A high-rise fire rescue method

Abstract

The application discloses a high-rise fire rescue method, belongs to the technical field of fire rescue, and relates to a high-rise fire rescue method, which comprises building basic data acquisition, dynamic vertical rescue area division, vertical blocking zone linkage construction, differentiated layered evacuation strategy formulation, layered evacuation execution and flow control, and external stereoscopic rescue combined with internal and external combination. The application can divide high-rise buildings along the vertical direction through dynamic vertical rescue area division, avoids the defects that all personnel blindly evacuate downward, and significantly improves evacuation safety.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of fire rescue technology, and more specifically, to a high-rise fire rescue method. Background Technology

[0002] High-rise buildings pose significant challenges to evacuation and fire rescue in the event of a fire due to their numerous floors, long vertical evacuation distances, and concentrated population. Currently, according to existing building fire protection codes, high-rise buildings typically have an indoor refuge floor every few floors, with each refuge floor connected by a fire escape staircase.

[0003] However, existing evacuation plans mainly rely on refuge floors and fire escape staircases for vertical evacuation. The existing evacuation plans adopt basically the same evacuation strategy for all floors, that is, all personnel are required to evacuate downwards to refuge floors or the ground via fire escape staircases. When a fire occurs on a middle or high floor, a large number of people on floors above the fire floor need to traverse downwards through the area where the fire floor is located, facing the dual risks of smoke poisoning and fire obstruction, resulting in low evacuation safety. Therefore, this needs to be improved. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of the problems existing in the prior art, the purpose of this invention is to provide a high-rise fire rescue method, which can divide high-rise buildings into vertical zones by dynamic vertical rescue zone division, avoiding the drawback of all personnel blindly evacuating downwards, and significantly improving evacuation safety.

[0005] To solve the above problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solution.

[0006] A high-rise fire rescue method, characterized by the following steps:

[0007] S1. Acquisition of basic building data: Acquire basic data of the high-rise building, including floor plans, vertical passage layout and personnel distribution data of the high-rise building;

[0008] S2. Dynamic vertical rescue zone division: Based on the floor where the fire occurred in the high-rise building, the risk level of the rescue zone is divided. Taking the fire floor as the base floor, the fire floor and the floors above the fire floor are designated as high-risk areas, the N adjacent floors below the fire floor are designated as medium-risk areas, and the ground floor and the preset floors above the ground floor are designated as safe areas.

[0009] S3. Vertical barrier construction: Control the closing of fireproof roller shutters and fireproof doors between the fire floor and the floor above the fire floor, and control the closing of fireproof roller shutters and fireproof doors on non-evacuation routes between the fire floor and the floor below the fire floor to form a vertical barrier; wherein, the fireproof doors in the evacuation stairwells are kept openable by personnel in the evacuation direction.

[0010] S4. Differentiated stratified evacuation strategy formulation: Based on the risk level of each rescue area, differentiated evacuation strategies are formulated for different areas. The differentiated evacuation strategies include: people in high-risk areas evacuate downwards via the nearest evacuation staircase, people in medium-risk areas take refuge on the spot and wait for rescue, and people in safe areas evacuate directly to the outdoors.

[0011] S5. Layered evacuation execution and flow control: In accordance with the differentiated evacuation strategy, organize personnel in each rescue area to evacuate in layers, and monitor the flow density at the entrance of each evacuation staircase. When the flow density exceeds the preset safety threshold, issue a flow restriction warning and extend the interval between people on adjacent floors entering the stairwell.

[0012] Furthermore, the specific method for dividing the high-rise building into several rescue zones vertically is as follows: taking the fire floor as the reference floor, the reference floor and the floors above the reference floor are designated as high-risk zones; the N adjacent floors below the reference floor are designated as medium-risk zones; and the ground floor and the preset floors above the ground floor are designated as safe zones.

[0013] Furthermore, the fire-resistant partition includes fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors; the specific method for controlling the operation of the fire-resistant partition is as follows: closing the fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors between the fire floor and the floor above the fire floor, and closing the fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors on non-evacuation routes between the fire floor and the floor below the fire floor, so as to form a physical isolation between the fire floor and the floors above and below, blocking the path of smoke and fire to spread through vertical passages such as stairwells and elevator shafts; wherein, the fire doors installed in the evacuation stairwells are kept openable in the evacuation direction to ensure that personnel can evacuate downwards through the evacuation stairwells.

[0014] Furthermore, N is a positive integer from 2 to 5.

[0015] Furthermore, when personnel in the high-risk area evacuate downwards via the nearest evacuation staircase, priority should be given to evacuating personnel on the fire floor first, followed by personnel on floors above the fire floor in sequence.

[0016] Furthermore, during the process of people in the medium-risk area taking refuge on the spot and waiting for rescue, the building broadcasting system and indoor intercom system will continuously broadcast the operation guidance information of holding the place and waiting for rescue to each area of ​​the medium-risk area, and continuously monitor the environmental parameters of the medium-risk area. When the monitored temperature or smoke concentration exceeds the preset threshold, the area will be upgraded from a medium-risk area to a high-risk area, and an emergency evacuation command will be pushed to the mobile terminals of the people in the area.

