Supporting member for mining and supporting method thereof
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202610890067.X
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-06-18
- Publication Date
- 2026-09-15
Smart Images
Figure CN122752059A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention provides a support structure and construction method, particularly a support component and support method for mining operations, belonging to the field of mining engineering technology. Background Technology
[0002] In mining operations, the point pillar upward horizontal layered filling method (referred to as "point pillar filling method") is a mining method aimed at safe and efficient mining. It divides the mining area into multiple vertical mining sections from bottom to top, and each vertical mining section is further divided into multiple horizontal mining areas (such as tunnel mining areas). Then, the mining proceeds from bottom to top, mining each horizontal mining area in the vertical mining section and filling it in a timely manner. After the ore in each horizontal mining area is mined, the goaf of the horizontal mining area is immediately filled in order to support the surrounding rock, control ground pressure, and provide a safe platform for the upper layer operations. At the same time, when mining the ore body, some "point pillars" formed by ore are planned to be retained, also known as pillars, usually rectangular pillars, to support the surrounding rock above, thereby ensuring the stability of the mining area. The core of this method lies in stabilizing the space between the lower and upper mining areas through point pillar (column) support, preventing the upper surrounding rock from loosening and collapsing. This is particularly effective when facing high-stress-concentration structural surfaces or complex geological environments, significantly reducing the risk of collapse and ensuring safe operation. However, the existing point pillar filling method still has the following shortcomings: during the transition from the lower longitudinal mining section to the upper longitudinal mining section, collapse accidents are prone to occur due to unstable support and lack of real-time monitoring. This not only causes casualties but also results in significant economic losses and irreversible catastrophic consequences for the enterprise. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the existing technology. Summary of the Invention
[0003] To address the issue of collapse accidents caused by unstable support and lack of real-time monitoring during the transition process of the existing point-column filling method, this invention provides a support component and support method for mining operations.
[0004] The support components for mining provided by this invention include point columns, reinforcing columns, anchors, support netting, and sensing components; wherein: The point pillars are multiple and spaced apart within the goaf area of the mine. Multiple reinforcing pillars are spaced apart beside and / or within the goaf area. A support mesh is installed on the top and side walls of the goaf area, and this mesh is secured by several anchors spaced apart on the top and side walls. These anchors are perpendicular to the top and side walls. Several sensors are spaced apart on the top and side walls of the goaf area, and these sensors are electrically or wirelessly connected to a controller located in the mining control room to transmit signals through the point pillars and / or their surroundings. The reinforcing columns added within the goaf area enhance its support strength and stability. Combined with anchors and support netting, they further strengthen the overall strength of the goaf, effectively preventing collapse accidents caused by unstable support. Simultaneously, sensors transmit real-time stress and displacement changes within the goaf to the controller in the mining control room. The controller compares these changes with pre-set stress and displacement safety thresholds to determine the stress change, displacement, and deformation, providing early warnings to management personnel in the mining control room about potential collapse. This allows for timely adjustments to the construction plan and ensures safe transition to the next section.
[0005] Furthermore, multiple reinforcing columns are longitudinally erected between the top and bottom walls within the horizontal mining area, with the upper and lower ends of each reinforcing column connected to the top and bottom walls respectively via corresponding anchors. Reinforcing columns located beside the point columns are connected to the point columns via multiple transverse anchors, thereby improving the support strength between the top and bottom walls in the horizontal mining area to prevent collapse accidents caused by insufficient support. The transverse anchors connected to the point columns further enhance the support connection strength of the point columns and their surroundings, improving the support stability of the point columns.
[0006] Furthermore, the anchor is a prestressed anchor rod, the inner end of which is inserted into the corresponding anchor hole on the top or side wall of the goaf, and the outer end extends outward and is connected to the tray and locking nut.
[0007] Furthermore, the prestressed anchor rod and the anchor hole are filled with anchoring agent so that prestress can be applied to the roof or surrounding rock in the goaf through the anchor rod and the anchoring agent, thereby improving the strength and stability of the roof or surrounding rock and preventing the roof or surrounding rock from collapsing.
