A kind of half football type heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout multi-surface underwater photovoltaic buoy and its control method and system

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of half football type heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout multi-section underwater photovoltaic buoy and its control method and system, buoy includes transparent protective shell, bearing framework, photovoltaic power generation component, sealed storehouse, energy storage unit and load unit;Bearing framework is the half football type multi-section structure formed by the splicing of multiple polygon section units, and the photovoltaic power generation component includes multiple photovoltaic units arranged on the section unit, and the type of photovoltaic unit on at least part of section unit is different, forming the heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout along the top to bottom of bearing framework.The application also provides corresponding energy harvesting control method and buoy system.The application realizes omnidirectional three-dimensional light receiving through the half football type multi-section three-dimensional layout, and the heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout considers the adaptability of strong light and weak light environment, which significantly improves the power generation efficiency and long-term service reliability in complex sea conditions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of marine energy equipment and marine observation technology, specifically to a multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a semi-soccer-shaped heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout and its control method and system. Background Technology

[0002] With the deepening implementation of my country's maritime power strategy, the scale of the marine economy and the demand for comprehensive observation are expanding year by year, and the deployment scale of buoys, as core equipment for marine environmental detection, is also increasing dramatically. Most existing marine photovoltaic buoys adopt an integrated fixed planar photovoltaic panel structure, among which the structure disclosed in the patent application (CN114132438B) of the Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, is the most representative. This structure has multiple cylindrical batteries installed on the buoy base to store electricity and power the detection devices on the buoy base. The solar panels arranged around the buoy base can charge the cylindrical batteries in sunny or cloudy conditions.

[0003] The shortcomings of existing technologies are that the photovoltaic buoys in underwater and complex sea conditions use a single form of light reception, mostly using a single flat photovoltaic panel. Under the action of waves at sea, the buoys are prone to attitude deflection, the incident angle of photovoltaic light changes drastically, the effective light-receiving area decreases significantly, the power generation efficiency fluctuates greatly, the energy capture stability is poor, and there is a lack of gradient layout design that matches the structure and energy. The photovoltaic materials are also limited and cannot be adapted to the differences in various operating conditions such as strong direct sunlight on the sea surface, diffused light on cloudy days, and weak light in shallow water. This results in wasted power generation potential in high light areas and insufficient energy replenishment in low light areas, thus limiting the overall self-powered endurance. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing marine photovoltaic buoys, such as poor adaptability to light-receiving attitude, weak underwater compatibility of photovoltaic materials, and lack of gradient partitioning in photovoltaic layout, this invention provides a multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout, along with its control method and system. This solves the problems of low power generation efficiency in low-light environments, large-angle deflection under wave action leading to decreased light-receiving efficiency, difficulty in achieving long-term autonomous operation, and the tendency of traditional MPPT algorithms to fail in fast, random underwater lighting environments. It achieves heterogeneous photovoltaic partitioned gradient layout and omnidirectional three-dimensional light reception, improving power generation efficiency, attitude adaptability, and long-term service reliability in complex sea conditions and shallow underwater environments.

[0005] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solution: In a first aspect, the present invention provides a multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout, comprising a transparent protective shell, a load-bearing frame, photovoltaic power generation components, a sealed chamber, an energy storage unit, and a load unit; The supporting frame is a hemispherical multi-faceted structure formed by splicing together multiple polygonal faceted units, and it is located on top of the sealed chamber; The photovoltaic power generation module includes multiple photovoltaic units, which are respectively disposed on multiple sectional units of the supporting frame, and at least some of the photovoltaic units on the sectional units are of different types to form a heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout along the top to the bottom of the supporting frame. The transparent protective shell is installed outside the supporting frame, and the bottom of the transparent protective shell is sealed to the top of the sealed chamber to form a closed internal protective space; The energy storage unit and the load unit are located inside the sealed chamber. The output terminal of the photovoltaic power generation module is electrically connected to the input terminal of the energy storage unit, and the output terminal of the energy storage unit is electrically connected to the load unit.

[0006] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the load-bearing frame includes: The first polygonal sectional unit is located in the top center region of the supporting skeleton; The second polygonal section unit is located in the central circumferential region of the supporting skeleton and is connected to the edge of the first polygonal section unit. The third polygonal section unit is located in the bottom circumferential region of the supporting skeleton and is connected to the edge of the second polygonal section unit.