[0017] Furthermore, it also includes

[0018] S6. External three-dimensional rescue combining internal and external methods: using fire elevators and aerial platform vehicles to conduct external rescue of people trapped in the outer window position.

[0019] Furthermore, when using fire elevators and aerial platform trucks to conduct external rescue of people trapped at exterior windows, fire elevators should be used first to transport people with mobility impairments and the injured, while aerial platform trucks should be used first to rescue people trapped at exterior windows on the fire floor and floors above the fire floor.

[0020] Furthermore, during the rescue process, the direction of fire spread and smoke flow are continuously monitored. When it is detected that the fire or smoke has broken through the vertical barrier, it is determined that the fire or smoke has spread to the highest floor M. The fireproof roller shutter and fireproof door between floor M and floor M+1 are closed to form a new vertical barrier in the new location.

[0021] Furthermore, the vertical passageway includes at least evacuation staircases, fire elevators, and ordinary elevator shafts.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial technical effects:

[0023] 1. By dynamically dividing the vertical rescue zone, high-rise buildings are divided into high-risk, medium-risk, and safe zones, avoiding the drawbacks of blindly evacuating all personnel downwards and significantly improving evacuation safety.

[0024] Second, by actively controlling the fire separation facilities of adjacent floors above and below the fire floor to form a vertical barrier, the path of fire and smoke spreading along the vertical passage was effectively cut off, buying valuable time for personnel evacuation.

[0025] Third, by adopting a differentiated and tiered evacuation strategy, mutual interference and crowd collisions between people in different areas during the evacuation process were avoided, thus improving evacuation efficiency.

[0026] Fourth, by monitoring crowd density and implementing an automatic flow control mechanism, congestion and trampling in stairwells were effectively prevented, ensuring a safe and orderly evacuation process.

[0027] Fifth, by dynamically adjusting the vertical barrier strips, the fire separation measures can move upwards continuously as the fire develops, thus maintaining their barrier function and enhancing the adaptability and reliability of the method.

[0028] VI. By combining fire elevators and aerial platform vehicles for rescue operations both inside and outside the facility, a three-dimensional rescue network was formed, which improved the efficiency of rescuing trapped personnel. Attached Figure Description

[0029] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of an embodiment of this application.

[0030] The labels in the diagram are as follows: S1, acquisition of basic building data; S2, dynamic division of vertical rescue zones; S3, coordinated construction of vertical barrier zones; S4, formulation of differentiated layered evacuation strategies; S5, execution of layered evacuation and flow control; S6, external three-dimensional rescue combining internal and external elements. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The following will refer to the appendices in the embodiments of the present invention. Figure 1 The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described herein. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0032] It should be understood that the step numbers used in the text are for ease of description only and are not intended to limit the order in which the steps are performed.

[0033] It should be understood that the terminology used in this specification is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the invention. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0034] The terms “comprising” and “including” indicate the presence of the described feature, whole, step, operation, element and / or component, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, wholes, steps, operations, elements, components and / or collections thereof.

[0035] The term “and / or” refers to any combination of one or more of the associated listed items, as well as all possible combinations, and includes these combinations.

[0036] Firstly, this application provides a high-rise fire rescue method, comprising the following steps:

[0037] S1. Steps for obtaining basic building data:

[0038] The specific implementation method for obtaining floor plans, vertical passageway layouts, and personnel distribution data of high-rise buildings is as follows:

[0039] Acquisition of Building Structural Data: Before a high-rise building is put into use, the building's floor plans, vertical corridor layout, building area and functional zoning of each floor, fire compartment division information, location and numbering of fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors, and the vertical corridor layout including the location and width of evacuation staircases, the location and number of fire elevators, and the location of ordinary elevator shafts should be pre-stored in the database of the building's fire control room. The database can be a separately set fire-specific database or a database shared with the building's intelligent management system. When a fire occurs, the fire control system automatically retrieves the floor plans and vertical corridor layout of the target high-rise building from the database. The floor plans are three-dimensional digital models in BIM format to accurately locate the fire floor and accurately identify the direction of the vertical corridors.

[0040] Personnel distribution data can be obtained using one or more of the following methods in combination:

[0041] As an alternative implementation method, the distribution of people in the building can be obtained through building access control card swipe records. High-rise buildings usually have access control systems at the entrances and exits of each floor. People need to swipe their cards to enter each floor. When a fire occurs, the fire control system retrieves the most recent access control card swipe record and combines it with the registration information of office staff or residents on each floor to estimate the real-time number of people on each floor.

[0042] As another alternative implementation method, Wi-Fi probe technology can be used to obtain personnel distribution data. Wi-Fi probe devices can be deployed on each floor of a high-rise building. By collecting the MAC address and signal strength data of the mobile terminal devices (mobile phones, tablets) carried by people, the data can be analyzed and processed in real time by the positioning algorithm to obtain the number of people and the distribution heat map of each floor and area.

[0043] As another alternative implementation method, personnel identification and counting can be carried out through cameras installed in the building. By using surveillance cameras deployed in public areas (corridors, lobbies, elevator halls) on each floor, combined with computer vision technology, video images can be analyzed in real time to identify and count the number of people on each floor and in each area.