[0008] Furthermore, the support mesh is made of steel wire mesh or synthetic fiber mesh, which fully covers the roof and sidewall surfaces within the goaf and fits tightly against the roof and sidewalls. The overlap length between the support mesh panels is controlled to be no less than 100mm. Multiple anchors are inserted into the roof and sidewalls, with their inner ends inserted into the middle and outer ends passing through the support mesh holes and connected to the tray and locking nuts, thus fixing the support mesh to the roof and sidewalls. The diameter of the tray is controlled to be 2 to 5 times the diameter of the support mesh holes, so that the support mesh covers the roof and sidewall surfaces within the goaf and forms a combined support system with the anchors, effectively improving the structural strength of the roof and sidewalls of the goaf and preventing collapse.
[0009] Furthermore, the support mesh is sprayed with concrete until it covers the entire support mesh. The thickness of the sprayed concrete is 50-100mm. The mix ratio of the sprayed concrete is prepared according to the project requirements to ensure that it has good strength and durability.
[0010] Furthermore, the sensing element includes a stress sensor and a displacement sensor, which are spaced apart on the top and side walls of the goaf. The stress and displacement sensors are electrically or signal-connected to a controller located in the mining control room via wired or wireless means. This allows for the monitoring of stress and displacement changes in the top and side walls of the goaf, and the transmission of the collected stress and displacement information to the controller in the mining control room. The controller compares this information with pre-set safety thresholds to determine the displacement and deformation, thus providing early warning of potential collapse to the management personnel in the mining control room. This allows for timely adjustments to the construction plan and ensures a safe transition.
[0011] The mining and support method provided by this invention includes the following steps: 1) Setting up connecting tunnels for ore extraction and backfilling during transition sections In the lowest layer of the upper section where the lower section mining is completed and the goaf filling is finished, several mining rooms are set up. Each mining room has a mining channel at the ore outlet end. The outer ends of the mining channels are connected to the ore outlet connecting channels. The ore outlet connecting channels are connected to the ore chutes and personnel access shafts set at intervals. At the innermost end of the several mining rooms, a backfill connecting channel is set up as a backfilling and return air channel. The outer end of the backfill connecting channel is connected to the mining channel set up in the next lower layer of the upper section. The slope of the ore outlet connecting channels and the backfill connecting channels is set to 15° to 35° according to the distribution of the ore body. 2) Mining and tunneling In the lowest layer of the upper section, mining is carried out on an alternating basis, until all the rooms in that layer have been mined. When mining the ore within each room, the following procedures apply: 21) Mining begins from the ore-exit end of the stope, and the mined ore is transported via the mining tunnel to the ore-exit connecting roadway, and then to the ore pass for discharge. This process is repeated continuously as the ore is advanced into the stope. During the excavation, pillars are left at intervals within the stope as point pillars. The following support measures are then implemented in the goaf within the stope: 211) A reinforcing column is provided on at least one side of the point column, so that the upper and lower ends of the reinforcing column are fixed to the top and bottom walls of the mine through longitudinal anchors, and at the same time, at least one side of the reinforcing column is connected to the point column through spaced transverse anchors, so that the reinforcing column stands longitudinally in the mine. 212) Lay support nets on the top and side walls of the goaf in the mine, and control the overlap length between the support nets to be no less than 100mm. Insert the inner end of the anchors into the top and side walls at intervals on the support nets, and pass the outer end of the anchors through the support net holes to connect with the tray and lock nut, so that the support nets are tightly attached to the top and side walls. Control the diameter of the tray to be 2 to 5 times the diameter of the support net holes. 213) Inject concrete onto the support mesh in step 212) until it covers the entire support mesh, and control the thickness of the concrete injection to be 50-100mm. 214) In step 213), stress sensors and displacement sensors are installed at intervals on the concrete of the top and side walls of the goaf in the mine. The stress sensors and displacement sensors are electrically or wirelessly connected to the controller located in the mining control room. The controller in the mining control room compares the stress and displacement change data collected in real time by the stress sensors and displacement sensors with the preset safety threshold. When the stress suddenly increases or the displacement exceeds the limit, a stop construction signal is issued. The cause is analyzed on site and reinforcement measures including but not limited to adding temporary supports, adjusting the filling ratio, and adding anchor bolts are taken. After data collection and comparison, when the stress and displacement changes are less than the safety threshold, construction is resumed to ensure the safety of ore mining. 22) After all the ore in the lowest level of the upper section of step 21) has been mined and the support in steps 211)-214) has been completed simultaneously, the waste rock, tailings and soil of the mine are backfilled into the supported ore chambers through the backfilling tunnel until all the ore chambers in the lowest level have been backfilled. Then, a cementing layer with a thickness of 60-80mm and a mass ratio of 1:4 of lime sand is filled in the upper part of the lowest level to improve dilution loss and facilitate the ore extraction after the mining of the next lower level, thereby completing the mining of the lowest level of the upper section. 3) After the cemented layer in step 22) has been cured for 21 days, the upper section is moved to the lower layer and mining and tunneling are carried out according to steps 1)-3) until the ore mining of the upper section is finally completed.
