Coal mining process based on comprehensive mechanized unit dense filling and matching equipment

Abstract

The embodiment of the application discloses a coal mining process based on comprehensive mechanized unit dense filling and a matching equipment, relates to the technical field of green coal mining, and the process comprises the following steps: arranging a coal mining face system comprising at least one air inlet crossheading and one air return crossheading based on the longwall mining method, and forming a full negative pressure ventilation system; dividing the coal mining face into a plurality of continuous mining units along a pushing direction; in a current mining unit, performing alternating operation of coal mining and goaf filling according to a preset space-time sequence; taking the next set of three adjacent branch roadways as a new mining unit, and cyclically performing the step of performing alternating operation of coal mining and goaf filling according to the preset space-time sequence. The application realizes large-scale underground treatment of coal mine solid waste while safely and efficiently recovering coal resources and effectively controlling roof and surface deformation, and realizes the purposes of resource recovery, safe mining and environmental protection.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the technical field of green coal mining, and in particular to coal mining technology and supporting equipment based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling. Background Technology

[0002] Large amounts of coal resources may be buried under buildings, water bodies, railways, and confined water, with the most significant being coal buried under buildings, accounting for up to 69% of the total buried coal. Comparatively, coal buried under villages and buildings is the most severe, and these reserves are largely located in densely populated, economically developed areas with high energy demand. The surface movement and deformation caused by underground mining subject buildings to tensile, compressive, and bending forces. When these forces exceed the building's allowable deformation, the building will suffer varying degrees of damage, sometimes even collapse. How to safely and economically mine these coal resources has become one of the urgent problems to be solved in coal mining areas. In some areas, the main forms of resources are marginal coal, isolation pillars, and residual mining areas. Although these resources have a huge total amount, they are often located in complex geological environments such as fault zones and gas outburst areas.

[0003] Traditional fully mechanized mining equipment suffers from low flexibility and poor blasting efficiency, resulting in recovery rates generally below 30%. Meanwhile, the long-term idleness of legacy resources poses safety risks such as coal seam fire zones and sudden water inrushes in goaf areas, as well as ecological problems like land desertification and soil erosion. Currently, there is pressure to ensure resource continuity, but there is a significant shortage of specialized mining technologies that combine flexibility, safety, and efficiency. Therefore, efficient recovery technologies for these difficult-to-mine resources have become a core requirement for ensuring energy utilization and promoting the green transformation of coal mines.

[0004] Meanwhile, coal production is accompanied by the discharge of a large amount of solid waste gangue. The traditional method of disposal is to lift it from underground to the surface and pile it up, forming gangue mountains unique to coal mines. The discharge of gangue poses a great threat and harm to human living environment and conditions.

[0005] Therefore, how to solve the problems of mining coal under villages and handling gangue underground while ensuring the safety and stability of surface buildings has become a major technical challenge in coal mining. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This application proposes a coal mining process and system based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling, which is used to overcome the deficiencies of the above-mentioned prior art.

[0007] According to a first aspect of the embodiments of this application, a coal mining process based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling is provided, comprising: In the target coal seam, a coal mining face system consisting of at least one intake airway and one return airway is arranged based on the longwall mining method, and a full negative pressure ventilation system is formed. The coal mining face is divided into multiple continuous mining units along the advancing direction, wherein each mining unit includes a first branch roadway, a second branch roadway, and a third branch roadway that extend in parallel and are adjacent to each other between the intake air roadway and the return air roadway. Within the current mining unit, coal mining and goaf filling are carried out alternately according to a preset spatiotemporal sequence. This alternating operation includes: excavating and mining coal in the first branch roadway located on one side of the current mining unit; after completing the excavation and coal mining in the first branch roadway, using the second branch roadway located in the middle of the current mining unit as an isolation coal pillar, excavating and mining coal in the third branch roadway located on the second side of the current mining unit, and sealing and filling the first branch roadway; after completing the excavation and coal mining in the third branch roadway, sealing and filling the third branch roadway; and after the filling strength of the first and third branch roadways reaches a preset requirement, mining and coal mining are carried out in the second branch roadway. After completing the alternating operation of coal mining and goaf filling in the current mining unit, the next set of three adjacent branch roadways is taken as a new mining unit. The alternating operation of coal mining and goaf filling is carried out in a preset time and space sequence, and the cycle ends when the system of the coal mining face completes the mining and filling operation.

[0008] In some embodiments, the process further includes: Obtain safe ventilation parameters, the amount of gangue in the ground gangue hill, and the amount of coal gangue separated by the ground washing plant; Based on the safety ventilation parameters, the amount of gangue in the ground gangue hill, and the amount of coal gangue separated by the ground washing plant, the ventilation mode of the coal mining face and the slurry preparation combination mode are determined. The ventilation method includes at least two-inlet-one-outlet ventilation and one-inlet-one-outlet ventilation; the pulp preparation combination mode includes at least an above-ground preparation and below-ground filling mode, an below-ground preparation and below-ground filling mode, and an above-ground and below-ground preparation phase mixing mode.

[0009] In some embodiments, determining the ventilation method of the coal mining face includes: When the length of the coal mining face is greater than 150 meters, the full negative pressure ventilation system is controlled to adopt a two-inlet-one-outlet ventilation method. The two-inlet-one-outlet ventilation method is based on the independent upper and lower intake roadways. When the length of the coal mining face is less than 150 meters, the full negative pressure ventilation system is controlled to adopt a one-in-one-out ventilation method, wherein the one-in-one-out ventilation method is based on an intake roadway.

[0010] In some embodiments, determining the pulping combination mode includes: When the number of surface gangue piles or the number of coal gangue separated by the surface washing plant meets the threshold for the number of coal gangue to be disposed of and digested, it is determined whether to use the above-ground preparation and underground filling mode or the above-ground and underground preparation phase mixing mode to perform slurry preparation. When there are no gangue piles on the ground or the gangue washing and processing plant is built underground for gangue sorting, the underground preparation and underground backfilling mode is adopted to carry out slurry preparation. Specifically, when performing slurry preparation using the above-ground preparation and underground filling mode, a filling material preparation module is set up on the surface. This module is used to crush the gangue from the surface gangue pile, mix it with cementing materials and water to form a filling slurry, and then transport it through pipelines to the underground goaf for filling. When performing slurry preparation using the underground preparation and underground filling mode, a filling material preparation system is set up underground. This system is used to mix the raw gangue directly generated underground during coal mining with cementing materials and water to form a filling slurry, and then pump it to the adjacent goaf for filling. When performing slurry preparation using the above-ground and underground preparation phase-mixing mode, a combined above-ground and underground preparation module is set up. This module is used to transport the gangue from the surface gangue pile to the underground, where it is mixed with the raw gangue generated underground as raw materials, cementing materials, and water to form a filling slurry for filling.

[0011] In some embodiments, performing the sealing operation includes: At the lower outlet end of the current branch roadway, a prefabricated mold is used as a slurry baffle for sealing, and a single hydraulic prop that meets the target stability value is erected on the outside of the slurry baffle. The current branch roadway is the first branch roadway, the second branch roadway, or the third branch roadway where the sealing operation is currently being carried out.

[0012] In some embodiments, performing the filling operation includes: Based on the corresponding slurry preparation mode, gangue, fly ash, cementitious materials and water are mixed in proportion on the ground and / or underground to form a paste slurry, which is then pumped to the branch roadway to be filled through the filling pipeline. A filling pipe is pre-embedded at the top of the branch roadway to be filled, and slurry is injected from the highest point of the corresponding roadway for the top filling of the filling body; Wherein, the branch roadway to be filled is the first branch roadway, the second branch roadway, or the third branch roadway currently undergoing the filling operation.

[0013] In some implementations, after the second branch roadway has been excavated and coal has been mined, the process includes: Obtain the roof control parameters, and based on the roof control parameters, determine whether to perform a filling operation or not to perform a filling operation on the second branch roadway.

