CO2 storage glass composition, products comprising the composition, and methods for producing negative carbon glass.

Abstract

A method for preparing negative carbon glass, as well as the product and uses of said negative carbon glass. The method comprises: (a) selecting an oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized to contain: 0-60 mol% SiO2; 0-60 mol% B2O3; 20-50 mol% MO, wherein M is one or more alkaline earth elements; 5-50 mol% R2O, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; 0-60 mol% P2O5; 0-3 mol% Al2O3; and 0-15 mol% Fe2O3; (b) selecting a raw material containing about 5 mol% or less carbon, the amount of which is suitable for forming a batch, wherein the batch produces the oxide glass after being heated to at least a melting temperature; (c) heating the batch to at least the melting temperature to produce a molten oxide glass; and (d) lowering the temperature of the molten oxide glass to produce a solid oxide glass, thereby forming the negative carbon glass.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 63 / 619,428, filed January 10, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] “Carbon-negative” glass formulations and products containing such glass formulations (i.e., glass formulations that can react with and sequester CO2 through weathering, sequestering an amount exceeding the amount of CO2 emitted during the production of the glass formulation). Background Technology

[0004] Enhanced weathering (also known as carbon sequestration) is a greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy that removes CO2 from the atmosphere by reacting it with materials containing alkaline earth elements such as calcium, barium, strontium, and / or magnesium. Enhanced weathering research is being conducted using mafic and ultramafic minerals in geochemical systems.

[0005] When CO2 is exposed to water (e.g., rainwater, streams, lakes, oceans, anthropogenic sources, etc.), it forms carbonic acid (carbonated water), which reacts with magnesium-iron materials at a microscopic level. As a result of this reaction, harmless solid carbonates are produced, such as magnesite, limestone, and dolomite. This method provides a permanent solid-state conversion (sequestration) of gaseous CO2 compared to temporary storage solutions. Weathering processes can damage silicate-containing materials because the reaction is destructive at the microscopic level.

[0006] There is a need for engineered materials and products to significantly improve the reaction rates of these materials and their availability worldwide. Summary of the Invention

[0007] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for preparing negative carbon glass, the method comprising:

[0008] (a) Select an oxide glass whose composition is characterized as containing:

[0009] Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0010] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0011] The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0012] The amount of R2O in the range of about 5 mol% to about 50 mol%, where R is one or more base elements;

[0013] Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0014] Al₂O₃ in amounts ranging from 0% to approximately 3 mol%; and

[0015] Fe2O3 in amounts ranging from 0% to approximately 15 mol%;

[0016] (b) Select raw materials containing about 5 mol% or less of carbon, in an amount suitable for forming a batch, which, after being heated to at least the melting temperature, produces an oxide glass;

[0017] (c) Heating the batch to at least the melting temperature to produce molten oxide glass; and

[0018] (d) Lowering the temperature of the molten oxide glass to produce solid oxide glass, thereby forming negative carbon glass.

[0019] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a glass product composed of an oxide glass having and a composition characterized as comprising:

[0020] Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0021] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0022] The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0023] Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and

[0024] Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0025] The glass products have a construction selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, granules with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 500 µm, glass frit, ceramic tiles, bricks, blocks and paving bricks.

[0026] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a glass product composed of negative carbon glass prepared according to the methods listed in the above embodiments, wherein the glass product has a structure selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 500 µm, filters, glass frits, ceramic tiles, bricks, blocks, and paving bricks.

[0027] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a ceramic product comprising a ceramic substrate and a fired glaze layer located on at least a portion of the ceramic substrate, wherein the glaze layer is composed of an oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising:

[0028] Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0029] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0030] The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0031] Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and

[0032] Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%.

[0033] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a ceramic product comprising a ceramic substrate and a fired glaze layer on at least a portion of the ceramic substrate, wherein the glaze layer is composed of negative carbon glass prepared according to the methods listed in the above embodiments, and wherein the ceramic product has a construction selected from the group consisting of ceramic tiles, bricks, and sanitary ware.

[0034] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product, wherein the sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product comprises a sintered / heat-treated mixture having an open porosity (determined by ASTM C830) in the range of about 15 vol% to about 50 vol%, wherein the sintered / heat-treated mixture comprises:

[0035] The glass product comprises an amount ranging from about 20 wt% to about 50 wt% of a sintered / heat-treated mixture, wherein the glass product has a structure selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 500 µm, and combinations thereof, and wherein the glass product is composed of an oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising:

[0036] Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0037] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0038] The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0039] Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and

[0040] Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%.

[0041] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product, the building product comprising a sintered / heat-treated mixture, the method comprising:

[0042] A mixture is generated comprising, in which the solids of the mixture comprise, from about 25 wt% to about 50 wt% of glass products, wherein the glass products have a structure selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 200 µm, and combinations thereof, and wherein the glass products are composed of oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising:

[0043] Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0044] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0045] The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0046] Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and

[0047] Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0048] The mixture is shaped; and

[0049] Heating the shaped mixture produces a sintered / heat-treated mixture having an open porosity in the range of about 15 vol% to about 30 vol% (as determined by ASTM C830).

[0050] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for sequestering atmospheric CO2, the method comprising dispersing a glass product onto or within a land surface, the glass product having a construction selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 500 µm, and combinations thereof, wherein the glass product is composed of an oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising:

[0051] Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0052] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0053] The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0054] Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and

[0055] Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0056] This exposes the dispersed glass products to CO2 trapped in the water to form carbonic acid, which reacts with alkaline earth elements and alkali elements in the oxide glass to produce carbonates, thereby trapping atmospheric CO2. Attached Figure Description

[0057] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating an implementation scheme for the preparation, shaping, and use of carbon sequestration products.

[0058] Figure 2 This is a photograph of glass produced by melting a mixture containing approximately 50 wt% talc and approximately 50 wt% borax in a silica crucible at approximately 1000°C. The glass is green, and the white spots are carbonation reactions on the surface.

