A directional self-watering bag for lentinus edodes and a preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

This invention belongs to the field of shiitake mushroom cultivation technology, specifically relating to a directional self-watering fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms, its preparation method, and its application. The directional self-watering fruiting bag for shiitake mushrooms and its preparation method belong to the field of edible fungi cultivation. This fruiting bag is mainly composed of polyethylene film. The upper part is designed with a core-porous membrane, the thickness of which is precisely controlled enough to be punctured by the shiitake primordia, achieving directional fruiting and gas exchange. The lower part is designed with an electrospun nanofiber membrane, enabling efficient water vapor permeation and blocking of miscellaneous bacteria. During crop rotation, in conjunction with an ultrasonic humidifier, the mushroom logs can autonomously absorb water vapor from the air, completely replacing traditional manual watering. This invention, through the synergistic effect of multi-zone functional membranes and optimized formula, achieves fruiting of shiitake mushrooms without manual puncture and incision, self-watering and humidity regulation without water injection, and high-yield and high-quality cultivation. It greatly simplifies the management process, reduces the pollution rate and labor costs, and is suitable for factory and large-scale production.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of shiitake mushroom cultivation technology, specifically relating to a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms, its preparation method, and its application. Background Technology

[0002] In shiitake mushroom cultivation, the mycelium requires sufficient oxygen after physiological maturity and releases carbon dioxide produced during metabolism. Current fruiting bags are polyethylene bags open at one end, which cannot allow directional ventilation and often require manual puncture or slits, a cumbersome process that easily introduces contaminating microorganisms. Secondly, traditional cultivation methods require watering during the mushroom rotation period; uneven watering can lead to an imbalance in moisture distribution within the substrate, affecting the uniformity and yield of subsequent fruiting. Furthermore, the rapid evaporation of moisture within the substrate and poor water retention negatively impact the continuity of fruiting and the overall yield. Therefore, existing fruiting bags suffer from problems such as lack of directional ventilation, susceptibility to contamination by microorganisms, and poor water retention. Summary of the Invention

[0003] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms, its preparation method, and its application.

[0004] To facilitate understanding of this invention, the materials used in this invention and their abbreviations are listed below: Polyacrylonitrile (PAN). N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF). Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyurethane (PU).

[0005] The first objective of this invention is to provide a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms, comprising a bag body, wherein a core-pore membrane is provided on the upper part of the bag body, and an electrostatic spun membrane is compositely provided on the lower part of the bag body.

[0006] The bag body has a thickness of 40µm to 60µm and has an opening along its length.

[0007] The nuclear pore membrane has a thickness of 0.5µm to 2µm, a pore diameter of 2µm to 8µm, and the pores are randomly and uniformly distributed with a density of 2×10⁻⁶. 6 pcs / cm 2 ~4×10 6 pcs / cm 2 .

[0008] The perforation strength of the nuclear pore membrane is 0.1N~0.5N.

[0009] The electrospun membrane has a fiber diameter of 100nm~800nm, a thickness of 20µm~100µm, and a porosity of 70%~90%.

[0010] The function of the nucleopore membrane is to allow carbon dioxide to escape and absorb a small amount of oxygen before the mycelium forms primordia. When the shiitake primordia develop and push against the nucleopore membrane, the membrane, due to its preset thickness and brittleness, can be physically broken by the normally growing shiitake mushroom buds, forming directional fruiting pores, thus achieving fruiting without manual incision.

[0011] Electrospun membranes have superhydrophilic or unidirectional moisture-wicking properties, allowing water vapor and liquid water to pass through efficiently, while effectively blocking bacteria, mold spores and mites in the air.

[0012] Preferably, the nuclear pore membrane has a thickness of 1 µm, a nuclear pore diameter of 5 µm, and a nuclear pore density of 3 × 10⁻⁶. 6 pcs / cm 2 Width 8cm~12cm, length 30cm~35cm.

[0013] Preferably, the nuclear pore membrane and the bag body are bonded together by hot pressing or ultrasonic welding.

[0014] Preferably, the temperature of the hot-press welding is 120℃~140℃, and the pressure is 0.2MPa~0.5MPa.

[0015] Preferably, the electrospun film is 8cm~12cm wide and 30cm~35cm long.

[0016] Preferably, the electrospun film and the bag body are bonded together by dot-matrix hot melt adhesive or ultrasonic spot welding.

[0017] Preferably, the spacing between the dots of the hot melt adhesive is 1cm to 2cm.

[0018] Preferably, the fiber has a diameter of 450 nm, a thickness of 60 µm, and a porosity of 80%.

[0019] Preferably, the bag body has a thickness of 45µm, a width of 17cm~18cm, and a length of 58cm~60cm.

[0020] Preferably, the material of the nuclear pore membrane is polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, or polytetrafluoroethylene.