[0012] The ore mining involves conventional rock drilling, blasting, and excavation.
[0013] The ore is transported by a conventional 3-4m³ loader.
[0014] The term "interval pillars" refers to pillars of unmined ore left out during mining operations.
[0015] The reinforcing column is a circular steel pipe, an H-shaped steel column, or a T-shaped steel column, or a cast-in-place column made of reinforced concrete. When installing the reinforcing column, the following operation is performed: Drill vertical holes at the corresponding positions of the reinforcing columns on the top and bottom walls of the goaf using a drilling rig. At the same time, drill horizontal holes at intervals on the side of the corresponding reinforcing column of the point column. The hole diameter is 41-43mm and the hole depth is 1.5-1.6m. Insert anchor rods into the holes and inject anchoring agent. The anchoring agent is a conventional commercially available product. Connect the reinforcing column and the anchor rod as one unit, so that the upper and lower ends of the reinforcing column are fixed to the top and bottom walls of the goaf, and the side of the reinforcing column is connected to the point column as one unit.
[0016] The anchor is a prestressed anchor rod, and the operation is as follows: Drill holes perpendicular to the top and side walls of the stope at intervals of 1.0 to 1.5 m using a drilling rig. The hole diameter is 41 to 43 mm and the hole depth is 1.9 to 2.1 m. Insert the inner end of a 2 m long and 40 mm diameter prestressed anchor rod into the hole, so that the outer end of the prestressed anchor rod passes through the mesh of the support net. Inject anchoring agent into the hole, and then install a tray on the outer end of the prestressed anchor rod and tighten it with a nut.
[0017] The support mesh is made of steel wire mesh or synthetic fiber mesh, with a mesh size of 50mm×50mm and a wire diameter of 4mm.
[0018] The concrete is a conventional product, but it can also be specially mixed according to project requirements to ensure that the concrete has good strength and durability.
[0019] Stress sensors and displacement sensors are installed on the concrete of the top and side walls of the goaf within the stope, and the following procedures are followed: Drill holes with a diameter of 42-45mm in the top and side walls of the goaf within the stope, near point columns, reinforcing columns, or in high-stress areas. Install stress sensors or displacement sensors in the corresponding holes with an installation density of 1.0-2.0m and seal them with grout. Connect them to the controller located in the mining control room via wired or wireless means, or via signal connection. For wired connections, wires need to be provided.
[0020] Compared with existing technologies, this invention has the following advantages and effects: By adopting the above technical solution and strengthening the joint support of columns and prestressed anchors, the stability of the surrounding rock is significantly improved, the deformation of the surrounding rock is reduced, and the occurrence of collapse accidents is effectively avoided; the overall strength is further improved through the composite support of support netting and shotcrete and its close integration with the surrounding rock; and the intelligent monitoring enables real-time monitoring of the entire construction process and the later stages, and timely reinforcement of support when data is abnormal, ensuring the safety and quality of ore mining construction. It has the advantages and effects of simple operation, safety and reliability, and timely monitoring. Attached Figure Description
[0021] Figure 1 This is a top view of the support structure within the goaf of the mine in this invention; Figure 2 for Figure 1 Cross-sectional structural diagram; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the mining method of the present invention; Figure 4 for Figure 3 AA view; Figure 5 This is another schematic diagram of the mining method of the present invention. Detailed Implementation
[0022] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to this embodiment. Obviously, the described embodiment is only a part of the embodiment of the present invention, and not all of the embodiment. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Example 1
[0023] The support components for mining provided by this invention, such as... Figures 1-2 It includes 2 point columns, 1 reinforcing column, 3 anchors, 5 support netting, and sensing components; among which: The point pillars are multiple and spaced apart within the goaf of stope 7. Multiple reinforcing pillars 1 are spaced apart beside the point pillars 2 and within the goaf. A support net 5 covers the top and side walls of the goaf, and the support net 5 is fixed by several anchors 3 spaced apart on the top and side walls of the goaf and perpendicular to the top and side wall surfaces. Several sensors are spaced apart on the top and side walls of the goaf, and these sensors are electrically or wirelessly connected to a controller located in the mining control room to transmit signals through the point pillars 2 and... The reinforcing columns 1 added to its side and within the goaf area improve the support strength and stability of the goaf area. At the same time, the anchors 3 and the support net 5 further enhance the overall strength within the goaf area, effectively preventing collapse accidents caused by unstable support. The stress and displacement changes within the goaf area are transmitted to the controller in real time through sensors. After the controller compares the data with the pre-set safety threshold, the displacement and deformation are obtained, thus providing the management personnel in the mining control room with an early warning of whether a collapse will occur, so as to adjust the construction plan in a timely manner and ensure safe transition.
