Localized impact point load surface dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion

Abstract

The application discloses a local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on a limited cavity pressure diffusion, which comprises a surface energy dissipation module, a fixed rod, a prestress adjusting device and an anchor cable hoop; the surface energy dissipation module is composed of a limited thin liquid surface layer, a gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer, a buffer pad layer and a wear-resistant outer protective layer. The limited cavity pressure diffusion mechanism is used to make the impact load start to transform from a local point action to a surface action in the structure, and the impact toughness is improved synchronously in the process, so that the local stress concentration degree can be reduced in the early impact stage, and the recovery is strong.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of energy dissipation and protection, specifically to a localized impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on the pressure diffusion of a confined cavity. Background Technology

[0002] In mountainous transportation, municipal, and water conservancy projects, a large number of bridges, roadbeds, retaining piles, and related structures have been in long-term service. Due to complex terrain conditions and variable natural environments, the risk of impacts from falling rocks, floating objects, or other debris on existing infrastructure persists, and is particularly prominent under extreme rainfall, flash floods, or freeze-thaw cycles. These impacts are often characterized by their suddenness and localized location, posing a continuous challenge to the safe operation and service reliability of existing structures.

[0003] As infrastructure service life increases and operating environments evolve, engineering practice is gradually shifting from simply pursuing structural strength and load-bearing capacity to focusing more on the damage resistance and overall toughness of structures under impact conditions. For existing bridge piers, roadbeds, and protective structures, improving their adaptability, buffering capacity, and risk-bearing capacity under impact through reasonable means, without significantly altering the original structural form and load-bearing system, has become an important and widely concerned direction in engineering maintenance and renovation.

[0004] To address the impact of rolling stones, floating objects, or similar boulders on engineering structures, existing protective structures often rely on material deformation or crushing to absorb energy. This is achieved through methods such as using compressible components, buffer layers, or energy-absorbing materials to reduce impact energy. These structures typically depend on significant plastic or crushing deformation in localized areas during impact to dissipate the impact energy, and their effectiveness depends to some extent on the allowable deformation range and local load-bearing capacity of the material. However, under impact, the impact load is still primarily concentrated in a limited localized area, and the protective effect essentially depends on the load-bearing and deformation capacity of that area. When the impact energy level is high or the impact location is unfavorable, localized components are prone to excessive deformation or even failure, potentially transferring the high-intensity localized load directly to the load-bearing components, leading to localized crushing, cracking, or other forms of damage to the structure. Especially for existing infrastructure, protection methods that overly rely on large localized deformations often fail to simultaneously meet the requirements of structural safety, durability, and controllability.

[0005] From a mechanical perspective, existing similar protective structures generally focus on energy absorption through material deformation, while paying insufficient attention to the form of impact load action on the surface of load-bearing components, and lacking a mechanism for effectively transforming local impact loads in the early stages of impact. Current technologies have not yet developed a protective approach that expands the effective area of ​​load-bearing components to participate in stress, transforms local impact point loads into distributed surface loads, and simultaneously improves impact toughness in the process. Therefore, there are still significant limitations in reducing the stress level per unit area of ​​structures and the overall risk of failure. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a localized impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion.

[0007] The technical solution of the present invention to solve the aforementioned technical problem is to provide a local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion. The energy dissipation structure includes a surface energy dissipation module, a fixing rod, a prestress adjustment device, and an anchor cable clamp. The surface energy dissipation module is composed of a confined thin liquid surface layer, a gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer, a buffer pad layer, and a wear-resistant outer protective layer. The confined thin liquid surface layer is closely attached to the outer surface of the cylindrical engineering structure, and its deployment range is within the semicircle of the frontal side of the cylindrical engineering structure; the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer is closely attached to the outer side of the confined thin liquid surface layer, and its deployment range is within the semicircle of the frontal side of the cylindrical engineering structure; the buffer pad layer is closely attached to the outer surface of the cylindrical engineering structure, and its deployment range is within the semicircle of the back-impact side of the cylindrical engineering structure. The fixing rod is fixed along the axial direction of the cylindrical engineering structure within the half-circle of the back impact side of the cylindrical engineering structure; the prestress adjustment device is set on the fixing rod; the anchor cable clamp is set on the outside of the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer and the buffer pad layer, and both ends are connected to the prestress adjustment device through the connecting end. It is arranged around the circumference of the cylindrical engineering structure. The prestress adjustment device applies and adjusts the prestress on the anchor cable clamp, thereby adjusting the tightness of the anchor cable clamp, and thus applying or relaxing the constraint on the confined thin liquid surface layer, air cavity surface energy dissipation layer and buffer pad layer in the circumferential direction. The wear-resistant outer protective layer is set on the outside of the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer and the buffer pad layer. It is located on the outermost side and covers the corresponding area of ​​the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer and the buffer pad layer. It is arranged to fully wrap around the circumference of the cylindrical engineering structure to form a continuous external protective layer. Both ends are fixed to the fixed rod.