[0007] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first polygonal slicing unit is a regular hexagonal slicing unit, the second polygonal slicing unit includes regular hexagonal slicing units and regular pentagonal slicing units that alternately surround and connect around the first polygonal slicing unit, and the third polygonal slicing unit includes pentagonal slicing units and quadrilateral slicing units that surround and connect around the second polygonal slicing unit.

[0008] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout of the plurality of photovoltaic units is as follows: a monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panel is disposed on the first polygonal section unit and / or the second polygonal section unit, and an amorphous silicon photovoltaic panel is disposed on the third polygonal section unit.

[0009] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a first annular sealing plate is provided at the bottom outer edge of the transparent protective shell, and a second annular sealing plate is provided at the top outer edge of the sealing chamber. The first annular sealing plate is tightly fitted above the second annular sealing plate, and the first annular sealing plate and the second annular sealing plate are connected to fasteners through a labyrinthine arrangement of first mounting holes to form a sealing structure.

[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the transparent protective shell has a hemispherical structure, and a sealed heat-insulating interlayer is provided inside the shell wall, with a light transmittance of ≥90%.

[0011] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an annular boss is provided on the inner side of the top of the sealing chamber, and the bottom of the supporting frame is provided on the upper surface of the annular boss.

[0012] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the outer wall of the sealed chamber is provided with a sensor mounting interface for connecting an underwater monitoring sensor.

[0013] Secondly, the present invention provides an energy harvesting control method for a multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a semi-soccer-shaped heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout, the method comprising: Obtain the orientation information and / or real-time output power information of the cross-sectional unit where each photovoltaic unit in the photovoltaic power generation module is located; Based on the orientation information and / or real-time output power information, identify the main light-receiving area and the auxiliary light-receiving area under the current operating conditions; The photovoltaic unit corresponding to the main light-receiving area is controlled to operate in maximum power point tracking mode, and the output access status of the photovoltaic unit corresponding to the auxiliary light-receiving area is adjusted to optimize the overall output power of the photovoltaic power generation module.

[0014] Thirdly, the present invention provides a multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy system with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout, comprising: At least one of the aforementioned multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoys; A remote monitoring terminal is communicatively connected to the multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy, used to receive the operating status information and / or environmental perception data uploaded by the multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy, and to send control commands to the multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects: 1. This invention employs a hemispherical multi-faceted support frame, composed of multiple polygonal faceted units spliced ​​together to form a streamlined hemispherical structure. Multiple photovoltaic units are arranged 360° in multiple directions on the surface of each faceted unit. Compared to traditional single-piece planar photovoltaic panels, this invention ensures that some faceted sections maintain a good angle of incidence of light even under arbitrary rolling and yaw attitudes of the buoy, effectively solving the technical problem of significant reduction in effective light-receiving area caused by buoy attitude deflection under the action of waves at sea. Furthermore, this invention differentiates photovoltaic materials in different areas of the support frame: monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels are installed on the top first polygonal faceted unit and the middle second polygonal faceted unit, fully utilizing their high conversion efficiency under strong light; amorphous silicon photovoltaic panels are installed on the bottom third polygonal faceted unit, fully utilizing their spectral response characteristics in weak light and underwater conditions. This heterogeneous gradient layout, with its high upper and low lower sections and complementary strong and weak light, enables the buoy to maintain stable power output under various operating conditions, including strong sunlight on sunny days, diffused light on cloudy days, weak light at dusk, and weak light in shallow water. This solves the problems of traditional single photovoltaic materials being unable to adapt to different operating conditions, wasting power generation potential in high-light areas, and insufficient energy replenishment in low-light areas.

[0016] 2. This invention features a labyrinthine arrangement of first mounting holes and fasteners between the first annular sealing plate at the bottom of the transparent protective shell and the second annular sealing plate at the top of the sealed chamber, forming a multi-bending sealing surface. This effectively prevents seawater and salt spray from seeping in, while simultaneously isolating temperature differences to avoid internal condensation. It can withstand water pressure up to 10 meters underwater, ensuring no leakage for more than 5 years, and its long-term service reliability is more than 10 times higher than that of traditional structures. Furthermore, the transparent protective shell has a sealed heat-insulating interlayer within its wall, with a light transmittance ≥90% and impact resistance three times that of a single-layer structure, balancing high light transmittance with high-strength protection.