[0024] Multiple reinforcing columns 1 are longitudinally erected between the top and bottom walls within the goaf area, with the upper and lower ends of each reinforcing column 1 connected to the top and bottom walls respectively via corresponding anchors 3. The reinforcing columns 1 located beside the point column 2 are connected to the point column 2 via multiple transverse anchors 3, so as to improve the collapse accident caused by insufficient support strength between the top and bottom walls in the goaf area through the reinforcing columns 1. Furthermore, the transverse anchors 3 connected to the point column 2 enhance the support connection strength of the point column 2 and its surroundings, thereby improving the support stability of the point column 2.
[0025] The anchor 3 is a prestressed anchor rod. The inner end of the prestressed anchor rod is inserted into the corresponding anchor hole on the top and side walls of the goaf, and the outer end extends outward and is connected to the tray 4 and the locking nut 6. The prestressed anchor rod and the anchor hole are filled with anchoring agent so that prestress can be applied to the roof or surrounding rock in the goaf through the anchor 3, thereby improving the strength and stability of the roof or surrounding rock and preventing the roof or surrounding rock from collapsing.
[0026] The support mesh 5 is made of steel wire mesh, but it can also be made of synthetic fiber mesh. The support mesh 5 completely covers the top and side walls of the goaf and fits tightly against the top and side walls. The overlap length between the mesh panels of the support mesh 5 is controlled to be no less than 100mm. Multiple anchors 3 are inserted into the top and side walls, and their outer ends pass through the holes of the support mesh 5 and are connected to the tray 4 and locking nuts 6 respectively, fixing the support mesh 5 to the top and side walls. The diameter of the tray 4 is controlled to be twice the diameter of the mesh holes of the support mesh 5, so that the support mesh 5 can cover the top and side walls of the goaf and form a combined support system with the anchors 3, effectively improving the structural strength of the top and side walls of the goaf and preventing collapse.
[0027] Concrete is sprayed onto the support mesh 5 until it covers the entire support mesh 5. The thickness of the sprayed concrete is 50-100mm. The mix ratio of the sprayed concrete is actually prepared according to the project requirements to ensure that it has good strength and durability.
[0028] The sensing components include stress sensors and displacement sensors, which are spaced apart on the top and side walls of the goaf. The stress and displacement sensors are electrically or wirelessly connected to a controller located in the mining control room. This allows for monitoring of stress and displacement changes in the top and side walls of the goaf, and the collected stress and displacement information is sent to the controller in the control room. The controller compares this information with pre-set safety thresholds to determine the displacement and deformation, providing early warning of potential collapse to the management personnel in the mining control room. This allows for timely adjustments to the construction plan and ensures a safe transition. Example 2
[0029] The mining and support method in Example 2 is used for mining and support during the transition from lower to upper segments, such as... Figures 1-5 It includes the following steps: 1) Setting up connecting tunnels for ore extraction and backfilling during transition sections In the lowest layer of the upper section where the lower section mining is completed and the goaf filling material 8 has been filled, several mining rooms 9 are set up. Each mining room 9 has a mining channel 11 at the ore outlet end. The outer ends of the mining channels 11 are connected to the ore outlet connecting channel 16. The ore outlet connecting channel 16 is connected to the ore pass 13 and personnel access shaft 14 set at intervals. At the innermost end of the mining rooms 9, backfill connecting channels 12 and 10 are set up as filling and return air channels. The outer ends of the backfill connecting channels 12 and 10 are connected to the mining channels set up in the next lower layer of the upper section. The slope of the ore outlet connecting channel 16 and the backfill connecting channels 12 and 10 is set according to the specific distribution of the ore body. In this embodiment, it is set to 30°. 2) Mining and tunneling In the lowermost layer of the upper section, mining is carried out on an alternating basis, with each alternating ... 