[0021] The electrospun membrane is made of polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane, polyvinylidene fluoride, or polylactic acid.

[0022] The bag body is made of polyethylene or polypropylene.

[0023] Preferably, the intrinsic viscosity of the polyethylene terephthalate is 0.65 dL / g to 0.85 dL / g. The viscosity-average molecular weight of the polycarbonate is 20,000 Da to 35,000 Da. The viscosity-average molecular weight of the polyacrylonitrile is 80,000 Da to 120,000 Da. The number-average molecular weight of the polyurethane is 40,000 Da to 80,000 Da. The weight-average molecular weight of the polyvinylidene fluoride is 300,000 Da to 600,000 Da. The viscosity-average molecular weight of the polylactic acid is 100,000 Da to 200,000 Da. The viscosity-average molecular weight of the polyethylene is 80,000 Da to 150,000 Da.

[0024] Preferably, the material of the nuclear pore membrane is polyester, polycarbonate, polyimide or polytetrafluoroethylene.

[0025] The electrospun membrane is made of polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane, polyvinylidene fluoride, or polylactic acid.

[0026] The bag body is made of polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, or polypropylene.

[0027] Preferably, the method for preparing the nuclear pore membrane includes the following steps: Heavy ion irradiation and chemical etching were used to prepare films with diameters ranging from 2µm to 10µm, randomly and uniformly distributed, with a density of 2×10⁻⁶. 6 pcs / cm 2 ~4×10 6 pcs / cm 2 The nuclear pores were then analyzed to obtain the nuclear pore membrane.

[0028] Preferably, the method of heavy ion irradiation is as follows: using 12 C 6+ Heavy ion irradiation, energy 100 MeV, irradiation flux 1 × 10⁻⁶ 6 ions / cm 2 The irradiation time is 10s~20s.

[0029] Preferably, the chemical etching method is as follows: etching with NaOH solution at a concentration of 2 mol / L to 4 mol / L, a temperature of 50℃ to 60℃, and an etching time of 5 min to 15 min.

[0030] Preferably, after chemical etching, the polyester or polycarbonate film is washed with water until neutral and then dried at 100°C to 120°C.

[0031] Preferably, the method for preparing the electrospun film includes the following steps: Electrospun membranes are prepared on release paper using an electrospun process, producing nanofiber membranes with fiber diameters of 100nm~800nm, thicknesses of 20µm~100µm, and porosities of 70%~90%.

[0032] Preferably, when the electrospun film material is PAN, the preparation process of the electrospun film is as follows: A 10wt%–15wt% PAN / DMF solution was electrospun under the following conditions: voltage 15kV–20kV, receiving distance 15cm–20cm, feed rate 0.8mL / h–1.2mL / h, and receiving roller speed 500rpm–1000rpm, to obtain a PAN membrane. The PAN membrane was then vacuum dried at 80℃–100℃ for 2h–4h to obtain an electrospun membrane with a fiber diameter of 450nm, a thickness of 60μm, and a porosity of 80%.

[0033] Preferably, when the electrospun film material is PU, the preparation process of the electrospun film is as follows: A 12wt%–18wt% PU / DMF solution was electrospun at a voltage of 12kV–18kV, a receiving distance of 12cm–18cm, and a feed rate of 0.6mL / h–1.0mL / h to obtain a PU membrane. The PU membrane was then dried with hot air at 60℃–80℃ to obtain an electrospun membrane with a fiber diameter of 300nm–600nm, a thickness of 40μm–80μm, and a porosity of 75%–85%.

[0034] The second objective of this invention is to provide a method for preparing a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms, comprising the following steps: The nuclear pore membrane is hot-pressed onto the corresponding windowed area on the upper part of the bag sheet to form the upper functional area sheet. The bag sheet is 17cm-18cm wide and 58cm-60cm long. The nuclear pore membrane is 8cm-12cm wide and 30cm-35cm long.

[0035] The electrospun film is laminated to the corresponding window area at the bottom of the bag sheet using heat transfer or dispensing methods to form the lower functional area sheet. The electrospun film is 8cm~12cm wide and 30cm~35cm long.

[0036] Fold a PE sheet with upper and lower functional areas, and heat-seal it to form a three-side sealed or back-sealed bag. Leave a filling port at one end to obtain a directional self-absorbing mushroom bag.

[0037] The third objective of this invention is to provide an application of a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushroom cultivation, comprising the following steps: Adjust the moisture content of the shiitake mushroom culture medium to 55%–65% to obtain the shiitake mushroom cultivation substrate. Fill the prepared bags with the shiitake mushroom cultivation substrate, seal them, sterilize them, cool them, and inoculate them with shiitake mushroom spawn at 3%–5% of the substrate weight. Cultivate the shiitake mushrooms at a temperature of 10℃–25℃ and a humidity of 60%–95%.