[0008] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: (1) The present invention uses the pressure diffusion mechanism of the confined cavity to transform the impact load from a local point effect to a surface effect inside the structure, and simultaneously improves the impact toughness during this process. It can reduce the degree of local stress concentration in the early stage of impact and has strong recovery.

[0009] (2) The present invention simultaneously realizes multi-stage energy consumption such as gas compression, chamber deformation, particle coordination and liquid medium redistribution during the load surface process, thereby improving the overall protection effect.

[0010] (3) The present invention can significantly expand the effective area of ​​the main structure participating in the stress, reduce the stress level per unit area, and reduce the risk of local crushing, cracking and brittle failure.

[0011] (4) The present invention can be attached to the outside of existing energy dissipation piles, bridge piers and other structures, and can improve their impact resistance without significantly changing the original bearing system.

[0012] (5) The present invention achieves adjustable structural working state through prestress adjustment device to adapt to different impact energy levels and environmental conditions.

[0013] (6) The present invention adopts a multi-layer composite structure and flexible attachment method, which can coordinate deformation and reduce the risk of secondary damage caused by local rigid constraints.

[0014] (7) The compressible honeycomb chamber, composite filling medium and lightweight design of the present invention improve the structural environmental adaptability, long-term service stability and engineering feasibility.

[0015] (8) Compared with existing protection schemes that mainly rely on local crushing, local large deformation or rigid-flexible layer buffering, the present invention further establishes an impact toughness enhancement mechanism with load surface as the core, which has a clearer main stress redistribution effect. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention; Figure 2 For the present invention Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the cross-section; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention after the wear-resistant outer protective layer has been removed; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the installation of a single air cavity surface energy dissipation layer and a buffer pad layer according to the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram showing the arrangement of the gas regulating holes in this invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the installation of the confined thin liquid surface layer of the present invention; Figure 7This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer of the present invention; the arrows indicate changes in state, with the left side of the arrow representing the state before deformation and the right side representing the state after deformation; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the confined thin liquid surface layer of the present invention; Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the working mechanism of the surface-based energy dissipation module of the present invention; Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the application of the energy dissipation structure of Embodiment 1 of the present invention in a boulder pile group protection system; Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the application of the energy dissipation structure of Embodiment 2 of the present invention in bridge structural protection.

[0017] In the diagram, 1 is a block, 2 is a pile, 3 is a surface energy dissipation module, 4 is a fixing rod, 5 is a prestressing adjustment device, 6 is a bridge pier, 7 is a bridge deck, 8 is an anchor cable clamp, 9 is a flexible attachment cable, and 10 is an attachment boss. Limited thin liquid surface layer 31, air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32, wear-resistant outer protective layer 33, buffer pad layer 34; Liquid gel 311, lightweight compressible particles 312; gas regulating hole 321, compressible honeycomb chamber 322, elastic particles 323, gas 324. Detailed Implementation