[0044] Preferably, multiple methods described above can be used simultaneously to acquire personnel distribution data, and the multi-source data can be fused to improve the accuracy and reliability of the personnel distribution data. For example, when access control data and Wi-Fi probe data are inconsistent, the real-time data of the Wi-Fi probe shall prevail, because the Wi-Fi probe data has better real-time performance.

[0045] Timing of data acquisition: The acquisition of the above-mentioned building structure data and personnel distribution data should be initiated immediately after the fire is confirmed to have occurred. Preferably, the data retrieval and preliminary processing should be completed within 1 second of the fire alarm signal being triggered, so as to provide timely data support for subsequent zoning and evacuation decisions.

[0046] S2. Steps for dynamically dividing the vertical rescue zone:

[0047] The specific implementation method for dividing the high-rise building into several rescue zones vertically according to the floor where the fire occurred is as follows:

[0048] Determining the floor where the fire occurred: The floor where the fire occurred is determined by the automatic fire alarm system installed in the building. When a smoke detector or heat detector on a certain floor issues an alarm signal, the fire control system automatically identifies the specific floor number where the fire occurred based on the detector's number and location information. To improve the accuracy of fire floor location, cross-verification of multiple detectors can be used: for example, when multiple smoke detectors on the same floor alarm simultaneously, or when smoke detectors and heat detectors alarm simultaneously, the floor is confirmed as the floor where the fire occurred.

[0049] Method for dividing vertical rescue zones: Using the identified fire floor as the baseline, the high-rise building is vertically divided into several rescue zones according to the following rules:

[0050] High-risk area: The fire floor (base floor) and all floors above it are designated as high-risk areas. This is because the smoke and heat radiation generated by a fire mainly spread upwards, posing the most direct threat to people on the fire floor and above. Preferably, when there is a refuge floor above the fire floor, the refuge floor and its surrounding floors are still considered high-risk areas, but can serve as temporary shelters for people within the high-risk area.

[0051] Medium-risk zone: The N floors adjacent to the fire floor are designated as the medium-risk zone, where N is a positive integer from 2 to 5. The value of N is determined based on the specific circumstances of the building: For high-rise buildings with a standard floor height (4m) and a high density of people per floor, the value of N can be appropriately reduced (2 to 3 floors) to narrow the area of ​​the on-site refuge zone and reduce the potential risk of smoke intrusion to people in that area; for buildings with a larger floor height (≥5m) or a lower density of people per floor, the value of N can be appropriately increased (4 to 5 floors). The specific value of N can be determined before the building is put into use based on the fire emergency plan. The proposed verification results are pre-set and dynamically adjusted based on real-time fire data when a fire occurs. For example, when the fire floor is the 30th floor, N is set to 3, then the 27th to 29th floors are medium-risk areas. Although the medium-risk areas are not directly threatened by the fire, they may be indirectly affected by the smoke spreading downwards from the fire floor. At the same time, if people in the medium-risk areas blindly evacuate upwards or downwards, they may create a flow of people that clashes with those evacuated from the high-risk areas, causing chaos. Therefore, the adjacent floors below the fire floor are designated as medium-risk areas, and a strategy of on-site refuge is adopted to avoid blind evacuation.

[0052] Safe Zone: The ground floor and floors above it are designated as the safe zone. The extent of the safe zone should be reasonably determined based on the total height and number of floors of the building. For example, for a high-rise building with a total height of 200 meters and 50 floors, the ground floor to the 10th floor can be designated as the safe zone. People in the safe zone are extremely unlikely to be directly affected by the fire and can be evacuated directly to the outdoors. It should be noted that the division of the safe zone is not fixed, but dynamically determined according to the specific location of the fire floor: the lower the fire floor, the smaller the safe zone; the higher the fire floor, the larger the safe zone.

[0053] Dynamic adjustment of zone division: The above-mentioned division of rescue zones is not static. As the fire develops and smoke spreads, the risk level of each zone may change. Therefore, during the rescue process, the changes in fire and smoke should be continuously monitored. When the fire or smoke is detected to have spread to the originally designated medium-risk zone, the zone should be upgraded to a high-risk zone in a timely manner, and the evacuation strategy should be adjusted accordingly.

[0054] S3. Vertical barrier strip linkage construction steps:

[0055] The specific implementation method for controlling the operation of fire-resistant partitions on the fire-prone floor and its adjacent floors above and below to form a vertical barrier is as follows:

[0056] Determination of fire-resistant partition facilities: The fire-resistant partition facilities include fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors. In high-rise buildings, fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors are usually installed in the following locations: at the openings of partition walls between fire compartments, at the connection between evacuation stairwells and vestibules, at the connection between elevator halls and corridors, at the maintenance openings of pipe shafts, etc. All of the above fire-resistant partition facilities are connected to the building's fire-fighting linkage control system and can automatically operate after receiving a control signal.

[0057] Method for forming vertical fire barriers: Once the fire floor is determined, the fire control system issues a closure command to the fire compartments in the following locations:

[0058] First, close all fireproof roller shutters and fireproof doors between the fire floor and the floor above it to block the path of fire and smoke from the fire floor to the floor above.