[0017] 3. The energy harvesting control method provided by this invention acquires the orientation information and / or real-time output power information of the cross-sectional unit where each photovoltaic unit is located, identifies the main light-receiving area and the secondary light-receiving area, and implements differentiated control for different areas. The main light-receiving area operates in MPPT mode, while the secondary light-receiving area adjusts its output access status. This method addresses the pain point of traditional MPPT algorithms being prone to tracking failure in underwater fast random illumination environments. Through partition identification and collaborative control, it achieves overall output power optimization, significantly improving energy harvesting efficiency under complex illumination conditions.

[0018] 4. This invention constructs a complete system comprising at least one multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy and a remote monitoring terminal. Underwater monitoring sensors are connected via sensor mounting interfaces on the outer wall of the sealed chamber. Each photovoltaic branch independently merges and, after being regulated by an MPPT (Multi-Phase Power Transmission System), continuously supplies power to the energy storage unit and load unit. The remote monitoring terminal can receive real-time buoy operating status information and environmental perception data and issue control commands, realizing intelligent remote operation and maintenance of the buoy system. This provides a long-term unmanned self-powered solution for applications such as marine environmental monitoring and resource exploration. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy of the present invention.

[0020] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the front structure of the multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy of the present invention.

[0021] Figure 3 This is a top view schematic diagram of the multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 4 This is a bottom view of the transparent protective shell of the present invention.

[0023] Figure 5 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the sealed chamber of the present invention.

[0024] Figure 6 This is a top view of the supporting frame structure of the present invention. Figure 1 (No photovoltaic modules installed).

[0025] Figure 7 This is a top view of the supporting frame structure of the present invention. Figure 2 (Photovoltaic modules have been installed).

[0026] Figure 8 This is a front structural diagram of the support frame of the present invention (with photovoltaic modules already installed).

[0027] Figure 9 This is a top view of the structure of the present invention after the supporting frame is installed on the top of the sealed chamber (photovoltaic modules have been installed).

[0028] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the front structure of the supporting frame of the present invention after it has been installed on the top of the sealed chamber (photovoltaic modules have been installed).

[0029] Reference numerals: 1. Transparent protective shell; 101. First annular sealing plate; 2. Support frame; 201. First polygonal section unit; 202. Second polygonal section unit; 203. Third polygonal section unit; 3. Photovoltaic power generation module; 301. Monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panel; 302. Amorphous silicon photovoltaic panel; 4. Sealing chamber; 401. Second annular sealing plate; 402. Annular boss; 403. Sensor mounting interface; 5. First mounting hole; 6. Second mounting hole. Detailed Implementation

[0030] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solutions of the present invention, preferred embodiments of the present invention are described below in conjunction with specific examples. However, it should be understood that the accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the present patent. For better illustration of this embodiment, some components in the drawings may be omitted, enlarged, or reduced, and do not represent the actual dimensions of the product. It is understandable that some well-known structures and their descriptions may be omitted in the drawings for those skilled in the art. The positional relationships described in the drawings are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the present patent.

[0031] The following is in conjunction with the appendix Figures 1 to 10 The specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below.

[0032] like Figures 1 to 3 As shown, the present invention provides a multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout, including a transparent protective shell 1, a supporting frame 2, a photovoltaic power generation module 3, a sealed chamber 4, an energy storage unit (not shown in the figure) and a load unit (not shown in the figure).

[0033] The supporting frame 2 is a semi-soccer-shaped multi-faceted structure formed by splicing multiple polygonal faceted units, and it is located on top of the sealed compartment 4. The use of the semi-soccer-shaped multi-faceted structure ensures that some facets of the buoy maintain a good angle of incidence of light under any rolling or yaw attitude, significantly enhancing its resistance to sea state interference. The supporting frame 2 is made of lightweight, high-strength materials, such as aluminum alloy, carbon fiber composite materials, or engineering plastics, to ensure structural strength while reducing the overall weight of the buoy.

[0034] The photovoltaic power generation module 3 includes multiple photovoltaic units, which are respectively disposed on multiple sectional units of the supporting frame 2. At least some of the photovoltaic units on the sectional units are of different types, forming a heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout along the top to the bottom of the supporting frame 2. By selecting different photovoltaic materials to distinguish between the strong light area at the top and the weak light area on the sides, the system balances high conversion efficiency under strong light with adaptability to weak light and underwater spectral environments, significantly improving the stability of power generation under all operating conditions.

