End-to-end data transmission method, system and electronic device for terminal and vehicle

Abstract

The application provides an end-to-end data transmission method and system of a terminal and a vehicle and an electronic device. The method comprises: a terminal obtaining a first base station identifier of a base station where a vehicle is located through an Internet of Vehicles cloud platform; the terminal sending a PDU session establishment request message to a core network, the PDU session establishment request message comprising the first base station identifier and a second base station identifier of a base station where the intelligent terminal is located; the core network determining a shortest communication path from the intelligent terminal to the vehicle according to the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier; and the core network configuring network elements involved in the shortest communication path and establishing a session of the shortest communication path of the terminal to the vehicle. Through the method, the shortest communication path established by the vehicle and the terminal no longer passes through the Internet of Vehicles cloud platform, the communication link between the vehicle and the terminal is shortened, the communication delay is reduced, and the real-time performance of the communication is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of intelligent connected vehicle technology, specifically to an end-to-end data transmission method, system, and electronic device between a terminal and a vehicle. Background Technology

[0002] With the rise of intelligent driving and driverless taxi technologies, remote application scenarios such as remote monitoring, remote control, and remote diagnostics of vehicles are increasing. The demand for direct access to in-vehicle sensor data and control data via mobile terminals is growing, and these application scenarios typically have high requirements for data transmission latency.

[0003] Traditional remote communication technology deploys edge computing platforms and edge UPFs (User Plane Functions) at the edge, allowing vehicles and terminals to directly connect to the edge UPF. The local routing function of the edge UPF enables direct forwarding of data from the terminal to the vehicle within the edge UPF, reducing transmission latency. However, deploying a large number of edge computing devices in each city is extremely costly, and the locations of terminals and vehicles are often not distributed within the same edge UPF, requiring data to still be forwarded by the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform. Because of the long communication link resulting from this V2X cloud platform, traditional remote communication technology is not very effective in reducing the latency of sensor and control data transmission between terminals and vehicles.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a low-latency end-to-end data transmission method between the terminal and the vehicle to improve the real-time performance of remote control. Summary of the Invention

[0005] One objective of this application is to provide an end-to-end data transmission method between a terminal and a vehicle, in order to solve the problem in the prior art where the communication link between the terminal and the vehicle under different UPFs needs to pass through the vehicle network cloud platform, resulting in long data transmission links and extended time, thereby improving the real-time performance of remote control; the second objective is to provide an end-to-end data transmission system between a terminal and a vehicle; and the third objective is to provide an electronic device.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted in this application is as follows:

[0007] In a first aspect, this application provides an end-to-end data transmission method between a terminal and a vehicle, applied to an end-to-end data transmission system, the end-to-end data transmission system including a terminal, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform, and a 5G network core network, the method comprising:

[0008] The terminal obtains the first base station identifier of the base station where the vehicle is located through the vehicle network cloud platform;

[0009] The terminal sends a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session establishment request message to the core network. The PDU session establishment request message includes the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier of the base station where the terminal is located.

[0010] The core network determines the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle based on the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier;

[0011] The core network configures the network elements involved in the shortest communication path and establishes a session for the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle.

[0012] Using the aforementioned technologies and leveraging the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform, the terminal can quickly obtain the base station identifier connected to the vehicle, laying the foundation for establishing the shortest communication path. The core network analyzes the base station identifier and, in conjunction with the current network topology, quickly determines the shortest communication path and configures the relevant network elements, avoiding communication bottlenecks caused by lengthy traditional paths, reducing communication latency, and improving real-time communication.

[0013] Furthermore, the core network determines the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle based on the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier, including:

[0014] If the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier are different, and the first UPF corresponding to the first base station identifier and the second UPF corresponding to the second base station identifier are different, the PCF of the core network determines the shortest communication path through a preset first optimization strategy.

[0015] If the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier are different, and the first UPF and the second UPF are the same, the PCF of the core network determines the shortest communication path through a preset second optimization strategy;

[0016] If the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier are the same, the PCF of the core network determines the shortest communication path through a preset third optimization strategy.

[0017] Furthermore, the first optimization strategy includes:

[0018] The PCF obtains the topology information of each UPF in the current network, and the topology information includes the latency, bandwidth and load of the N9 connection;

[0019] The PCF determines the shortest communication path from the second UPF to the first UPF based on the shortest path algorithm and the topology information.

[0020] Using the aforementioned techniques, different optimization strategies are employed to determine the shortest path for different scenarios. When the vehicle and terminal are located in different UPFs, the first optimization strategy obtains the topology information of each UPF in the current network and uses the shortest path algorithm to determine the optimal data transmission path. This allows for the selection of the optimal path based on network latency, bandwidth, and load, avoiding routes with network congestion or high latency, and improving communication efficiency.