[0014] In some embodiments, the process further includes: In response to the cyclical execution of alternating operations of coal mining and goaf filling in a preset temporal and spatial sequence, a working face sedimentation tank is set up near the cut or stop line in the advancing direction and equipped with a water pump to collect roadway water, roof water, backfill water and pipeline cleaning water, and the treated water is recycled for backfilling operations.

[0015] In some embodiments, the process further includes: Based on the operational process of cutting coal, loading coal, retracting the machine, and inspecting and supporting the roof, continuous coal mining machines or roadheaders are used for coal breaking operations.

[0016] According to a second aspect of this application, a coal mining equipment based on compacted filling of an integrated mechanized unit is provided, which is applied to the coal mining process based on compacted filling of an integrated mechanized unit as described above, including: a first equipment group, a second equipment group, a third equipment group and a fourth equipment. The first equipment group includes a continuous miner, a bolt drilling rig, a shuttle car, a transfer machine, and corresponding rear transportation and filling systems. The continuous miner performs tunneling and coal loading operations, while the independent bolt drilling rig performs roadway support operations after the continuous miner leaves the mining area. The first equipment group operates in areas with a coal seam thickness of 1.5 to 5 meters, a coal face length of 30 to 200 meters, an inclination angle of less than 15°, and / or where the roof meets the target stability conditions. The second equipment group includes a roadheader, a scraper conveyor, a transfer conveyor, and corresponding rear transportation system and filling system. The roadheader performs roadway support operations simultaneously with the roadheader. The second equipment group works in areas where the coal seam thickness is 0.8 to 3.5 meters and / or the cross-sectional roadway meets the target conditions. The third equipment group includes a tunneling machine, a bolt drilling rig, an explosion-proof loader, a trackless rubber-tired vehicle, and corresponding rear transportation and filling systems. The tunneling machine performs tunneling operations, and the independent bolt drilling rig performs roadway support operations. The third equipment group works in areas where the coal seam thickness is 0.8 to 3.5 meters and / or the cross-sectional roadway meets the target conditions. The fourth equipment group includes a coal mine rock tunnel full-face tunneling machine, a belt conveyor, a transfer machine, and corresponding rear transportation system and filling system. The fourth equipment group is operated by the coal mine rock tunnel full-face tunneling machine to perform full-face tunneling operations and roadway support operations in areas where the roof or surrounding rock does not meet the target stability conditions.

[0017] The beneficial effects of the integrated mechanized unit compaction coal mining process and supporting equipment in this application embodiment include at least the following: This application embodiment divides the working face into a unit consisting of three branch roadways. Based on the cyclical sequence of first mining the two side branch roadways and simultaneously filling them, filling the other side, and recovering the middle isolation coal pillar, it can ultimately recover almost all the coal resources within the unit. This changes the traditional practice of leaving a large number of permanent coal pillars to maintain roof stability in strip mining or room-and-pillar mining, thereby significantly reducing resource loss and increasing the coal recovery rate to over 90%. It effectively solves the problem of low recovery rate of difficult-to-mine resources such as the three-way lower-upper and corner coal. This application embodiment, through alternating mining and filling with spatiotemporal coordination, simultaneously fills the goaf of the first branch roadway while the third branch roadway is being mined. After the filling bodies of the two branch roadways stabilize, the middle isolation coal pillar is then recovered. This ensures that at any given time, the roof has unmined coal pillars or formed filling bodies to provide support, greatly shortening the time and area of ​​large-area roof exposure. This effectively curbs large-area roof pressure and strong mine pressure manifestation, significantly reducing surface movement and deformation caused by mining. It is particularly suitable for mining scenarios such as under buildings and railways where strict control of surface subsidence is required, ensuring the safety of ground buildings and structures. This application embodiment, based on the longwall mining production system and the full negative pressure ventilation system, inherits the advantages of the longwall mining ventilation system, which is perfect and highly reliable. By embedding innovative unitized mining and filling logic into this mature system, it achieves orderly connection of mining, ventilation, transportation, and filling. It intelligently selects a two-in-one-out or one-in-one-out ventilation mode according to the length of the working face, ensuring that the working face is always in an environment with sufficient air volume and stable airflow. This effectively dilutes gas and dust, reduces the risk of coal seam spontaneous combustion, and creates a safe and efficient working environment. This application embodiment regards dense filling as a necessary link and core component of the mining process. The filling material can directly utilize the original gangue generated underground, or combine it with the treatment of surface gangue piles, realizing large-scale underground disposal of coal mine solid waste (gangue, fly ash). This not only completely eliminates the ecological problems of surface gangue piles occupying land, polluting the environment, and spontaneous combustion, but also reduces the disturbance to the surface by mining through the filling body supporting the roof, achieving waste-to-hazard treatment, and meeting the requirements of green mine construction and the green transformation of the coal industry. This application embodiment effectively controls mine pressure and surface deformation while efficiently recovering coal resources, and realizes green treatment of coal mine solid waste, forming a safe, efficient, environmentally friendly and highly adaptable integrated mechanized backfilling mining process. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a coal mining process using integrated mechanized unit compaction filling, according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the working principle of the two-inlet-one-outlet and surface-to-ground phase mixing method according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the working principle of the one-in-one-out and surface-to-downhole phase mixing method according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the working principle of the two-in-one-out method and the surface preparation of downhole filling in accordance with the embodiments of this application. Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the working principle of the one-in-one-out and surface-to-well filling method according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an implementation of a compacted filling coal mining process using an integrated mechanized unit, according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 7 This is a structural diagram of the working surface arrangement in an embodiment of this application; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the working principle of the sampling and charging sequence in an embodiment of this application. Figure 9 This is a front view of the continuous mining machine operation according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 10 This is a side view of the continuous mining machine operation according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 11 This is a front view of the closure of a branch alley according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 12 This is a side view of the closure of a branch alley according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 13 This is an illustration of an implementation of a coal mining equipment for integrated mechanized unit compaction filling, according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 14 This is a schematic diagram of the branch tunnel filling according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 15 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the specific implementation steps of the sampling sequence in the embodiments of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0019] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this disclosure clearer, the various embodiments of this disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, those skilled in the art will understand that many technical details have been provided in the various embodiments of this disclosure to facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure. However, the technical solutions claimed in this disclosure can be implemented even without these technical details and with various variations and modifications based on the following embodiments. The division of the various embodiments below is for ease of description and should not constitute any limitation on the specific implementation of this disclosure. The various embodiments can be combined with and referenced by each other without contradiction.

[0020] Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present application provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed embodiments of the present application, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of the present application. Other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present application without inventive effort are all within the scope of protection of the embodiments of the present application.

[0021] This application discloses a compacted filling coal mining process and system for an integrated mechanized unit. This compacted filling coal mining process for an integrated mechanized unit is implemented using supporting equipment. The purpose of this application is to avoid leaving a large amount of coal pillars, improve resource recovery rate, eliminate large-area roof pressure and mine tremor phenomena, and reduce the impact of coal mining on surface buildings and structures.

[0022] See attached document Figure 1 The diagram illustrates a compacted coal mining process using an integrated mechanized unit according to an embodiment of this application, comprising the following steps S1 to S4.

[0023] Step S1: In the target coal seam, a coal mining face system consisting of at least one intake airway and one return airway is arranged based on the longwall mining method, and a full negative pressure ventilation system is formed.

[0024] For example, the target coal seam is an underground rock formation containing coal resources.

[0025] For example, a coal mining face system (hereinafter referred to as a working face) refers to a longwall mining area in the target coal seam that is arranged according to the single-direction longwall mining method and has been excavated with return airway, transport airway and cut-out, thus forming a complete production system with independent ventilation, transportation and other functions.

[0026] Preferably, the working surface is a long wall working surface.

[0027] For example, a full negative pressure ventilation system (hereinafter referred to as ventilation system) forms an independent airflow loop through an intake airway, a return airway, and branch roadways leading to each unit (such as upper / lower intake roadways).