[0059] Figure 3 This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of molten and ground 50% talc + 50% borosilicate glass before it reacts with an aqueous carbonate solution.

[0060] Figure 4 This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of 50% talc + 50% borosilicate glass after it has been molten and ground and reacted with an aqueous carbonate solution for 2 weeks. The white area is Mg(CO3)2 precipitate.

[0061] Figure 5It is the Raman spectrum of 50% talc + 50% borosilicate glass, which shows a mixture of SiO4 (Q4) and SiO (Q1) silicate structures and B3 borate structures.

[0062] Figure 6 This is a graph showing the XRD data of a 50% talc + 50% borosilicate glass before (gray) and after (black) reaction with an aqueous carbonate solution for 2 weeks. The change in glass structure towards higher 2θ values ​​indicates a shortening of the average bond length and an increase in Q4(SiO4) structures.

[0063] Figure 7 This is a SEM image of a 60% talc + 40% borosilicate glass after being held at a melting temperature of approximately 1275°C for about 36 hours. The darker areas within the glass matrix are precipitated carbonates, indicating that the glass formulation can even be used to react with CO2 during the melting process. Detailed Implementation

[0064] I. Methods for preparing negative carbon glass

[0065] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for preparing negative carbon glass, wherein "negative carbon" means that the glass can react with and sequester CO2 through weathering, and the amount sequestered exceeds the amount of CO2 emitted during the glass production process. The composition of the glass is characterized as comprising:

[0066] Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0067] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0068] The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0069] The amount of R2O in the range of about 5 mol% to about 50 mol%, where R is one or more base elements;

[0070] Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0071] Al₂O₃ in amounts ranging from 0% to approximately 3 mol%; and

[0072] Fe2O3 in amounts ranging from 0% to approximately 15 mol%.

[0073] In one embodiment, the method may include selecting an oxide glass with a melting temperature not exceeding about 1,200°C.

[0074] In one embodiment, the composition of the oxide glass is characterized as comprising:

[0075] The amount of SiO2 is in the range of approximately 10 mol% to approximately 50 mol%.

[0076] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from approximately 10 mol% to approximately 50 mol%;

[0077] The amount of MO in the range of about 25 mol% to about 45 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0078] Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 10 mol% to approximately 40 mol%, where R is one or more alkali elements; and

[0079] The amount of P2O5 is in the range of about 10 mol% to about 50 mol%.

[0080] In one embodiment, the composition of the oxide glass is characterized as comprising:

[0081] The amount of SiO2 is in the range of approximately 20 mol% to approximately 40 mol%.

[0082] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from approximately 20 mol% to approximately 40 mol%;

[0083] The amount of MO in the range of about 30 mol% to about 40 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0084] Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 15 mol% to approximately 30 mol%, where R is one or more alkali elements; and

[0085] The amount of P2O5 is in the range of about 20% to about 40 mol%.

[0086] In some implementations, M is selected from the group consisting of: Ca, Mg, Ba, and combinations thereof.

[0087] In one implementation, R is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Li, and combinations thereof.

[0088] Furthermore, the method includes selecting low-carbon raw materials for the glass. For example, the low-carbon raw materials contain about 5 mol% or less carbon, in amounts suitable for forming a batch that, after being heated to at least the melting temperature, produces an oxide glass. Examples of such low-carbon raw materials include borax (Na₂B₄O₇●10H₂O), sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃), sodium phosphate (Na₃PO₄), forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄), and talc (Mg₃Si₄O₂). 10 (OH)2), serpentine (Mg6Si4O) 10(OH)8), apatite, (Ca5(PO4)), diopside (MgCaSi2O6), borazite (Mg3B7O) 13 Cl), wollastonite (CaSiO3), ultramafic basalt, fly ash, boiler ash, cement, soda-lime glass, aqueous solutions, and combinations thereof.

[0089] The method also includes heating the batch to at least a melting temperature to produce molten oxide glass, and lowering the temperature of the molten oxide glass to produce solid oxide glass, thereby forming carbon-negative glass. The batch can be melted using virtually any heating method (e.g., gas heating or electric heating). That is, the degree to which the glass can be carbon-negative can be increased by using renewable energy sources (e.g., electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, etc.).

[0090] A. Talc and Borax Implementation Plan

[0091] In one embodiment, the composition of the oxide glass is characterized as comprising:

[0092] The amount of SiO2 is in the range of approximately 30 mol% to approximately 50 mol%.

[0093] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from approximately 15 mol% to approximately 30 mol%;

[0094] Amounts of CaO ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 10 mol%;

[0095] Amounts of MgO ranging from approximately 25 mol% to approximately 35 mol%;

[0096] Amounts of Na₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 15 mol%; and

[0097] Amounts of K2O ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 5 mol%.

[0098] Such selected oxide glass compositions can be produced, for example, using talc and borax as raw materials.

[0099] B. Slag and Sodium Silicate Implementation Plan

[0100] In one embodiment, the composition of the selected oxide glass is characterized as comprising:

[0101] The amount of SiO2 is in the range of approximately 30 mol% to approximately 45 mol%.

[0102] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 5 mol%;

[0103] Amounts of CaO ranging from approximately 25 mol% to approximately 35 mol%;

[0104] Amounts of MgO ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 5 mol%;

[0105] Amounts of Na₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 15 mol%; and

[0106] Amounts of K2O ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 5 mol%.

[0107] Such selected oxide compositions can be produced, for example, using slag and sodium silicate as raw materials.

[0108] C. Ash and Borax Implementation Plan

[0109] In one embodiment, the composition of the selected oxide glass is characterized as comprising:

[0110] The amount of SiO2 is in the range of approximately 10 mol% to approximately 20 mol%.

[0111] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from approximately 25 mol% to approximately 40 mol%;

[0112] Amounts of CaO ranging from approximately 25 mol% to approximately 40 mol%;

[0113] Amounts of MgO ranging from approximately 1 mol% to approximately 10 mol%; and

[0114] The amount of Na2O is in the range of about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%.