[0021] Furthermore, the second optimization strategy includes:

[0022] The PCF establishes the shortest communication path for the N3 interface data flow between the terminal and the vehicle through the local routing function of the first UPF.

[0023] Based on the aforementioned technical means, when the terminal and vehicle are in the same UPF, the PCF simplifies the path selection and configuration process through the UPF's local routing function and the second optimization strategy. This can quickly establish the shortest path, reduce the complexity of path selection, and reduce latency in the network.

[0024] Furthermore, the third optimization strategy includes:

[0025] The PCF determines the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle based on the bearer mapping relationship within the base station where the vehicle is located.

[0026] Based on the above technical means, when the vehicle and the terminal are at the same base station, the PCF configures the path locally through the bearer mapping relationship inside the base station. The shortest communication path after configuration does not need to pass through the core network, which optimizes the transmission path of the data flow, helps to reduce unnecessary communication overhead, and improves network utilization and stability.

[0027] Furthermore, the terminal obtains the identifier of the first base station where the vehicle is located through the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform, including:

[0028] The terminal establishes a connection with the vehicle network cloud platform based on the vehicle information service provider (TSP) through a public mobile network, and the vehicle establishes a connection with the vehicle network cloud platform based on the TSP through the public mobile network.

[0029] The terminal sends a request to the vehicle network cloud platform to obtain the base station identifier;

[0030] The vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform sends the request to obtain the base station identifier to the vehicle.

[0031] The vehicle obtains the identifier of the base station it is located at;

[0032] The vehicle sends the base station identifier to the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform;

[0033] The vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform sends the base station identifier to the terminal.

[0034] Furthermore, the method also includes:

[0035] The terminal sends remote commands through the shortest communication path session, and the remote commands are used to control the vehicle.

[0036] By employing the aforementioned technical methods, remote commands can be sent directly to control the vehicle via the shortest path, avoiding unnecessary intermediate steps. This end-to-end control approach reduces latency and improves the response speed of remote operations, which is crucial for real-time control in connected vehicle applications, especially in scenarios such as autonomous driving and remote vehicle operation.

[0037] Furthermore, the method also includes:

[0038] The PCF acquires network status information of each network element on the shortest communication path at preset time intervals. The network status information includes network load, latency, and bandwidth utilization.

[0039] The PCF determines whether there is network congestion in the shortest communication path based on the network status information;

[0040] If network congestion occurs, the PCF will select a new shortest communication path.

[0041] After the shortest communication path is established, the core network still needs to periodically acquire network status information (such as bandwidth, latency, load, etc.) to dynamically assess the current network status, identify potential network bottlenecks or quality issues, and optimize the transmission quality and stability of data streams by automatically adjusting the shortest communication path. This dynamic adjustment ensures that the communication path maintains optimal performance even when network conditions change.

[0042] Secondly, this application also provides an end-to-end data transmission system, which includes: a terminal, a vehicle, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform, and the core network of a 5G network.

[0043] The PCF of the core network includes a low-latency communication link allocation strategy management module, which is used to determine the shortest communication path based on the identifier of the second base station where the terminal is located and the identifier of the first base station where the vehicle is located.

[0044] The vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform is used for:

[0045] The request to obtain the base station identifier sent by the terminal is sent to the vehicle;

[0046] The base station identifier sent by the vehicle is sent to the terminal.

[0047] Thirdly, this application also provides an electronic device, including: a memory and a processor;

[0048] The memory stores computer-executed instructions;

[0049] The processor executes computer execution instructions stored in the memory, causing the processor to perform the method as described in any of the first aspects.

[0050] Fourthly, this application also provides a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the method described in any of the first aspects.

[0051] The beneficial effects of this application are:

[0052] This application leverages the connectivity of the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform to both terminals and vehicles. When a terminal establishes a session with a vehicle, it first obtains the identifier of the base station to which the vehicle is connected through the V2X cloud platform. Then, the terminal simultaneously sends both the identifier of its own base station and the identifier of the vehicle's base station to the core network via the PDU Session establishment application process in the 5G network. The core network PCF determines the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle using these identifiers and then configures the network elements involved in the shortest communication path to complete the establishment of the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle. The shortest communication path established between the vehicle and the terminal no longer passes through the V2X cloud platform, shortening the communication link between the vehicle and the terminal and reducing communication latency. Attached Figure Description

[0053] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with this application and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of this application.

[0054] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating the end-to-end data transmission method between the terminal and the vehicle provided in this application;

[0055] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the base station ID acquisition process provided in this application;

[0056] Figure 3 The flowchart for establishing signaling provided in this application;

[0057] Figure 4 A schematic diagram illustrating the location distribution of the smart terminal and the vehicle provided in this application;

[0058] Figure 5 This application provides a schematic diagram of the structure of an end-to-end data transmission system.