[0028] For example, the embodiments of this application also include a coal transportation system, which is connected to the main transportation roadway, the clean coal transportation roadway and the return air roadway of each unit to form an independent coal transportation channel.

[0029] For example, embodiments of this application also include a filling slurry conveying system that connects to the goaf of each unit via filling pipes laid in the main roadways and branch roadways. This physical roadway and pipeline connection architecture allows each mining unit to obtain dedicated ventilation, transportation, and filling capabilities that are not affected by other units, thereby physically configuring an independently operable work loop.

[0030] In some embodiments, the process further includes: acquiring safety ventilation parameters, the quantity of gangue in the ground gangue pile, and the quantity of coal gangue separated by the ground washing plant; and determining the ventilation mode of the coal mining face and the slurry preparation combination mode based on the safety ventilation parameters, the quantity of gangue in the ground gangue pile, and the quantity of coal gangue separated by the ground washing plant.

[0031] The ventilation method includes at least two-inlet-one-outlet ventilation and one-inlet-one-outlet ventilation; the pulp preparation combination mode includes at least an above-ground preparation and below-ground filling mode, an below-ground preparation and below-ground filling mode, and an above-ground and below-ground preparation phase mixing mode.

[0032] For example, determining the ventilation mode of the coal mining face includes: when the length of the coal mining face is greater than 150 meters, controlling the full negative pressure ventilation system to adopt a two-inlet-one-outlet ventilation mode, wherein the two-inlet-one-outlet ventilation mode is implemented based on separate upper and lower intake roadways; when the length of the coal mining face is less than 150 meters, controlling the full negative pressure ventilation system to adopt a one-inlet-one-outlet ventilation mode, wherein the one-inlet-one-outlet ventilation mode is implemented based on a single intake roadway.

[0033] In some embodiments, determining the pulping combination mode includes: when the number of surface gangue piles or the number of coal gangue separated by the surface washing plant meets the threshold for the amount of coal gangue to be disposed of and digested (that is, when the amount of coal gangue separated by the surface gangue piles and the surface washing plant needs to be disposed of and digested in a timely manner), determining to use the above-ground preparation and underground filling mode or the above-ground and underground preparation phase hybrid mode to perform pulping; when there are no gangue piles on the surface or the washing plant is built underground for separation, determining to use the underground preparation and underground filling mode to perform pulping.

[0034] Specifically, when performing slurry preparation using the above-ground preparation and underground filling mode, a filling material preparation module is set up on the surface. This module is used to crush the gangue from the surface gangue pile, mix it with cementing materials and water to form a filling slurry, and then transport it through pipelines to the underground goaf for filling. When performing slurry preparation using the underground preparation and underground filling mode, a filling material preparation system is set up underground. This system is used to mix the raw gangue directly generated underground during coal mining with cementing materials and water to form a filling slurry, and then pump it to the adjacent goaf for filling. When performing slurry preparation using the above-ground and underground preparation phase-mixing mode, a combined above-ground and underground preparation module is set up. This module is used to transport the gangue from the surface gangue pile to the underground, where it is mixed with the raw gangue generated underground as raw materials, cementing materials, and water to form a filling slurry for filling.

[0035] Because an excessively long coal face significantly increases ventilation path resistance, it leads to insufficient air supply and uneven air velocity distribution, easily causing the accumulation of harmful gases such as methane in the goaf. Simultaneously, the airflow's cooling and dust dilution capabilities decrease, worsening the working environment. Increased ventilation pressure differentials also exacerbate air leakage in the goaf and increase the risk of spontaneous combustion in the coal seam. This application's embodiment describes a mining process consisting of coal mining and backfilling processes. The coal face ventilation is arranged in two-in-one-out configurations and one-in-one-out configurations. When the coal face length is greater than 150 meters, the ventilation method is designed as two-in-one-out ventilation; when the face length is less than 150 meters, the ventilation method is designed as one-in-one-out ventilation. The backfilling operation includes three modes: surface preparation for underground backfilling, underground preparation for underground backfilling, and a combination of surface and underground preparation. When there are waste rock piles on the surface and the ecological pollution problem needs to be addressed, a process combining surface preparation and underground backfilling, or a combination of both, is employed. The surface waste rock is transported to the underground backfilling system via a transportation system, where it is combined with the waste rock produced underground using material preparation equipment to create backfill slurry for backfilling operations. When there are no surface waste rock piles causing ecological pollution, an underground preparation and underground backfilling method is used. The waste rock produced during mining is transported to the backfilling system via an underground transportation system to prepare backfill slurry for backfilling operations.

[0036] For example, see Appendix Figure 2As shown, in this embodiment of the application, when using a two-intake, one-return ventilation method and a mixed preparation of surface and underground filling operations, fresh air enters from the intake airway. Before the strip is completed, local forced ventilation is used. After the strip is completed, fresh air reaches the working face of the strip bottom-pulling longwall face via the upper and lower intake airways, and then forms sludge that flows out through the return airway into the return airway. The raw coal produced at the working face reaches the coal washing equipment for washing via the return airway and the lower intake airway. The clean coal produced by washing is transported to the surface via the clean coal transport roadway and the transport roadway. The coal gangue produced by washing reaches the filling material preparation area via the gangue transport roadway, forming filling slurry that enters the filling pipeline and reaches the working face for filling via the lower intake airway and the return airway. In addition, if there is a gangue pile on the surface, the gangue on the surface can reach the filling material preparation area via the transport roadway to provide raw materials for slurry preparation.

[0037] For example, see Appendix Figure 3 As shown, in this embodiment of the application, when using a single-intake, single-return ventilation method and a mixed surface and underground filling operation, fresh air enters from the intake airway. Before the strip is completed, local forced ventilation is used. After the strip is completed, the fresh air reaches the strip bottom-pulling and recovery face via the intake airway, forming polluted air, which flows through the return airway and exits into the return airway. A sedimentation tank with a water pump is set up near the cut or stop line to collect roadway water, roof water, backfill water, and pipeline cleaning water. The water is pumped to the mine water tank and then transported to the surface via the main drainage system for treatment and discharge at the wastewater treatment plant or for recycling at the filling station. After being produced from the working face, raw coal travels through the return air roadway to the coal washing equipment for washing. The resulting clean coal is transported through the clean coal transport roadway to the main transport roadway and then to the surface. The coal gangue produced from washing travels through the gangue transport roadway to the backfill material preparation area, where it is prepared into backfill slurry. This slurry then enters the backfill pipeline and travels through the gangue transport roadway and return air roadway to the working face for backfilling. Additionally, when gangue piles exist on the surface, they are transported through the main transport roadway to the backfill material preparation area to provide raw materials for slurry preparation.

[0038] For example, see Appendix Figure 4 As shown, in this embodiment of the application, when using a two-intake, one-return ventilation system and a filling operation involving preparation of underground backfill from the surface, fresh air enters from the intake airway. Before the strip is completed, local forced ventilation is used. After the strip is completed, the air reaches the strip bottom-pulling working face via the upper and lower intake airways, forming sludge, which flows out to the surface via the return airway into the return airway. The raw coal produced at the working face enters the return airway via the return airway and is transported to the surface. The backfill slurry prepared at the surface backfill material preparation point enters the backfill pipeline and then enters the return airway, reaching the working face for backfilling via the return airway.

[0039] For example, see Appendix Figure 5As shown in the embodiment of this application, when using a single-intake, single-return ventilation method and a filling operation involving preparation of underground backfill from the surface, fresh air enters from the intake airway. Before the strip is completed, local forced ventilation is used. After the strip is completed, it flows through the intake airway and reaches the strip bottom-pulling working face, forming sludge. This sludge then flows through the return airway into the return airway and out to the surface. The raw coal produced at the working face reaches the surface through the intake airway. The backfill slurry prepared at the backfill material preparation site on the surface enters the backfill pipeline and then enters the intake airway, passing through the return airway to reach the working face for backfilling. A sedimentation tank with a water pump is set up near the cut or stop line to collect accumulated water in the roadway, roof water, backfill material seepage water, and pipeline cleaning water. This water is pumped to the mine water sump and then transported to the surface through the main drainage system for treatment and discharge at the wastewater treatment plant or for recycling at the backfilling station.

