A circuit resistance testing device for a disconnector

CN122754591APending Publication Date: 2026-09-15BAODING YONGHONG ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE EQUIP CO LTD
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Patent Information

Application Number
CN202611038220.2
Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Applications(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
Filing Date
2026-07-13
Publication Date
2026-09-15

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Abstract

The application relates to the field of resistance testing, in particular to a loop resistance testing device for disconnectors, which comprises a support and a loop resistance tester arranged at the upper end of the support, the rear end of the support is provided with a conveying part, the conveying part is provided with facing moving parts, two bearing seats are elastically arranged on the facing moving parts respectively, clamping seats are elastically arranged at the upper ends of the two bearing seats respectively, the lower pressing ends of two voltage clamps of the loop resistance tester are connected with the two clamping seats respectively, and the lower pressing ends of two current clamps of the loop resistance tester are connected with the two clamping seats respectively. In the application, the disconnector is one of important electrical appliances in the smart grid industry, when the loop resistance is tested, the labor intensity of the tester can be effectively reduced, the manufacturing convenience of the power distribution switch control equipment is improved, the loop resistance test is ensured to be smoothly conducted, and the normal transmission of the disconnector is ensured.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of resistance testing, specifically to a circuit resistance testing device for a disconnecting switch. Background Technology

[0002] Disconnect switches are switching control devices in high-voltage electrical systems, primarily used to create a clearly visible air break, allowing circuits to be switched on and off only under no-load conditions, thus serving a safety isolation and maintenance function. Disconnect switches are also a crucial electrical component in the smart grid industry. During the manufacturing process, disconnect switches typically undergo loop resistance testing to determine if they meet standards.

[0003] However, when existing loop resistance testers test the loop resistance of disconnect switches conveyed on the production line, the testers need to manually clamp two current clamps and a voltage clamp to both ends of the disconnect switch before the resistance test can be performed. This process mainly relies on manual clamping, which is quite cumbersome and greatly increases the labor intensity of the testers, making the manufacturing of power distribution switch control equipment inconvenient. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to address the shortcomings of the prior art by providing a circuit resistance testing device for disconnecting switches.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a circuit resistance testing device for a disconnecting switch, comprising a support and a circuit resistance tester disposed on the upper end of the support. A transmission component is disposed at the rear end of the support, and a countermoving component is mounted on the transmission component. Two bearing seats are elastically mounted on the countermoving component, and clamps are elastically mounted on the upper ends of the two bearing seats. The lower pressing ends of the two voltage clamps of the circuit resistance tester are respectively connected to the two clamps, and the lower pressing ends of the two current clamps of the circuit resistance tester are respectively connected to the two clamps. The two voltage clamps are located between the two current clamps. A guide extends from the upper edge of the bearing seat, and a main pressure clamp rod and a secondary pressure clamp rod are slidably mounted through the middle and end of the guide rod, respectively. The lower end of the main pressure clamp rod is pressed against the upper pressing end of the current clamp, and the lower end of the secondary pressure clamp rod is pressed against the upper pressing end of the voltage clamp.

[0006] Preferably, two guide posts extend symmetrically from the lower end of the clamp, the bearing seat is slidably mounted on the outer surface of the two guide posts, a lifting spring is wound around the outer side of the guide posts, the two ends of the lifting spring are respectively fixed to the bearing seat and the clamp, a second positioning cap is coaxially fixedly mounted on the lower end of the guide posts, and a limit block extends from the middle of the upper end of the bearing seat.

[0007] Preferably, the upper end of the clamp is provided with two clamping blocks, one of which clamps the clamp to the lower pressing end of the current clamp, and the other clamping block clamps the clamp to the lower pressing end of the voltage clamp, and a screw is screwed through and tightened between the clamping block and the clamp.

[0008] Preferably, the conveying component includes a conveyor belt installed at the rear end of the support, and a plurality of concave positioning seats are evenly distributed and fixedly installed on the conveyor belt.