[0059] Figure 6A schematic diagram of the structure of the electronic device provided in this application.

[0060] The accompanying drawings illustrate specific embodiments of this application, which will be described in more detail below. These drawings and descriptions are not intended to limit the scope of the concept in any way, but rather to illustrate the concept of this application to those skilled in the art through reference to particular embodiments. Detailed Implementation

[0061] The embodiments of this application will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of this application from the content disclosed in this specification. This application can also be implemented or applied through other different specific embodiments, and various details in this specification can also be modified or changed based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the spirit of this application. It should be understood that the preferred embodiments are only for illustrating this application and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application.

[0062] It should be noted that the illustrations provided in the following embodiments are only schematic representations of the basic concept of this application. Therefore, the drawings only show the components related to this application and are not drawn according to the actual number, shape and size of the components in the actual implementation. In the actual implementation, the form, quantity and proportion of each component can be arbitrarily changed, and the layout of the components may also be more complex.

[0063] First, let's introduce the communication terms used in this application.

[0064] Access Management Function (AMF): This refers to the functional entity in a 5G network responsible for handling access authentication, authorization, and security policies. It authenticates and authorizes mobile devices and users, and manages their access permissions and security to the network.

[0065] The Session Management Function (SMF) is a functional entity in a 5G network responsible for managing mobile user sessions and connections. It handles session establishment, termination, state management, and ensuring quality of service during sessions.

[0066] User Plane Function (UPF): This refers to the functional entity responsible for handling user data transmission in a 5G network. It is responsible for data forwarding, routing, and processing, and executes policies and functions related to user data.

[0067] Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN): refers to wireless base stations and related equipment that provide wireless access services for 5G networks.

[0068] Protocol Data Unit Session (PDU Session): refers to the logical connection established between the user terminal (UE) and the 5G core network, used to transmit user data and control information, and responsible for carrying specific user data streams and services.

[0069] The traditional steps for forwarding data via a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform are as follows:

[0070] The smart terminal and vehicle transmit the collected data to the nearest edge UPF. If the smart terminal and vehicle are located within the same edge UPF, the data can be processed and forwarded locally. If the smart terminal and vehicle are located within different edge UPFs, the data is forwarded to a more centralized vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform. This process typically involves data transmission through the core network, bypassing the limitations of the local edge UPF. Upon receiving data from different edge UPFs, the V2X cloud platform processes, analyzes, and routes the data. Depending on the specific needs, the cloud platform may perform further computation, storage, or forwarding of the data. The cloud platform's response data can be returned to the terminal device via the edge UPF, resulting in lower latency and faster feedback.

[0071] In this process, the data still needs to be forwarded by the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform, so traditional remote communication technology is not very effective in shortening the latency of sensing and control data transmission between smart terminals and cars.

[0072] In view of the above problems, this application provides an end-to-end data transmission method between a terminal and a vehicle. First, the terminal obtains the vehicle's base station ID through a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform. After knowing the vehicle's base station ID, the terminal initiates a session establishment request to the core network based on its own base station ID and the vehicle's base station ID. The core network PCF can determine the base station IDs of the two base stations and identify the UPFs where they are located. Then, it calculates the shortest forwarding path based on the N9 connection topology of the two base stations' UPFs and configures forwarding for each UPF in the path to establish a session connection between the terminal and the vehicle. After the session is established, the communication link no longer passes through the V2X cloud platform, reducing data transmission latency.

[0073] The method provided in this application is applicable to scenarios of remote vehicle control or remote data acquisition. Specifically, it is applied in end-to-end data transmission systems, which include terminals, vehicles, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platforms, and the core network of a 5G network.

[0074] In this application, "smart terminal" and "terminal" both refer to the same physical device.

[0075] The technical solution of this application and how the technical solution of this application solves the above-mentioned technical problems are described in detail below with specific embodiments. These specific embodiments can be combined with each other, and the same or similar concepts or processes may not be described again in some embodiments. The embodiments of this application will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0076] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating the end-to-end data transmission method between a terminal and a vehicle provided in this application, the method comprising:

[0077] S101. The terminal obtains the identifier of the first base station of the base station where the vehicle is located through the vehicle network cloud platform.

[0078] The terminal can be a computer that remotely operates the vehicle, or an electronic device such as a mobile phone. The vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform connects to both the terminal and the vehicle via a TSP link. Therefore, the terminal can obtain the first base station identifier of the base station where the vehicle is located through the V2X cloud platform; this base station identifier is the base station ID.

[0079] S102. The terminal sends a PDU session establishment request message to the core network. The PDU session establishment request message includes the identifier of the first base station and the identifier of the second base station of the base station where the smart terminal is located.

