the transmission mode.

[0048] In this embodiment, the DC bias control board 30 is used to encode and control the diodes in each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20, enabling the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array 10 to switch between the following four polarization states in both reflection and transmission modes: +45° linear polarization, -45° linear polarization, left-hand circular polarization, and right-hand circular polarization. Preferably, the receiving patch layer 21 achieves multi-polarization switching in reflection mode by controlling the relative phase relationship between the y-polarized reflection component and the x-polarized reflection component. The transmission patch layer 27 achieves multi-polarization switching and beam reconstruction in transmission mode by jointly controlling the rotational orientation distribution of the transmission patches and the transmission phase compensation state. The rotational orientation of the transmission patches in the array includes one of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, and the transmission patches with different rotational orientations are arranged in the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array 10 according to a predetermined distribution to improve cross-polarization radiation characteristics and sidelobe levels. The predetermined distribution is a random sequential rotational distribution in which different rotational orientations are arranged in a basically balanced number in the array.

[0049] In one embodiment, the DC bias control board 30 includes a microcontroller unit, a series-parallel device, and a current-limiting resistor network. The microcontroller unit outputs digital control signals and inputs them to the series-parallel conversion device. The series-parallel conversion device is connected to the microcontroller unit and converts the digital control signals into multiple parallel bias signals, which are then input to the DC bias layer 23 via connectors and ribbon cables to control the on and off states of the tunable switching device. The current-limiting resistor network is connected to the series-parallel conversion device.

[0050] Specifically, the serial-to-parallel converter is used to convert serial control signals from the microcontroller unit into multiple parallel bias signals, which are then input to the DC bias layer 23 via connectors and cables to enable independent control of multiple diodes in the transflective metasurface array 10. The serial-to-parallel converter includes multiple shift registers connected in a cascaded manner to expand the number of input / output interfaces of the microcontroller unit.

[0051] In embodiments of the present invention, the DC bias control board 30 further includes a drive circuit and an interface circuit connected to the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array 10. Specifically, the DC bias control board 30 consists of a MEGA 2560 microcontroller, 54 74HC595 registers, 432 current-limiting resistors, 432 LED indicators, and 18 FPC connectors. The 54 registers are divided into 9 groups, each group being cascaded and using a serial input to the control board and parallel output to the registers to generate a total of 432 independent DC voltage bias leads. Each lead is connected in series with a current-limiting resistor and an LED indicator, and then connected to the DC bias line of each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20 of the transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array 10. It should be understood that the specific implementation of the control circuit does not constitute a limitation of this application. Any circuit structure capable of independently or in groups controlling multiple diodes in the array can be applied to this application.

[0052] In one specific embodiment, each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20 in the integrated transmissive and reflective metasurface array 10 employs a 1-bit phase modulation method to quantize and control the reflection phase and / or transmission phase. This allows for a 180° phase shift in both the reflection and transmission phases, enabling directional radiation and beam scanning. The integrated transmissive and reflective metasurface array 10 uses a 12×12 unit arrangement, with the transmission patch layer 27 arranged in a random rotational layout. This random rotational layout means that transmission patch layers 27 with different rotation angles are distributed according to a preset rule at the positions of each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20, maintaining a basic balance between different rotation orientations within the integrated transmissive and reflective metasurface array 10. This layout helps improve polarization purity in the transmission mode, reduce cross-polarization radiation, and optimize sidelobe levels. It should be understood that the random order referred to here is not completely random, but rather a preset arrangement that, while ensuring a basic balance in the number of different rotation angles, considers feed illumination distribution, phase compensation requirements, and polarization synthesis requirements.

[0053] like Figure 8 and Figure 9 As shown, in the 9-11 GHz band, the reflection amplitudes of both orthogonal y-polarized receiver patches 211 and x-polarized receiver patches 212 are less than 0.8 dB. If 180° ± 20° is taken as 1 bit of phase shift bandwidth, then the phase shift bandwidth of y-polarized receiver patch 211 is 9-10.6 GHz, and the phase shift bandwidth of x-polarized receiver patch 212 is 9.3-11 GHz. Furthermore, at the center frequency of 10 GHz, the phase shift curve of the y-polarized receiver patch leads the phase shift curve of the x-polarized receiver patch by approximately 90°. This means that if two orthogonally polarized receiving patches are excited with equal amplitude and in phase, the cell will radiate left-hand circularly polarized electromagnetic waves.