[0038] The shiitake mushroom culture medium is based on the conventional shiitake mushroom cultivation main material, with an additional 1% of konjac glucomannan added to the dry weight of the culture medium, in order to significantly improve the overall water absorption and swelling rate and water retention performance of the culture medium.

[0039] Preferably, the cultivation includes a mycelial cultivation stage, a bud induction stage, and a fruiting stage.

[0040] The conditions for the mycelial culture stage are as follows: temperature 22℃~25℃, relative humidity 60%~70%, culture in the dark, CO2 concentration ≤1500ppm, culture period 30~40 days, until the mycelium has fully grown in the bag.

[0041] The conditions for the bud-inducing stage are: temperature 10℃~23℃, day-night temperature difference 8℃~10℃, relative humidity 85%~90%, light intensity 50lux~100lux, CO2 concentration ≤1000ppm, lasting for 7~10 days, to induce primordia formation.

[0042] The conditions for the fruiting stage are: temperature 12℃~18℃, relative humidity 85%~95%, light intensity 100lux~300lux, CO2 concentration ≤800ppm, ventilation 5~6 times / day, 30 minutes each time, and 2~3 flushes of directional fruiting.

[0043] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: This invention relates to a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag for shiitake mushrooms, comprising a bag body, a core-porous membrane at the top of the bag body, and an electrospun membrane at the bottom of the bag body. Before the mycelium forms primordia, the core-porous membrane allows carbon dioxide to escape and absorbs a small amount of oxygen, achieving directional air permeability. When the shiitake mushroom primordia develop and push against the core-porous membrane, the membrane, due to its predetermined thickness and brittleness, can be physically broken by the normally growing shiitake mushroom buds, forming directional fruiting pores, achieving fruiting without manual incision. The electrospun membrane has superhydrophilic or unidirectional moisture-wicking properties, allowing efficient permeation of water vapor and liquid water with strong water retention. Water vapor can also permeate evenly into the culture medium, achieving uniform moisture distribution. Simultaneously, the electrospun membrane effectively blocks bacteria, mold spores, and mites in the air, effectively preventing contamination by miscellaneous microorganisms. Compared to traditional shiitake mushroom cultivation, this directional self-absorbing fruiting bag for shiitake mushrooms saves 85.7% on labor costs per 10,000 bags (600 yuan). In terms of output efficiency, the average yield per mushroom log is 1.02 kg, an increase of 21.4%. The contamination rate of miscellaneous bacteria on the logs decreased from 5.2% to 1.1%, a reduction of 79%. The water consumption per log is 2.5 L, saving 44.4% of water. Therefore, the directional self-absorbing mushroom bag of the present invention, through the synergy of the core-pore membrane and the electrospun membrane, can simultaneously achieve directional air permeability, prevention of miscellaneous bacteria contamination, and high water retention, significantly reducing the cost of shiitake mushroom cultivation.

[0044] The present invention relates to a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag for shiitake mushrooms, comprising a bag body, an upper portion of which is provided with a core-pore membrane, and a lower portion of which is compositely provided with an electrospun membrane. The bag body has a thickness of 40µm to 60µm and has openings along its length. The core-pore membrane has a thickness of 0.5µm to 2µm, a core-pore diameter of 2µm to 8µm, and the core pores are randomly and uniformly distributed with a density of 2×10⁻⁶. 6 pcs / cm 2 ~4×10 6 pcs / cm 2 The perforation strength of the core-pore membrane is 0.1N~0.5N, enabling directional membrane rupture and fruiting. The core-pore membrane and the bag body are bonded together by hot pressing or ultrasonic welding. The precise thickness and strength design of the core-pore membrane of this invention achieves the integration of gas exchange and directional membrane rupture for fruiting. During the mycelial growth period, the upper core-pore membrane can maintain a microaerophilic environment for the mycelium and release CO2. During the fruiting period, no manual opening is required; the mushroom buds naturally rupture the core-pore membrane, forming neat fruiting holes, reducing labor intensity and the window for contamination by other microorganisms.

[0045] The electrospun membrane of this invention, suitable for directional self-absorbing water-growing bags for shiitake mushrooms, has a fiber diameter of 100nm~800nm, a thickness of 20µm~100µm, and a porosity of 70%~90%. The electrospun membrane is bonded to the bag body via spot-forming hot melt adhesive or ultrasonic spot welding. The electrospun membrane possesses high air and moisture permeability as well as antibacterial properties. During crop rotation, in conjunction with water vapor generated by an ultrasonic humidifier in the cultivation environment, the mushroom logs can autonomously absorb water vapor from the air through the electrospun membrane area, achieving a dynamic balance of moisture within the logs. This completely replaces traditional manual watering, saving significant labor costs and avoiding physical damage and microbial contamination caused by watering.