[0080] The smart terminal initiates the session establishment process by sending a PDU (Packet Data Unit) session establishment request message to the core network. The message contains two base station identifiers.

[0081] S103 The core network determines the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle based on the identifiers of the first base station and the second base station.

[0082] A "vehicle low-latency communication link allocation policy management module" is pre-configured in the core network PCF. This module can be a standalone software module or an algorithm embedded in the existing PCF policy management software. This module can determine the shortest communication path from the smart terminal to the vehicle using the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier, and then configure the network elements involved in the shortest communication path to complete the establishment of the shortest communication path session from the smart terminal to the vehicle.

[0083] The core network first determines the first UPF (User-Defined Frame) where the first base station is located and the second UPF where the second base station is located, based on the identifiers of the first and second base stations. It then checks if the two UPFs are identical. If they are different, forwarding needs to be performed between the two UPFs; if they are identical, link communication only needs to be performed within one UPF.

[0084] Specifically, if two base stations are not under the same edge UPF, the PCF calculates the shortest forwarding path based on the N9 connection topology of the UPFs where the two base stations are located, and configures forwarding for each UPF in the path. The data from the smart terminal to the car is forwarded to the other party through the shortest forwarding path planned by the PCF.

[0085] S104. The core network configures the network elements involved in the shortest communication path and establishes a session for the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle.

[0086] Once the shortest communication path is determined, the core network configures the relevant network elements (such as the various UPFs along the path) to ensure that data can be transmitted smoothly along the selected path. Ultimately, the core network establishes a communication session from the smart terminal to the vehicle, completing the establishment of the communication link.

[0087] The end-to-end data transmission method between the terminal and the vehicle provided in this embodiment utilizes the connectivity between the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform and both the smart terminal and the vehicle. When the smart terminal needs to obtain real-time sensing or control data from the vehicle, it first obtains the base station ID connected to the vehicle through the V2X cloud platform. Then, the smart terminal sends both the base station ID of the smart terminal and the base station ID of the vehicle to the core network simultaneously through the existing PDUSESsion establishment application process in the 5G network. The "Vehicle Low-Latency Communication Link Allocation Strategy Management Module" in the core network PCF determines the shortest communication path from the smart terminal to the vehicle based on the base station IDs of the smart terminal and the vehicle. It then configures the network elements involved in the shortest communication path to complete the establishment of the shortest communication path from the smart terminal to the vehicle. In this way, the shortest communication path is established, eliminating the need for remote real-time data access between the terminal and the vehicle to go through the V2X cloud platform, thus enhancing the real-time performance of the communication.

[0088] The following section provides a detailed explanation of how the terminal obtains the identifier of the base station where the vehicle is located. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the base station ID acquisition process provided in this application, as follows: Figure 2 The specific implementation steps are as follows:

[0089] 1) The smart terminal and the in-vehicle T-BOX establish TSP connections with the vehicle network cloud platform through the public mobile network.

[0090] 2) The smart terminal sends a request message to the vehicle network cloud platform to obtain the ID of the base station where the vehicle is located, and the vehicle network cloud platform forwards the message to T-BOX.

[0091] 3) The T-BOX sends a response message to the vehicle network cloud platform, which sends the ID of the base station where the vehicle is located. The vehicle network cloud platform then forwards the response message to the smart terminal.

[0092] This method allows the terminal to obtain the base station ID of the base station where the vehicle is located in a timely manner, based on the characteristic that the vehicle network cloud platform is connected to both the smart terminal and the vehicle.

[0093] The following section provides a detailed introduction to establishing the shortest communication path session from the smart terminal to the vehicle. Figure 3 The signaling establishment flowchart provided for this application, such as Figure 3 As shown, the signaling process for establishing a 5G PDU Session includes the following steps:

[0094] 1. The smart terminal sends a PDU session establishment request message to the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF).

[0095] The message contains two key base station IDs: the base station ID where the smart terminal is located and the base station ID where the vehicle is located. AMF (Automatic Facilitation Management) is part of the 5G core network and is responsible for terminal access and mobility management.

[0096] 2. AMF forwards the session establishment request to the Session Management Function (SMF) (Nsmf_PDU Session_CreateSMContext Request).

[0097] SMF is responsible for controlling the lifecycle of a session and needs to manage the session based on the information being transmitted.

[0098] 3.SMF responds to AMF (Nsmf_PDU Session_CreateSMContext Response).

[0099] After processing the session request, SMF will send a session creation response to AMF, indicating that the session creation request has been received and processed.

[0100] 4.Session Management Policy Establishment, SMF to PCF

[0101] The SMF sends a request to the Policy Control Function (PCF) to request policy configuration. This request also carries the IDs of the smart terminal and the base station where the vehicle is located.