[0054] like Figure 10 and Figure 11As shown, in the 9-10.7GHz frequency band, the reflection amplitude is less than -10dB and the transmission amplitude is greater than -2dB. The transmission amplitude at the center frequency of 10GHz is about -0.6dB. The reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20 achieves good transmission characteristics. Thanks to the current reversal mechanism, in the X10 and X01 coding states, the transmission phase maintains a phase difference of 180° throughout the 9-11GHz frequency band, and accurately achieves 1-bit phase modulation.

[0055] In reflection mode, by encoding and controlling the y-polarized and x-polarized reflection phases of each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20, the desired reflection aperture phase distribution can be formed, thereby achieving directional reflection, beam scanning, or beam focusing. Furthermore, by controlling the relative phase relationship between the y-polarized and x-polarized reflection components, reflection radiation in different polarization states can be achieved. Specifically, when the amplitudes of the two orthogonal reflection components are approximately equal and the phase difference is +90°, a circularly polarized reflected wave can be formed; when the amplitudes of the two orthogonal reflection components are approximately equal and the phase difference is -90°, another circularly polarized reflected wave can be formed; and when the amplitudes of the two orthogonal reflection components are approximately equal and the phase difference is 0° or 180°, linearly polarized reflected waves in different directions can be formed.

[0056] like Figure 12 , Figure 13 , Figure 14 and Figure 15 As shown, when the transmissive and reflective metasurface array 10 is operating in reflection mode, the reflected beam can switch arbitrarily between four polarization states, and a wide-angle beam scanning effect of up to 60° can be achieved in each polarization state, with a clear and regular beam shape.

[0057] In transmission mode, the x-polarization receiving patch 212 of each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20 in the transmissive-reflective metasurface array 10 is set to a transmission state. By encoding and controlling the transmission phase state of each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit 20, a transmission beam in a predetermined direction can be formed on the other side of the array. Simultaneously, polarization reconstruction in transmission mode can be achieved through the combined design of the rotational orientation distribution of the bottom transmission patch layer 27 and transmission phase compensation. In embodiments of the present invention, multi-polarization radiation in transmission mode is achieved through the following steps: forming linear polarization components in different directions using transmission patches with different rotation angles; constructing the aperture phase distribution of the required polarization of the array using the phase relationship between orthogonal transmission components; performing phase compensation on the required phase; and achieving the synthesis of linearly polarized or circularly polarized transmission waves.

[0058] like Figure 16 , Figure 17 , Figure 18 and Figure 19As shown, when the metasurface array operates in transmission mode, the transmitted beam can switch arbitrarily between four polarization states, and a wide-angle beam scanning effect of up to 60° can be achieved in each polarization state, with a clear and regular beam shape.

[0059] In the transmissive / reflective mode, the y-polarized receiving patch 211 operates in a reflective state, while the x-polarized receiving patch 212 operates in a transmissive state. Thus, the array can form a reflected beam on the incident side and a transmissive beam on the other side, thereby achieving simultaneous coverage of both the reflective and transmissive spaces by the same metasurface system.

[0060] like Figure 20 As shown, when the integrated transmissive and reflective metasurface array 10 operates in transmissive and reflective mode, both the transmitted and reflected beams can scan in free space without interfering with each other, and both can simultaneously scan up to 45° while maintaining a clear and regular beam shape. Figure 21-24 As shown, the integrated transmissive and reflective metasurface array 10 exhibits excellent circular polarization characteristics in reflection mode: the circular polarization axial ratio of the array at the corresponding scanning angle is all below 3dB. For example... Figure 25-28 As shown, the integrated transmissive and reflective metasurface array 10 exhibits excellent circular polarization characteristics in transmission mode: the circular polarization axial ratio of the array at the corresponding scanning angle is all below 3dB. For example... Figure 29 As shown, when the integrated transmissive and reflective metasurface array 10 operates in reflective mode, the peak gain for the four polarization states is 18.8 dB, and the peak aperture efficiency is 20.8%. Figure 30 As shown, when the transmissive and reflective metasurface array 10 operates in transmission mode, the peak gain of the four polarization states is 17.9 dB and the peak aperture efficiency is 17.8%.

[0061] In summary, this invention discloses a transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam, comprising a transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface array and a DC bias control board. The transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface array includes several reconfigurable electromagnetic units. The reconfigurable electromagnetic units are stacked with a receiving patch layer, a DC bias layer, a ground layer, and a transmission patch layer. The receiving patch layer has a first polarization patch, a second polarization patch, and a tunable switch device. Both the first polarization patch and the second polarization patch are electrically connected to the tunable switch device. In use, the first polarization receiving patch is used for reflection control, and the second polarization receiving patch takes into account both reflection and transmission functions. The DC bias control board controls the on and off states of the tunable switch device to achieve switching between three working modes: reflection mode, transmission mode, and transmissive and reflective mode. In the reflection mode and transmission mode, multi-polarization switching and beam reconstruction are achieved, improving the system's independent control capability and mode switching flexibility.