[0046] This invention utilizes a double-layered functional membrane, eliminating the need for additional water-retaining bags. This saves on consumables related to water-retaining bags and the labor required for bag installation and removal. It also avoids the problems of mushroom bud scorching and bacterial growth caused by the sealed, damp conditions of water-retaining bags, further reducing cultivation costs and disease risks. The directional self-absorbing fruiting bag of this invention for shiitake mushrooms integrates multiple functions such as breathability, air control, fruiting after bag breakage, self-absorbing water, and prevention of bacterial growth. It is suitable for factory-scale shelf cultivation or greenhouse cultivation, saving labor and costs. Attached Figure Description

[0047] Figure 1 This is a photograph of the directional self-absorbing water mushroom growing bag of the present invention. In the photograph, A is the core-pore membrane at the upper part of the bag body. B is the electrospun membrane at the lower part of the bag body. Detailed Implementation

[0048] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand and implement the technical solutions of the present invention, the following detailed description, in conjunction with preferred embodiments and accompanying drawings, provides a clear and complete account of the technical solutions of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of them. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0049] It should be noted that all technical terms used in this invention are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this invention. Unless otherwise specified, all raw materials, reagents, instruments and equipment used in the following embodiments of this invention can be purchased from the market or prepared by existing methods.

[0050] The main materials used in this invention include polyethylene film, nucleopore membrane, polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane film, konjac glucomannan, and traditional polyethylene bags.

[0051] The polyethylene film, purchased from China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (Sinopec), is model LLDPE-7042, with a viscosity-average molecular weight of 12000 Da and a density of 0.919 g / cm³. 3 The melt flow rate is 1.8 g / 10 min, and the thickness is 45 μm. The nucleoporous membrane material was purchased from the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; the model is PET nucleoporous membrane, with a pore size of 5 μm and a pore density of 2 × 10⁻⁶. 6 pcs / cm 2 Polyacrylonitrile (PAC), purchased from Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Co., Ltd., with a viscosity-average molecular weight of 100,000 Da, traded as spinning-grade PAC raw material. Polyurethane film, purchased from Dongguan Xionglin New Material Technology Co., Ltd., model TPU-2586A, product name polyester-type thermoplastic polyurethane film. Konjac glucomannan, purity ≥80%, purchased from Hubei Yizhi Konjac Biotechnology Co., Ltd., model food-grade KGM-80. Traditional polyethylene mushroom bags, purchased from Xiamen Baoyuan Plastic Products Co., Ltd., specifications 18cm×60cm×5cm, product name shiitake mushroom cultivation bags.

[0052] The culture medium used in this invention is made from a mixture of 78% hardwood sawdust, 20% wheat bran, 1% gypsum and 1% sugar.

[0053] Example 1 A method for preparing a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms includes the following steps: (1) Preparation of nuclear pore membranes Using heavy ion irradiation and chemical etching, nucleopore membranes with a diameter of 6 µm, randomly and uniformly distributed, and a density of 3 × 10⁻⁶ were fabricated on thin films of the nucleopore material. 6 pcs / cm 2 The nuclear pores were washed with water until neutral and dried at 110°C to obtain a nuclear pore membrane.

[0054] The method of heavy ion irradiation is as follows: using... 12 C 6+ Heavy ion irradiation, energy 100 MeV, irradiation flux 1 × 10⁻⁶ 6 ions / cm 2 The irradiation time was 15 seconds.

[0055] The chemical etching method is as follows: etching with NaOH solution at a concentration of 3 mol / L, a temperature of 55℃, and an etching time of 10 min.

[0056] (2) Preparation of electrospun membrane A 15 wt% PAN / DMF solution was electrospun at a voltage of 20 kV, a receiving distance of 20 cm, a feed rate of 1.2 mL / h, and a receiving roller speed of 1000 rpm to obtain a PAN membrane. The PAN membrane was then vacuum dried at 100 °C for 4 h to obtain an electrospun membrane with a fiber diameter of 450 nm, a thickness of 60 μm, and a porosity of 80%.

[0057] (3) Preparation of directional self-watering mushroom bags The nuclear pore membrane is hot-pressed onto the upper part of the bag sheet, corresponding to the windowed area, to form the upper functional area sheet. The bag sheet is 17.5 cm wide and 59 cm long. The nuclear pore membrane is 10 cm wide and 33 cm long.

[0058] The electrospun film is laminated to the corresponding window area at the bottom of the bag sheet using heat transfer or dispensing methods to form the lower functional area sheet. The electrospun film is 10cm wide and 33cm long.

[0059] Fold a PE sheet with upper and lower functional areas, and heat-seal it to form a three-side sealed or back-sealed bag. Leave a filling port at one end to obtain a directional self-absorbing mushroom bag.

[0060] Example 2 A method for preparing a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms includes the following steps: (1) Preparation of nuclear pore membranes Heavy ion irradiation and chemical etching were used to fabricate nucleopore films with a diameter of 2µm, randomly and uniformly distributed, and a density of 2×10⁻⁶. 6 The nuclear pores were washed with water until neutral and dried at 100°C to obtain a nuclear pore membrane.