[0040] See attached document Figure 6 As shown, this application embodiment utilizes a longwall mining production system to form a full negative pressure ventilation system. Coal is broken using continuous miners, and coal is mined in the branch roadways between the working face transport roadway and the return air roadway. A backfilling mining technology is employed, using cementing materials to fill the connecting roadways. This technology uses primary gangue generated during tunneling, gangue stockpiled at the surface waste disposal site, and fly ash from thermal power plants as the main backfill materials. Cementing materials and water are mixed in a predetermined ratio to prepare a paste-like slurry with self-flowing properties and high consolidation strength, which is then pumped through pipelines to the goaf for dense backfilling.

[0041] See attached document Figure 7 As illustrated, for example, at least one mining unit is planned in the target coal seam, including: establishing a negative pressure ventilation system according to the longwall mining process, and dividing the working face into several mining units according to the actual mining situation. For example, a longwall working face, ventilation system, transportation system, and drainage system are established according to the longwall mining process. The working face layout refers to the single-direction longwall mining method. First, the upper and lower roadways (return airway and transportation roadway) and the cut-in are excavated to ensure that the overall ventilation system is in a state of full negative pressure. The entire working face is divided into branch roadways. Based on the cut-in, it is divided into branch roadways of uniform width along its horizontal direction. Several mining and filling branch roadways constitute a mining unit.

[0042] Step S2: Divide the coal mining face into multiple continuous mining units along the advancing direction.

[0043] Each of the mining units includes a first branch roadway (branch roadway 1), a second branch roadway (branch roadway 2), and a third branch roadway (branch roadway 3) that extend parallel to each other and are adjacent between the intake air roadway and the return air roadway.

[0044] For example, a mining unit is an independent working area within the working face, further divided horizontally along the cutting edge, comprising several strip coal roadways (i.e., branch roadways) of equal width. Each mining unit can independently perform cyclical operations of tunneling, support, and backfilling.

[0045] For example, the mining unit contains multiple parallel strip coal roadways, and each mining unit is equipped with an independent ventilation subsystem, coal transportation and backfill slurry delivery sub-loop.

[0046] In some implementations, the mining unit is equipped with a separate ventilation subsystem, a coal transportation subsystem, and a backfill slurry delivery loop subsystem.

[0047] This embodiment is based on the requirement that each mining unit needs to construct an independent ventilation, coal transportation, and backfill slurry transportation loop. The ventilation mode is selected as two-in-one-out or one-in-one-out according to the length of the working face. Based on the transportation path layout of coal and backfill slurry in the main transportation roadway, clean coal transportation roadway, gangue transportation roadway, and backfill pipeline, an independent working environment is constructed for each unit in terms of physical space and system function.

[0048] In the embodiments of this application, steps S1 to S2 are as follows: First, referring to the single-direction longwall mining method, return airway, transport airway and cut-out are excavated to form a longwall working face system that can be ventilated under full negative pressure; then, based on the cut-out, the entire working face is divided into several branch roadways (i.e., strip coal roadways) of equal width along its horizontal direction, and several such branch roadways are grouped into a mining unit. Step S3: Within the current mining unit, coal mining and goaf filling are carried out alternately according to a preset time and space sequence.

[0049] The alternating operations of coal mining and goaf filling, performed according to a preset temporal and spatial sequence, include: excavating and mining coal in the first branch roadway located on one side of the current mining unit; after completing the excavation and coal mining in the first branch roadway, using the second branch roadway located in the middle of the current mining unit as an isolation coal pillar, excavating and mining coal in the third branch roadway located on the second side of the current mining unit, and sealing and filling the first branch roadway; after completing the excavation and coal mining in the third branch roadway, sealing and filling the third branch roadway; and after the filling strength of the first and third branch roadways reaches the preset requirements, mining and excavating coal in the second branch roadway.

[0050] In some embodiments, the sealing operation includes: using a pre-formed mold as a slurry baffle to seal the lower outlet end of the current branch roadway, and erecting a single hydraulic prop that meets the target stability value outside the slurry baffle.

[0051] Wherein, the current branch lane is the first branch lane, the second branch lane, or the third branch lane currently undergoing the sealing operation.

[0052] In some embodiments, the filling operation includes: mixing gangue, fly ash, cementing materials and water in a certain proportion according to the corresponding slurry preparation mode to form a paste slurry, and pumping it to the branch roadway to be filled through a filling pipeline; pre-burying a filling pipe at the top of the branch roadway to be filled, and injecting the slurry from the highest point of the corresponding roadway for the top filling of the filling body.

[0053] Wherein, the branch roadway to be filled is the first branch roadway, the second branch roadway, or the third branch roadway currently undergoing the filling operation.

[0054] In some implementations, after the second branch roadway has been excavated and coal has been mined, the process includes: obtaining roof control parameters and, based on the roof control parameters, determining whether to perform a backfilling operation or not to perform a backfilling operation on the second branch roadway.

[0055] In some embodiments, the filling slurry is transported to the goaf for the compaction filling operation, including: after the tunneling and support operation of any one of the first, second, third, and fourth equipment groups is completed, the filling slurry is transported to the goaf formed by the corresponding strip coal roadway where the tunneling and support operation was completed, and the compaction filling operation is carried out.

[0056] This application embodiment strictly follows the principle of alternating mining of odd-numbered sequence strips first and even-numbered sequence strips in a mining unit. For example, using branch roadway 2 as an isolation coal pillar, the specific sequence of mining branch roadway 3 is used to realize the operation of a single strip coal roadway. The process is clearly defined as follows: first, the continuous miner and other equipment are used for tunneling. When the tunneling reaches the maximum control distance, the equipment is withdrawn and the roadway support is immediately completed by the anchor bolt trolley and other equipment. After the tunneling and support of the strip are completed and connected to the return airway, the lower exit of the roadway is sealed by templates, hydraulic props and other equipment. The filling slurry is injected from the highest point of the roadway through the pre-embedded filling pipe to densely fill the entire goaf until the filling body reaches the roof.

[0057] This application embodiment is based on the situation where, after the branch roadway and return airway are connected, the coal mining equipment withdraws from the working face, and backfilling operations are carried out on the backfilling branch roadway according to design requirements. The specific operation process includes, in sequence: branch roadway sealing, backfill slurry preparation, backfill slurry transportation, and roadway backfilling. (See attached figure.) Figure 11 To be continued Figure 12As shown, the branch roadway closure includes: immediately sealing the resulting filling space after the branch roadway is mined, using templates as grout barriers to seal the lower outlet of the branch roadway, and installing individual hydraulic props outside the grout barriers to strengthen the support of the "three-way gate" and improve the stability of the sealing. (See attached diagram.) Figure 13 As shown, the preparation of the backfill slurry includes: raw material preparation work such as crushing and screening of gangue, slurry preparation, and delivery on the ground; the stockpiled gangue is sent to the crushing workshop of the backfilling station for crushing and processing. After being crushed to the required particle size, it is initially mixed with fly ash and binder according to a predetermined ratio. After being mixed evenly, water is drawn from the reservoir for secondary mixing to prepare the backfill slurry. The backfill slurry transportation includes: transporting the mixed slurry using an appropriate pipeline method, taking into account the mine depth. For example, for (gently) inclined coal seams, gravity flow can be used; when the coal seam dip angle is small, pumping is suitable. The slurry is transported to the goaf via pipeline. (See attached diagram.) Figure 14 As shown, the roadway backfilling includes: arranging backfilling pipelines on one side of the return airway, and pre-burying two sections of backfilling pipelines in the isolation wall and the roadway roof for connection to the main backfilling pipeline, allowing the backfilling slurry to be injected from the highest point of the roadway to ensure the backfill material is in contact with the roof. For strip mining, no special sedimentation tank is excavated; instead, the strip near the cut is used as a sedimentation tank. After each backfilling operation, the settled clear water is pumped out for use in the next backfilling. Additionally, air ducts are inserted near the top of both ends of the branch roadway roof. Whether the backfill is in contact with the roof is determined by whether slurry overflows from the air ducts. Backfilling work is carried out immediately after the excavation of each backfilling branch roadway is completed, and the entire backfilling cycle continues until all backfilling branch roadways are completely backfilled.