[0035] A transparent protective housing 1 is installed outside the supporting frame 2. The bottom of the transparent protective housing 1 is sealed to the top of the sealed chamber 4, forming a closed internal protective space. The transparent protective housing 1 and the labyrinth-type sealing structure work together to ensure the reliable operation of the internal electronic components in underwater high humidity, high pressure, and high salt spray environments.

[0036] The energy storage unit and load unit are housed inside the sealed chamber 4. The output terminal of the photovoltaic power generation module 3 is electrically connected to the input terminal of the energy storage unit, and the output terminal of the energy storage unit is electrically connected to the load unit. The energy storage unit preferably uses lithium iron phosphate battery packs or ternary lithium battery packs, which possess high energy density and good cycle life. The load unit includes marine monitoring sensors, a positioning and communication module, and a main control unit. Each photovoltaic branch independently combines and, after being regulated by an MPPT, supplies power to the energy storage and load within the bottom-supported sealed chamber, enabling long-term self-powered, unattended operation.

[0037] like Figures 6 to 8 As shown, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the supporting frame 2 includes a first polygonal slicing unit 201, a second polygonal slicing unit 202 and a third polygonal slicing unit 203.

[0038] The first polygonal sectional unit 201 is located in the top center region of the support frame 2. In this embodiment, the first polygonal sectional unit 201 is a regular hexagonal sectional unit, located at the vertex of the semi-soccer-shaped support frame 2, and is the main light-receiving surface of the buoy in the upright buoyant state.

[0039] The second polygonal slicing unit 202 is located in the central circumferential region of the supporting frame 2 and is connected to the edge of the first polygonal slicing unit 201. Specifically, the second polygonal slicing unit 202 includes regular hexagonal slicing units and regular pentagonal slicing units that alternately surround and connect to the periphery of the first polygonal slicing unit 201. This alternating arrangement of regular hexagons and regular pentagons mimics the classic seams of a soccer ball, allowing the surface of the supporting frame 2 to obtain multiple oriented slicing surfaces in three-dimensional space, thereby achieving 360° omnidirectional three-dimensional lighting.

[0040] The third polygonal section unit 203 is located in the bottom circumferential region of the supporting frame 2 and is connected to the edge of the second polygonal section unit 202. Specifically, the third polygonal section unit 203 includes a pentagonal section unit and a quadrilateral section unit surrounding and connected to the periphery of the second polygonal section unit 202. The third polygonal section unit 203 is located near the top of the sealed chamber 4, and its section has a large inclination angle, mainly used to receive scattered light and underwater transmitted light.

[0041] like Figures 7 to 10 As shown, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout of the multiple photovoltaic units is as follows: a monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panel 301 is disposed on the first polygonal section unit 201 and / or the second polygonal section unit 202, and an amorphous silicon photovoltaic panel 302 is disposed on the third polygonal section unit 203. The monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panel 301 is fixed to the corresponding section unit through a second mounting hole, and the amorphous silicon photovoltaic panel 302 is adhered to the corresponding section unit by an adhesive.

[0042] Specifically, the photovoltaic installation panel is divided into zones: a monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panel 301 is fully covered by a hexagonal panel at the top center; monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels 301 are fully covered by inclined hexagonal and pentagonal panels in the middle circumference; and amorphous silicon photovoltaic panels 302 are fully covered by pentagonal and quadrilateral panels in the bottom circumference, forming a heterogeneous gradient layout with high at the top and low at the bottom, where strong light and weak light complement each other.

[0043] Monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels 301 have the advantages of high photoelectric conversion efficiency and good stability, making them suitable for strong direct sunlight conditions. When installed on the first polygonal section unit 201 and the second polygonal section unit 202 at the top and middle of the supporting frame 2, they can achieve efficient power generation under sunny, strong sunlight conditions. Amorphous silicon photovoltaic panels 302 have the advantages of good low-light response and a wide spectral response range, making them suitable for diffused light and underwater low-light environments. When installed on the third polygonal section unit 203 at the bottom of the supporting frame 2, they can provide compensatory power generation under cloudy days, dusk, shallow underwater low light, and buoy yaw conditions. During operation, the top monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panel dominates power generation under sunny, strong sunlight conditions, while the side amorphous silicon photovoltaic panels provide compensatory power generation under cloudy days, dusk, shallow underwater low light, and buoy yaw conditions. The multi-section synergy achieves stable energy harvesting in all directions and under all operating conditions.