[0018] Specific embodiments of the present invention are given below. These specific embodiments are only used to further illustrate the present invention in detail and do not limit the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0019] This invention provides a local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion (hereinafter referred to as energy dissipation structure). The energy dissipation structure includes a surface energy dissipation module 3, a fixing rod 4, a prestress adjustment device 5, and an anchor cable clamp 8. The surface energy dissipation module 3 is composed of a confined thin liquid surface layer 31, an air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32, a buffer pad layer 34, and a wear-resistant outer protective layer 33. The confined thin liquid surface layer 31 is closely attached to the outer surface of the cylindrical engineering structure, and its distribution range is within a semicircle of the impact-facing side (i.e., the side facing the impact direction) of the cylindrical engineering structure. It is used to withstand the pressure transmitted from the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 under external impact, and to achieve uniform pressure transmission and rapid surface diffusion. The gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 is closely attached to the outer side of the confined thin liquid surface layer 31, and its distribution range is within a semicircle of the impact-facing side of the cylindrical engineering structure. It is used for counter-impact under confined cavity conditions. The impact load is diffused and dissipated in a planar manner; the buffer pad 34 is closely attached to the outer surface of the cylindrical engineering structure, and its range is within the half circle of the back impact side (i.e. the side facing away from the impact direction) of the cylindrical engineering structure. It is used to provide flexible support and force transition when the anchor clamp 8 is prestressed, to buffer and disperse the constraint force from the anchor clamp 8, to prevent the local constraint force from directly concentrating on the surface of the cylindrical engineering structure, and to form a circumferentially continuous attachment interface together with the air cavity planar energy dissipation layer 32 on the impact side. The fixing rod 4 is fixed along the axial direction of the cylindrical engineering structure within the semicircle of the back impact side of the cylindrical engineering structure, and is used for the installation and force transmission of the anchor cable clamp 8 and the prestress adjustment device 5; the prestress adjustment device 5 is set on the fixing rod 4; the anchor cable clamp 8 is set on the outside of the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 and the buffer pad layer 34, and both ends are connected to the prestress adjustment device 5 through connecting ends, arranged circumferentially around the cylindrical engineering structure, and the tightness of the anchor cable clamp 8 is adjusted by the prestress adjustment device 5, thereby realizing the application of prestress to the anchor cable clamp 8 and the adjustment of the magnitude of the prestress, thereby realizing the application of prestress to the confined thin liquid surface layer 31, the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 and the buffer pad layer 34. The buffer layer 34 applies or relaxes constraints in the circumferential direction. When the prestress increases, the anchor cable clamp 8 constrains the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 along the circumferential direction of the cylindrical engineering structure. The air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 is more tightly constrained to the outside of the cylindrical engineering structure, which is beneficial to improving its stability and load-bearing capacity under strong impact. When the prestress decreases, the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 can obtain a larger deformation space and pressure diffusion space, thereby enhancing its pressure diffusion and energy dissipation effect under confined cavity conditions. Through the above-mentioned adjustable prestress constraint method, the mechanical properties of the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 can be flexibly adjusted under different impact conditions. The wear-resistant outer protective layer 33 is located on the outside of the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 and the buffer pad layer 34. It is located on the outermost side and covers the corresponding area of ​​the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 and the buffer pad layer 34. It is arranged to fully wrap around the circumference of the cylindrical engineering structure to form a continuous outer protective layer. Both ends are fixed to the fixing rod 4 by fasteners (not shown in the figure) to resist the impact of the block 1 and the abrasion of debris and protect the internal structure.

[0020] Preferably, the restricted thin liquid surface layer 31 is arranged in blocks in the circumferential direction of the cylindrical engineering structure to adapt to the curved shape of the cylindrical engineering structure and facilitate installation.

[0021] Preferably, a plurality of restricted thin liquid surface layers 31 are arranged in layers at intervals along the height direction (i.e., axial direction) of the cylindrical engineering structure.

[0022] Preferably, the confined thin liquid surface layer 31 has a hollow structure inside, which is a continuous confined space used to accommodate the liquid gel 311 and lightweight compressible particles 312 and to transmit and diffuse pressure under external impact. The confined thin liquid surface layer 31 is filled with liquid gel 311, which serves as the main working medium. Under pressure, it can flow and redistribute within the confined space, thereby rapidly diffusing the local pressure from the external air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 into a planar pressure distributed along the outer surface of the cylindrical engineering structure. Lightweight compressible particles 312 are dispersed in the liquid gel 311, and their main function is to reduce the overall weight of the confined thin liquid surface layer 31 and reduce the additional load on the cylindrical engineering structure. The lightweight compressible particles 312 are dispersed in the liquid gel 311. The liquid gel 311 is dispersed within the gel, ensuring its continuity within the confined space and thus maintaining its pressure diffusion performance under impact. Under impact load, the confined thin liquid surface layer 31 is compressed by the external air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32, causing pressure transmission and homogenization diffusion of the internal liquid gel 311 within the confined space. The lightweight compressible particles 312 move along with the liquid gel 311 as a whole or undergo local compression deformation, thereby reducing the structural weight without altering the basic working mechanism of the confined thin liquid surface layer 31 as a pressure diffusion medium. The confined thin liquid surface layer 31 achieves structural lightweighting while ensuring good pressure diffusion capabilities, which is beneficial for the installation, maintenance, and long-term service stability of the surface energy dissipation module 3 in engineering applications.