[0059] Second, close the fireproof roller shutters and fireproof doors on non-evacuation routes between the fire floor and the floor below the fire floor to block the spread of fire and smoke downwards through non-evacuation routes (elevator shafts, pipe shafts, air conditioning ducts); keep the fireproof doors in the evacuation stairwells openable in the evacuation direction to ensure that people on the fire floor and floors above the fire floor can safely pass through the fire floor area downwards through the evacuation stairwells without being blocked by the closed fireproof doors.

[0060] Through the above operations, the fire floor is "sandwiched" by the fire-resistant partitions of the adjacent floors above and below, forming a vertical physical barrier. This barrier effectively cuts off the path for fire and smoke to spread upwards (and downwards through non-evacuation routes) through vertical passages such as stairwells and elevator shafts, while maintaining the passage capacity of personnel in evacuation stairwells.

[0061] Control methods for fire-resistant partitions: Fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors can be controlled in the following ways:

[0062] As a preferred method, an automatic linkage control mode is adopted. When the fire floor is confirmed, the fire linkage controller automatically sends a closing signal to the target fireproof roller shutter and fire door. The fireproof roller shutter installed on non-evacuation routes is triggered by the alarm signals of any two independent fire detectors in the fire compartment where the fireproof roller shutter is located, and the linkage control directly lowers the fireproof roller shutter to the floor surface.

[0063] As an auxiliary method, manual control from the fire control room can be used. After confirming a fire, the duty personnel in the fire control room can remotely control the closing of the target fireproof roller shutter and fireproof door through the manual control button on the fire linkage controller.

[0064] As an emergency measure, the fireproof roller shutter can be controlled on-site using manual control buttons located on both sides. When both automatic and remote control fail, on-site rescue personnel can operate the raising and lowering of the fireproof roller shutter via the manual control buttons.

[0065] Precautions for vertical barriers: It should be noted that the vertical barriers only close the fire separation facilities between the fire floor and the floor above it, as well as the fire separation facilities on the non-evacuation routes between the fire floor and the floor below it. The fire separation facilities between other floors above the fire floor remain open to ensure that people in high-risk areas can evacuate downwards via evacuation staircases. At the same time, when forming a vertical barrier, it should be ensured that the fire doors of the evacuation stairwells are openable in the direction of personnel evacuation to avoid trapping people in the stairwells. Fireproof roller shutters and fire doors located on non-evacuation routes should be completely closed to block the spread of smoke through the vertical shaft.

[0066] S4. Steps for developing a differentiated, tiered evacuation strategy:

[0067] Based on the risk level of each rescue area, the specific implementation methods for formulating differentiated evacuation strategies for different areas are as follows:

[0068] Evacuation strategy for high-risk areas: People in high-risk areas (the fire floor and floors above the fire floor) should adopt a "downward evacuation" strategy, that is, evacuate downwards via the nearest evacuation staircase; specifically, people on the fire floor should be the highest priority group to evacuate, and evacuation should begin immediately after the fire is confirmed. People on floors above the fire floor should follow suit in order from bottom to top, that is, people on the floor directly above the fire floor should evacuate first, followed by people on the floor above that, and so on.

[0069] People in high-risk areas should avoid the floor area where the fire is located as much as possible during evacuation downwards. Specifically, when people descend the evacuation stairs to the vicinity of the fire floor, they should pass through quickly and avoid lingering or hesitating on the fire floor. If the fire doors of the evacuation stairs are closed at the fire floor (part of the vertical barrier), people should continue to evacuate downwards along the stairs until they reach a safe area or the outdoors.

[0070] Evacuation strategy for medium-risk areas: People in medium-risk areas (N floors adjacent to the fire floor) should adopt the strategy of "taking refuge on the spot and waiting for rescue." Specifically, people in medium-risk areas should not blindly evacuate outwards, but should close the doors and windows of their rooms or office areas, and use wet towels, wet cloths, etc. to seal the door gaps to prevent smoke from seeping in. People should send out distress signals from windows or balconies in obvious locations (such as waving brightly colored clothing, using flashlights, etc.) and wait for fire rescue personnel to arrive before being transferred. The reason for taking refuge on the spot in medium-risk areas is that: medium-risk areas are located below the fire floor. If they blindly evacuate downwards, although they will be temporarily away from the fire source, they may encounter smoke spreading downwards from the fire floor during the evacuation process. If they blindly evacuate upwards, they may enter a high-risk area and face greater danger. Taking refuge on the spot is the safest choice, provided that the medium-risk area has not yet been directly affected by smoke.

[0071] Evacuation strategy for safe zones: People in safe zones should adopt a "direct evacuation" strategy, that is, evacuate directly to outdoor safe areas through evacuation staircases, safety exits and other passages. People in safe zones have a very low risk of being directly affected by the fire and should evacuate quickly and orderly to avoid staying in the building.

[0072] Strategy dissemination and communication: The above differentiated evacuation strategy should be promptly communicated to personnel in each area through the following methods:

[0073] First, fire information and evacuation instructions should be broadcast to the entire building through the building's public address system. The broadcast should include the floor where the fire occurred, the evacuation strategies to be adopted in each area, and the designated evacuation routes.

[0074] Second, evacuation direction and strategy information should be displayed through floor displays or fire emergency indicator lights;

[0075] Third, personalized evacuation instructions are sent to individuals' personal mobile devices via mobile terminal push notifications;

[0076] Fourth, through the guidance and announcements of on-site rescue personnel and property staff, organize and direct personnel to act in accordance with the established strategy.