[0044] like Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a first annular sealing plate 101 is provided at the bottom outer edge of the transparent protective shell 1, and a second annular sealing plate 401 is provided at the top outer edge of the sealing chamber 4. The first annular sealing plate 101 is tightly fitted above the second annular sealing plate 401, and the first annular sealing plate 101 and the second annular sealing plate 401 are connected to fasteners through a labyrinthine arrangement of first mounting holes 5 to form a sealing structure. The fasteners preferably use stainless steel bolts in conjunction with seawater-resistant sealing washers. The first mounting holes 5 are arranged in a labyrinthine staggered pattern along the circumference of the first annular sealing plate 101 and the second annular sealing plate 401, that is, the mounting holes on the upper and lower annular sealing plates are offset at a certain angle in the circumferential direction, so that the fasteners form a staggered locking effect when connected, further enhancing the sealing performance. This sealing structure can prevent seawater and salt spray from penetrating, while isolating temperature differences to avoid internal condensation, and can withstand water pressure up to 10 meters underwater.

[0045] As a further preferred embodiment, the transparent protective shell 1 has a hemispherical structure with a sealed heat-insulating interlayer inside the shell wall, and a light transmittance of ≥90%. More preferably, a 2mm sealed double-layer heat-insulating interlayer is reserved in the middle, with an overall light transmittance of ≥92% and an impact resistance three times that of a single-layer structure. The sealed heat-insulating interlayer not only reduces the impact of external high or low temperatures on the internal photovoltaic modules and electronic devices, but also prevents condensation inside the protective shell due to temperature differences to a certain extent, ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the internal electrical equipment.

[0046] like Figure 5 As shown, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an annular boss 402 is provided on the inner side of the top of the sealing chamber 4, and the bottom of the supporting frame 2 is provided on the upper surface of the annular boss 402. The annular boss 402 provides the supporting frame 2 with precise positioning and stable support.

[0047] The sealed chamber 4 is made of seawater-resistant metal or high-strength corrosion-resistant engineering plastic, forming a sealed space for installing energy storage units, load units, and related power management circuits, MPPT controllers, main control units and other electronic equipment.

[0048] As a further preferred embodiment, the outer wall of the sealed chamber 4 is provided with a sensor mounting interface 403 for connecting underwater monitoring sensors. The sensor mounting interface 403 preferably adopts a watertight connector or a hydraulically pluggable interface, and can connect to various underwater monitoring sensors such as temperature and humidity sensors, salinity sensors, dissolved oxygen sensors, pH sensors, and water flow sensors according to actual monitoring needs. After the relevant sensors are connected through the sensor mounting interface 403, the power supply to the marine monitoring sensors, positioning communication, and main control unit is continuously provided after MPPT voltage regulation and energy storage management within the bottom supporting sealed chamber 4, enabling long-term unmanned self-powered operation.

[0049] The present invention also provides an energy harvesting control method for a multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout, the method comprising the following steps: Step S1: Obtain the orientation information and / or real-time output power information of the cross-sectional unit where each photovoltaic unit in the photovoltaic power generation module 3 is located.

[0050] Specifically, spatial orientation information of each sectional unit can be obtained by setting attitude sensors (such as gyroscopes and accelerometers) at each photovoltaic unit, while real-time output power information of each photovoltaic unit can be obtained through voltage and current detection circuits. Orientation information and power information can be used individually or in combination to improve the accuracy and robustness of control.

[0051] Step S2: Identify the main light-receiving area and the auxiliary light-receiving area under the current operating conditions based on the orientation information and / or real-time output power information.

[0052] For example, in the sunny, high-light mode, real-time output power is the primary criterion: all photovoltaic units are sorted from highest to lowest output power. The area containing the top 30% of units is designated as the primary light-receiving area, indicating good light conditions and high power generation potential; the area containing the middle 40% of units is designated as the secondary light-receiving area; and the bottom 30% of units with output power below a threshold are designated as the ineffective light-receiving area. In the cloudy, low-light mode, orientation information is the primary criterion: sections with a solar incidence angle less than 30° are designated as the primary light-receiving area, sections with an incidence angle between 30° and 60° are designated as the secondary light-receiving area, and sections with an incidence angle greater than 60° are designated as the ineffective light-receiving area. The two modes can automatically switch according to the total ambient light intensity to ensure accurate identification. The solar incidence angle is the angle between the normal to the section containing each photovoltaic unit and the direction of solar incidence.