[0058] In some embodiments, the process further includes: the second branch roadway is an isolation coal pillar for temporary support and work space isolation, the isolation coal pillar being a solid coal pillar located between two adjacent branch roadways (the first branch roadway and the second branch roadway).

[0059] For example, see Appendix Figure 8As shown, this embodiment of the application is based on multiple roadways forming a comprehensive mechanized unit for dense backfilling mining. Each mining unit operates simultaneously with only one excavating branch roadway, one isolation branch roadway, and one backfilling branch roadway. The mining and backfilling operations within the unit follow a strict principle of spatial alternation and temporal progression. The specific sequence is as follows: a continuous miner is used to excavate and mine coal in branch roadway 1 (the first branch roadway); after branch roadway 1 is excavated, branch roadway 3 (the third branch roadway) is excavated using branch roadway 2 (the second branch roadway) as an isolation coal pillar. At this time, branch roadway 1 is a backfilling branch roadway, and backfilling operations are performed; after branch roadway 3 is mined, branch roadway 5 is excavated, and backfilling operations are performed simultaneously in branch roadway 3; after branch roadway 5 is excavated, backfilling operations are performed; after the backfill strength of branch roadways 1 and 3 reaches the design requirements, branch roadway 2 is excavated; after branch roadway 2 is excavated and the backfill of branch roadway 5 reaches the design requirements, branch roadway 4 is excavated; branch roadways 2 and 4 are selectively backfilled according to the backfilling design requirements. Once the mining operation of branch roadway 4 is completed, it marks the closure of the first mining and filling unit operation, and the mining of branch roadway 6 can be started immediately, which is the start of the mining and filling operation of the second mining and filling unit. Subsequent units will proceed in this logical sequence, forming a continuous and cyclical unitized mining and filling operation flow.

[0060] In some implementations, the process further includes: calculating and determining the width of the isolation coal pillar based on Wilson's two-zone constraint theory; and determining the predetermined strength based on the strength of the roof supported by the filling body within a target time.

[0061] Preferably, the filler is a cemented filling slurry, which is a paste filling material.

[0062] Preferably, the unit proportion of the paste filling material is 190±20kg / m³ of cement, 200±20kg / m³ of fly ash, 80%±2% of slurry mass concentration, and the target proportion of gangue aggregate and water.

[0063] According to the characteristics of the integrated mechanized unit compaction mining in this application embodiment, after a complete working system is formed at the working face, the coal mining process includes multiple cycles of coal breaking, coal loading, support, and coal transportation. Coal breaking includes: using a continuous coal mining machine or a roadheader to excavate a branch roadway from the transport roadway to the return air roadway for coal mining. The working face roadway is arranged along the roof. During strip excavation, the upper layer is excavated and connected. After connection, the remaining coal thickness is pulled back for bottom mining. If the coal seam is thick, layered mining can also be carried out. Generally, a downward layered mining sequence is adopted.

[0064] Step S4: After completing the alternating operation of coal mining and goaf filling in the current mining unit, the next set of three adjacent branch roadways is taken as a new mining unit. The alternating operation of coal mining and goaf filling is carried out in a preset time and space sequence, and the cycle ends when the system of the coal mining face completes the mining and filling operation.

[0065] In some embodiments, the process further includes: in response to the step of cyclically performing alternating operations of coal mining and goaf filling in a preset spatiotemporal sequence, setting up a working face sedimentation tank and equipping it with a water pump near the cut or stop line in the advancing direction, for the purpose of collecting roadway water, roof water, backfill water and pipeline cleaning water, and recycling the treated water for backfilling operations.

[0066] In some embodiments, the process further includes: using a continuous coal mining machine or a roadheader to perform coal breaking operations based on the work flow of cutting coal, loading coal, retracting the machine, and roof safety inspection and support.

[0067] For example, refer to the appendix. Figure 9 To be continued Figure 10 As shown, the coal mining process of the continuous mining machine in this embodiment of the application includes the following steps in sequence: shift handover, safety inspection of the working face, calibration of the roadway centerline, trial operation of the tunneling machine, cutting and discharging coal (sprinkling water), machine withdrawal, cutting head landing, locking the power switch of the tunneling machine and the isolation switch of the magnetic starter, roof safety inspection, temporary support, permanent support, and entering the next cycle. Coal loading includes: when the roadway is in operation, its own conveyor transports the mined coal to the rear of the roadway. Support includes: when the maximum designed roof control distance is reached in the branch roadway, the mining equipment withdraws from the mining area, and the anchor bolt trolley provides support for the mining roadway. Coal transportation includes: using an explosion-proof loader or shuttle car to transport the scattered coal behind the roadway to the transfer crusher in the transport level roadway, where it is crushed and then transported away from the working face by a belt conveyor. Repeat the above steps of coal breaking, coal loading, support, and coal transportation until the branch roadway is mined out and connected to the return airway.

[0068] The material recycling process involved in this application includes: raw coal mined from the working face is transported to a washing point underground or on the surface via a transportation system (such as a return air roadway) for washing; the by-product of washing—coal gangue—is transported to the backfill material preparation point via a gangue transport roadway; at the same time, if there is a gangue pile on the surface, its gangue can also be transported in via the main transport roadway as supplementary raw material; these gangue are mixed and stirred with cementing materials (such as cement and fly ash) and water in a determined ratio to prepare a self-flowing and high-strength cemented backfill slurry (i.e., paste slurry); the prepared backfill slurry is pumped through a backfill pipeline, through roadways such as the return air roadway, and finally flows back and is injected into the strip goaf area that has been excavated and supported within the current mining unit, thereby realizing the closed-loop treatment and resource utilization of solid waste within the mining unit.

[0069] This application embodiment divides the working face into a unit consisting of three branch roadways. Based on the cyclical sequence of first mining the two side branch roadways and simultaneously filling them, filling the other side, and recovering the middle isolation coal pillar, it can ultimately recover almost all the coal resources within the unit. This changes the traditional practice of leaving a large number of permanent coal pillars to maintain roof stability in strip mining or room-and-pillar mining, thereby significantly reducing resource loss and increasing the coal recovery rate to over 90%. It effectively solves the problem of low recovery rate of difficult-to-mine resources such as the three-way lower-upper and corner coal. This application embodiment, through alternating mining and filling with spatiotemporal coordination, simultaneously fills the goaf of the first branch roadway while the third branch roadway is being mined. After the filling bodies of the two branch roadways stabilize, the middle isolation coal pillar is then recovered. This ensures that at any given time, the roof has unmined coal pillars or formed filling bodies to provide support, greatly shortening the time and area of ​​large-area roof exposure. This effectively curbs large-area roof pressure and strong mine pressure manifestation, significantly reducing surface movement and deformation caused by mining. It is particularly suitable for mining scenarios such as under buildings and railways where strict control of surface subsidence is required, ensuring the safety of ground buildings and structures. This application embodiment, based on the longwall mining production system and the full negative pressure ventilation system, inherits the advantages of the longwall mining ventilation system, which is perfect and highly reliable. By embedding innovative unitized mining and filling logic into this mature system, it achieves orderly connection of mining, ventilation, transportation, and filling. It intelligently selects a two-in-one-out or one-in-one-out ventilation mode according to the length of the working face, ensuring that the working face is always in an environment with sufficient air volume and stable airflow. This effectively dilutes gas and dust, reduces the risk of coal seam spontaneous combustion, and creates a safe and efficient working environment. This application embodiment regards dense filling as a necessary link and core component of the mining process. The filling material can directly utilize the original gangue generated underground, or combine it with the treatment of surface gangue piles, realizing large-scale underground disposal of coal mine solid waste (gangue, fly ash). This not only completely eliminates the ecological problems of surface gangue piles occupying land, polluting the environment, and spontaneous combustion, but also reduces the disturbance to the surface by mining through the filling body supporting the roof, achieving waste-to-hazard treatment, and meeting the requirements of green mine construction and the green transformation of the coal industry. This application embodiment effectively controls mine pressure and surface deformation while efficiently recovering coal resources, and realizes green treatment of coal mine solid waste, forming a safe, efficient, environmentally friendly and highly adaptable integrated mechanized backfilling mining process.