[0023] Preferably, the volume of the lightweight compressible particles 312 is 35-50% of the confined space volume of the confined thin liquid surface layer 31.

[0024] Preferably, the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 is arranged in blocks in the circumferential direction of the cylindrical engineering structure to adapt to the curved shape of the cylindrical engineering structure and facilitate installation.

[0025] Preferably, several air-cavity surface energy dissipation layers 32 are arranged continuously at intervals in the form of layers along the height direction (i.e., axial direction) of the cylindrical engineering structure, forming a bead-like structure. Air-cavity surface energy dissipation layers 32 with different performance parameters can be set at different heights to adapt to different impacts that may occur at different heights. One to five (preferably two) anchor cable clamps 8 are correspondingly set on the outer side of each air-cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32. Both ends of each anchor cable clamp 8 are connected to a prestress adjustment device 5 through connecting ends. By rotating, tensioning or locking a certain prestress adjustment device 5, the prestress of the corresponding anchor cable clamp 8 can be independently adjusted, thereby controlling the tightness of each air-cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 in the circumferential direction.

[0026] Preferably, the connecting end is an anchor or a threaded end, or a structural form suitable for applying tension and achieving locking.

[0027] Preferably, the interior of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 is a hollow structure, which is a continuous confined cavity used to achieve pressure diffusion and energy dissipation under impact load. A gas regulating hole 321 is provided on it; the gas regulating hole 321 is connected to the confined cavity and is used to fill or release gas 324 into the confined cavity to regulate the pressure and meet the usage requirements under different working conditions. During operation, when the impact of the block 1 is transmitted to the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32, the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 undergoes local deformation, causing a change in the volume of the confined cavity inside, thereby increasing the gas pressure inside the confined cavity. This pressure diffuses rapidly along the interior of the confined cavity under confined conditions, and through the overall deformation of the cavity wall, the impact load originally concentrated at a local contact point is transformed into a surface load distributed circumferentially along the cylindrical engineering structure. The gas regulating orifice 321 plays a role in pressure regulation and response control during the above process. When the pressure inside the confined cavity rises rapidly under impact, the gas regulating orifice 321 allows some gas to be discharged through it, thereby limiting the instantaneous peak pressure inside the confined cavity and preventing adverse damage to the surface energy dissipation layer 32 due to excessive internal pressure. When the external impact is released or the pressure decreases, the gas 324 can re-enter or flow back into the confined cavity through the gas regulating orifice 321, allowing the surface energy dissipation layer 32 to return to its initial state or near its initial state. Through the installation of the gas regulating orifice 321, the surface energy dissipation layer 32 simultaneously possesses the dual functions of pressure diffusion and controllable pressure release within the confined cavity under impact, thereby ensuring effective surface diffusion of the load at local impact points while improving the adaptability and durability of the surface energy dissipation layer 32 under multiple impacts or different operating conditions.

[0028] Preferably, the gas regulating hole 321 is located in the center of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32, so that when the gas 324 is pressurized or released in the confined cavity of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32, it participates in pressure regulation more evenly in the circumferential and height directions, thereby avoiding excessively high or low pressure in local areas of the cavity.