[0061] The method of heavy ion irradiation is as follows: using... 12 C 6+ Heavy ion irradiation, energy 100 MeV, irradiation flux 1 × 10⁻⁶ 6 ions / cm 2 The irradiation time was 10 seconds.

[0062] The chemical etching method is as follows: etching with NaOH solution at a concentration of 2 mol / L, a temperature of 50℃, and an etching time of 15 min.

[0063] (2) Preparation of electrospun membrane A PU / DMF solution of 18 wt% was electrospun at a voltage of 18 kV, a receiving distance of 18 cm, and a feed rate of 1.0 mL / h to obtain a PU membrane. The PU membrane was then dried with hot air at 80 °C to obtain an electrospun membrane with a fiber diameter of 300 nm, a thickness of 40 μm, and a porosity of 75%.

[0064] (3) Preparation of directional self-watering mushroom bags The nuclear pore membrane is hot-pressed onto the upper part of the bag sheet corresponding to the windowed area to form the upper functional area sheet; wherein, the bag sheet is 17cm wide and 58cm long, and the nuclear pore membrane is 8cm wide and 30cm long.

[0065] The electrospun film is laminated to the corresponding window area at the bottom of the bag sheet by heat transfer or dispensing to form the lower functional area sheet; the electrospun film is 8cm wide and 30cm long.

[0066] Fold a PE sheet with upper and lower functional areas, and heat-seal it to form a three-side sealed or back-sealed bag. Leave a filling port at one end to obtain a directional self-absorbing mushroom bag.

[0067] Example 3 A method for preparing a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms includes the following steps: (1) Preparation of nuclear pore membranes Using heavy ion irradiation and chemical etching, 8µm diameter, randomly and uniformly distributed core-pore membranes with a density of 4×10⁻⁶ were fabricated on thin films of the core-pore material. 6 pcs / cm 2 The nuclear pores were washed with water until neutral and dried at 120°C to obtain a nuclear pore membrane.

[0068] The method of heavy ion irradiation is as follows: using... 12 C 6+ Heavy ion irradiation, energy 100 MeV, irradiation flux 1 × 10⁻⁶ 6 ions / cm 2 The irradiation time was 10 seconds.

[0069] The chemical etching method is as follows: etching with NaOH solution at a concentration of 4 mol / L, a temperature of 60℃, and an etching time of 5 min.

[0070] (2) Preparation of electrospun membrane A 10 wt% N,N-dimethylformamide solution of PAN was electrospun at a voltage of 15 kV, a receiving distance of 15 cm, a feed speed of 0.8 mL / h, and a receiving roller speed of 1000 rpm to obtain a PAN membrane. The PAN membrane was then vacuum dried at 80 °C for 4 h to obtain an electrospun membrane with a fiber diameter of 800 nm, a thickness of 100 μm, and a porosity of 90%.

[0071] (3) Preparation of directional self-watering mushroom bags The nuclear pore membrane is hot-pressed onto the upper part of the bag sheet, corresponding to the windowed area, to form the upper functional area sheet. The bag sheet is 18cm wide and 60cm long. The nuclear pore membrane is 12cm wide and 35cm long.

[0072] The electrospun film is laminated to the corresponding window area at the bottom of the bag sheet by heat transfer or dispensing to form the lower functional area sheet; the electrospun film is 12cm wide and 35cm long.

[0073] Fold a PE sheet with upper and lower functional areas, and heat-seal it to form a three-side sealed or back-sealed bag. Leave a filling port at one end to obtain a directional self-absorbing mushroom bag.

[0074] The directional self-absorbing mushroom bags prepared in Examples 1 to 3 have similar functional effects. Therefore, the directional self-absorbing mushroom bag prepared in Example 1 was selected for application experiments.

[0075] Application Example 1 A method for applying a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushroom cultivation includes the following steps: (1) Preparation of Shiitake Mushroom Substrate The culture medium and konjac glucomannan were mixed at a mass ratio of 99:1, and water was added to adjust the humidity to 60% to obtain the shiitake mushroom substrate.

[0076] (2) Inoculation and culture The shiitake mushroom cultivation substrate was filled into the directional self-absorbing fruiting bag prepared in Example 1, sealed, sterilized, and cooled. Shiitake mushroom spawn was inoculated at 4% of the mass of the shiitake mushroom cultivation substrate, and shiitake mushrooms were obtained through cultivation.

[0077] The cultivation process includes the mycelium cultivation stage, the bud induction stage, and the fruiting stage.

[0078] The conditions for the mycelial culture stage are as follows: temperature 24℃, relative humidity 65%, culture in the dark, CO2 concentration ≤1500ppm, culture for 35 days until the mycelium fully colonizes the bag.