[0009] Preferably, the opposing moving component includes a rod seat disposed below the frame of the conveyor belt, a threaded rod rotatably mounted between the two ends of the rod seat, the threads at both ends of the threaded rod being symmetrically arranged, a threaded sleeve being screwed onto both ends of the threaded rod, a shift clamping frame being fixedly mounted on the upper end of each of the two threaded sleeves, a concave frame being fixedly mounted on the upper end of each of the two shift clamping frames, and the two bearing seats being elastically connected to the two concave frames respectively.

[0010] Preferably, each of the two concave frames has an extension block extending from its upper edge on its opposite surface. An H-shaped frame is rotatably mounted on the end of each extension block. The end of the H-shaped frame is rotatably connected to the main pressure clamp rod. A connecting frame is fixedly installed between the main pressure clamp rod and the auxiliary pressure clamp rod. Each of the two main pressure clamp rods has an opening frame extending from its opposite surface. The guide seat passes through the opening of the opening frame and is pressed against the clamp seat. Two connecting positioning frames are symmetrically fixedly installed on both sides of the rod seat. The two connecting positioning frames are respectively fixed to the front and rear ends of the conveyor belt frame.

[0011] Preferably, guide rods are slidably mounted through both ends of the concave frame. One end of the guide rod is fixed to the bearing seat, and a positioning cap is coaxially fixed to the other end of the guide rod. A push-clamp spring is wound around the outside of the guide rod, and both ends of the push-clamp spring are fixed to the bearing seat and the concave frame, respectively.

[0012] Preferably, a servo motor is fixedly installed at the front end of the rod holder, the output end of the servo motor is fixed to the threaded rod, a slide bar extends from the inner bottom surface of the rod holder, and the threaded sleeve is slidably installed on the outer surface of the slide bar.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0014] 1. As a crucial electrical component in the smart grid industry, the disconnecting switch, during loop resistance testing, utilizes sliding main and auxiliary pressure rods to press the upper pressing ends of the current and voltage clamps, automatically opening their clamping ends. Once the two ends of the disconnecting switch are inside the clamping ends of the current and voltage clamps, the main and auxiliary pressure rods slide upwards, releasing the pressure on the clamps and allowing them to reset under their own elasticity. This allows the clamps to clamp onto the two ends of the disconnecting switch, enabling loop resistance testing via a loop resistance tester. This process eliminates the need for manual operation of the current and voltage clamps, effectively reducing the workload of testing personnel and improving the ease of manufacturing distribution switch control equipment.

[0015] 2. The two opposing clamping frames can drive the two bearing seats to move towards each other, thereby moving the voltage clamp and current clamp towards the direction of the disconnecting switch. This allows the end of the disconnecting switch to be located inside the clamping end of the voltage clamp and current clamp. At this time, the bearing seat is pressed against the connecting positioning frame and remains stationary. Then, the clamping frames continue to move, driving the H-shaped frame to move, thereby pushing the main pressure clamp rod and the auxiliary pressure clamp rod upward. At this time, the open frame will move upward synchronously with the main pressure clamp rod. During this process, the clamping seat loses the clamping of the open frame and is therefore lifted upward by the lifting spring, which in turn drives the current clamp and voltage clamp upward, so that the lower clamping end of the current clamp and voltage clamp can be pressed tightly against the disconnecting switch from below. This ensures that after the current clamp and voltage clamp are closed, they can be fully clamped onto the disconnecting switch, thereby ensuring the smooth conduct of the circuit resistance test.

[0016] 3. In addition to controlling the clamping of the disconnector switch by the current clamp and voltage clamp, the two opposing clamping frames can also allow the current clamp and voltage clamp to leave the transfer area of ​​the disconnector switch. This ensures that the disconnector switch will not be blocked by the current clamp and voltage clamp when it is transferred to the next process after the test is completed, thus ensuring the normal transfer of the disconnector switch. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram from another perspective of the present invention;

[0019] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the threaded rod of the present invention;

[0020] Figure 4 This is an exploded view of the concave positioning seat and the disconnecting switch of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 5 For the present invention Figure 3Enlarged view of A in the middle;

[0022] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the clamping device of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the support base of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the clamping part of the present invention.