[0029] Preferably, the energy dissipation structure further includes a flexible attachment cable 9 and attachment protrusions 10. To ensure that the confined thin liquid surface layer 31 can be further stably attached to the outer side of the cylindrical engineering structure, the flexible attachment cable 9 is disposed on the outer side of the confined thin liquid surface layer 31, and both ends of the flexible attachment cable 9 are fixed to the outer side of the cylindrical engineering structure by their respective attachment protrusions 10. The flexible attachment cable 9 is only used to limit the relative separation between the confined thin liquid surface layer 31 and the cylindrical engineering structure, ensuring that the confined thin liquid surface layer 31 is always attached to the outer side of the cylindrical engineering structure. It does not itself form a rigid constraint or displacement limit on the confined thin liquid surface layer 31. The main force constraint generated by the confined thin liquid surface layer 31 under impact comes from the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 disposed on its outer side. Through the pressure generated by the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 in the confined cavity, the confined thin liquid surface layer 31 is pressed tightly to the outer side of the cylindrical engineering structure. Through the above-mentioned attachment and fixing methods, the restricted thin liquid surface layer 31 can still undergo necessary local deformation and pressure diffusion under the action of the outer air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 while ensuring reliable adhesion to the cylindrical engineering structure. This avoids stress concentration caused by rigid fixing and improves the adaptability and durability of the surface energy dissipation module 3 under multiple impact conditions.

[0030] Preferably, the confined cavity of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 is composed of several independent but interconnected compressible honeycomb chambers 322, all of which are connected to the gas regulating hole 321. The compressible honeycomb chambers 322 are distributed along the thickness direction and circumferential direction of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32, so that the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 has good deformation coordination and pressure diffusion capability as a whole. The sidewall of each compressible honeycomb chamber 322 is composed of a flexible layer. The compressible honeycomb chamber 322 is filled with gas 324 (preferably high-pressure gas) and elastic particles 323. The gas 324 forms a confined gas medium inside each compressible honeycomb chamber 322, and the elastic particles 323 are dispersed in the gas 324. Through the synergistic effect of the gas 324 and the elastic particles 323, the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 can simultaneously possess the composite energy dissipation characteristics of gas compression energy dissipation and particle deformation energy dissipation when subjected to impact. Under impact, when the air-cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 undergoes compressive deformation, each compressible honeycomb chamber 322 can freely compress and recover deformation while maintaining the continuity of the overall structure, thereby dispersing the high stress generated by local impact to multiple compressible honeycomb chambers 322. The elastic particles 323 serve two purposes: firstly, to prevent the air-cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 from directly contacting the cylindrical engineering structure when it undergoes significant deformation, thus reducing the impact concentration effect on the cylindrical engineering structure; secondly, the elastic particles 323 themselves have good deformability and can participate in adjusting the effective volume inside the compressible honeycomb chambers 322 under pressure changes or repeated impacts, thereby mitigating the impact of pressure changes on the performance of the air-cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 under environmental conditions such as high altitudes. Another purpose of using the compressible honeycomb chamber 322 structure is to spatially restrict the movement of the elastic particles 323. By dividing the elastic particles 323 into multiple compressible honeycomb chambers 322, excessive local particle aggregation or low particle concentration can be avoided during impact or repeated deformation, thus ensuring the stability of the material distribution and the consistency of energy dissipation performance within the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32. Furthermore, small holes are provided on the sidewalls of each compressible honeycomb chamber 322 to form gas flow channels between adjacent chambers, allowing gas 324 to slowly exchange between different chambers under confined conditions, further promoting a uniform distribution of internal pressure. The small holes ensure gas flow without affecting the overall confined deformation characteristics of the compressible honeycomb chamber 322. Under point load impact, the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 can achieve a stable, controllable, and environmentally adaptable surface energy dissipation effect by relying on the synergistic deformation of the compressible honeycomb chamber 322 structure, gas 324, and elastic particles 323.

[0031] Preferably, the volume of the elastic particle 323 is 35-50% of the confined cavity volume of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32.