[0079] The conditions for the bud-inducing stage are: temperature 10℃~18℃, day-night temperature difference 8℃, relative humidity 87%, light intensity 70 lux, CO2 concentration ≤1000ppm, lasting for 8 days, to induce primordia formation.

[0080] The conditions for the fruiting stage are: temperature 15℃, relative humidity 90%, light intensity 200 lux, CO2 concentration ≤800 ppm, ventilation 5 times / day, 30 minutes each time, and 4 flushes of directional fruiting.

[0081] An ultrasonic humidifier is installed in the mushroom growing room to maintain the air humidity at 60% daily and 95% during the crop rotation period.

[0082] Application Example 2 A method for applying a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushroom cultivation includes the following steps: (1) Preparation of Shiitake Mushroom Substrate The culture medium and konjac glucomannan were mixed at a mass ratio of 99:1, and water was added to adjust the humidity to 55% to obtain the shiitake mushroom substrate.

[0083] (2) Inoculation and culture The shiitake mushroom cultivation substrate was filled into the directional self-absorbing fruiting bag prepared in Example 1, sealed, sterilized, and cooled. Shiitake mushroom spawn was inoculated at 3% of the mass of the shiitake mushroom cultivation substrate, and shiitake mushrooms were obtained through cultivation.

[0084] The cultivation process includes the mycelium cultivation stage, the bud induction stage, and the fruiting stage.

[0085] The conditions for the mycelial culture stage are as follows: temperature 22℃, relative humidity 60%, culture in the dark, CO2 concentration ≤1500ppm, culture period 30 days, until the mycelium fully colonizes the bag.

[0086] The conditions for the bud-inducing stage are: temperature 10℃~20℃, day-night temperature difference 10℃, relative humidity 85%~90%, light intensity 50lux~100lux, CO2 concentration ≤1000ppm, lasting for 7 days, to induce primordia formation.

[0087] The conditions for the fruiting stage are: temperature 12℃, relative humidity 85%, light intensity 100 lux, CO2 concentration ≤800ppm, ventilation 5 times / day, 30 minutes each time, and 4 flushes of directional fruiting.

[0088] An ultrasonic humidifier is installed in the mushroom growing room to maintain the air humidity at 60% daily and 95% during the crop rotation period.

[0089] Application Example 3 A method for applying a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag suitable for shiitake mushroom cultivation includes the following steps: (1) Preparation of Shiitake Mushroom Substrate The culture medium and konjac glucomannan were mixed at a mass ratio of 99:1, and water was added to adjust the humidity to 65% to obtain the shiitake mushroom substrate.

[0090] (2) Inoculation and culture The shiitake mushroom cultivation substrate was filled into the directional self-absorbing fruiting bag prepared in Example 1, sealed, sterilized, and cooled. Shiitake mushroom spawn was inoculated at 5% of the mass of the shiitake mushroom cultivation substrate, and shiitake mushrooms were obtained through cultivation.

[0091] The cultivation process includes the mycelium cultivation stage, the bud induction stage, and the fruiting stage.

[0092] The conditions for the mycelial culture stage are as follows: temperature 25℃, relative humidity 70%, culture in the dark, CO2 concentration ≤1500ppm, culture period 40 days, until the mycelium fully colonizes the bag.

[0093] The conditions for the bud-inducing stage are: temperature 14℃~23℃, diurnal temperature range 9℃, relative humidity 90%, light intensity 100 lux, CO2 concentration ≤1000ppm, lasting for 10 days, to induce primordia formation.

[0094] The conditions for the fruiting stage are: temperature 18℃, relative humidity 95%, light intensity 300 lux, CO2 concentration ≤800 ppm, ventilation 6 times / day, 30 minutes each time, and 4 flushes of directional fruiting.

[0095] An ultrasonic humidifier is installed in the mushroom growing room to maintain the air humidity at 60% daily and 95% during the crop rotation period.

[0096] Application Examples 1 to 3 have similar mushroom-growing effects.

[0097] To illustrate the beneficial effects of the present invention, the following experiments were also conducted: I. Experimental Methods Control group 1: Shiitake mushrooms were cultivated using traditional polyethylene bags and culture medium. During the fruiting period, manual incision was made, and during the crop rotation period, manual watering was used. The remaining cultivation conditions were the same as those in Application Example 1. The resulting shiitake mushrooms were recorded as control group 1.

[0098] Shiitake mushrooms were cultivated using traditional polyethylene bags and a culture medium supplemented with 1% konjac glucomannan. All other cultivation conditions were the same as in Application Example 1. Shiitake mushrooms were successfully grown and designated as control group 2.

[0099] In the control group, 500 mushroom sticks were prepared in each group, and the effects of directional fruiting, self-water absorption, water retention and overall benefits were recorded.