[0053] Step S3: Control the photovoltaic unit corresponding to the main light-receiving area to operate in maximum power point tracking mode, and adjust the output access status of the photovoltaic unit corresponding to the auxiliary light-receiving area to optimize the overall output power of the photovoltaic power generation module 3.

[0054] Specifically, for photovoltaic (PV) units corresponding to the main light-receiving area, the main control unit controls their connection to an independent MPPT charging channel, activates the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm using the incremental conductance method, and adjusts the operating voltage in real time to ensure that the PV units in this area always operate at their maximum power point, maximizing the capture of energy from high-light areas. For PV units corresponding to the auxiliary light-receiving area, their output connection status is dynamically adjusted: the open-circuit voltage of the auxiliary light-receiving unit is monitored in real time. When the open-circuit voltage is higher than 90% of the current bus voltage, the branch switch is closed, connecting the auxiliary light-receiving unit in parallel to the charging bus to charge the energy storage unit and supplement its energy. When the output voltage of the auxiliary light-receiving unit is lower than 80% of the bus voltage, the switch is opened to disconnect the branch, preventing reverse current losses and a drop in bus voltage. For PV units in ineffective light-receiving areas, the branch is always kept open to reduce circuit no-load losses and improve overall energy utilization.

[0055] This control method solves the problem of tracking failure that traditional MPPT algorithms are prone to in underwater fast random lighting environments. Through partition identification and differentiated control, it realizes the efficient coordinated operation of multi-faceted photovoltaic systems under complex lighting conditions.

[0056] The present invention also provides a multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy system with a semi-soccer-shaped heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout, comprising: At least one multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy as described above. Multiple buoys can be deployed in a certain spatial array to form a marine monitoring network, enabling multi-point synchronous monitoring of a vast sea area.

[0057] A remote monitoring terminal, communicating with the multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy, receives operational status information and / or environmental sensing data uploaded by the buoy and issues control commands to it. The remote monitoring terminal can be located at a shore-based base station, a mother ship, or a satellite ground station. Communication methods include satellite communication (such as BeiDou short message service, Iridium), 4G / 5G cellular communication, or VHF radio communication. Operational status information includes the output power of each photovoltaic unit, the remaining power (SOC) of the energy storage unit, buoy attitude information, and cabin temperature and humidity. Environmental sensing data includes water temperature, salinity, wave parameters, and other data collected by connected sensors. The remote monitoring terminal can remotely adjust the buoy's operating mode based on the received data, such as increasing the sampling frequency of monitoring tasks when the power is sufficient and switching to a low-power mode when the power is insufficient, thus achieving intelligent operation and maintenance management of the buoy system.

[0058] The present invention provides a multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout, along with its control method and system. This buoy can be widely applied in fields such as marine environmental monitoring, marine resource exploration, aquaculture water quality monitoring, port and waterway safety monitoring, and marine scientific research. Its hemispherical multi-faceted three-dimensional layout enables 360° multi-directional photovoltaic unit deployment, ensuring that some facets maintain a good angle of incidence even under arbitrary rolling and yaw attitudes, significantly enhancing its resistance to sea state interference. The heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient zoned layout balances high conversion efficiency under strong light with adaptability to weak light and underwater spectral environments, greatly improving power generation stability under all operating conditions. The transparent protective shell and labyrinthine multi-seal structure significantly enhance its seawater and salt spray resistance. Therefore, this invention has significant industrial practical value and broad market application prospects.

[0059] Based on the description and accompanying drawings of this invention, those skilled in the art can readily manufacture or use the multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a semi-soccer-shaped heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout and its control method and system, and can achieve the positive effects described in this invention.

[0060] Unless otherwise specified, in this invention, terms such as "length," "width," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," "counterclockwise," "axial," "radial," and "circumferential" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, the terms used to describe orientation or positional relationships in this invention are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting this patent. For those skilled in the art, the specific meaning of the above terms can be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and according to the specific circumstances.