[0115] Such selected oxide compositions can be produced, for example, using ash and borax as raw materials.

[0116] II. Glass Products

[0117] The method for preparing negative carbon glass may also include shaping molten oxide glass such that the negative carbon glass has a structure selected from the group consisting of one or more fibers, one or more particles, filters, glass frits, ceramic tiles, bricks, blocks, and paving bricks.

[0118] In fact, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a glass product composed of oxide glass, which need not be carbon negative glass. However, the composition of the oxide glass is characterized as comprising:

[0119] Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0120] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0121] The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0122] Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and

[0123] Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%.

[0124] In addition, glass products have a construction selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, granules with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 500 µm, glass frit, ceramic tile, brick, block and paving brick.

[0125] A. Fiber Structure Implementation Scheme

[0126] In one embodiment, the selected construction is one or more fibers, wherein the formed fibers of the negative carbon glass have a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis of no more than about 100 μm. In another embodiment of such a fiber construction, the cross-sectional distance between the fibers of the negative carbon glass is no more than about 10 μm. In yet another embodiment of the fiber construction, the cross-sectional distance between the fibers of the negative carbon glass is in the range of about 1 µm to about 100 μm.

[0127] B. Particle Structure Implementation Scheme

[0128] In one embodiment, the selected configuration is one or more particles, wherein the molded particles of negative carbon glass have a maximum cross-sectional distance of no more than about 500 μm. In another embodiment of such a particle configuration, the maximum cross-sectional distance of the negative carbon glass particles is no more than about 10 μm. In yet another embodiment of the particle configuration, the maximum cross-sectional distance of the negative carbon glass particles is in the range of about 1 µm to about 200 μm.

[0129] III. Methods for sealing atmospheric CO2 using glass products.

[0130] In one embodiment, the aforementioned fiber and particle structure of oxide glass (or negative carbon glass) is used for sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide. Specifically, such an embodiment is a method for sequestering atmospheric CO2, comprising dispersing a glass product onto or within a land surface, the glass product having a structure selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not exceeding about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance not exceeding about 100 µm, and combinations thereof, wherein the glass product is composed of oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising:

[0131] Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0132] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0133] The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0134] Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and

[0135] Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0136] This exposes the dispersed glass product to dissolved CO2 in the water to form carbonic acid, which reacts with alkaline earth elements and alkali elements in the oxide glass to produce carbonates, thereby sequestering atmospheric CO2. In one such embodiment, the land is adjacent to a body of water. In another such embodiment, the land is farmland. While the dispersion rate can be virtually any amount acceptable, for example, in terms of visual appearance or texture, such glass products are believed to be dispersed at rates ranging from about 10 to about 50 tons per hectare per year. (Beerling et al., Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands, Nature 583, 242-248 (2020)).

[0137] After the glass has weathered (i.e., the carbonates formed separate from the remaining glass), the remaining glass composition can be separated and reused as broken glass for new sealed glass products.

[0138] IV. Glazed ceramic products

[0139] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a ceramic product comprising a ceramic substrate and a fired glaze layer located on at least a portion of the ceramic substrate, wherein the glaze layer is composed of an oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising:

[0140] Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0141] Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%;

[0142] The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements;

[0143] Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and

[0144] Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%.

[0145] Exemplary constructions of such ceramic products include ceramic tiles, bricks, and sanitary ware.

[0146] In one embodiment of such ceramic products, the oxide glass is a negative carbon glass, such as negative carbon glass produced according to the method for preparing negative carbon glass described above.

[0147] V. Building products that preserve CO2

[0148] In another embodiment, the present invention relates to CO2-encapsulating building products (e.g., panels, tiles, bricks / paving stones, etc.) comprising sintered / heat-treated mixtures having an open porosity (determined by ASTM C830) in the range of about 15 vol% to about 50 vol%, wherein the sintered / heat-treated mixture comprises a glass product composed of oxide glass as described above, which may be a carbon-negative glass. In another embodiment, the CO2-encapsulating building product comprises a sintered / heat-treated mixture. Such building products may be placed on or used to form a horizontal surface (e.g., a floor or walkway) or a vertical surface (such as a wall cladding). Such products may also be used as roofing materials (flat or sloping). In addition to glass products, CO2-encapsulating building products may contain other materials rich in reactive minerals such as olivine (described in more detail below).

[0149] A. Overview of methods for manufacturing ceramic CO2 sequestration building products

[0150] Typically, this method involves generating a mixture of suitable components in appropriate relative amounts for a particular end use or application, molding the mixture into a desired type of product, such as ceramic tiles, bricks, paving stones, etc. (e.g., by extrusion or another suitable technique), and heating the molded mixture to produce a sintered or heat-treated mixture, i.e., a ceramic capable of sequestering CO2. The mixture of components typically includes binders that are lost during drying and / or heat-treating the molded mixture. Such binders include water and / or conventional organic binder compounds used to aid mixing, molding, and to impart sufficient "green" strength to the molded mixture.

[0151] Unlike conventional building materials or construction products designed for long-term durability, the CO2 sequestration products of this invention are designed to chemically react with their environment. The rate of degradation depends on a variety of factors, including composition, particle size, surface area, porosity, etc.

[0152] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the CO2 sequestration building products of the present invention can be formulated and produced at the expense of structural characteristics to optimize environmental degradation. In fact, the CO2 sequestration building products of the present invention can be designed to be non-structural, non-durable, and weather and decompose as quickly as possible. In such embodiments, mechanical strength and low water absorption are only required to maintain the integrity of the tile during the product's lifespan. Such CO2 sequestration building products are typically formulated with a relatively high concentration of reactive solids to maximize CO2 reactivity at the expense of long-term durability.