[0062] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in this application can be combined with each other.

[0063] It should be noted that this invention uses a transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam to illustrate the specific structure and working principle of the invention. However, the application of this invention is not limited to the transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beam, and can also be applied to the production and use of other similar workpieces.

[0064] It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the precise structure described above and shown in the accompanying drawings, and various modifications and changes can be made without departing from its scope. The scope of the invention is limited only by the appended claims.

[0065] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system with reconfigurable polarization and beamwidth, characterized in that, include: A transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array is used to generate a reconfigurable reflected beam, a reconfigurable transmitted beam, or both under incident electromagnetic wave irradiation. The transmissive-reflective integrated metasurface array includes several reconfigurable electromagnetic units. Each reconfigurable electromagnetic unit is stacked with a receiving patch layer, a DC bias layer, a ground plane layer, and a transmitting patch layer. The receiving patch layer includes a first polarization patch, a second polarization patch, and a tunable switching device. Both the first polarization patch and the second polarization patch are electrically connected to the tunable switching device; wherein, the first polarization patch is used to perform phase modulation on the first polarization component in the incident wave in reflection mode; the second polarization patch is used to perform phase modulation on the second polarization component in the incident wave in reflection mode or transmission mode; the tunable switching device is used to adjust the phase state of the first polarization patch and the second polarization patch. A DC bias control board is electrically connected to several of the reconfigurable electromagnetic units; the DC bias control board is used to provide a DC bias voltage to the reconfigurable electromagnetic units to control the on and off states of the tunable switching devices.

2. The polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first polarization patch is a y-polarized receiving patch; the second polarization patch is an x-polarized receiving patch; the y-polarized receiving patch and the x-polarized receiving patch are arranged in an orthogonal direction; the y-polarized receiving patch is used to receive the y-polarized component in the incident wave and to adjust the phase of the y-polarized reflected wave in reflection mode; the x-polarized receiving patch is used to receive the x-polarized component in the incident wave and to adjust the phase of the x-polarized reflected wave in reflection mode or transmission mode.

3. The polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The x-polarized receiving patch and the transmission patch layer are electrically connected through a conductive structure; the x-polarized receiving patch is used to couple the received electromagnetic energy to the transmission patch layer for transmission radiation.

4. The polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The tunable switching device includes: A diode is disposed on the y-polarized receiving patch and is used to control the y-polarized receiving patch to switch between the first reflection phase state and the second reflection phase state. Diodes 2 and 3 are spaced apart on the x-polarized receiving patch and are used to control the x-polarized receiving patch to switch between a reflection state and a transmission state, as well as to switch the phase in the reflection state or the transmission state.

5. The polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The receiving patch layer is further provided with a first parasitic branch and a second parasitic branch at intervals; the first parasitic branch and the second parasitic branch are used to assist in adjusting the reflection amplitude and reflection phase of the x-polarized patch in the reflection mode.

6. The polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The DC bias layer includes: A bias wire is connected to the tunable switch device to regulate the on and off states of the tunable switch device; A choke structure is disposed around the bias conductor; the choke structure forms a capacitive coupling with the ground plane to suppress the leakage of radio frequency signals along the bias conductor.

7. The polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The transmissive patch layer has a slotted structure; the slotted structure is used to adjust the transmission amplitude.

8. The polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The reconfigurable electromagnetic unit further includes: The upper dielectric substrate is disposed between the receiving patch layer and the DC bias layer; An adhesive plate is disposed between the DC bias layer and the floor layer; The lower dielectric substrate is disposed between the floor layer and the transmissive patch layer.

9. The polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The DC bias control board includes: The microcontroller unit is used to output digital control signals; A serial-to-parallel conversion device, connected to the microcontroller unit, is used to receive the digital control signal, convert it into multiple parallel bias signals, and input them to the DC bias layer through connectors and ribbon cables to control the on and off states of the tunable switching device. A current-limiting resistor network is connected to the serial-to-parallel conversion device.

10. The polarization and beam reconfigurable transmissive and reflective integrated metasurface system according to claim 9, characterized in that, The serial-to-parallel conversion device includes several shift registers; the several shift registers are connected in a cascaded manner to expand the number of input / output interfaces of the microcontroller unit.

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