[0070] The compacted filling coal mining equipment disclosed in this application is applied to the coal mining process based on compacted filling of integrated mechanized units as described above, and includes: a first equipment group, a second equipment group, a third equipment group, and a fourth equipment.

[0071] In some embodiments, the first equipment group includes a continuous miner, a bolt drill rig, a shuttle car, a transfer machine, and corresponding rear transportation and filling systems. The continuous miner performs tunneling and coal loading operations, while a separate bolt drill rig performs roadway support operations after the continuous miner exits the mining area. The first equipment group operates in areas with a coal seam thickness of 1.5 to 5 meters, a coal face length of 30 to 200 meters, an inclination angle of less than 15°, and / or where the roof meets the target stability conditions.

[0072] In some embodiments, the second equipment group includes a roadheader, a scraper conveyor, a transfer conveyor, and corresponding rear transportation and filling systems. The roadheader performs roadway support operations simultaneously with the roadheader. The second equipment group operates in areas where the coal seam thickness is 0.8 to 3.5 meters and / or the cross-sectional roadway meets the target conditions.

[0073] In some embodiments, the third equipment group includes a tunneling machine, a bolt drilling rig, an explosion-proof loader, a trackless rubber-tired vehicle, and corresponding rear transportation and filling systems. The tunneling machine performs tunneling operations, and an independent bolt drilling rig performs roadway support operations. The third equipment group operates in areas where the coal seam thickness is 0.8 to 3.5 meters and / or the cross-sectional roadway meets the target conditions.

[0074] In some embodiments, the fourth equipment group includes a coal mine rock tunnel full-face tunneling machine, a belt conveyor, a transfer machine, and corresponding rear transportation system and filling system. The fourth equipment group is operated by the coal mine rock tunnel full-face tunneling machine to perform full-face tunneling operations and roadway support operations in areas where the roof or surrounding rock does not meet the target stability conditions.

[0075] Based on different applicable scopes, the embodiments of this application are described based on the supporting systems of the following embodiments 1 to 4.

[0076] Example 1, the supporting system combination includes: an adaptive decision-making continuous mining machine, a bolt drill rig, a shuttle car, a transfer conveyor, a rear transportation system, and a backfilling system. This example is applicable to at least the following conditions: the coal seam thickness is generally between 1.5 meters and 5 meters, suitable for the efficient cutting and crushing operations of the continuous mining machine; the working face length is relatively short, usually between 30 and 200 meters; the coal seam dip angle is usually required to be less than 15° to ensure the stability of equipment operation; the coal quality is mainly medium-hard coal, with a uniaxial compressive strength generally not exceeding 40 MPa, and the coal seam structure is simple with few interbedded gangue layers, facilitating continuous mining and backfilling operations. This example is also applicable to at least the following conditions: the roof requires moderate or higher stability, allowing the use of bolt drill rigs for support to ensure roadway safety; the floor needs to be stable, flat, and free of water accumulation to ensure the stability of equipment operation and the backfilling system; the coal seam moisture content is low, or there is a good drainage system to avoid affecting the solidification of backfill materials and roadway stability. The equipment functions of this embodiment include at least: the continuous miner is responsible for cutting coal, the bolt drilling rig is responsible for bolt / cable support, the shuttle car is responsible for transporting coal, the transfer machine is used to transfer coal from local transportation equipment (such as shuttle car) to the main transportation system to ensure the continuity and efficiency of the transportation process, the rear transportation system is responsible for transporting coal to the surface, and the filling system is responsible for transporting filling materials to the working face for filling. The technological features of this embodiment include at least the following: A continuous miner serves as the main tunneling equipment, achieving efficient crushing and loading of coal and rock mass through a cutting cycle, suitable for rapid tunneling in coal roadways and semi-coal-rock roadways; a bolt drilling rig closely follows the continuous miner, constructing top and side bolts, enabling simultaneous tunneling and support, reducing the proportion of support time in the total tunneling time, and improving support efficiency; the rear transportation system employs a flexible belt conveyor and a stepping self-propelled tail section, adapting to the extension and curvature of the roadway, ensuring continuous and efficient material transportation; the entire set of equipment is highly integrated, including the continuous miner, bolt drilling rig, shuttle car, feed crusher, etc., exhibiting high mobility, high strip opening efficiency, and a small chamfer for flexible machine adjustment. It can adapt to the tunneling and support requirements of irregular mining area distributions and roadways of different widths.

[0077] Example 2, the supporting system combination includes: a roadheader-anchor (BAR), a scraper conveyor, a transfer conveyor, a rear transportation system, and a filling system. This example is applicable to at least the following conditions: areas with moderate coal seam thickness, typically between 0.8 and 3.5 meters; areas where excessively thin or thick coal seams will affect the cutting efficiency and support effect of the BAR, and areas with uneven coal seam distribution and complex geological structures (such as faults, folds, etc.); the combination of the BAR and the scraper conveyor can flexibly meet the tunneling needs of alternating coal and rock sections. This example is also applicable to at least the following conditions: medium-section roadways (generally 3-6 square meters), which can meet the layout requirements of the BAR and the scraper conveyor, and scenarios requiring rapid tunneling and efficient support; the coordinated operation of the BAR and the scraper conveyor can significantly improve tunneling efficiency and support quality. The equipment functions of this embodiment include at least: based on the integrated tunneling and anchoring machine, simultaneously completing the anchor bolt and anchor cable support of the roof and two sides during the tunneling process; based on the scraper conveyor for transporting coal resources, ensuring the continuity and efficiency of material transportation; based on the transfer machine for transferring coal and rock from local transportation equipment to the main transportation system, ensuring the continuity and efficiency of the transportation process; based on the rear transportation system for transporting coal to the surface; and based on the filling system for transporting filling materials to the working face for filling. The technological features of this embodiment include at least the following: Through the coordinated operation of equipment such as the integrated tunneling and anchoring machine and the scraper conveyor, the processes of tunneling, support, and transportation are parallelized, significantly improving operational efficiency; the integrated tunneling and anchoring machine adopts full-section cutting technology, enabling the formation of the roadway cross-section in one operation, reducing secondary processing work and improving construction quality; based on high equipment integration (including the integrated tunneling and anchoring machine and the scraper conveyor), seamless connection between tunneling, support, transportation, and filling can be achieved, reducing manual intervention; the combination of the scraper conveyor and the transfer machine ensures continuous material transportation, avoiding the efficiency loss of traditional intermittent transportation methods, and is suitable for efficient transportation over short to medium distances; this embodiment is suitable for areas with moderate coal seam thickness and complex geological conditions (such as faults and folds), and can flexibly meet the tunneling needs of alternating coal and rock sections.