[0153] B. Composition of ceramic CO2 sequestration building products

[0154] The purpose of this invention is to replace or substitute certain components in building products (e.g., panels, tiles, bricks / paving stones, etc.) that do not provide direct environmental benefits related to CO2. Even taking into account CO2 generated as a byproduct during manufacturing, transportation, and installation, the ceramic CO2 sequestration building products of this invention are considered to have a “net negative” CO2 footprint over their service life.

[0155] 1. Weathered glass products

[0156] Particularly relevant to this invention is that the glass products of this invention can be included in a sintered / heat-treated mixture comprising sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building products. As listed above, the glass products consist of oxide glasses characterized by comprising: SiO2 in the range of 0 mol% to about 60 mol%; B2O3 in the range of 0 mol% to about 60 mol%; MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol% where M is one or more alkaline earth elements; R2O in the range of about 5 mol% to about 50 mol% where R is one or more alkali elements; and P2O5 in the range of 0 mol% to about 60 mol%. This is considered advantageous because, in addition to being weatherable and being negative carbon glasses, such glass compositions can serve as bridges between particles in the mixture.

[0157] In some embodiments, the oxide glass has a melting temperature not lower than about 1,100°C. This is because it is generally advantageous for the melting temperature of the oxide glass not to be significantly lower than the sintering / heat treatment temperature required for densification and microstructure evolution of the sintered / heat-treated mixture. Otherwise, depending on the amount of such glass present in the mixture, if the sintering temperature is about the melting temperature of the glass or higher, the building product may deform during sintering. Therefore, in such embodiments, the oxide glass may, for example, have a melting temperature in the range of about 1,100°C to about 1,200°C. Alternatively, the relative amount of glass contained in the mixture may be reduced to an acceptable level for deformation (if any) that may occur at the sintering temperature.

[0158] In one embodiment, the glass product has a structure selected from the group consisting of fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis of no more than about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance of no more than about 200 µm, and combinations thereof. In such embodiments, the amount of carbon-encapsulated glass product may range from about 20 wt% to about 50 wt% of the mixture.

[0159] In another such embodiment, the amount of carbon-encapsulated glass product is in the range of about 30 wt% to about 40 wt% of the mixture.

[0160] 2. Bridging materials

[0161] The mixture may also contain particles of one or more bridging materials selected from the group consisting of: one or more clays, one or more feldspars, quartz, one or more soda-lime glasses, one or more other glasses, and combinations thereof. As described in more detail above, the glass of the present invention can be used as a bridging material and a weathering material. However, bridging materials such as cement, clay, feldspar, and quartz are generally not considered weathering materials, but rather as weather-resistant materials.

[0162] In one embodiment, the relative total amount of bridging materials (weathering material and weather-resistant material) is in the range of about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% of the mixture used to form the desired sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product. In another embodiment, the relative total amount of the one or more bridging materials is in the range of about 50 wt% to about 70 wt% of the mixture solids.

[0163] In one embodiment, the sintered / heat-treated mixture of the sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product further comprises, in an amount ranging from about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% of one or more non-reactive / weather-resistant materials, wherein the one or more weather-resistant materials are selected from the group consisting of cement, one or more clays, one or more feldspars, quartz, and combinations thereof.

[0164] In such embodiments: the relative total amount of cement (if present) is in the range of about 25 wt% to about 75% of the mixture; the relative total amount of the one or more clays (if present) is in the range of about 25 wt% to about 75 wt% of the mixture; the relative total amount of the one or more feldspars (if present) is in the range of about 10 wt% to about 40 wt% of the mixture; and the relative amount of quartz (if present) is in the range of about 10 wt% to about 40 wt% of the mixture.

[0165] In another such embodiment: the relative total amount of cement (if present) is in the range of about 40 wt% to about 60% of the mixture; the relative total amount of the one or more clays (if present) is in the range of about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% of the mixture; the relative total amount of the one or more feldspars (if present) is in the range of about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% of the mixture; and the relative amount of quartz (if present) is in the range of about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% of the mixture.

[0166] In one embodiment, the one or more bridging materials are a combination of one or more clays and one or more feldspars. In such embodiments, the combination of one or more clays and one or more feldspars has a relative amount of the one or more clays ranging from about 50 wt% to about 70 wt% of the combination and a relative amount of the one or more feldspars ranging from about 30 wt% to about 50 wt% of the combination.

[0167] 3. Main colorant.

[0168] Trace amounts of minerals can be added to the mixture before firing to achieve the desired body color across the entire thickness of the panel.

[0169] C. Ceramic tiles

[0170] Conventional ceramic tiles and panels are made from various raw materials such as clay, quartz, feldspar, and other trace minerals. A typical blend of these raw materials is 25-75 wt% clay, 10-40 wt% feldspar, and 10-40 wt% quartz. Another typical blend is 40-60 wt% clay, 20-30 wt% feldspar, and 20-30 wt% quartz. Another formulation, particularly for porcelain, is approximately 50 wt% kaolin, approximately 25 wt% feldspar, and approximately 25 wt% quartz. These tiles and panels are typically fired at temperatures between 1000 and 1500°C, and porcelain is usually fired at even higher temperatures and made with high-quality components.

[0171] The compositions of this invention can also be used to produce bricks and paving bricks. However, compared to porcelain ceramic tiles, bricks and paving bricks tend to be made using lower quality and lower cost ingredients.

[0172] D. Surface texture of sintered building products.

[0173] Ceramic tiles can have a smooth surface or very little surface texture, but the surface does not have to be smooth. In some embodiments, the surface is roughened as much as possible to increase the surface area and thus provide an increased reaction area. Regular or irregular geometric patterns, random or repeating textures consisting of embossed or debossed areas help to increase the surface area. Textures or patterns pressed into the green panel before firing can extend to the top surface, side edges, and bottom surface to promote water flow to all areas of the panel. This increased surface texture increases the CO2 removal reaction by exposing more glass to CO2.