[0032] like Figure 9 As shown, when block 1 impacts the frontal side of the surface-based energy dissipation module 3, the initial impact acts on the structural surface in a locally concentrated manner. After the impact load is transferred to the air-cavity surface-based energy dissipation layer 32, it triggers a pressure response inside the confined cavity under confined conditions. The gas compression, deformation of the compressible honeycomb cavity 322, and the synergistic effect of the elastic particles 323 cause the impact load to no longer be concentrated in a single contact area, but to begin to diffuse in a surface manner in the circumferential and height directions within the air-cavity surface-based energy dissipation layer 32. During this process, the impact energy is gradually dissipated, and the effective force-bearing area covered by the impact is significantly increased. The load, which has been initially surface-based by the air-cavity surface-based energy dissipation layer 32, is further transferred to the confined thin liquid surface-based layer 31. The liquid gel 311 inside the confined thin liquid surface-based layer 31 flows and redistributes rapidly within the confined space, further homogenizing the already surface-based load, and acting on the outer surface of the cylindrical engineering structure in the form of a distributed surface load. Through this process, the impact effect is transformed from a high-intensity localized effect into a planar effect with a wider range and lower stress per unit area. By implementing the aforementioned load-area scaling and stepwise transfer process, this invention dissipates energy during impact through medium compression and structural deformation, while simultaneously reducing the stress level per unit area by increasing the area of ​​the load-bearing components involved in the stress distribution. From a mechanical perspective, this effectively reduces the risk of localized crushing, cracking, or brittle failure in cylindrical engineering structures, thereby improving the safety and durability of the overall protective structure under strong impact conditions. This achieves energy dissipation and reduces the risk of damage to load-bearing components through load-area scaling during impact.

[0033] Preferably, block 1 is a rolling stone or a floating object.

[0034] Preferably, the cylindrical engineering structure is a pile 2 or a bridge pier 6.

[0035] Preferably, the shell (i.e., outer wall) of the confined thin liquid surface layer 31 is made of a flexible, leak-resistant, and fatigue-resistant polymer film or soft sheet, such as a polyurethane film or rubber film, to form a confined space and be attached to the surface of the cylindrical engineering structure; a multi-layer composite film structure can be selected to improve durability and impermeability.

[0036] Preferably, the shell (i.e., outer wall) and flexible layer of the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 are made of rubber or elastomer materials with good elastic recovery, resistance to repeated compression and tearing, such as synthetic rubber or thermoplastic elastomers, to form a confined cavity or compressible honeycomb cavity 322 structure; weather-resistant modified rubber or elastomer composite materials can be selected to improve service stability under environmental conditions such as low temperature and ultraviolet light.

[0037] Preferably, the wear-resistant outer protective layer 33 is made of wear-resistant, impact-resistant and weather-resistant elastic or semi-rigid polymer materials, such as polyurethane elastomer or wear-resistant rubber, to resist the impact of the block 1 and the abrasion of debris; a polymer composite wear-resistant layer or a composite material in which wear-resistant reinforcing fillers are added to a polymer matrix can be selected.

[0038] Preferably, the cushioning layer 34 is made of rubber.

[0039] Preferably, the fixing rod 4 is made of structural steel or corrosion-resistant metal components; alternatively, high-strength alloy or surface-treated metal components may be selected.

[0040] Preferably, the prestressing adjustment device 5 uses commonly used metal anchors and tensioning adjustment components to meet the requirements of tensioning, locking and durability; alternatively, a complete set of prestressing system components with anti-corrosion protection can be selected.

[0041] Preferably, the anchor cable clamp 8 is made of high-strength steel strand or high-strength metal cable and is covered with anti-corrosion coating for restraint and deformation control; high-strength fiber cable can be selected to reduce self-weight and improve corrosion resistance.

[0042] Preferably, the flexible attachment cable 9 is made of high-strength, fatigue-resistant, and corrosion-resistant rope material, such as high-strength synthetic fiber rope, to achieve attachment and fixation without providing rigid restraint; metal cable with anti-corrosion coating can be selected.

[0043] Preferably, the attachment boss 10 is made of the same material as the load-bearing component or is made of corrosion-resistant metal; stainless steel or other corrosion-resistant metals may be selected.

[0044] Preferably, the liquid gel 311 is a gel material with stable rheological properties that can achieve pressure transmission and diffusion in a confined space, such as a silicon-based gel or hydrogel system, to ensure rapid pressure homogenization under impact; a semi-fluid medium or colloidal medium with similar pressure diffusion properties can be selected.

[0045] Preferably, the lightweight compressible particles 312 are lightweight compressible foam particles, such as foamed polymer particles, to reduce the overall weight without significantly affecting the pressure diffusion continuity of the gel; hollow microspheres or lightweight particulate materials may also be selected.