21) Starting from the ore outlet end of the stope 9, conventional drilling, blasting, and excavation methods are used to excavate the ore. The extracted ore is then transported via the mining tunnel 11 to the ore access road 16 using a conventional 3-4 m³ loader, and then to the ore pass 13 for discharge. This process is continued to advance towards the inner end of the stope 9. During the excavation, ore pillars are left at intervals within the stope 9 as point pillars 2. These point pillars 2 are unmined original ore pillars. The following support is then provided in the goaf 7 within the stope 9: 211) Reinforcing columns 1 are provided at intervals on at least one side of the point column 2 and in the goaf 7, so that the upper and lower ends of the reinforcing columns 1 are fixed to the top and bottom walls of the stope 9 respectively through longitudinal anchors 3, and at least one side of the reinforcing columns 1 is connected to the point column 2 through intervals of transverse anchors 3, so that the reinforcing columns 1 stand longitudinally in the stope 9. Specifically, the following steps are taken: Using a drilling rig, vertical holes are drilled on the top and bottom walls of the stope 9 in the goaf 7, corresponding to the positions of the reinforcing columns 1. At the same time, horizontal holes are drilled at intervals on the side of the corresponding reinforcing columns 1 at the point column 2. The hole diameter is 41-43mm and the hole depth is 1.5-1.6m. Anchors 3 are inserted into the holes and anchoring agents are injected. The anchoring agents are conventional commercial products. The reinforcing columns 1 and anchors 3 are connected as one unit, so that the upper and lower ends of the reinforcing columns 1 are fixed on the top and bottom walls of the stope 9 in the goaf 7. At the same time, the side of the reinforcing columns 1 is connected to the point column 2 as one unit. 212) Lay support nets 5 on the top and side walls of the goaf 7 in the stope 9, control the overlap length between the support nets 5 to be not less than 100mm, and insert the inner end of the anchors into the top and side walls at intervals on the support nets 5, and pass the outer end of the anchors through the mesh of the support nets 5 to connect with the tray 4 and the locking nut 6, so that the support nets 5 are tightly attached to the top and side walls; The anchor 3 is a prestressed anchor rod. The specific operation of the prestressed anchor rod is as follows: Drill holes perpendicular to the top and side walls of the goaf at intervals of 1.0 to 1.5 m using a drilling rig. The hole diameter is 41 to 43 mm and the hole depth is 1.9 to 2.1 m. Insert the inner end of a 2 m long and 40 mm diameter prestressed anchor rod into the hole, so that the outer end of the prestressed anchor rod passes through the mesh of the support net 5. Inject anchoring agent into the hole. Then install the tray 4 on the outer end of the prestressed anchor rod and tighten it with a nut 6. Control the diameter of the tray 4 to be 2 to 5 times the mesh diameter of the support net 5. The support mesh 5 is a steel wire mesh, but it can obviously also be a synthetic fiber mesh, with a mesh size of 50mm×50mm and a wire diameter of 4mm; 213) Spray concrete onto the support mesh 5 in step 212) until it covers the entire support mesh 5, and control the thickness of the sprayed concrete to be 50-100mm. 214) In step 213), stress sensors and displacement sensors are installed at intervals on the concrete of the top and side walls of the goaf 7 in the mine 9. The stress sensors and displacement sensors are electrically or signal-connected to a conventional controller arranged in the existing mining control room via wired or wireless means. The controller in the mining control room compares the stress and displacement change data collected in real time by the stress sensors and displacement sensors with the preset safety threshold. When the stress suddenly increases or the displacement exceeds the limit, a stop construction signal is issued. The cause is analyzed on site and reinforcement measures including but not limited to adding temporary supports, adjusting the filling ratio, and adding anchor bolts are taken. After data collection and comparison with the preset safety threshold, if the stress and displacement changes are both less than the safety threshold, construction is resumed to ensure the safety of ore mining. The specific operation is as follows: Drill holes in the top and side walls of the goaf 7 in the stope 9, near the point column 2, the reinforcing column 1, or in the high stress area. The hole diameter is 42-45mm. Install stress sensors or displacement sensors in the corresponding holes at a density of 1.0-2.0m and seal them with grout. Connect them to the conventional controller arranged in the existing mining control room via wired or wireless means. For wired connections, wires need to be left. 22) After all the ore in the lowest level of the upper section 9 of step 21) has been mined and the support in steps 211)-214) has been completed simultaneously, the waste rock, tailings and soil of the mine are backfilled into the supported ore rooms 9 through backfilling channels 12 and 10 as filler material 8 until all the ore rooms 9 of the lowest level have been backfilled. Then, a cementing layer with a thickness of 60-80mm and a mass ratio of 1:4 of lime sand is filled in the upper part of the lowest level to improve dilution loss and facilitate the mining of ore after the mining of the next lower level, thereby completing the mining of the lowest level of the upper section. 3) After the cemented layer in step 22) has been cured for 21 days, the upper section is moved to the lower layer and mining and tunneling are carried out according to steps 1)-3) until the ore mining of the upper section is finally completed.