[0100] II. Experimental Results The actual product of the directional self-absorbing water mushroom bag of the present invention is shown below. Figure 1 As shown in Table 1, the directional fruiting effect of this invention is as follows. The results show that the traditional control group required manual incision, with a work efficiency of only 3.2 sticks / minute. In the application example of this invention, the mushroom buds autonomously break through the membrane to produce fruiting, eliminating the need for manual incision and saving 100% of the incision-related work time. The control group had a budding time difference of 2.8 days for the first flush of mushrooms, resulting in poor uniformity of fruiting. In the application example, the budding time difference was only 0.9 days, significantly improving fruiting synchronization and facilitating centralized mechanized harvesting. Traditional manual incision creates large-area wounds on the mushroom logs, with a contamination rate of 5.2% at the membrane break. This invention only causes the mushroom buds to break through at specific points, forming small, regular fruiting holes, reducing the contamination rate to 1.1%, and lowering the overall contamination rate by 79%.

[0101] Table 1. Effect of directional fruiting The directional self-watering effect of this invention is shown in Table 2. The results show that after the first flush of mushrooms, the moisture content of the control group's substrate decreased sharply to 45.2%. This invention, relying on the bottom electrospun membrane to autonomously absorb environmental moisture, maintained the substrate moisture content at 54.5%, meeting the substrate's water replenishment needs for mycelial growth. In the second flush stage, the yield per substrate in the self-watering-free model was 233g, basically the same as the 234g in the control group with manual watering. In the later stages of cultivation, the yield of the third flush reached 235g, surpassing the control group's 207g, demonstrating that continuous autonomous water replenishment prevented drought-induced yield reduction. During the complete cultivation cycle, the control group required manual watering three times, while this invention required no manual watering throughout the entire process, completely replacing the traditional watering procedure and significantly saving on labor costs for water replenishment.

[0102] Table 2 Self-absorption effect The targeted water retention effect of this invention is shown in Table 3. The results show that, in terms of the water absorption performance of the culture medium, the saturated water absorption rate of this invention after adding KGM gel reaches 4.0 g water / g dry material, an improvement of 39% compared to the traditional blank control group. Water loss during the mycelium growth stage is significantly reduced. The traditional control group experienced an average daily water loss of 1.2%, while the applied example, relying on the lower electrospun membrane to block water vapor leakage and the gel to lock in water, achieved an average daily water loss of only 0.6%, a 50% reduction in daily water loss rate. During a complete four-flush mushroom cultivation cycle, the total water loss per log was 850 g in the control group, but only 580 g in the applied example, a 32% reduction in total water loss. In terms of yield, the biological efficiency of the traditional PE bag control group was 71.8%, with a total yield of 0.84 kg per log, while the biological efficiency of the applied example increased to 87.2%, with a total yield of 1.02 kg per log, a 21.4% increase in total yield.

[0103] Table 3 Water retention effect The comprehensive benefits of this invention are shown in Table 4. The results show that, in terms of labor costs, the traditional labor cost for cultivating and managing 10,000 shiitake mushroom logs is 4200 yuan, while using the fruiting bags of this invention only requires 600 yuan, resulting in a labor cost saving of 85.7%. In terms of output benefits, the average yield per log increased from 0.84 kg to 1.02 kg, an overall increase of 21.4%. Disease risk was significantly reduced, with the contamination rate of miscellaneous bacteria on the logs decreasing from 5.2% to 1.1%, a reduction of 79%. Water consumption was significantly reduced; traditional cultivation requires 4.5L of water per log, while this invention only requires 2.5L, saving 44.4% of water per log. This invention demonstrates significant industrial advantages in terms of labor, yield, disease control, and water conservation.

[0104] Table 4 Comprehensive Benefits In this invention, the mushroom logs are unidirectionally drawn into the interior through a lower electrospun membrane, maintaining a suitable moisture content. In the control group, without artificial watering, the second flush yield was only 49g / log, a significant reduction, thus requiring watering. The directional self-watering mushroom bag described in this invention achieves directional fruiting without manual cutting, uniform fruiting, and low contamination rate. In terms of self-watering, it completely replaces traditional manual watering, maintaining the moisture balance of the mushroom logs using ultrasonic humidification. Regarding high water retention, the synergistic effect of konjac glucomannan and the functional membrane significantly reduces the rate of water loss, improving biological efficiency and total yield. Compared to traditional PE bags, this invention saves over 85% of labor and increases yield by over 21.4%, demonstrating outstanding value for industrial application.

[0105] It should be noted that when numerical ranges are involved in this invention, it should be understood that the two endpoints of each numerical range and any value between the two endpoints can be selected. Since the steps and methods used are the same as in the embodiments, preferred embodiments are described in this invention to avoid redundancy. Although preferred embodiments of this invention have been described, those skilled in the art, once they understand the inventive concept of this invention, can make other changes and modifications to these embodiments, and all such changes and modifications fall within the scope of this invention.