[0046] Preferably, the elastic particles 323 are compressible and deformable rubber particles, specifically recycled rubber particles or synthetic rubber particles, used to avoid hard contact under large deformation and to mitigate the effects of changes in ambient air pressure.

[0047] Preferably, gas 324 is air or an inert gas; the inert gas can be used in a specific environment as a compressible medium within a confined cavity to participate in pressure diffusion and energy dissipation.

[0048] Example 1: This embodiment demonstrates the application of energy dissipation structures in a boulder pile group protection system. In this system, the block 1 represents boulder, and the cylindrical engineering structure represents pile 2. The surface energy dissipation module 3 is attached to the outside of each pile 2 (in this embodiment, the pile 2 of a concrete pile). The pile 2 serves as the main load-bearing component and is placed in the foundation. The piles 2 are arranged at certain intervals to form a pile group protection system, which is used to intercept and reduce the impact of boulder or similar block impacts from mountains.

[0049] When a boulder impacts one or more piles 2 in a pile group, the boulder first comes into contact with the surface energy dissipation module 3 located on the outside of the pile 2. The local impact load diffuses within the confined cavity of the surface energy dissipation module 3, thereby reducing the impact concentration effect in a local area of ​​the pile 2. The synergistic effect of multiple piles 2 with surface energy dissipation modules 3 attached can further reduce the penetration probability of the boulder in the pile group protection system, improving the overall impact resistance and operational safety of the protection system.

[0050] When a rolling stone impacts the front side of the pile 2 along the impact direction, the impact load first acts on the wear-resistant outer protective layer 33, and is transmitted and diffused through the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 and the confined thin liquid surface layer 31, so that the local impact point load on the front side is transformed into a surface load on the outer periphery of the pile 2, thereby reducing the impact concentration effect in the local area of ​​the pile 2 and improving the safety and durability of a single energy dissipation pile under impact.

[0051] Example 2: This embodiment demonstrates the application of energy dissipation structures in bridge structural protection. In this embodiment, block 1 is a rolling stone or floating object, and the cylindrical engineering structure is pier 6. Pier 6 is set on the foundation as the main load-bearing component of bridge deck 7. The surface energy dissipation module 3 is attached to the outside of pier 6 to reduce the impact of rolling stones, floating objects, or similar blocks on pier 6 in flood, flash flood, or mountain traffic environments.

[0052] The air-cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32 achieves early surface diffusion and energy dissipation of the impact load within the confined cavity under impact. The confined thin liquid surface layer 31 further homogenizes the already surfaced load and transfers it to the outer surface of the pier 6 as a distributed surface load. When a boulder, floating object, or other block impacts the frontal side of the pier 6, the impact load first acts on the surface energy dissipation module 3 and begins to diffuse in the air-cavity surface energy dissipation layer 32, significantly expanding the effective area of ​​the pier 6 that participates in the stress while dissipating energy. After further homogenization by the confined thin liquid surface layer 31, the impact is transferred to the pier 6 as a distributed surface load, thereby reducing the stress concentration in local areas of the pier 6, reducing the risk of local crushing, cracking, or brittle failure of the pier 6, and improving the safety and durability of the bridge structure under impact.

[0053] Any aspects not covered in this invention are applicable to existing technologies.

Claims

1. A localized impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion, characterized in that, The energy dissipation structure includes a surface energy dissipation module (3), a fixing rod (4), a prestress adjustment device (5), and an anchor cable clamp (8); the surface energy dissipation module (3) is composed of a confined thin liquid surface layer (31), an air cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32), a buffer pad layer (34), and a wear-resistant outer protective layer (33); The confined thin liquid surface layer (31) is closely attached to the outer surface of the cylindrical engineering structure, and its layout range is within the half-circle of the frontal side of the cylindrical engineering structure; the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32) is closely attached to the outer side of the confined thin liquid surface layer (31), and its layout range is within the half-circle of the frontal side of the cylindrical engineering structure; the buffer pad layer (34) is closely attached to the outer surface of the cylindrical engineering structure, and its layout range is within the half-circle of the back-facing side of the cylindrical engineering structure. The fixing rod (4) is fixed along the axial direction of the cylindrical engineering structure within the half-circle of the back impact side of the cylindrical engineering structure; the prestress adjustment device (5) is set on the fixing rod (4); the anchor cable clamp (8) is set on the outside of the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32) and the buffer pad layer (34), and both ends are connected to the prestress adjustment device (5) through the connecting end. It is arranged around the circumference of the cylindrical engineering structure. The tightness of the anchor cable clamp (8) is adjusted by the prestress adjustment device (5), thereby applying prestress to the anchor cable clamp (8) and adjusting the magnitude of the prestress, thereby applying or relaxing the constraint on the confined thin liquid surface layer (31), the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32) and the buffer pad layer (34) in the circumference. The wear-resistant outer protective layer (33) is set on the outside of the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32) and the buffer pad layer (34), located on the outermost side and covering the corresponding area of ​​the air cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32) and the buffer pad layer (34). It is arranged to fully wrap around the circumference of the cylindrical engineering structure to form a continuous outer protective layer, and both ends are fixed to the fixing rod (4).