[0174] Some embodiments of CO2 sequestration products have highly textured surfaces to increase the area available for reaction with rainwater and provide a greater degree of atmospheric CO2 reduction. In one such embodiment, shaping the mixture includes configuring the sintered / heat-treated mixture to have at least one primary surface configured to have an effective surface area in the range of 20% to 100% larger than the nominal macroscopic area of ​​the at least one primary surface. In another such embodiment, shaping the mixture includes configuring the sintered / heat-treated mixture to have at least one primary surface configured to have an effective surface area in the range of 30% to 70% larger than the nominal macroscopic area of ​​the at least one primary surface.

[0175] In addition to increasing surface area, the molding of the mixture includes configuring the sintered / heat-treated mixture to be installed with ceramic panel fasteners, screws or nails.

[0176] E. Temperature

[0177] Sintering / heat treatment should be carried out at sufficiently high temperatures to achieve densification and microstructural evolution of the sintered / heat-treated mixture, but the temperature should not be too high to avoid reducing the sensitivity of the weathered material to atmospheric carbon mineralization. However, methods for producing sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building products from mixtures containing weathered glass should not be carried out at temperatures that would allow most of the weathered glass to crystallize into forms less susceptible to atmospheric carbon mineralization or weathering, such as quartz (e.g., temperatures exceeding the crystallization temperature of oxide glasses). Furthermore, the temperature should not be too high to avoid melting the oxide glass component of the mixture. In one embodiment, the mixture is heated to a temperature in the range of about 400°C to about 800°C for a duration in the range of about 1 minute to about 240 minutes. In such embodiments, the oxide glass also acts as a binder or bridge for the crystalline reactive solid phase formed by the crystalline weathered material during sintering / heat treatment (see below).

[0178] Alternatively, for embodiments in which the non-reactive solid phase formed by bridging materials such as clay and feldspar constitutes the majority (e.g., at least about 50 wt% of the mixture solids) during sintering / heat treatment (see below), the sintering / heat treatment temperature is typically raised to the range of about 900°C to about 1,000°C (or possibly up to about 1,100°C if the melting temperature of the oxide glass is higher, such as about 1,200°C), and the duration is in the range of about 4 hours to about 48 hours.

[0179] F. Sintered / heat-treated mixtures

[0180] When subjected to heat treatment, the sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration structure product comprises a sintered / heat-treated mixture containing a glass product in an amount ranging from about 20 wt% to about 50 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture, wherein the glass product has a structure selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 500 µm, and combinations thereof, and wherein the composition of the glass product is characterized as comprising: an amount of SiO2 in the range of 0 mol% to about 60 mol%; an amount of B2O3 in the range of 0 mol% to about 60 mol%; an amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, wherein M is one or more alkaline earth elements; an amount of R2O in the range of about 5 mol% to about 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and an amount of P2O5 in the range of 0 mol% to about 60 mol%. Additionally, sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building products, including sintered / heat-treated mixtures, have open porosity ranging from about 15 vol% to about 50 vol% (as determined by ASTM C830). Porosity allows for interaction between CO2-containing air and / or water and reactive solids (including the aforementioned glass products). While such porosity is considered desirable for CO2 sequestration, it is also desirable to select a porosity that does not preclude the product from being suitable for its intended use.

[0181] In one embodiment, the amount of glass product is in the range of about 30 wt% to about 40 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture of sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building products.

[0182] In one embodiment, the oxide glass of the sintered / heat-treated mixture is a negative carbon glass.

[0183] In one implementation, the sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product consists of a sintered / heat-treated mixture.

[0184] 1. Non-reactive solid phase

[0185] The sintered / heat-treated mixture of sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building products may also contain one or more non-reactive solid phases, which may be characterized as one or more bridging phases bridging one or more crystalline reactive solid phases. These non-reactive solid phases are typically produced by heat treatment of the aforementioned weathering-resistant / bridging materials. Thus, in one embodiment, the one or more non-reactive solid phases comprise one or more bridging materials selected from the group consisting of: one or more clays, one or more feldspars, quartz, one or more generally non-reactive glasses such as conventional soda-lime glass and other glasses such as fused silica or quartz glass and borosilicate glass.

[0186] In one embodiment, the relative total amount of the non-reactive solid phase is in the range of about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture of the sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product. In another embodiment, the one or more non-reactive solid phases are in the range of about 50 wt% to about 70 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture of the sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product.

[0187] In one embodiment, the sintered / heat-treated mixture of the sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product further comprises one or more non-reactive solid phases in an amount ranging from about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% (or from about 50 wt% to about 70 wt%) of the mixture, the one or more non-reactive solid phases comprising bridging materials, wherein the one or more weather-resistant crystallization bridging materials are selected from the group consisting of cement, one or more clays, one or more feldspars, quartz, and combinations thereof.

[0188] In such embodiments: the relative total amount of cement (if present) is in the range of about 25 wt% to about 75% of the mixture; the relative total amount of the one or more clays (if present) is in the range of about 25 wt% to about 75 wt% of the mixture; the relative total amount of the one or more feldspars (if present) is in the range of about 10 wt% to about 40 wt% of the mixture; and the relative amount of quartz (if present) is in the range of about 10 wt% to about 40 wt% of the mixture.

[0189] In another such embodiment: the relative total amount of cement (if present) is in the range of about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% of the mixture; the relative total amount of the one or more clays (if present) is in the range of about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% of the mixture; the relative total amount of the one or more feldspars (if present) is in the range of about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% of the mixture; and the relative amount of quartz (if present) is in the range of about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% of the mixture.

[0190] In one embodiment, the one or more bridging materials are a combination of one or more clays and one or more feldspars. In such embodiments, the combination of one or more clays and one or more feldspars has a relative amount of the one or more clays ranging from about 50 wt% to about 70 wt% of the combination and a relative amount of the one or more feldspars ranging from about 30 wt% to about 50 wt% of the combination.