[0025] The components represented by each number in the attached diagram are listed below: 1. Loop resistance tester; 2. Support; 3. Threaded rod; 4. Conveyor belt; 5. Concave positioning seat; 6. Disconnecting switch; 7. Connecting positioning frame; 8. Rod seat; 9. Servo motor; 10. Moving clamp frame; 11. Threaded sleeve; 12. Slide bar; 13. Concave frame; 14. Positioning cap No. 1; 15. Guide rod; 16. Push clamp spring; 17. Bearing seat; 18. Voltage clamp; 19. Secondary pressure clamp rod; 20. Main pressure clamp rod; 21. Current clamp; 22. Clamp seat; 23. Guide seat; 24. Opening frame; 25. H-shaped frame; 26. Extending block; 27. Positioning cap No. 2; 28. Guide post; 29. ​​Lifting spring; 30. Limiting block; 31. Connecting frame; 32. Clamping block; 33. Screw. Detailed Implementation

[0026] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0027] This invention provides a technical solution: such as Figures 1-8The circuit resistance testing device for a disconnecting switch shown includes a support 2 and a circuit resistance tester 1 mounted on the upper end of the support 2. The support 2 supports the circuit resistance tester 1. A conveyor is provided at the rear end of the support 2, and opposing moving parts are mounted on the conveyor. Two bearing seats 17 are elastically mounted on the opposing moving parts, and clamps 22 are elastically mounted on the upper end of each of the two bearing seats 17. The bearing seats 17 support the clamps 22. The two voltage clamps of the circuit resistance tester 1... The lower pressing ends of the two voltage clamps 18 are connected to the two clamps 22 respectively. The lower pressing ends of the two current clamps 21 of the circuit resistance tester 1 are connected to the two clamps 22 respectively. The clamps 22 serve to fix the two voltage clamps 18 and the current clamps 21. The two voltage clamps 18 are located between the two current clamps 21. A guide seat 23 extends from the upper edge of the support base 17. The main pressure clamp rod 20 and the auxiliary pressure clamp rod 19 are slidably installed through the middle and the end of the guide seat 23 respectively. The guide seat 23 serves to support the main pressure clamp rod 20 and the auxiliary pressure clamp rod 19. The clamping rod 19 serves as a guide. The lower end of the main clamping rod 20 presses against the upper pressing end of the current clamp 21, and the lower end of the auxiliary clamping rod 19 presses against the upper pressing end of the voltage clamp 18. By sliding the main clamping rod 20 and the auxiliary clamping rod 19, the upper pressing ends of the current clamp 21 and the voltage clamp 18 are pressed respectively, so that the clamping ends of the current clamp 21 and the voltage clamp 18 can be automatically opened. When the two ends of the disconnecting switch 6 are located inside the clamping ends of the current clamp 21 and the voltage clamp 18, the main clamping rod 20 and the auxiliary clamping rod 19... The lever 19 will slide upward to release the pressure on the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18, allowing the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18 to reset under their own elastic force, thus clamping the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18 to both ends of the disconnect switch 6. Then, the loop resistance can be tested by the loop resistance tester 1. The process does not require the tester to manually operate the opening and closing of the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18, thereby effectively reducing the labor intensity of the tester and improving the ease of manufacturing the power distribution switch control equipment.