2. The local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion according to claim 1, characterized in that, Several restricted thin liquid surface layers (31) are arranged in layers at intervals along the height direction of the cylindrical engineering structure.

3. The local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion according to claim 1, characterized in that, The interior of the confined thin liquid surface layer (31) is a hollow structure, which is a continuous confined space used to accommodate the liquid gel (311) and lightweight compressible particles (312) and to transmit and diffuse pressure under external impact. The interior of the confined thin liquid surface layer (31) is filled with liquid gel (311). Under pressure, the liquid gel (311) can flow and redistribute within the confined space, thereby rapidly diffusing the local pressure from the outer air cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32) into a planar pressure distributed along the outer surface of the cylindrical engineering structure. Lightweight compressible particles (312) are dispersed in the liquid gel (311) to reduce the overall weight of the confined thin liquid surface layer (31) and reduce the additional load on the cylindrical engineering structure.

4. The local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion according to claim 3, characterized in that, The volume of the lightweight compressible particles (312) is 35 to 50% of the confined space volume of the confined thin liquid surface layer (31).

5. The local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion according to claim 1, characterized in that, Several air-cavity surface energy dissipation layers (32) are arranged continuously at intervals in the form of layers along the height direction of the cylindrical engineering structure to adapt to different impacts that may occur at different heights; 1 to 5 anchor cable clamps (8) are set on the outer side of each air-cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32); both ends of each anchor cable clamp (8) are connected to a prestress adjustment device (5) through a connecting end, so as to realize independent adjustment of the prestress of the corresponding anchor cable clamp (8).

6. The local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that, The connection end is an anchor or a threaded end.

7. The local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion according to claim 1, characterized in that, The interior of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32) is a hollow structure, which is a continuous confined cavity with a gas regulating hole (321) on it. The gas regulating hole (321) is connected to the confined cavity and is used to fill or release gas (324) into the confined cavity to regulate the pressure and meet the usage requirements under different working conditions.

8. The local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion according to claim 7, characterized in that, The gas regulating hole (321) is located in the center of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32), so that when the gas is pressurized or released in the confined cavity of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32), it participates in pressure regulation more evenly in the circumferential and height directions, thereby avoiding excessively high or low pressure in local areas of the cavity.

9. The local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion according to claim 1, characterized in that, The energy dissipation structure also includes a flexible attachment cable (9) and an attachment boss (10); the flexible attachment cable (9) is located on the outside of the confined thin liquid surface layer (31), and both ends of the flexible attachment cable (9) are fixed to the outer surface of the cylindrical engineering structure through their respective attachment bosses (10).

10. The local impact point load surface energy dissipation structure based on confined cavity pressure diffusion according to claim 1, characterized in that, The confined cavity of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32) is composed of several independent and interconnected compressible honeycomb chambers (322), all of which are connected to the gas regulating hole (321). The compressible honeycomb chambers (322) are distributed along the thickness direction and circumferential direction of the gas cavity surface energy dissipation layer (32). The sidewall of each compressible honeycomb chamber (322) is composed of a flexible layer. The compressible honeycomb chamber (322) is filled with gas (324) and elastic particles (323). The gas (324) forms a confined gas medium inside each compressible honeycomb chamber (322), and the elastic particles (323) are dispersed in the gas (324).

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