[0191] G. Surface glaze

[0192] The product of this invention may have a glazed surface made of a typical ceramic glaze base, a base coat, and / or a top coat, which is applied to one side of the panel to impart color before firing. This produces a panel that can be installed such that the colored surface is visible to achieve a specific color for a floor, wall, or roof, while still removing CO2 through rainwater flowing on the other sides or surfaces of the panel.

[0193] In one embodiment, the glaze layer on at least a portion of at least one main surface of the sintered / heat-treated mixture comprises the carbon-encapsulated / weathered oxide glass (optionally negative carbon glass) of the present invention. Such oxide glass may be a second oxide glass with a different composition from the oxide glass contained in the body of the building product.

[0194] H. Fixed and sealed CO2 sequestration building products.

[0195] Conventional ceramic tiles are designed to have mortar, adhesive, or other sealant applied to the underside of the tile to hold it in place. Additionally, to reduce water seeping beneath the surface of conventional tiles and causing system failure, a waterproof mortar is typically used within the joints between adjacent tiles and along the joint lines.

[0196] In some embodiments, the tiles and panels of the present invention can be installed without mortar on the mounting side or without a thin mortar between the panels to increase water flow across the entire panel and beneath it. For example, such panels can be large-format paving bricks and are mounted on a relatively flat surface and secured by gravity. Alternatively, such panels can be suspended from a wall or fixed to a roof using nails, screws, or other fasteners.

[0197] CO2 containment panels can be applied over a waterproof liner. The purpose of the liner is to protect the underlying surface from rainwater, which is guided to the bottom surface of the panel through textures on the top and side edges of the panel.

[0198] Some implementations of CO2 containment panels may lack the structural integrity of typical ceramic building products. Hook-type hangers at the top, side, and bottom edges can be used to hold such panels in place for easy installation and replacement as the panels wear out (see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 9,926,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0199] Example

[0200] Example 1—A 50 / 50 mixture of talc and borax

[0201] Talc (Mg3Si4O) 10 (OH)2) and borax (Na2B4O) 15 (OH)2) is mixed at equimolar concentration and melted at about 1000°C. Figure 2 This is a photograph of glass produced by a mixture, showing a greenish hue with spots on the surface. The white spots on the surface originate from atmospheric carbonation. The glass was also spun into glass fibers with a diameter of <10 μm.

[0202] The glass composition was exposed to water in the air for two weeks to simulate weathering. Figure 3 This is a SEM image of a glass sample before it reacts with water. Figure 4 This is a SEM image of glass after reacting with an aqueous carbonate solution for 2 weeks. The white area is Mg(CO3)2 precipitate.

[0203] Figure 5 The image shows the Raman spectrum of the glass, revealing a mixture of SiO4(Q4) and SiO(Q1) silicate structures and B3 borate structures. SiO2 and B2O3 are the glass network forgers, while Mg is an intermediate modifier, and Na is the network modifier. Increasing the Na concentration lowers the melting temperature of the glass and also increases its reactivity, allowing Na and Mg to react with carbonic acid. B is a network forger but is also highly soluble in water, again releasing more alkaline earth cations for the carbonation reaction. Therefore, Mg and Na can be used to react with carbonic acid to form carbonates. Mg(CO3)2 reacts in water in less than 2 weeks, meaning the reaction rate is 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than that of olivine.

[0204] Figure 6 XRD data for glass containing 50% talc and 50% borosilicate. The gray curve represents the glass before carbonation, and the black curve represents the glass after carbonation. The change in glass structure towards higher 2θ values ​​indicates a shortening of the average bond length and an increase in Q4 (SiO4) structures.

[0205] Example 2—A 60% / 40% mixture of talc and borax

[0206] Talc (Mg3Si4O) 10 (OH)2) and borax (Na2B4O) 15 (OH)2) was mixed at a concentration of 60 wt% / 40 wt% and melted at 1275°C. Figure 7 This is a SEM image of the glass after it has been held at the melting temperature for approximately 36 hours. Figure 7 The darker gray areas within the glass matrix are shown, indicating the presence of precipitated carbonates. This suggests that the glass formulation can even be used to react with CO2 during the melting process.

[0207] Having explained and described the principles of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications can be made to the structural layout and details without departing from these principles.