[0028] Two guide posts 28 extend symmetrically from the lower end of the clamp 22. The bearing seat 17 is slidably mounted on the outer surface of the two guide posts 28. The guide posts 28 guide the clamp 22. A lifting spring 29 is wound around the outside of the guide posts 28. The two ends of the lifting spring 29 are fixed to the bearing seat 17 and the clamp 22 respectively. The lifting spring 29 can lift the clamp 22, so that the lower clamping ends of the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18 can be pressed tightly against the disconnect switch 6 from the bottom, so as to ensure that the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18 can be fully clamped on the disconnect switch 6 after they are closed. A second positioning cap 27 is coaxially fixedly mounted on the lower end of the guide post 28. The second positioning cap 27 positions the clamp 22 at the upward position. A limit block 30 extends from the middle of the upper end of the bearing seat 17. The limit block 30 positions the clamp 22 at the downward position.

[0029] Two clamping blocks 32 are respectively provided on the upper end of the clamping base 22. One clamping block 32 is clamped to the lower pressing end of the current clamp 21, and the other clamping block 32 is clamped to the lower pressing end of the voltage clamp 18. The clamping blocks 32 serve to press and fix the current clamp 21 and the voltage clamp 18 onto the clamping base 22. A screw 33 is screwed through the clamping block 32 and the clamping base 22, and the screw 33 serves to fix the clamping block 32 and the clamping base 22 together.

[0030] The conveying component includes a conveyor belt 4 installed at the rear end of the support 2. The conveyor belt 4 is used to convey the disconnect switch 6. Multiple concave positioning seats 5 are evenly distributed and fixedly installed on the conveyor belt 4. The concave positioning seats 5 can engage with the base of the disconnect switch 6 to position it.

[0031] The opposing moving parts include a rod seat 8 located below the frame of the conveyor belt 4. A threaded rod 3 is rotatably mounted between the two ends of the rod seat 8. The rod seat 8 serves to support the threaded rod 3. The threads at both ends of the threaded rod 3 are symmetrically arranged, allowing two threaded sleeves 11 to move towards each other. Threaded sleeves 11 are screwed onto both ends of the threaded rod 3. A shift clamp 10 is fixedly mounted on the upper end of each of the two threaded sleeves 11. The rotation of the threaded rod 3 drives the two threaded sleeves 11 and the shift clamp 10 to move towards each other. In addition to controlling the clamps 21 and 18 to clamp the disconnect switch 6, the two shift clamps 10 can also allow the clamps 21 and 18 to leave the conveying area of ​​the disconnect switch 6. This ensures that the disconnect switch 6 will not be blocked by the clamps 21 and 18 when it continues to be conveyed to the next process after testing, thus ensuring the normal conveying of the disconnect switch 6. A concave frame 13 is fixedly mounted on the upper end of each of the two shift clamps 10. Two bearing seats 17 are elastically connected to the two concave frames 13 respectively.

[0032] Both concave frames 13 have protruding blocks 26 extending from their opposite edges. H-shaped frames 25 are rotatably mounted on the ends of the protruding blocks 26, facilitating connection of the H-shaped frames 25. The ends of the H-shaped frames 25 are rotatably connected to the main pressure clamp rod 20. A connecting frame 31 is fixedly installed between the main pressure clamp rod 20 and the secondary pressure clamp rod 19, securing them together. Opening frames 24 extend from the opposite surfaces of both main pressure clamp rods 20. Guide seats 23 pass through the openings of the opening frames 24, which press against the clamping seats 22. Two connecting positioning frames 7 are symmetrically fixed on both sides of the rod seat 8, connecting and positioning the rod seat 8 and the positioning bearing seat 17. The two connecting positioning frames 7 are fixed to the front and rear ends of the conveyor belt 4 frame, respectively. The two opposing moving clamping frames 10 can drive the two bearing seats... The carrier 17 moves towards each other, thereby moving the voltage clamp 18 and current clamp 21 toward the direction of the disconnecting switch 6, so that the end of the disconnecting switch 6 is located inside the clamping end of the voltage clamp 18 and current clamp 21. At this time, the carrier 17 is pressed against the connecting positioning frame 7 and remains stationary. Then the clamping frame 10 continues to move, so as to drive the H-shaped frame 25 to move, thereby pushing the main pressure clamp 20 and the secondary pressure clamp 19 to move upward. At this time, the opening frame 24 will move upward synchronously with the main pressure clamp 20. During this process, the clamp 22 loses the pressure of the opening frame 24, so it will be lifted upward by the lifting spring 29, thereby driving the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18 to move upward, so that the lower clamping end of the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18 can be pressed tightly against the disconnecting switch 6 from the bottom, so as to ensure that after the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18 are closed, they can be fully clamped on the disconnecting switch 6, thereby ensuring that the circuit resistance test is carried out smoothly.