[0106] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this invention without departing from its spirit and scope. If such modifications and variations fall within the scope of equivalents of this invention, then this invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A directional self-absorbing water-absorbing mushroom bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms, characterized in that, The bag includes a bag body, the upper part of which is provided with a nuclear pore membrane, and the lower part of which is compositely provided with an electrospun membrane; The thickness of the bag body is 40µm~60µm, and an opening is provided along the length direction; The nuclear pore membrane has a thickness of 0.5 µm~2 µm, a nuclear pore diameter of 2 µm~8 µm, and the nuclear pores are randomly and uniformly distributed, and the density of the nuclear pores is 2×10 6 / cm 2 ~4×10 6 / cm 2 . The perforation strength of the nuclear pore membrane is 0.1N~0.5N; The electrospun membrane has a fiber diameter of 100nm~800nm, a thickness of 20µm~100µm, and a porosity of 70%~90%.

2. The directional self-absorbing mushroom bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, The nuclear pore membrane has a thickness of 1 µm, a nuclear pore diameter of 5 µm, and a density of 3×10 6 cm 2 -2. The nuclear pore membrane has a thickness of 1 µm, a nuclear pore diameter of 5 µm, and a density of 3×10 6 cm 2 -2. The nuclear pore membrane has a thickness of 1 µm, a nuclear pore diameter of 5 µm, and 3. The directional self-absorbing mushroom bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fiber has a diameter of 450 nm, a thickness of 60 µm, and a porosity of 80%.

4. The directional self-absorbing mushroom bag suitable for shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, The bag body has a thickness of 45µm, a width of 17cm~18cm, and a length of 58cm~60cm.

5. The directional self-absorbing fruiting bag for shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, The material of the nuclear pore membrane is: polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide or polytetrafluoroethylene; The material of the electrospun film is: polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane, polyvinylidene fluoride or polylactic acid; The bag body is made of polyethylene or polypropylene.

6. The directional self-absorbing mushroom bag for shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method for preparing the nuclear pore membrane includes the following steps: The nuclear pore film is prepared by using heavy ion irradiation and chemical etching on the film of nuclear pore membrane material, and has nuclear pores with a diameter of 2 µm-8 µm, random and uniform distribution, and a density of 2×10 6 cm 2 -4×10 6 cm 2 -2.

7. The directional self-absorbing mushroom bag for shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method for preparing the electrospun film includes the following steps: Electrospun membranes are prepared on release paper using an electrospun process, producing nanofiber membranes with fiber diameters of 100nm~800nm, thicknesses of 20µm~100µm, and porosities of 70%~90%.

8. The method for preparing a directional self-absorbing fruiting bag for shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: The nuclear pore membrane is hot-pressed onto the upper part of the bag sheet corresponding to the window area to form the upper functional area sheet; wherein, the bag sheet is 17cm~18cm wide and 58cm~60cm long; the nuclear pore membrane is 8cm~12cm wide and 30cm~35cm long; The electrospun film is laminated to the corresponding window area at the bottom of the bag sheet by heat transfer or dispensing to form the lower functional area sheet; the electrospun film is 8cm~12cm wide and 30cm~35cm long. A polyethylene sheet with upper and lower functional areas is folded and heat-sealed to form a three-side sealed or back-sealed bag. A filling port is reserved at one end to obtain a directional self-absorbing mushroom bag.

9. The application of the directional self-absorbing fruiting bag for shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1 in the cultivation of shiitake mushrooms, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: The shiitake mushroom cultivation substrate is filled into the bag prepared above, sealed, sterilized, and cooled. Shiitake mushroom spawn is inoculated at 3% to 5% of the mass of the shiitake mushroom cultivation substrate, and shiitake mushrooms are obtained by culturing at a temperature of 10℃ to 25℃ and a humidity of 60% to 95%.

10. The application of the directional self-absorbing fruiting bag for shiitake mushrooms according to claim 9 in the cultivation of shiitake mushrooms, characterized in that, The cultivation includes a mycelial culture stage, a bud induction stage, and a fruiting stage; The conditions for the mycelial culture stage are as follows: temperature 22℃~25℃, relative humidity 60%~70%, culture in the dark, CO2 concentration ≤1500ppm, culture period 30~40 days, until the mycelium has fully colonized the bag; The conditions for the bud-inducing stage are: temperature 10℃~23℃, day-night temperature difference 8℃~10℃, relative humidity 85%~90%, light intensity 50lux~100lux, CO2 concentration ≤1000ppm, lasting for 7~10 days, to induce primordia formation. The conditions for the fruiting stage are: temperature 12℃~18℃, relative humidity 85%~95%, light intensity 100lux~300lux, CO2 concentration ≤800ppm, ventilation 5~6 times / day, 30 minutes each time, and directional fruiting harvesting.

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