[0102] PCF is responsible for providing network resource management and traffic management based on network policies.

[0103] 5. PCF selects the shortest communication path based on the base station ID of the smart terminal and the base station ID of the vehicle.

[0104] The selection of the shortest communication path varies depending on the scenario: If the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier are different, and the first UPF corresponding to the first base station identifier and the second UPF corresponding to the second base station identifier are different, the PCF of the core network determines the shortest communication path through a preset first optimization strategy. If the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier are different, and the first UPF corresponding to the first base station identifier and the second UPF corresponding to the second base station identifier are the same, then a preset second optimization strategy is executed. If the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier are the same, then a third optimization strategy is executed.

[0105] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the location distribution of the smart terminal and the vehicle provided in this application.

[0106] like Figure 4 As shown in Scenario 1, when the base station ID of the smart terminal and the base station ID of the car are the same, the shortest communication path is direct forwarding within the base station. That is, a mapping relationship between the wireless bearer of the smart terminal and the wireless bearer of the car is established within the base station. Data between the smart terminal and the car is directly forwarded to each other within the base station according to the mapping relationship of the wireless bearer, without going through UPF forwarding.

[0107] In Scenario 1, the third optimization strategy determines the shortest communication path as follows: The smart terminal first sends a PDU session establishment request message to the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), containing the identifier of the first base station and the identifier of the second base station where the smart terminal is located. Based on the received request, the AMF determines that the session request should be handled by the Session Management Function (SMF). The AMF forwards the session establishment request to the SMF, carrying the smart terminal's session requirements and base station identifier information. The SMF requests a policy decision from the Policy Control Function (PCF). Since the smart terminal and the vehicle are located at the same base station, the PCF selects the optimal communication path. In this case, the optimal path is direct data forwarding within the base station. The PCF decides whether to allow direct forwarding of the data stream within the base station, without going through the UPF, based on the base station's capacity. Based on the policy selection result, the PCF returns decision information to the SMF, confirming the selection of the forwarding path within the base station and informing them how to configure radio bearer resources. The SMF sends an N4 Session Establishment Request to the base station. This request no longer involves the UPF but directly configures the radio bearer mapping between the smart terminal and the vehicle within the base station. Through this mapping relationship, the base station can directly forward data streams from the smart terminal to the vehicle, or vice versa, locally. After completing the configuration and mapping of the radio bearer according to the request, the base station sends an N4Session Establishment Response to the SMF, indicating that the radio bearer mapping has been completed and confirming that the data forwarding path has been established within the base station.

[0108] like Figure 4 As shown in Scenario 2, when the base station ID of the smart terminal and the base station ID of the car are different, but both base stations are under the same edge UPF, the second optimization strategy is executed. The PCF establishes the local routing relationship of the N3 interface data flow between the smart terminal and the car through the local routing function of the edge UPF. Data from the smart terminal to the car is forwarded to the other party by the edge UPF through local routing. The edge UPF is usually connected to multiple base stations, and each base station has its own user data flow. As part of the data plane, the UPF knows the relationship between different base stations and devices. Although the two base stations where the smart terminal and the car are located are different, they are both connected to the same edge UPF. Therefore, the shortest path will be determined in the local network of this UPF. If the two base stations are connected to the same edge UPF, the UPF can directly forward the data flow through its local routing function without going through the core network or other remote networks, which can be regarded as the "shortest path". In the UPF, routing policies and rules optimize the path of the data flow based on network topology, load conditions, and the connection relationship between base stations. The UPF usually uses algorithms such as Shortest Path First (SPF) or network latency-based optimization routing algorithms to calculate the shortest path. By measuring connection latency and bandwidth, UPF can determine the optimal path for forwarding data streams from smart terminal base stations to vehicle base stations.

[0109] like Figure 4 As shown in Scenario 3, when the base station ID of the smart terminal and the base station ID of the vehicle are different, and the two base stations are not under the same edge UPF, the first optimization strategy is executed. The PCF will query the topology information of the N9 interface to understand the connection relationship between the UPFs of the two base stations. The N9 interface is usually used to connect different UPFs or between the UPF and the core network. The topology information includes the latency, bandwidth, and load of the N9 connection. Based on the topology information, the PCF calculates the shortest forwarding path from the smart terminal to the vehicle. According to the calculated shortest path, the PCF issues appropriate forwarding configurations to each UPF in the path (including the UPF of the base station where the smart terminal is located, intermediate UPFs in the path, and the UPF of the base station where the vehicle is located). The configuration content includes how to handle data flow, QoS requirements, bandwidth management, etc. In this process, the PCF performs data flow optimization and policy control, but the actual data forwarding is still performed by the UPF. The UPF will forward and process data according to the configuration and policies provided by the PCF.