[0033] Guide rods 15 are slidably mounted through both ends of the concave frame 13. One end of the guide rod 15 is fixed to the bearing seat 17 and guides the bearing seat 17. The other end of the guide rod 15 is coaxially fixed with a positioning cap 14, which serves as a positioning device. A push-clamp spring 16 is wound around the outside of the guide rod 15. Both ends of the push-clamp spring 16 are fixed to the bearing seat 17 and the concave frame 13, respectively, and push-clamp spring 16 pushes the bearing seat 17 to move.

[0034] A servo motor 9 is fixedly installed at the front end of the rod base 8. The output end of the servo motor 9 is fixed to the threaded rod 3. The servo motor 9 drives the threaded rod 3 to rotate. A slide bar 12 extends from the inner bottom surface of the rod base 8. The slide bar 12 prevents the threaded sleeve 11 from rotating. The threaded sleeve 11 is slidably installed on the outer surface of the slide bar 12.

[0035] As a crucial electrical component in the smart grid industry, the disconnector switch 6 is transported to the testing station via conveyor belt 4 during loop resistance testing. Subsequently, servo motor 9 drives the threaded rod 3 to rotate, causing the two threaded sleeves 11 and the clamping bracket 10 to move towards each other. This, in turn, moves the two support seats 17 towards each other, allowing the voltage clamp 18 and current clamp 21 to move towards the disconnector switch 6, positioning the end of the disconnector switch 6 inside the clamping ends of the voltage clamp 18 and current clamp 21. At this point, the support seat 17 rests against the connecting positioning frame 7 and remains stationary. The clamping bracket 10 then continues to move, driving the H-shaped frame 25 to move, thereby pushing the main pressure clamp rod 20 and the auxiliary pressure clamp rod 19 to slide upwards. The open frame 24 moves upwards synchronously with the main pressure clamp rod 20. During this process, the clamping seat 22... Without the clamping force of the opening bracket 24, the clamps are lifted and moved upward by the lifting spring 29, which in turn moves the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18 upward, allowing the lower clamping ends of the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18 to adhere tightly to the disconnector switch 6 from below. At this time, the clamp shifting bracket 10 will continue to push the main clamp rod 20 and the auxiliary clamp rod 19 to slide upward, so as to release the pressure on the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18, allowing the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18 to reset under their own elastic force, thus clamping the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18 to both ends of the disconnector switch 6. Then, the loop resistance tester 1 can be used to test the loop resistance. The process does not require the tester to manually operate the opening and closing of the current clamp 21 and voltage clamp 18, thereby effectively reducing the labor intensity of the tester and improving the ease of manufacturing the power distribution switch control equipment.

[0036] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

[0037] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A circuit resistance testing device for a disconnecting switch, comprising a support (2) and a circuit resistance tester (1) disposed at the upper end of the support (2), characterized in that: A conveyor is provided at the rear end of the support (2), and a moving component is installed on the conveyor. Two bearing seats (17) are elastically installed on the moving component. A clamp (22) is elastically installed on the upper end of each of the two bearing seats (17). The lower pressing ends of the two voltage clamps (18) of the loop resistance tester (1) are connected to the two clamps (22) respectively. The lower pressing ends of the two current clamps (21) of the loop resistance tester (1) are connected to the two clamps respectively. (22) Connected, the two voltage clamps (18) are located between the two current clamps (21). A guide seat (23) extends from the upper edge of the bearing seat (17). The middle and end of the guide seat (23) are respectively slidably mounted with a main pressure clamp rod (20) and a secondary pressure clamp rod (19). The lower end of the main pressure clamp rod (20) is pressed against the upper pressing end of the current clamp (21), and the lower end of the secondary pressure clamp rod (19) is pressed against the upper pressing end of the voltage clamp (18).