[0030] In the description of this specification, references to terms such as "an embodiment," "example," "specific example," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.
[0031] The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, main features, and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The embodiments and descriptions in the specification are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention. Various changes and modifications can be made to the invention without departing from its spirit and scope, and all such changes and modifications fall within the scope of the present invention as claimed. The scope of protection of this invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1. A support member for use in mining, characterised in that Includes anchor posts, reinforcing posts, anchors, support netting, and sensing components; among which: The point pillars are multiple and spaced apart within the goaf of the stope. Multiple reinforcing pillars are spaced apart beside the point pillars and / or within the goaf. The top and side walls of the goaf are covered with a support net, which is fixed by several anchors spaced apart on the top and side walls of the goaf. The anchors are perpendicular to the top and side walls. Several sensors are spaced apart on the top and side walls of the goaf. These sensors are electrically or signal-connected to a controller located in the mining control room via wired or wireless means.
2. A support member according to claim 1, characterised in that Multiple reinforcing columns are longitudinally positioned between the top and bottom walls within the horizontal mining area. The upper and lower ends of each reinforcing column are connected to the top and bottom walls respectively through corresponding anchors. Reinforcing columns located beside the point columns are connected to the point columns through multiple transverse anchors that are spaced apart.
3. A support member according to claim 1, characterised in that The anchor is a prestressed anchor rod, the inner end of which is inserted into the corresponding anchor hole on the top or side wall of the goaf, and the outer end extends outward and is connected to the tray and locking nut.
4. A support member according to claim 3, characterised in that The prestressed anchor rod is filled with anchoring agent between itself and the anchor hole.
5. The support member of claim 1, wherein The support mesh is made of steel wire mesh or synthetic fiber mesh, which fully covers the roof and sidewall surfaces within the goaf area and fits tightly against the roof and sidewalls. The overlap length between the support mesh panels is controlled to be no less than 100mm. Multiple anchors are then inserted into the roof and sidewalls, with the inner ends inserted into the middle and outer ends passing through the support mesh holes and connected to the tray and locking nuts to fix the support mesh to the roof and sidewalls. The diameter of the tray is controlled to be 2 to 5 times the diameter of the support mesh holes.
6. The support member of claim 1, wherein The support mesh is sprayed with concrete until it covers the entire support mesh, and the thickness of the sprayed concrete is 50-100mm.
7. A support member according to claim 1, characterised in that The sensing element includes a stress sensor and a displacement sensor, which are spaced apart on the top and side walls of the goaf. The stress sensor and displacement sensor are electrically or signal-connected to a controller located in the mining control room via wired or wireless means.