[0110] In this scenario, the PCF's task is to calculate the shortest path based on the N9 connection topology of the different base stations' UPFs and configure a forwarding policy for each UPF in the path. Ultimately, data is forwarded through the path planned by the PCF, enabling communication from the smart terminal to the vehicle. The PCF is also responsible for configuring forwarding for the UPFs in the path, and the UPFs are responsible for performing the actual data forwarding based on these configurations.

[0111] 6. Session Management Policy Response, PCF sends to SMF.

[0112] Based on the shortest path selection result, the PCF sends a response message to the SMF, carrying the final selected communication path information and informing the SMF how to forward the data.

[0113] 7. N4 Session Establishment Request, SMF to UPF.

[0114] Based on the communication path information provided by the PCF, the SMF sends an N4 SessionEstablishment Request to the User Plane Function (UPF). This request is used to configure the data forwarding path between the smart terminal and the vehicle. This message carries information such as the base station ID and data path to ensure that data traffic is forwarded along the optimal path.

[0115] 8.N4 Session Establishment Response, UPF to SMF.

[0116] After receiving a session establishment request, UPF will send a response message to SMF to indicate that the session has been successfully established and the data path has been configured.

[0117] 9. N2 PDU Session Request (AMF to gNB / NG-RAN).

[0118] The AMF sends an N2 PDU Session Request message to the access network (such as gNB or NG-RAN) based on the current session state and data flow requirements. This message is used to establish a PDU session between the smart terminal and the gNB / NG-RAN and prepare for data transmission.

[0119] 10. N2 PDU Session Response (gNB / NG-RAN to AMF).

[0120] Upon receiving the request, the gNB or NG-RAN configures the radio bearer resources and responds to the AMF by sending an N2 PDUSession Response. This message confirms that the radio bearer resources have been configured and that communication between the smart terminal and the base station is ready.

[0121] 11. PDU Session Establishment Accept (AMF to Smart Terminal).

[0122] The AMF sends a PDU Session Establishment Accept message to the smart terminal, indicating that the session has been successfully established and all configurations (including radio bearer, data path, etc.) have been completed. The smart terminal can then begin data communication with the vehicle through the established path.

[0123] 12. Data transmission between smart terminals and automobiles.

[0124] Once the session is established, data begins to be transmitted between the smart terminal and the vehicle. Data traffic is forwarded according to the path selection configured in the PCF, which can be done directly through intra-base station forwarding, local routing forwarding at the edge UPF, or forwarding through multiple UPFs.

[0125] During the session, the SMF will continue to be responsible for the session lifecycle management, including session updates, modifications, and termination. The network will adjust the session configuration according to changes in the mobility of smart terminals (such as switching base stations) to ensure the stability and efficiency of the session throughout its lifecycle.

[0126] After communication between the smart terminal and the vehicle ends, either the smart terminal or one of the parties in the network may initiate a session termination request. The SMF sends an N4 Session Release Request to the UPF, requesting the release of the data path configuration. Finally, the SMF sends a session termination response to the AMF, releasing all resources and ending the entire session.

[0127] The entire process includes the smart terminal initiating a session request, establishing the session, selecting the path, configuring data forwarding, and finally managing and terminating the session through AMF, SMF, PCF, and UPF. This signaling flow allows for efficient management and data transmission between the smart terminal and the vehicle via the shortest path, ensuring optimized network resources and high-quality communication.

[0128] After establishing the shortest communication path, the terminal sends remote commands through the shortest communication path session. These remote commands are used to control the vehicle to perform operations or to retrieve data from the vehicle.

[0129] When a vehicle is in motion, it may switch to a new area, causing changes to the base station or UPF, which requires maintaining communication continuity.

[0130] Step 1: Base Station Handover Notification. When the vehicle moves to a new area, the vehicle and the smart terminal will detect the new base station and initiate a base station handover. During this process, the vehicle will send a handover request to the network, informing the network that it has connected to the new base station. At this time, the vehicle will obtain the new base station identifier and UPF information.

[0131] Step 2: Base Station ID and UPF Information Update. The vehicle sends a base station switchover message to the smart terminal via the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform. The smart terminal obtains the base station ID of the new base station where the vehicle is located. If the new base station ID is different from the original base station ID, and the new base station is not under the same edge UPF, the PCF needs to reassess the new network topology information, including the connection relationship, latency, bandwidth, and load of the N9 interface.

[0132] Step 3: Re-query the N9 interface. The PCF will re-query the N9 interface topology data based on the new base station ID and UPF information. Specifically, the PCF will query the N9 connection information between the new UPF and the current UPF of the smart terminal, and re-evaluate parameters such as latency, bandwidth, and load.