[0077] S5. Steps for Layered Evacuation Execution and Traffic Control:

[0078] The specific implementation method for organizing the tiered evacuation of personnel in each rescue area according to the aforementioned differentiated evacuation strategy is as follows:

[0079] Evacuation organization of personnel in high-risk areas: The evacuation of personnel in high-risk areas shall be carried out in the order of "priority to the fire floor, followed by lower floors in ascending order", specifically:

[0080] The fire control system or on-site commander issues evacuation orders to each floor in the high-risk area. People on the floor where the fire is located evacuate first, followed by people on the floor above the fire, and so on, with the evacuation time intervals between floors specified. The time interval can be reasonably determined based on the number of people on each floor and the stairwell's capacity, preferably between 30 and 60 seconds. The basis for determining this time interval is as follows:

[0081] According to Article 5.5.20 of the "Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings" GB50016-2014 (2018 edition), the passage capacity of evacuation staircases is calculated based on the number of people passing through per 100 people per minute. For public buildings, the passage capacity of staircases is typically calculated as the number of people passing through per 100 people per minute. People (i.e., each person passing through per minute) (Evacuation staircases are typically calculated as two streams of people.) To ensure the safety of people during evacuation, the density of people in the stairwell should not exceed [number missing]. (This value is based on the maximum personnel density requirements for evacuation routes in NFPA 101 Life Safety Code).

[0082] Taking a standard fire compartment (approximately 500m²) with 50 people per floor and a staircase width of 1.2m (for two streams of people) as an example, the time required for all people on that floor to enter the stairwell is approximately The interval between floors is set to approximately 62 seconds (minutes). This is to account for potential congestion caused by people from adjacent floors entering the stairwell simultaneously. This ensures that the personnel density in the stairwell remains below a safe threshold at all times; in the preferred embodiment of this application, The value can be dynamically calculated based on the real-time personnel density data of each floor: ( (Number of people per floor / staircase access capacity).

[0083] The aforementioned time interval values ​​have been verified using Pathfinder evacuation simulation software. Using a 60-story high-rise building (50 people per standard floor, staircase width 1.2m) as a model, the maximum personnel density in the stairwell under a 30-second interval is: (below the safety threshold) Under the condition of a 60-second interval, the maximum personnel density in the stairwell was further reduced to 0.8 people / m², and the total evacuation time was 14.2 minutes and 17.8 minutes respectively, both of which meet the requirements of GB / T 31540.2 "Fire Safety Engineering Part 2: Determination of Required Safe Evacuation Time" regarding the requirement that the evacuation time of high-rise buildings should not exceed 30 minutes.

[0084] At the entrance of each evacuation staircase, property management staff or fire and rescue personnel can be arranged to guide people to enter the stairwell in an orderly manner and avoid crowding and pushing.

[0085] Organization of on-site evacuation for people in medium-risk areas: After receiving instructions to evacuate on-site, people in medium-risk areas should take on-site protective measures according to the evacuation methods described in step four. Property staff or fire and rescue personnel should check each household (room) to confirm whether the people in each room of the medium-risk area have taken protective measures, and provide guidance and assistance to those who have not taken protective measures.

[0086] Meanwhile, the building broadcasting system and indoor intercom system continuously broadcast operational instructions for staying put and waiting for rescue to various areas in the medium-risk zone, including: closing doors and windows, sealing door gaps, sending out distress signals, and remaining calm while waiting for rescue.

[0087] Emergency response after a medium-risk area is upgraded to a high-risk area:

[0088] When a medium-risk area is upgraded to a high-risk area due to fire or smoke breaching the vertical barrier, the following emergency response measures shall be immediately activated:

[0089] (1) Emergency evacuation instructions are sent to all personnel in the original medium-risk area (now upgraded to high-risk area) through the building broadcasting system, indoor intercom system and mobile terminal. The instructions should clearly indicate the evacuation direction (downward) and the designated evacuation route.

[0090] (2) Selection of evacuation routes: The original medium-risk area is located below the fire floor. When the vertical barrier is breached, the fire and smoke have spread to the area above the original medium-risk area. At this time, people in this area should not try to cross the fire area upwards, but should continue to evacuate downwards and evacuate to the safe area or outdoors through the evacuation stairs below that are not affected by smoke.

[0091] (3) Avoidance of people in high-risk areas above: In order to avoid people evacuating downwards from high-risk areas above, people in the original medium-risk areas should check the passage conditions in the stairwell through the building broadcast system or on-site command personnel before starting to evacuate downwards; if there are already a large number of people passing through the stairwell from top to bottom, people in the original medium-risk areas should wait at the entrance of the stairwell for a while until the flow density decreases before entering the stairwell, or be guided by fire rescue personnel to other unsaturated evacuation stairwells.

[0092] (4) Reverse support from fire and rescue personnel: After fire and rescue personnel reach the original medium-risk area floor via the fire elevator, they should prioritize assisting people with mobility difficulties (the elderly, children, pregnant women, and the injured) to be transferred to the ground floor via the fire elevator, while guiding ordinary people to evacuate down the evacuation staircase.