8. A mining and support method, comprising the following steps: 1) Setting up connecting tunnels for ore extraction and backfilling during transition sections In the lowest layer of the upper section where the lower section mining is completed and the goaf filling is finished, several mining rooms are set up. Each mining room has a mining channel at the ore outlet end. The outer ends of the mining channels are connected to the ore outlet connecting channels. The ore outlet connecting channels are connected to the ore chutes and personnel access shafts set at intervals. At the innermost end of the several mining rooms, a backfill connecting channel is set up as a backfilling and return air channel. The outer end of the backfill connecting channel is connected to the mining channel set up in the next lower layer of the upper section. The slope of the ore outlet connecting channels and the backfill connecting channels is set to 15° to 35° according to the distribution of the ore body. 2) Mining and tunneling In the lowest layer of the upper section, mining is carried out on an alternating basis, until all the rooms in that layer have been mined. When mining the ore within each room, the following procedures apply: 21) Mining begins from the ore-exit end of the stope, and the mined ore is transported via the mining tunnel to the ore-exit connecting roadway, and then to the ore pass for discharge. This process is repeated continuously as the ore is advanced into the stope. During the excavation, pillars are left at intervals within the stope as point pillars. The following support measures are then implemented in the goaf within the stope: 211) A reinforcing column is provided on at least one side of the point column, so that the upper and lower ends of the reinforcing column are fixed to the top and bottom walls of the mine through longitudinal anchors, and at the same time, at least one side of the reinforcing column is connected to the point column through spaced transverse anchors, so that the reinforcing column stands longitudinally in the mine. 212) Lay support nets on the top and side walls of the goaf in the mine, and control the overlap length between the support nets to be no less than 100mm. Insert the inner end of the anchors into the top and side walls at intervals on the support nets, and pass the outer end of the anchors through the support net holes to connect with the tray and lock nut, so that the support nets are tightly attached to the top and side walls. Control the diameter of the tray to be 2 to 5 times the diameter of the support net holes. 213) Inject concrete onto the support mesh in step 212) until it covers the entire support mesh, and control the thickness of the concrete injection to be 50-100mm. 214) In step 213), stress sensors and displacement sensors are installed at intervals on the concrete of the top and side walls of the goaf in the mine. The stress sensors and displacement sensors are electrically or wirelessly connected to the controller located in the mining control room. The controller in the mining control room compares the stress and displacement change data collected in real time by the stress sensors and displacement sensors with the preset safety threshold. When the stress suddenly increases or the displacement exceeds the limit, a stop construction signal is issued. The cause is analyzed on site and reinforcement measures including but not limited to adding temporary supports, adjusting the filling ratio, and adding anchor bolts are taken. After data collection and comparison, when the stress and displacement changes are less than the safety threshold, construction is resumed to ensure the safety of ore mining. 22) After all the ore in the lowest level of the upper section of step 21) has been mined and the support in steps 211)-214) has been completed simultaneously, the waste rock, tailings and soil of the mine are backfilled into the supported ore chambers through the backfilling tunnel until all the ore chambers in the lowest level have been backfilled. Then, a cementing layer with a thickness of 60-80mm and a mass ratio of 1:4 of lime sand is filled in the upper part of the lowest level to improve dilution loss and facilitate the ore extraction after the mining of the next lower level, thereby completing the mining of the lowest level of the upper section. 3) After the cemented layer in step 22) has been cured for 21 days, the upper section is moved to the lower layer and mining and tunneling are carried out according to steps 1)-3) until the ore mining of the upper section is finally completed.
9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that: The reinforcing column is a circular steel pipe, an H-shaped steel column, or a T-shaped steel column, or a cast-in-place column made of reinforced concrete. When installing the reinforcing column, it shall be installed as follows: Drill vertical holes at the corresponding positions of the reinforcing columns on the top and bottom walls of the goaf using a drilling rig. At the same time, drill horizontal holes at intervals on the side of the corresponding reinforcing column of the point column. The hole diameter is 41-43mm and the hole depth is 1.5-1.6m. Insert anchor rods into the holes and inject anchoring agent. The anchoring agent is a conventional commercially available product. Connect the reinforcing column and the anchor rod into one piece, so that the upper and lower ends of the reinforcing column are fixed on the top and bottom walls of the goaf, and the side of the reinforcing column is connected to the point column. The anchoring is operated as follows: Drill holes perpendicular to the top and side walls of the stope at intervals of 1.0 to 1.5 m using a drilling rig. The hole diameter is 41 to 43 mm and the hole depth is 1.9 to 2.1 m. Insert the inner end of a 2 m long and 40 mm diameter prestressed anchor rod into the hole, so that the outer end of the prestressed anchor rod passes through the mesh of the support net. Inject anchoring agent into the hole. Then install a tray on the outer end of the prestressed anchor rod and tighten it with a nut. The sensing element is operated as follows: Drill holes with a diameter of 42-45mm in the top and side walls of the goaf in the mine, near the point column, the reinforcing column, or the high stress area. Install stress sensors or displacement sensors in the corresponding holes with an installation concentration of 1.0-2.0m and seal them with grout. Connect them to the controller arranged in the mining control room via wired or wireless means, or via signal connection. For wired connections, wires need to be provided.