[0133] Step 4: Recalculate the shortest communication path.

[0134] Step 5: Update forwarding configuration. Based on the calculated shortest communication path, the PCF reconfigures the forwarding policy for each UPF in the new path. This includes configurations for data flow processing, QoS requirements, and bandwidth allocation. These configurations ensure that data flows can be forwarded along the new path and are optimized based on network conditions such as load and bandwidth.

[0135] Step 6: UPF performs data forwarding. After configuration, the new UPF will perform data forwarding according to the configuration issued by the PCF. The UPF is responsible for handling packet forwarding and providing data flow processing functions such as QoS guarantees and bandwidth control according to the configuration.

[0136] Step 7: Maintain Connection and Session Management. To ensure the continuity of vehicle communication, the PCF is also responsible for maintaining the state of the sessions. When a vehicle switches from one area to another, the PCF ensures that the communication session remains valid and uninterrupted in the new network environment. Throughout the process, the terminal and the core network synchronously update the session context information to prevent session loss or interruption.

[0137] The following section introduces the process of the core network periodically and automatically adjusting the shortest communication path.

[0138] Even with the shortest communication path already established, the core network can still periodically monitor and optimize network performance. The core network's PCF (Power Processing Function) needs to acquire network status information from various network elements (e.g., UPF, base stations) at preset time intervals. This network status information mainly includes: bandwidth utilization, indicating whether the current network bandwidth is saturated; data transmission latency, especially inter-node latency; and network load status of different network elements, including whether any nodes are overloaded. The preset time interval can be one minute, ten minutes, or one hour; the specific time interval is not limited.

[0139] Based on the collected network status information, the PCF (Private Core Network) performs real-time assessments to determine if any network anomalies exist. These anomalies primarily include congestion, high latency, or insufficient bandwidth. Network anomalies will affect data transmission efficiency. If excessive bandwidth is consumed on certain paths, it may lead to insufficient bandwidth, requiring the PCF to determine whether path adjustments are necessary. If a network element (such as a UPF) is under high load, it may cause unstable data transmission, necessitating the PCF to replan the shortest communication path to avoid overloading that node.

[0140] In summary, when network conditions change, PCF can automatically invoke appropriate optimization strategies to readjust the shortest communication path, thereby optimizing the transmission quality and stability of the data stream and ensuring that the communication path maintains optimal performance even when network conditions change.

[0141] Figure 5 This application provides a schematic diagram of the structure of an end-to-end data transmission system, as shown below. Figure 5 As shown, the end-to-end data transmission system includes: terminals, vehicles, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platforms, and the core network of the 5G network;

[0142] The core network's PCF includes a low-latency communication link allocation policy management module, which is used to determine the shortest communication path based on the identifier of the second base station where the terminal is located and the identifier of the first base station where the vehicle is located.

[0143] The vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform is used for:

[0144] The terminal's request to obtain the base station identifier is sent to the vehicle;

[0145] The base station identifier sent by the vehicle is sent to the terminal.

[0146] Figure 6 The diagram below illustrates the structure of the electronic device provided in this application. This electronic device can be a terminal device, a vehicle's TBOX, or a hardware device that loads the core network PCF. Figure 6As shown, the electronic device 50 provided in this embodiment includes at least one processor 501 and a memory 502. Optionally, the device 50 further includes a communication component 503. The processor 501, memory 502, and communication component 503 are connected via a bus 504.

[0147] In a specific implementation, at least one processor 501 executes computer execution instructions stored in memory 502, causing at least one processor 501 to perform the above-described method.

[0148] The specific implementation process of processor 501 can be found in the above method embodiments, and its implementation principle and technical effect are similar. It will not be repeated here.

[0149] In the above embodiments, it should be understood that the processor can be a Central Processing Unit (CPU), or other general-purpose processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc. The general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor or any conventional processor. The steps of the method disclosed in this invention can be directly implemented by a hardware processor, or implemented by a combination of hardware and software modules within the processor.

[0150] The memory may include random access memory (RAM) and may also include non-volatile memory (NVM), such as at least one disk storage device.

[0151] The bus can be an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, or an Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, etc. Buses can be categorized as address buses, data buses, control buses, etc. For ease of illustration, the buses shown in the accompanying drawings are not limited to a single bus or a single type of bus.

[0152] This application also provides a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described method.

[0153] This application also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a processor, implement the above-described method.

[0154] The aforementioned readable storage medium can be implemented by any type of volatile or non-volatile storage device or a combination thereof, such as static random access memory (SRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), read-only memory (ROM), magnetic storage, flash memory, magnetic disk, or optical disk. The readable storage medium can be any available medium accessible to a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0155] An exemplary readable storage medium is coupled to a processor, enabling the processor to read information from and write information to the readable storage medium. Of course, the readable storage medium can also be a component of the processor. The processor and the readable storage medium can reside in an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Alternatively, the processor and the readable storage medium can exist as discrete components in the device.