[0093] The above measures are subject to the following conditions: the on-site evacuation strategy for medium-risk areas is only applicable if the medium-risk area has not yet been directly affected by smoke and the vertical barrier is intact and effective. Once the temperature or smoke concentration in the medium-risk area exceeds the preset threshold (extinction coefficient), the measures will be suspended. or temperature If the vertical barrier is breached, the above emergency response procedure should be triggered immediately to avoid people being trapped due to delayed evacuation.

[0094] Evacuation organization of personnel in the safe zone: After receiving the evacuation order, personnel in the safe zone shall quickly evacuate to the outdoors through the designated evacuation route. Property staff shall guide personnel at the safety exits to ensure orderly evacuation and avoid congestion at the exits.

[0095] Crowd density monitoring and flow control: Crowd density monitoring sensors are deployed at the entrances of each evacuation staircase to count the number of people entering the stairwell per unit time in real time. The crowd density monitoring sensors can be of the following types:

[0096] As a preferred method, infrared beam sensors can be used, installed on both sides of the stairwell entrance door frame, to count the number of people who block the infrared beam as they pass through.

[0097] As another preferred approach, a video analytics sensor can be used to capture video images of the stairwell entrance via a camera, and computer vision technology can be used to identify and count the people passing through.

[0098] As another preferred method, a pressure sensor can be used, installed below the ground at the entrance of the staircase, to count by detecting the pressure changes when people step on it;

[0099] When the number of people entering the stairwell within a unit of time exceeds the preset safety threshold, the stairwell's audible and visual alarm device will issue a flow restriction warning, such as a flashing red light and a buzzer, to remind subsequent personnel to postpone their entry. At the same time, the fire control system will automatically extend the interval between people entering the stairwell from adjacent floors—for example, extending the original 30-second interval to 60 seconds—to alleviate the density of people in the stairwell.

[0100] Communication support during evacuation: During evacuation, it is essential to ensure uninterrupted communication between the fire control system and on-site command personnel on each floor. Multiple communication methods, such as walkie-talkies, mobile phones, and building telephones, can be used as backups for each other. At the same time, it is crucial to ensure that the building broadcasting system continues to operate throughout the entire evacuation process, promptly broadcasting the latest fire information and evacuation instructions.

[0101] S6. Combined internal and external three-dimensional rescue steps:

[0102] The specific methods for using fire elevators and aerial platform trucks to conduct external rescue of people trapped outside windows are as follows:

[0103] Use of fire elevators: Fire elevators are important equipment for fire rescue in high-rise buildings. In the event of a fire, fire elevators should be switched to fire-fighting mode and used exclusively by fire rescue personnel.

[0104] Fire elevators should be prioritized for the following purposes:

[0105] First, transport firefighters and equipment to the vicinity of the fire floor. Firefighters can take the fire elevator to a safe floor below the fire floor (the highest floor in the medium-risk zone), and then walk down the evacuation stairs to the fire floor to carry out firefighting and rescue operations;

[0106] Second, priority should be given to transporting people with mobility impairments and the injured to the ground floor. For the elderly, children, pregnant women, people with disabilities, and those who have been injured during the evacuation, priority should be given to using the fire elevator for transfer.

[0107] When using fire elevators, the following precautions should be taken: fire elevators have limited load capacity, and the number of people and equipment transported each time should be reasonably controlled; fire elevators should be parked in safe areas and should avoid stopping on floors where fire is occurring; the use of fire elevators should be uniformly dispatched by on-site command personnel to avoid confusion.

[0108] Use of aerial work platform trucks: Aerial work platform trucks are essential equipment for external rescue in high-rise buildings. In the event of a fire, the aerial work platform truck should be deployed in a suitable location outside the building. Depending on the height of the fire floor and the conditions of the building facade, the work platform should be raised to the target floor. Priority should be given to rescuing people trapped through exterior windows on the fire floor and floors above it. Specifically:

[0109] Firefighters used an aerial work platform to lift the platform to the floor where the trapped person was located. They then transferred the person from the outside window to the work platform by breaking or opening the window, and then slowly lowered them to a safe area on the ground.

[0110] When using aerial work platforms, the following precautions should be taken: Aerial work platforms have limited working height and may not be able to reach the middle and upper floors of high-rise buildings. In such cases, fire elevators and staircases should be used primarily for internal rescue; the outriggers of the aerial work platform should be firmly supported on the ground to prevent overturning during the rescue process; the operation of the aerial work platform should be performed by professionally trained firefighters.

[0111] A three-dimensional rescue system combining internal and external approaches: fire elevators handle vertical transport within the building, while aerial platform trucks handle horizontal access from the outside. The two complement each other, forming a three-dimensional rescue network. For example, if a person with mobility issues is trapped on a floor above the fire floor and the aerial platform truck cannot reach that floor, firefighters can take the fire elevator to the highest safe floor possible, then walk down the evacuation stairs to the floor where the trapped person is located, transfer the person to the fire elevator, and then transport them down. For people trapped near exterior windows and unable to be reached through internal passageways, aerial platform trucks are used first for external rescue.