[0208] While the materials and methods of the present invention have been described with reference to various embodiments and illustrative examples, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and alterations may be made to the materials and methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutions and modifications that will be apparent to those skilled in the art are considered to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for preparing negative carbon glass, the method comprising: (a) Select an oxide glass, wherein the composition of the oxide glass is characterized as comprising: Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements; The amount of R2O in the range of about 5 mol% to about 50 mol%, where R is one or more base elements; Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; Al₂O₃ in amounts ranging from 0% to approximately 3 mol%; and Fe2O3 in amounts ranging from 0% to approximately 15 mol%; (b) Selecting a raw material containing about 5 mol% or less of carbon, the amount of said raw material being suitable for forming a batch, which, after being heated to at least a melting temperature, produces the oxide glass; (c) Heating the batch to at least the melting temperature to produce molten oxide glass; and (d) Lowering the temperature of the molten oxide glass to produce a solid oxide glass, thereby forming the negative carbon glass.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition of the selected oxide glass is characterized as comprising: The amount of SiO2 is in the range of approximately 10 mol% to approximately 50 mol%. Amounts of B2O3 ranging from approximately 10 mol% to approximately 50 mol%; The amount of MO in the range of about 25 mol% to about 45 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements; Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 10 mol% to approximately 40 mol%, where R is one or more alkali elements; and The amount of P2O5 is in the range of about 10 mol% to about 50 mol%.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition of the selected oxide glass is characterized as comprising: The amount of SiO2 is in the range of approximately 20 mol% to approximately 40 mol%. Amounts of B2O3 ranging from approximately 20 mol% to approximately 40 mol%; The amount of MO in the range of about 30 mol% to about 40 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements; Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 15 mol% to approximately 30 mol%, where R is one or more alkali elements; and The amount of P2O5 is in the range of about 20 mol% to about 40 mol%.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr and combinations thereof, and R is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Li and combinations thereof.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the composition of the selected oxide glass is characterized as comprising: The amount of SiO2 is in the range of approximately 30 mol% to approximately 50 mol%. Amounts of B2O3 ranging from approximately 15 mol% to approximately 30 mol%; Amounts of CaO ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 10 mol%; Amounts of MgO ranging from approximately 25 mol% to approximately 35 mol%; Amounts of Na₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 15 mol%; and Amounts of K2O ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 5 mol%.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the composition of the selected oxide glass is characterized as comprising: The amount of SiO2 is in the range of approximately 30 mol% to approximately 45 mol%. Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 5 mol%; Amounts of CaO ranging from approximately 25 mol% to approximately 35 mol%; Amounts of MgO ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 5 mol%; Amounts of Na₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 15 mol%; and Amounts of K2O ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 5 mol%.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein the composition of the selected oxide glass is characterized as comprising: The amount of SiO2 is in the range of approximately 10 mol% to approximately 20 mol%. Amounts of B2O3 ranging from approximately 25 mol% to approximately 40 mol%; Amounts of CaO ranging from approximately 25 mol% to approximately 40 mol%; Amounts of MgO ranging from approximately 1 mol% to approximately 10 mol%; and The amount of Na2O is in the range of about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the raw material is selected from the group consisting of: borax (Na2B4O7●10H2O), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), sodium phosphate (Na3PO4), forsterite (Mg2SiO4), talc (Mg3Si4O4), etc. 10 (OH)2), serpentine (Mg6Si4O) 10 (OH)8), apatite, (Ca5(PO4)), diopside (MgCaSi2O6), borazite (Mg3B7O) 13 Cl), wollastonite (CaSiO3), ultramafic basalt, fly ash, boiler ash, cement, soda-lime glass, and combinations thereof.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising shaping the molten oxide glass such that the negative carbon glass has a structure selected from the group consisting of one or more fibers, one or more particles, filters, glass frits, ceramic tiles, bricks, blocks, and paving stones.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected construction is one or more fibers, wherein the shaped fibers of the negative carbon glass have a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis of not more than about 100 μm.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the cross-sectional distance of the fibers of the negative carbon glass is not greater than about 10 μm.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the cross-sectional distance of the fibers of the negative carbon glass is in the range of about 1 µm to about 100 μm.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein the selected configuration is one or more particles, wherein the shaped particles of the negative carbon glass have a maximum cross-sectional distance of not more than about 500 μm.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the maximum cross-sectional distance of the particles of the negative carbon glass is not greater than about 10 μm.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the maximum cross-sectional distance of the particles of the negative carbon glass is in the range of about 1 µm to about 200 μm.

16. A glass product comprising an oxide glass, wherein the composition of the oxide glass is characterized as comprising: Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements; Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; The glass product described therein has a construction selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 500 µm, glass frit, ceramic tile, brick, block, and paving brick.

17. The glass product according to claim 16, wherein the oxide glass is a negative carbon glass.

18. A glass product comprising negative carbon glass prepared by any one of claims 1-8, wherein the glass product has a construction selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 500 µm, filters, glass frits, ceramic tiles, bricks, blocks, and paving bricks.

19. A ceramic product comprising a ceramic substrate and a fired glaze layer located on at least a portion of the ceramic substrate, wherein the glaze layer is composed of an oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising: Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements; Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%.

20. The ceramic product according to claim 19, wherein the oxide glass is a carbon negative glass.

21. The ceramic product according to claim 19, wherein the ceramic product has a construction selected from the group consisting of ceramic tiles, bricks, and sanitary ware.

22. A ceramic product comprising a ceramic substrate and a fired glaze layer on at least a portion of the ceramic substrate, wherein the glaze layer is composed of negative carbon glass prepared by the method according to any one of claims 1-8, and wherein the ceramic product has a construction selected from the group consisting of ceramic tiles, bricks, and sanitary ware.

23. A sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product, wherein the sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product comprises a sintered / heat-treated mixture having an open porosity (determined by ASTM C830) in the range of about 15 vol% to about 50 vol%, wherein the sintered / heat-treated mixture comprises: The glass product comprises an amount ranging from about 20 wt% to about 50 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture, wherein the glass product has a structure selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 500 µm, and combinations thereof, and wherein the glass product is composed of oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising: Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements; Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%.

24. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product according to claim 23, wherein the melting temperature of the oxide glass is not less than about 1,100°C.

25. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product of claim 23, wherein the amount of the glass product is in the range of about 30 wt% to about 40 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture.

26. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product according to claim 23, wherein the oxide glass of the sintered / heat-treated mixture is a negative carbon glass.

27. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product according to claim 23, comprising the sintered / heat-treated mixture.

28. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product of claim 23, wherein the sintered / heat-treated mixture further comprises one or more crystalline reactive solid phases in an amount ranging from about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture, wherein each crystalline reactive solid phase comprises magnesium, calcium and / or sodium in a total concentration ranging from about 40 atomic% to about 100 atomic% of the cations of the crystalline reactive solid phase, and if silicon is present, in an amount less than 55 atomic% of the cations of the crystalline reactive solid phase, and wherein each reactive solid phase has a median grain size ranging from about 10 μm to about 500 μm and a single-mode grain size distribution such that a standard deviation is ±10% of the median grain size.

29. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product according to claim 28, wherein the crystalline reactive solid phase is selected from the group consisting of: olivine ((Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄), forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄), calcium magnesium olivine (CaMgSiO₄), clinoptilolite (Ca₂SiO₄), wollastonite (CaSiO₃), magnesium silicate (Ca₃MgSi₂O₈), and white silicate (Ca₇MgSi₄O₂). 16 ), basalt, other ultramafic minerals and their combinations.

30. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product according to claim 28, wherein the crystalline reactive solid phase is olivine ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4).

31. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product of claim 23, wherein the sintered / heat-treated mixture further comprises one or more non-reactive solid phases in an amount ranging from about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture, wherein each non-reactive solid phase comprises one or more weather-resistant materials selected from the group consisting of: cement, one or more clays, one or more feldspars, quartz, non-reactive glass, and combinations thereof.

32. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product according to claim 31, wherein: If present, the relative total amount of the cement is in the range of about 25 wt% to about 75 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture; If present, the relative total amount of the one or more clays is in the range of about 25 wt% to about 75 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture; If present, the relative total amount of the one or more feldspars is in the range of about 10 wt% to about 40 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture; and If present, the relative amount of quartz is in the range of about 10 wt% to about 40 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture.

33. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product according to claim 31, wherein: If present, the relative total amount of the cement is in the range of about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture; If present, the relative total amount of the one or more clays is in the range of about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture; If present, the relative total amount of the one or more feldspars is in the range of about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture; and If present, the relative amount of quartz is in the range of about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% of the sintered / heat-treated mixture.

34. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product of claim 23, wherein the sintered / heat-treated mixture has at least one primary surface, the at least one primary surface being configured to have an effective surface area in the range of 20% to about 100% larger than the nominal macroscopic area of ​​the at least one primary surface.

35. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product of claim 23, wherein the sintered / heat-treated mixture has at least one primary surface, said primary surface being configured to have an effective surface area in the range of 30% to 70% larger than the nominal macroscopic area of ​​said primary surface.

36. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product of claim 23, wherein it is configured for installation with ceramic panel fasteners, screws or nails.

37. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product according to claim 23, wherein the sintered / heat-treated mixture further comprises a colorant.

38. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product of claim 23, further comprising a fired glaze layer on at least a portion of at least one main surface of the sintered / heat-treated mixture.

39. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product according to claim 38, wherein the glaze layer is composed of a second oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising: Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements; Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%.

40. The sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product according to claim 39, wherein the second oxide glass of the glaze layer is a carbon negative glass.

41. A method for manufacturing a sacrificial ceramic CO2 sequestration building product, the building product comprising a sintered / heat-treated mixture, the method comprising: A mixture is generated comprising, in which the solids of the mixture comprise, from about 20 wt% to about 50 wt% of a glass product, wherein the glass product has a construction selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 500 µm, and combinations thereof, and wherein the glass product is composed of an oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising: Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements; Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; Shape the mixture; and The sintered / heat-treated mixture is produced by heating the shaped mixture, wherein the sintered / heat-treated mixture has an open porosity in the range of about 15 vol% to about 30 vol% (as determined by ASTM C830).

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the melting temperature of the oxide glass is not less than about 1,100°C.

43. The method of claim 41, wherein the molding mixture is heated to a temperature sufficient to achieve high densification and microstructure evolution of the sintered / heat-treated mixture, but the temperature should not be too high to avoid melting the oxide glass.

44. The method of claim 41, wherein the molding mixture is heated to a temperature in the range of about 400°C to about 800°C for a duration in the range of about 1 minute to about 240 minutes.

45. The method of claim 41, wherein the amount of the glass product is in the range of about 30 wt% to about 40 wt% of the mixture solids.

46. ​​The method of claim 41, wherein the mixture further comprises one or more weathering-resistant materials that are not susceptible to atmospheric carbon mineralization, in a total relative amount ranging from about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% of the mixture.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the one or more weather-resistant materials are selected from the group consisting of one or more clays, one or more feldspars, quartz, non-reactive glass, and combinations thereof.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein the molding mixture is heated to a temperature in the range of about 900°C to about 1,100°C for a duration in the range of about 4 hours to about 48 hours.

49. The method of claim 41, wherein the molding of the mixture comprises configuring the molded mixture such that the sintered / heat-treated mixture has at least one primary surface, the at least one primary surface being configured to have an effective surface area in the range of 20% to 100% larger than the nominal macroscopic area of ​​the at least one primary surface.

50. The method of claim 41, wherein the molding of the mixture comprises configuring the molded mixture such that the sintered / heat-treated mixture has at least one primary surface, the at least one primary surface being configured to have an effective surface area in the range of 30% to 70% larger than the nominal macroscopic area of ​​the at least one primary surface.

51. The method of claim 41, wherein the molding of the mixture comprises configuring the molded mixture such that the sintered / heat-treated mixture is configured for installation with ceramic panel fasteners, screws, or nails.

52. The method of claim 41, wherein the mixture further comprises a colorant.

53. The method of claim 41, further comprising firing a glaze layer onto at least a portion of at least one main surface of the sintered / heat-treated mixture, wherein the glaze layer is composed of a second oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising: Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements; Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%.

54. A method for sequestering atmospheric CO2, the method comprising dispersing a glass product onto a land surface or within the land, the glass product having a construction selected from the group consisting of: fibers with a cross-sectional distance perpendicular to the fiber forming axis not greater than about 100 µm, particles with a maximum cross-sectional distance not greater than about 100 µm, and combinations thereof, wherein the glass product is composed of an oxide glass, the composition of which is characterized as comprising: Amounts of SiO2 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; Amounts of B2O3 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; The amount of MO in the range of about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, where M is one or more alkaline earth elements; Amounts of R₂O ranging from approximately 5 mol% to approximately 50 mol%, wherein R is one or more alkali elements; and Amounts of P2O5 ranging from 0 mol% to approximately 60 mol%; This exposes the dispersed glass product to CO2 dissolved in water to form carbonic acid, which reacts with alkaline earth elements and alkali elements in the oxide glass to produce carbonates, thereby trapping atmospheric CO2.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the land is adjacent to a body of water.

56. The method of claim 54, wherein the land is farmland.

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