[0156] The division of units is merely a logical functional division; in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. Furthermore, the coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be indirect coupling or communication connection through some interfaces, devices, or units, and may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.

[0157] The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.

[0158] In addition, the functional units in the various embodiments of this application can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit.

[0159] If a function is implemented as a software functional unit and sold or used as an independent product, it can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of this application, in essence, or the part that contributes to the prior art, or a part of the technical solution, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium and includes several instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute all or part of the steps of the methods of the various embodiments of this application. The aforementioned storage medium includes various media capable of storing program code, such as USB flash drives, portable hard drives, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disks, or optical disks.

[0160] Those skilled in the art will understand that all or part of the steps of the above-described method embodiments can be implemented by hardware related to program instructions. The aforementioned program can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. When executed, the program performs the steps of the above-described method embodiments; and the aforementioned storage medium includes various media capable of storing program code, such as ROM, RAM, magnetic disks, or optical disks.

[0161] Finally, it should be noted that other embodiments of this application will readily conceive of by those skilled in the art upon consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of this application that follow the general principles of this application and include common knowledge or customary techniques in the art not disclosed herein, and is not limited to the precise structures described above and shown in the accompanying drawings, and various modifications and alterations may be made without departing from its scope. The scope of this application is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

1. An end-to-end data transmission method between a terminal and a vehicle, characterized in that, The method, applied to an end-to-end data transmission system, comprising a terminal, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform, and a 5G network core network, includes: The terminal obtains the first base station identifier of the base station where the vehicle is located through the vehicle network cloud platform; The terminal sends a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session establishment request message to the core network. The PDU session establishment request message includes the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier of the base station where the terminal is located. The core network determines the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle based on the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier; The core network configures the network elements involved in the shortest communication path and establishes a session for the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The core network determines the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle based on the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier, including: If the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier are different, and the first UPF corresponding to the first base station identifier and the second UPF corresponding to the second base station identifier are different, the PCF of the core network determines the shortest communication path through a preset first optimization strategy. If the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier are different, and the first UPF and the second UPF are the same, the PCF of the core network determines the shortest communication path through a preset second optimization strategy; If the first base station identifier and the second base station identifier are the same, the PCF of the core network determines the shortest communication path through a preset third optimization strategy.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first optimization strategy includes: The PCF obtains the topology information of each UPF in the current network, and the topology information includes the latency, bandwidth and load of the N9 connection; The PCF determines the shortest communication path from the second UPF to the first UPF based on a preset shortest path algorithm and the topology information.

4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The second optimization strategy includes: The PCF determines the shortest communication path for the N3 interface data stream between the terminal and the vehicle through the local routing function of the first UPF.

5. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The third optimization strategy includes: The PCF determines the shortest communication path from the terminal to the vehicle based on the bearer mapping relationship within the base station where the vehicle is located.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The terminal obtains the identifier of the first base station where the vehicle is located through the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform, including: The terminal establishes a connection with the vehicle network cloud platform based on the vehicle information service provider (TSP) through a public mobile network, and the vehicle establishes a connection with the vehicle network cloud platform based on the TSP through the public mobile network. The terminal sends a request to the vehicle network cloud platform to obtain the base station identifier; The vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform sends the request to obtain the base station identifier to the vehicle. The vehicle obtains the identifier of the base station it is located at; The vehicle sends the base station identifier to the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform; The vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform sends the base station identifier to the terminal.

7. The method according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that, The method further includes: The PCF acquires network status information of each network element on the shortest communication path at preset time intervals. The network status information includes network load, latency, and bandwidth utilization. The PCF determines whether there is a network anomaly in the shortest communication path based on the network load, the latency, and the bandwidth utilization. If a network anomaly occurs, the PCF will select a new shortest communication path.

8. An end-to-end data transmission system, characterized in that, The end-to-end data transmission system includes: terminals, vehicles, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform, and the core network of a 5G network; The PCF of the core network includes a low-latency communication link allocation strategy management module, which is used to determine the shortest communication path based on the identifier of the second base station where the terminal is located and the identifier of the first base station where the vehicle is located. The vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cloud platform is used for: The request to obtain the base station identifier sent by the terminal is sent to the vehicle; The base station identifier sent by the vehicle is sent to the terminal.

9. An electronic device, characterized in that, include: Memory, processor; The memory stores computer-executed instructions; The processor executes computer execution instructions stored in the memory, causing the processor to perform the method as described in any one of claims 1-7.

10. A computer program product, characterized in that, Includes a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the method described in any one of claims 1-7.

Images