[0112] S7. Dynamic adjustment of vertical barrier strips:

[0113] Fire and smoke monitoring: During the rescue operation, the direction of fire spread and smoke flow will be continuously monitored using the following methods:

[0114] First, by using a network of temperature sensors installed inside the building, the temperature changes on each floor can be monitored in real time. When the temperature on a certain floor rises abnormally, it indicates that the fire may have spread to that floor.

[0115] Second, the smoke concentration on each floor is monitored in real time by smoke detectors installed in the building. When a smoke detector on a certain floor sounds an alarm, it indicates that the smoke has spread to that floor.

[0116] Third, observe the visible characteristics of flames and smoke through a video monitoring system;

[0117] Fourth, through on-site reconnaissance and reporting by fire and rescue personnel.

[0118] Determining if a vertical barrier has been breached: A vertical barrier is considered breached when one of the following conditions is detected:

[0119] First, the temperature or smoke concentration on the floor above the fire floor exceeds the preset safety threshold.

[0120] Second, the fireproof roller shutters or fireproof doors at the original location of the vertical barrier strips have become ineffective due to deformation or damage caused by high temperatures.

[0121] Third, flames or smoke can spread to higher levels through other unsealed channels, bypassing the original vertical barriers.

[0122] Formation of new vertical barriers: When it is determined that a vertical barrier has been breached, immediately take the following measures to form a new vertical barrier:

[0123] First, determine the highest floor to which the fire or smoke has spread (referred to as floor M).

[0124] Second, close all fireproof roller shutters and fireproof doors between floor M and floor M+1 to form a vertical barrier in the new location.

[0125] Third, the division of each rescue zone will be adjusted accordingly: floors M and below in the original high-risk zone will still be considered high-risk zones (but floor M has become a new fire front), and floors M+1 and above will be considered as an extension of the new high-risk zone.

[0126] Fourth, update the evacuation strategy: those who are already below the new barrier zone should continue to evacuate downwards; those above the new barrier zone should evacuate downwards to the new barrier zone location according to the new high-risk zone strategy and then wait for further instructions.

[0127] Through the above dynamic adjustments, the vertical barrier can be continuously moved upward according to the development of the fire, continuously playing a role in blocking the upward spread of fire and smoke, and buying more time for personnel evacuation.

[0128] Example

[0129] The method of the present invention will be fully described below using a high-rise building as an example.

[0130] A high-rise building, 250 meters tall, has 60 floors (3 underground and 57 above ground). Floors 20 to 50 are office space, floors 51 to 57 are hotel space, and floors 1 to 19 are commercial and public areas. The building has refuge floors on the 15th, 30th, and 45th floors. The building is equipped with automatic fire alarm systems, automatic sprinkler systems, fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors, a building broadcasting system, fire elevators, and aerial work platforms, among other fire protection facilities.

[0131] One day, a fire broke out on the 30th floor of the building due to an electrical fault. The automatic fire alarm system issued alarm signals from multiple smoke detectors on the 30th floor, and the fire control system confirmed that the 30th floor was the fire floor. The fire control system immediately retrieved the building's floor plan and vertical corridor layout (including the locations of 3 evacuation staircases, 2 fire elevators, and ordinary elevator shafts) from the database. At the same time, it obtained real-time personnel distribution data for each floor through access control card swipe records and Wi-Fi probe data. The data showed that there were approximately 80 people on the 30th floor, approximately 60 people on each floor from the 31st to the 45th floor, approximately 40 people on each floor from the 46th to the 57th floor, approximately 50 people on each floor from the 20th to the 29th floor, and approximately 300 people on each floor from the 1st to the 19th floor.

[0132] Using the 30th floor as the baseline, floors 30 to 57 were designated as high-risk areas (approximately 1,120 people), floors 27 to 29 (N=3) were designated as medium-risk areas (approximately 150 people), and floors 1 to 26 were designated as safe areas (approximately 650 people).

[0133] The fire alarm control panel sends a closing signal to the fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors between the 29th and 30th floors and between the 30th and 31st floors. Specifically, the fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors on non-evacuation routes between the 29th and 30th floors are closed, and all fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors between the 30th and 31st floors are closed. The fire doors in the evacuation stairwells remain openable in the direction of evacuation, forming a vertical barrier between the 29th and 31st floors to block the upward spread of fire and smoke through the stairwells and elevator shafts.

[0134] Develop differentiated evacuation strategies. People in high-risk areas (floors 30 to 57) should evacuate downwards via the nearest evacuation staircase; people in medium-risk areas (floors 27 to 29) should take refuge on the spot, close doors and windows, seal door gaps, and wait for rescue; people in safe areas (floors 1 to 26) should evacuate directly to the outdoors.

[0135] The evacuation began first on the 30th floor, followed by the 31st floor, and so on, with a 45-second interval between floors. Personnel density sensors at each stairwell entrance monitored the number of people entering the stairwell in real time. When the density exceeded the safety threshold, an audible and visual alarm issued a flow restriction warning, and the system automatically extended the entry interval between adjacent floors. Simultaneously, property management staff guided the evacuation at each stairwell entrance to ensure orderly dispersal. After receiving instructions to take refuge on-site, residents on floors 27 to 29 closed doors and windows, sealed door gaps, and waved clothing at windows to signal for help. Residents on floors 1 to 26 quickly evacuated to the outside through the safety exits.