[0078] Example 3, the supporting system combination includes: a tunneling machine, an explosion-proof loader, a trackless rubber-tired vehicle, a rear transportation system, and a filling system. This example is applicable to at least the following conditions: coal roadways and semi-coal-rock roadways with fragile roofs and where anchor bolts / cables cannot be delayed in reinforcement; coal roadways and semi-coal-rock roadways with fragile roofs and poor surrounding rock stability; complex geological structures with fractured surrounding rock or the presence of local weak interlayers; areas with relatively simple hydrogeological conditions or minimal influence from aquifers; environments with limited underground space and compact equipment layout; and good ventilation conditions that meet the air volume and gas concentration control requirements for equipment operation. The equipment division of labor in this example includes at least: the tunneling machine is responsible for coal interception, the explosion-proof loader is responsible for transfer, the trackless rubber-tired vehicle is responsible for transportation within the strip, the rear transportation system transports coal to the surface, and the filling system is responsible for transporting filling materials to the working face for filling. The technological features of this embodiment include at least the following: the tunneling and support processes are carried out separately, resulting in relatively lower efficiency but higher timeliness of support; fewer types of equipment are used, making on-site management relatively simple, maintenance and operation more convenient, and the equipment has a high degree of maturity; for cases with poor roof conditions, roof control can be strengthened by shortening the cycle step distance, making it suitable for complex geological conditions such as fault fracture zones and soft rock; the roadway cross-section can be any irregular shape, making it highly adaptable; and it is suitable for various geological conditions such as coal roadways, semi-coal-rock roadways, and soft rock roadways, with minimal disturbance to the surrounding rock.

[0079] Example 4, the supporting system combination includes: a full-face tunneling machine (TBM) for coal mine rock roadways, a belt conveyor, a transfer conveyor, a rear transportation system, and a filling system. This example is applicable to at least the following conditions: medium-hard to hard rock strata, preferably with a strength range of 50-150 MPa, relatively intact rock strata, which may contain small faults, but not suitable for areas with dense fracture zones, semi-coal-rock roadways, and coal seam thickness ≥ 1.5 m and dip angle ≤ 16°; roadways with large cross-sections (≥ 8 m²) and long lengths (≥ 1000 m) can fully utilize its advantages, especially for the excavation of large roadways with long service life and large transportation volume. The equipment functions of this embodiment include at least the following: a full-face tunneling machine (TBM) for breaking rocks, excavating tunnel cross-sections, supporting tunnels, and discharging coal resources via a slag removal system; a belt conveyor for long-distance transportation of coal and rock, adaptable to tunnel extensions and bends; a transfer conveyor for transferring coal and rock from local transportation equipment to the main transportation system, ensuring the continuity and efficiency of the transportation process; a rear transportation system for transporting coal to the surface; and a filling system responsible for transporting filling materials to the working face for filling. The technological features of this embodiment include at least the following: matching the cutterhead to the tunnel cross-section for one-time full-face excavation, with rotary cutting completing the full-face excavation in one go; simultaneous parallel operation of multiple processes, with the four core processes of excavation, support, transportation, and ventilation carried out simultaneously, forming an assembly line operation mode; adaptability to multiple scenarios, with a modular design that can switch between open / shield modes, suitable for hard rock, soft rock, and mixed coal-rock geology, avoiding equipment idleness or construction interruption due to geological changes.

[0080] This application's embodiments avoid leaving large amounts of coal pillars, effectively improving the coal resource recovery rate. This application's embodiments are applicable to areas with moderate coal seam thickness and complex geological conditions (such as faults and folds), flexibly addressing the tunneling needs of alternating coal and rock sections. This application's embodiments achieve parallel operation of tunneling, support, and transportation processes through the coordinated operation of equipment such as roadheader-anchor machines and scraper conveyors, significantly improving operational efficiency. This application's embodiments reduce the formation of waste rock piles and lower environmental impact through a combined above-ground and underground preparation and filling process. This application's embodiments meet the contemporary requirements for building green mines and promote the green transformation of coal mines.

[0081] To further illustrate the embodiments of this application, this application describes the process of efficient coal resource recovery through the embodiments of this application, based on a specific embodiment 5 of the problem of coal mining under buildings in a mining area in western China, and further demonstrates the effects of this application.

[0082] Example 5: The coal seam thickness in this mining area is 2.0 meters, the dip angle is 12°, the coal quality is medium-hard coal, the uniaxial compressive strength is 35MPa, the roof is moderately stable, the floor is stable and there is no water accumulation, the geological conditions are relatively complex, and there are faults and local weak interlayers.

[0083] The implementation process of this embodiment includes: division of mining units, layout of ventilation system, implementation of coal mining technology, implementation of backfilling technology, and operation of transportation system.

[0084] The mining unit division includes: based on the mine's geological conditions and coal seam distribution characteristics, the mining area is divided into multiple mining units, each unit consisting of 5 branch roadways. Each unit contains a complete "mining, isolation, and filling" functional system, capable of independently completing closed-loop operations of coal mining, roadway isolation, and goaf filling. The ventilation system layout includes: adopting a two-intake, one-return ventilation system. Fresh air enters from the intake roadway, reaches the working face via the intake roadway, and after forming sludge, flows out through the return air roadway into the return air roadway, ensuring sufficient airflow at the working face and controlling methane concentration within a safe range. (See attached document.) Figure 15 The six sub-diagrams shown illustrate the coal mining process, which includes the following steps: First, excavating and mining the first branch roadway, using a roadheader-anchor machine to complete the full-section excavation and support of the roadway; second, excavating and mining the third branch roadway using the second branch roadway as an isolation coal pillar, while simultaneously backfilling the first branch roadway; third, mining the fifth branch roadway using the fourth branch roadway as the second isolation coal pillar, while simultaneously backfilling the third branch roadway; fourth, backfilling the fifth branch roadway, and after the backfill bodies of the first and third branch roadways reach sufficient strength, mining the isolation coal pillar of the second branch roadway, followed by backfilling; fifth, after the backfill bodies of the third and fifth branch roadways reach sufficient strength, mining the second isolation coal pillar of the fourth branch roadway; and finally, backfilling the fourth branch roadway, thus completing the mining and backfilling of the entire unit. The backfilling process includes: backfill material preparation, employing a combined above-ground and underground preparation process, utilizing gangue from the above-ground gangue pile and gangue from underground mining as the main raw materials, and preparing backfill slurry through a backfill material preparation system; backfilling construction, where the backfill slurry is transported to the working face via backfill pipelines and return air roadway to complete the compaction of the goaf. The transportation system operation includes: local transportation, using scraper conveyors and transfer conveyors to transport coal and rock from the working face to the main transportation system; and long-distance transportation, using belt conveyors to transport coal and rock to the surface, while simultaneously transporting gangue to the backfill material preparation site.

[0085] The equipment configuration in this embodiment includes coal mining equipment, transportation equipment, and backfilling equipment. The coal mining equipment includes: a roadheader / anchor machine for full-face excavation and support of the roadway; a scraper conveyor for localized transportation of coal and rock; and a transfer conveyor for transferring coal and rock from the localized transportation equipment to the overall transportation system. The transportation equipment includes: a belt conveyor for long-distance transportation of coal and rock; and a trackless rubber-tired vehicle for auxiliary transportation within the belt system. The backfilling equipment includes: a backfilling pipeline for conveying backfill slurry; an industrial backfilling pump for pressurized transportation of the backfill slurry; and a mixer for preparing the backfilling material.

[0086] The technological features of this embodiment include: simultaneous operation of multiple processes, that is, the four core processes of tunneling, support, transportation, and ventilation are carried out simultaneously, forming an assembly line operation mode, which significantly improves work efficiency; a high-efficiency transportation system, that is, the combination of scraper conveyors and belt conveyors ensures continuous transportation of coal and rock, avoiding the efficiency loss of traditional intermittent transportation methods; one-time full-section forming, that is, the tunneling and anchoring machine adopts full-section cutting technology to complete the forming of the roadway cross section in one go, reducing secondary processing work and improving construction quality; and dense filling, that is, the filling slurry is transported to the working face through pipelines to achieve dense filling of the goaf, effectively controlling surface deformation and reducing mine vibration phenomena.

[0087] The implementation effects of this embodiment include at least the following: through the integrated mechanized unit compaction filling coal mining process, the coal seam recovery rate reaches over 90%, significantly improving resource utilization; using gangue from the gangue pile as filling material realizes underground gangue treatment, avoiding environmental pollution from the gangue pile; through the compaction filling process, surface deformation is effectively controlled, and the structures are safe and stable, meeting the requirements for green mine construction; this process reduces coal pillar residue, improves resource extraction rate, and reduces gangue treatment costs, resulting in significant economic benefits.