[0061] Unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "set up," "connected," and "linked" in this invention should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0062] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Any simple modifications or equivalent changes made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout, characterized in that, It includes a transparent protective shell (1), a load-bearing frame (2), a photovoltaic power generation module (3), a sealed chamber (4), an energy storage unit, and a load unit; The supporting frame (2) is a semi-soccer-shaped multi-faceted structure formed by splicing multiple polygonal faceted units, and is located on top of the sealed chamber (4); The photovoltaic power generation module (3) includes multiple photovoltaic units, which are respectively disposed on multiple sectional units of the supporting frame (2), and at least some of the photovoltaic units on the sectional units are of different types to form a heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout along the top to the bottom of the supporting frame (2). The transparent protective shell (1) is placed over the outside of the supporting frame (2), and the bottom of the transparent protective shell (1) is sealed to the top of the sealed chamber (4) to form a closed internal protective space; The energy storage unit and the load unit are located inside the sealed chamber (4). The output end of the photovoltaic power generation module (3) is electrically connected to the input end of the energy storage unit, and the output end of the energy storage unit is electrically connected to the load unit.

2. The multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout according to claim 1, characterized in that, The supporting frame (2) includes: The first polygonal sectional unit (201) is located in the top center region of the supporting skeleton (2); The second polygonal section unit (202) is located in the central circumferential region of the supporting skeleton (2) and is connected to the edge of the first polygonal section unit (201); The third polygonal section unit (203) is located in the bottom circumferential region of the supporting skeleton (2) and is connected to the edge of the second polygonal section unit (202).

3. The multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first polygonal slicing unit (201) is a regular hexagonal slicing unit, the second polygonal slicing unit (202) includes regular hexagonal slicing units and regular pentagonal slicing units that alternately surround and connect around the first polygonal slicing unit (201), and the third polygonal slicing unit (203) includes pentagonal slicing units and quadrilateral slicing units that surround and connect around the second polygonal slicing unit (202).

4. The multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout according to claim 2, characterized in that, The heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout of the plurality of photovoltaic units is as follows: a monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panel (301) is provided on the first polygonal section unit (201) and / or the second polygonal section unit (202), and an amorphous silicon photovoltaic panel (302) is provided on the third polygonal section unit (203).

5. The multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout according to claim 1, characterized in that, The bottom outer edge of the transparent protective shell (1) is provided with a first annular sealing plate (101), and the top outer edge of the sealing chamber (4) is provided with a second annular sealing plate (401). The first annular sealing plate (101) is tightly attached to the top of the second annular sealing plate (401), and the first annular sealing plate (101) and the second annular sealing plate (401) are connected to fasteners through a labyrinthine arrangement of first mounting holes (5) to form a sealing structure.

6. The multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout according to claim 1, characterized in that, The transparent protective shell (1) has a hemispherical structure and a sealed heat insulation interlayer inside the shell wall, with a light transmittance of ≥90%.

7. The multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sealed chamber (4) has an annular boss (402) on the inner side of its top, and the bottom of the supporting frame (2) is located on the upper surface of the annular boss (402).

8. The multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a hemispherical heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout according to claim 1, characterized in that, The outer wall of the sealed chamber (4) is provided with a sensor installation interface (403) for connecting an underwater monitoring sensor.

9. A method for energy harvesting control applied to a multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy with a semi-soccer-shaped heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout as described in any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, The method includes: Obtain the orientation information and / or real-time output power information of the cross-sectional unit where each photovoltaic unit is located in the photovoltaic power generation module (3); Based on the orientation information and / or real-time output power information, identify the main light-receiving area and the auxiliary light-receiving area under the current operating conditions; The photovoltaic unit corresponding to the main light-receiving area is controlled to operate in maximum power point tracking mode, and the output access status of the photovoltaic unit corresponding to the auxiliary light-receiving area is adjusted to optimize the overall output power of the photovoltaic power generation component (3).

10. A multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy system with a semi-soccer-shaped heterogeneous photovoltaic gradient layout, characterized in that, include: At least one multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy as described in any one of claims 1 to 8; A remote monitoring terminal is communicatively connected to the multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy, used to receive the operating status information and / or environmental perception data uploaded by the multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy, and to send control commands to the multi-faceted underwater photovoltaic buoy.

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