2. The circuit resistance testing device for a disconnecting switch according to claim 1, characterized in that: Two guide posts (28) extend symmetrically from the lower end of the clamp (22). The bearing seat (17) is slidably mounted on the outer surface of the two guide posts (28). A lifting spring (29) is wound around the outer side of the guide post (28). The two ends of the lifting spring (29) are fixed to the bearing seat (17) and the clamp (22) respectively. A second positioning cap (27) is coaxially fixed at the lower end of the guide post (28). A limit block (30) extends from the middle of the upper end of the bearing seat (17).

3. The circuit resistance testing device for a disconnecting switch according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper end of the clamp (22) is provided with two clamping blocks (32), one of which clamps (32) and the clamp (22) are clamped at the lower pressing end of the current clamp (21), and the other clamp (32) and the clamp (22) are clamped at the lower pressing end of the voltage clamp (18). A screw (33) is screwed through and tightened between the clamp (32) and the clamp (22).

4. The circuit resistance testing device for a disconnecting switch according to claim 1, characterized in that: The conveyor includes a conveyor belt (4) installed at the rear end of the support (2), and multiple concave positioning seats (5) are evenly distributed and fixedly installed on the conveyor belt (4).

5. The circuit resistance testing device for a disconnecting switch according to claim 4, characterized in that: The opposing moving parts include a rod seat (8) disposed below the frame of the conveyor belt (4), a threaded rod (3) is rotatably mounted between the two ends of the rod seat (8), the threads at both ends of the threaded rod (3) are symmetrically arranged, and threaded sleeves (11) are screwed onto both ends of the threaded rod (3), a transfer clamp (10) is fixedly mounted on the upper end of each of the two threaded sleeves (11), and a concave frame (13) is fixedly mounted on the upper end of each of the two transfer clamps (10), and two bearing seats (17) are elastically connected to the two concave frames (13) respectively.

6. The circuit resistance testing device for a disconnecting switch according to claim 5, characterized in that: Both of the concave frames (13) have protruding blocks (26) extending from their opposite edges. An H-shaped frame (25) is rotatably mounted on the end of the protruding block (26). The end of the H-shaped frame (25) is rotatably connected to the main pressure clamp (20). A connecting frame (31) is fixedly installed between the main pressure clamp (20) and the auxiliary pressure clamp (19). Both of the main pressure clamps (20) have opening frames (24) extending from their opposite surfaces. The guide seat (23) passes through the opening of the opening frame (24). The opening frame (24) is pressed against the clamp seat (22). Both sides of the rod seat (8) are symmetrically fixedly equipped with two connecting positioning frames (7). The two connecting positioning frames (7) are respectively fixed to the front and rear ends of the frame of the conveyor belt (4).

7. The circuit resistance testing device for a disconnecting switch according to claim 5, characterized in that: Guide rods (15) are slidably installed through both ends of the concave frame (13). One end of the guide rod (15) is fixed to the bearing seat (17), and a positioning cap (14) is coaxially fixed to the other end of the guide rod (15). A push-clamp spring (16) is wound around the outside of the guide rod (15), and both ends of the push-clamp spring (16) are fixed to the bearing seat (17) and the concave frame (13) respectively.

8. The circuit resistance testing device for a disconnecting switch according to claim 5, characterized in that: A servo motor (9) is fixedly installed at the front end of the rod seat (8). The output end of the servo motor (9) is fixed to the threaded rod (3). A slide bar (12) extends from the inner bottom surface of the rod seat (8). The threaded sleeve (11) is slidably installed on the outer surface of the slide bar (12).