[0088] The above description is merely a specific implementation of the embodiments of this application, but the protection scope of the embodiments of this application is not limited thereto. Any simple modifications, changes, and equivalent changes made by those skilled in the art to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the embodiments of this application within the technical scope disclosed in the embodiments of this application shall still fall within the protection scope of the technical solution of the embodiments of this application.

Claims

1. A coal mining process based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling, characterized in that, include: In the target coal seam, a coal mining face system consisting of at least one intake airway and one return airway is arranged based on the longwall mining method, and a full negative pressure ventilation system is formed. The coal mining face is divided into multiple continuous mining units along the advancing direction, wherein each mining unit includes a first branch roadway, a second branch roadway, and a third branch roadway that extend in parallel and are adjacent to each other between the intake air roadway and the return air roadway. Within the current mining unit, coal mining and goaf filling are carried out alternately according to a preset spatiotemporal sequence. This alternating operation includes: excavating and mining coal in the first branch roadway located on one side of the current mining unit; after completing the excavation and coal mining in the first branch roadway, using the second branch roadway located in the middle of the current mining unit as an isolation coal pillar, excavating and mining coal in the third branch roadway located on the second side of the current mining unit, and sealing and filling the first branch roadway; after completing the excavation and coal mining in the third branch roadway, sealing and filling the third branch roadway; and after the filling strength of the first and third branch roadways reaches a preset requirement, mining and coal mining are carried out in the second branch roadway. After completing the alternating operation of coal mining and goaf filling in the current mining unit, the next set of three adjacent branch roadways is taken as a new mining unit. The alternating operation of coal mining and goaf filling is carried out in a preset time and space sequence, and the cycle ends when the system of the coal mining face completes the mining and filling operation.

2. The coal mining process based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process also includes: Obtain safe ventilation parameters, the amount of gangue in the ground gangue hill, and the amount of coal gangue separated by the ground washing plant; Based on the safety ventilation parameters, the amount of gangue in the ground gangue hill, and the amount of coal gangue separated by the ground washing plant, the ventilation mode of the coal mining face and the slurry preparation combination mode are determined. The ventilation method includes at least two-inlet-one-outlet ventilation and one-inlet-one-outlet ventilation; the pulp preparation combination mode includes at least an above-ground preparation and below-ground filling mode, an below-ground preparation and below-ground filling mode, and an above-ground and below-ground preparation phase mixing mode.

3. The coal mining process based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling according to claim 2, characterized in that, Determining the ventilation method of the coal mining face includes: When the length of the coal mining face is greater than 150 meters, the full negative pressure ventilation system is controlled to adopt a two-inlet-one-outlet ventilation method. The two-inlet-one-outlet ventilation method is based on the independent upper and lower intake roadways. When the length of the coal mining face is less than 150 meters, the full negative pressure ventilation system is controlled to adopt a one-in-one-out ventilation method, wherein the one-in-one-out ventilation method is based on an intake roadway.

4. The coal mining process based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling according to claim 2, characterized in that, The determination of the pulping combination mode includes: When the amount of gangue in the surface gangue mountain or the amount of coal gangue separated by the surface washing plant meets the threshold for the amount of coal gangue to be disposed of and digested, it is determined that the above-ground preparation and underground filling mode or the above-ground and underground preparation phase mixing mode shall be used to perform slurry preparation. When there are no gangue piles on the ground or the washing and sorting plant is built underground for separation, the underground preparation and underground backfilling mode is adopted to carry out pulp preparation. Specifically, when performing slurry preparation using the above-ground preparation and underground filling mode, a filling material preparation module is set up on the surface. This module is used to crush the gangue from the surface gangue pile, mix it with cementing materials and water to form a filling slurry, and then transport it through pipelines to the underground goaf for filling. When performing slurry preparation using the underground preparation and underground filling mode, a filling material preparation system is set up underground. This system is used to mix the raw gangue directly generated underground during coal mining with cementing materials and water to form a filling slurry, and then pump it to the adjacent goaf for filling. When performing slurry preparation using the above-ground and underground preparation phase-mixing mode, a combined above-ground and underground preparation module is set up. This module is used to transport the gangue from the surface gangue pile to the underground, where it is mixed with the raw gangue generated underground as raw materials, cementing materials, and water to form a filling slurry for filling.

5. The coal mining process based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling according to claim 1, characterized in that, Performing the aforementioned sealing operation includes: At the lower outlet end of the current branch roadway, a prefabricated mold is used as a slurry baffle for sealing, and a single hydraulic prop that meets the target stability value is erected on the outside of the slurry baffle. The current branch roadway is the first branch roadway, the second branch roadway, or the third branch roadway where the sealing operation is currently being carried out.

6. The coal mining process based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling according to claim 2, characterized in that, Performing the filling operation includes: Based on the corresponding slurry preparation mode, gangue, fly ash, cementitious materials and water are mixed in proportion on the ground and / or underground to form a paste slurry, which is then pumped to the branch roadway to be filled through the filling pipeline. A filling pipe is pre-embedded at the top of the branch roadway to be filled, and slurry is injected from the highest point of the corresponding roadway for the top filling of the filling body; Wherein, the branch roadway to be filled is the first branch roadway, the second branch roadway, or the third branch roadway currently undergoing the filling operation.

7. The coal mining process based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling according to claim 1, characterized in that, After the second branch roadway has been excavated and coal has been mined, the following steps are taken: Obtain the roof control parameters, and based on the roof control parameters, determine whether to perform a filling operation or not to perform a filling operation on the second branch roadway.

8. The coal mining process based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process also includes: In response to the cyclical execution of alternating operations of coal mining and goaf filling in a preset temporal and spatial sequence, a working face sedimentation tank is set up near the cut or stop line in the advancing direction and equipped with a water pump to collect roadway water, roof water, backfill water and pipeline cleaning water, and the treated water is recycled for backfilling operations.

9. The coal mining process based on integrated mechanized unit compaction filling according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process also includes: Based on the operational process of cutting coal, loading coal, retracting the machine, and inspecting and supporting the roof, continuous coal mining machines or roadheaders are used for coal breaking operations.

10. A coal mining equipment based on dense filling using integrated mechanized units, applied to the coal mining process based on dense filling using integrated mechanized units as described in any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, include: The first equipment group, the second equipment group, the third equipment group, and the fourth equipment group; The first equipment group includes a continuous miner, a bolt drilling rig, a shuttle car, a transfer machine, and corresponding rear transportation and filling systems. The continuous miner performs tunneling and coal loading operations, while the independent bolt drilling rig performs roadway support operations after the continuous miner leaves the mining area. The first equipment group operates in areas with a coal seam thickness of 1.5 to 5 meters, a coal face length of 30 to 200 meters, an inclination angle of less than 15°, and / or where the roof meets the target stability conditions. The second equipment group includes a roadheader, a scraper conveyor, a transfer conveyor, and corresponding rear transportation system and filling system. The roadheader performs roadway support operations simultaneously with the roadheader. The second equipment group works in areas where the coal seam thickness is 0.8 to 3.5 meters and / or the cross-sectional roadway meets the target conditions. The third equipment group includes a tunneling machine, a bolt drilling rig, an explosion-proof loader, a trackless rubber-tired vehicle, and corresponding rear transportation and filling systems. The tunneling machine performs tunneling operations, and the independent bolt drilling rig performs roadway support operations. The third equipment group works in areas where the coal seam thickness is 0.8 to 3.5 meters and / or the cross-sectional roadway meets the target conditions. The fourth equipment group includes a coal mine rock tunnel full-face tunneling machine, a belt conveyor, a transfer machine, and corresponding rear transportation system and filling system. The fourth equipment group is operated by the coal mine rock tunnel full-face tunneling machine to perform full-face tunneling operations and roadway support operations in areas where the roof or surrounding rock does not meet the target stability conditions.

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