[0136] After the firefighters arrived at the scene, the two fire elevators were switched to fire-fighting mode. One elevator was used to transport firefighters and equipment to the 28th floor (the highest floor in the medium-risk area, located below the vertical barrier), and the other elevator was used to prioritize the transfer of people with mobility impairments and the injured down to the ground floor. The aerial work platform truck was deployed on the south side of the building to raise the work platform to the height of the 30th to 35th floors to rescue office workers trapped in the exterior window positions.

[0137] During the rescue operation, temperature sensors and smoke detectors continuously monitored the temperature and smoke concentration on each floor. Approximately 15 minutes later, an abnormal temperature rise was detected on the 31st floor, and the smoke concentration exceeded the standard: the vertical barrier had been breached. The fire control system determined that the highest floor the fire or smoke had spread to was the 31st floor (M=31). The fireproof roller shutters and fireproof doors between the 31st and 32nd floors were immediately closed, creating a new vertical barrier in the new location (between the 31st and 32nd floors), and the division of the rescue area and evacuation strategy were adjusted accordingly.

[0138] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A high-rise fire rescue method, characterized by: Includes the following steps S1. Acquisition of basic building data: Acquire basic data of the high-rise building, including floor plans, vertical passage layout and personnel distribution data of the high-rise building; S2. Dynamic vertical rescue zone division: Based on the floor where the fire occurred in the high-rise building, the risk level of the rescue zone is divided. Taking the fire floor as the base floor, the fire floor and the floors above the fire floor are designated as high-risk areas, the N adjacent floors below the fire floor are designated as medium-risk areas, and the ground floor and the preset floors above the ground floor are designated as safe areas. S3. Vertical barrier construction: Control the closing of fireproof roller shutters and fireproof doors between the fire floor and the floor above the fire floor, and control the closing of fireproof roller shutters and fireproof doors on non-evacuation routes between the fire floor and the floor below the fire floor to form a vertical barrier; wherein, the fireproof doors in the evacuation stairwells are kept openable by personnel in the evacuation direction. S4. Differentiated stratified evacuation strategy formulation: Based on the risk level of each rescue area, differentiated evacuation strategies are formulated for different areas. The differentiated evacuation strategies include: people in high-risk areas evacuate downwards via the nearest evacuation staircase, people in medium-risk areas take refuge on the spot and wait for rescue, and people in safe areas evacuate directly to the outdoors. S5. Layered evacuation execution and flow control: In accordance with the differentiated evacuation strategy, organize personnel in each rescue area to evacuate in layers, and monitor the flow density at the entrance of each evacuation staircase. When the flow density exceeds the preset safety threshold, issue a flow restriction warning and extend the interval between people on adjacent floors entering the stairwell.

2. The high-rise fire rescue method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fire-resistant partition facilities include fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors. The specific method for controlling the operation of the fire-resistant partition facilities is as follows: close the fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors between the fire floor and the floor above the fire floor, and close the fire-resistant roller shutters and fire doors on non-evacuation routes between the fire floor and the floor below the fire floor, so as to form a physical isolation between the fire floor and the floors above and below, and block the path of smoke and fire to spread through vertical passages such as stairwells and elevator shafts; wherein, the fire doors installed in the evacuation stairwells are kept openable in the evacuation direction to ensure that personnel can evacuate downwards through the evacuation stairwells.

3. A high-rise fire rescue method according to claim 1, characterized in that: N is a positive integer from 2 to 5.

4. A high-rise fire rescue method according to claim 1, characterized in that: When people in high-risk areas evacuate downwards via the nearest evacuation staircase, priority should be given to evacuating people on the fire floor first, followed by people on floors above the fire floor in sequence.

5. A high-rise fire rescue method according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the process of people in the medium-risk area taking refuge on the spot and waiting for rescue, the building broadcasting system and indoor intercom system will continuously broadcast the operation guidance information of holding the place and waiting for rescue to each area of ​​the medium-risk area. The environmental parameters of the medium-risk area will be continuously monitored. When the monitored temperature or smoke concentration exceeds the preset threshold, the area will be upgraded from a medium-risk area to a high-risk area, and an emergency evacuation command will be pushed to the mobile terminals of the people in the area.

6. A high-rise fire rescue method according to claim 1, characterized in that: Also includes S6. External three-dimensional rescue combining internal and external methods: using fire elevators and aerial platform vehicles to conduct external rescue of people trapped in the outer window position.

7. A high-rise fire rescue method according to claim 6, characterized in that: When using fire elevators and aerial platform trucks to conduct external rescue of people trapped at exterior windows, fire elevators should be used first to transport people with mobility impairments and the injured, while aerial platform trucks should be used first to rescue people trapped at exterior windows on the fire floor and floors above the fire floor.

8. A high-rise fire rescue method according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the rescue operation, the direction of fire spread and smoke flow are continuously monitored. When the fire or smoke is detected to have broken through the vertical barrier, the highest floor M that the fire or smoke has spread to is determined. The fireproof roller shutter and fireproof door between floor M and floor M+1 are closed to form a new vertical barrier in the new location.

9. A high-rise fire rescue method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The vertical passageway includes at least evacuation staircases, fire elevators, and ordinary elevator shafts.

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